y  sin(x)

yx
 x y=sin(x) y=x
Values Values Values Error
-8.00000 -0.98936 -8.00000 -7.01064
-4.00000 0.75680 -4.00000 -4.75680
-2.00000 -0.90930 -2.00000 -1.09070
-1.00000 -0.84147 -1.00000 -0.15853
-0.50000 -0.47943 -0.50000 -0.02057
-0.25000 -0.24740 -0.25000 -0.00260
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.25000 0.24740 0.25000 0.00260
0.50000 0.47943 0.50000 0.02057
1.00000 0.84147 1.00000 0.15853
2.00000 0.90930 2.00000 1.09070
4.00000 -0.75680 4.00000 4.75680
8.00000 0.98936 8.00000 7.01064
 yx
3
y x-x 3!
 x y=sin(x) y=x-x^3/3!
Values Values Values Error
-8.00000 -0.98936 77.33333 78.32269
-4.00000 0.75680 6.66667 5.90986
-2.00000 -0.90930 -0.66667 0.24263
-1.00000 -0.84147 -0.83333 0.00814
-0.50000 -0.47943 -0.47917 0.00026
-0.25000 -0.24740 -0.24740 0.00001
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.25000 0.24740 0.24740 -0.00001
0.50000 0.47943 0.47917 -0.00026
1.00000 0.84147 0.83333 -0.00814
2.00000 0.90930 0.66667 -0.24263
4.00000 -0.75680 -6.66667 -5.90986
8.00000 0.98936 -77.33333 -78.32269
 yx
3
y x-x 3!

3 5
yx-x 3!
x 5!
 x y=sin(x) y=x-x^3/3!+x^5/5!
Values Values Values Error
-8.00000 -0.98936 -195.73333 -194.74398
-4.00000 0.75680 -1.86667 -2.62347
-2.00000 -0.90930 -0.93333 -0.02404
-1.00000 -0.84147 -0.84167 -0.00020
-0.50000 -0.47943 -0.47943 0.00000
-0.25000 -0.24740 -0.24740 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.25000 0.24740 0.24740 0.00000
0.50000 0.47943 0.47943 0.00000
1.00000 0.84147 0.84167 0.00020
2.00000 0.90930 0.93333 0.02404
4.00000 -0.75680 1.86667 2.62347
8.00000 0.98936 195.73333 194.74398
 y  sin(x)
yx
3
y x-x 3!

3 5
yx-x 3!
x 5!

3 5 7
yx-x 3!
x 5!
-x 7!
 x y=sin(x) y=x-x^3/3!+x^5/5!-x^7/7!
Values Values Values Error
-8.00000 -0.98936 220.36825 221.35761
-4.00000 0.75680 1.38413 0.62732
-2.00000 -0.90930 -0.90794 0.00136
-1.00000 -0.84147 -0.84147 0.00000
-0.50000 -0.47943 -0.47943 0.00000
-0.25000 -0.24740 -0.24740 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.25000 0.24740 0.24740 0.00000
0.50000 0.47943 0.47943 0.00000
1.00000 0.84147 0.84147 0.00000
2.00000 0.90930 0.90794 -0.00136
4.00000 -0.75680 -1.38413 -0.62732
8.00000 0.98936 -220.36825 -221.35761
 y  sin(x)
yx
3
y x-x 3!

3 5
yx-x 3!
x 5!

3 5 7
yx-x 3!
x 5!
-x 7!

3 5 7 9
yx-x 3!
x 5!
-x 7!
x 9!
 x y=sin(x) y=x-x^3/3!+x^5/5!-x^7/7!+x^9/9!
Values Values Values Error
-8.00000 -0.98936 -149.49982 -148.51047
-4.00000 0.75680 0.66173 -0.09507
-2.00000 -0.90930 -0.90935 -0.00005
-1.00000 -0.84147 -0.84147 0.00000
-0.50000 -0.47943 -0.47943 0.00000
-0.25000 -0.24740 -0.24740 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.25000 0.24740 0.24740 0.00000
0.50000 0.47943 0.47943 0.00000
1.00000 0.84147 0.84147 0.00000
2.00000 0.90930 0.90935 0.00005
4.00000 -0.75680 -0.66173 0.09507
8.00000 0.98936 149.49982 148.51047
 y  sin(x)
yx
3
y x-x 3!

3 5
yx-x 3!
x 5!

3 5 7
yx-x 3!
x 5!
-x 7!

3 5 7 9
yx-x 3!
x 5!
-x 7!
x 9!

3 5 7 9 11
y x-x 3!
x -x5! 7!
x -x 9! 11!
 x y=sin(x) y=x-x^3/3!+x^5/5!-x^7/7!+x^9/9!-x^11/11!
Values Values Values Error
-8.00000 -0.98936 65.69615 66.68551
-4.00000 0.75680 0.76680 0.01000
-2.00000 -0.90930 -0.90930 0.00000
-1.00000 -0.84147 -0.84147 0.00000
-0.50000 -0.47943 -0.47943 0.00000
-0.25000 -0.24740 -0.24740 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.25000 0.24740 0.24740 0.00000
0.50000 0.47943 0.47943 0.00000
1.00000 0.84147 0.84147 0.00000
2.00000 0.90930 0.90930 0.00000
4.00000 -0.75680 -0.76680 -0.01000
8.00000 0.98936 -65.69615 -66.68551
 y  sin(x)
yx
3
y x-x 3!

3 5
yx-x 3!
x 5!

3 5 7
yx-x 3!
x 5!
-x 7!

3 5 7 9
yx-x 3!
x 5!
-x 7!
x 9!

3 5 7 9 11
y x-x 3!
x -x5! 7!
x -x 9! 11!

3 5 7 9 11 13
y x-x x -x x -x
3! 5! 7! 9! 11!
x 13!
 x y=sin(x) y=x-x^3/3!+x^5/5!-x^7/7!+x^9/9!-x^11/11!+x^13/13!
Values Values Values Error
-8.00000 -0.98936 -22.58938 -21.60002
-4.00000 0.75680 0.75603 -0.00077
-2.00000 -0.90930 -0.90930 0.00000
-1.00000 -0.84147 -0.84147 0.00000
-0.50000 -0.47943 -0.47943 0.00000
-0.25000 -0.24740 -0.24740 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.25000 0.24740 0.24740 0.00000
0.50000 0.47943 0.47943 0.00000
1.00000 0.84147 0.84147 0.00000
2.00000 0.90930 0.90930 0.00000
4.00000 -0.75680 -0.75603 0.00077
8.00000 0.98936 22.58938 21.60002
and
The least accurate approximation graph
is linearization: y  x . The second
degree Taylor polynomial, y  x - x , is
3
3!

more accurate than linearization. As the

degree of the Taylor polynomial
increases, the approximation becomes
more accurate.