PunJab Training Resource

Earthquake Preparations Preventive & Curative-
A note By P Eng Suraj Singh

From: Hsrai
To: suraj
Posted: 28 Oct 2009 17:40
Subject: Request for resource person: EQ Risk Management
Respected Sir,
We are conducting a course entitled "Capacity Building of Engineers in Earthquake Risk Management" during 2nd week of Dec 2009 i.e 7-12 Dec. I request you to spare one or two day, and be part of this course as
resource person [even you may suggest to add or remove something]. The contents of course may be accessed by visiting: http://gndec.ac.in/civil/tp/ , then click on "Contents"
The course is meant for working professional of Govt. Department. Hoping to see you at GNDEC, Ludhiana. With kind regards, --
Dr. M.S. Saini director@gndec.ac.in Phone No. 0161-2490339, 2502700 Fax No. 0161-2502240 Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Gill Park Ludhiana 141006 Punjab(India)
Head of the Department Civil Engineering Department Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Ludhiana (Punjab)
Pin: 141006 India Phone: 91 161 2490 339 Ext 208 Email: civil@gndec.ac.in Dr. H.S.Rai Prof. and Head
Civil Engineering Department http://gndec.ac.in/civil/ Guru Nanak Dev Engg. College http://gndec.ac.in/ Ludhiana (Pb) India Mobile 098552 25007
San 2010 ki Aap Sabhi Ko Shub Kamnai (Happy Year 2010 To All)
Course schedule: Dec 28/12/2009 to 2/1/2010 /

This Talk On 01/01/2010 to 02/01/2010
EQ R iskM anagem entNote

ScopeO fThisSession
Earthquake Preparations Preventive & Curative
Go To Seismology & Rock Mechanics.
Go To Soil Mechanics and Earthquake Resistant Design
Go To Soil-Structure Interaction and Foundation Design
Go To Site Planning, Building Forms and Architectural Design Concept for

Earthquake Resistance.
Go To Structural Systems For Earthquake Resistance.
Go To Structural Analysis: Gravity and Lateral Loading.
Go To Structural Design and Ductile Detailing.
Go To Strength & Retrofitting of Structures & Vulnerability Assessment.
Go To Seismic Risk Management in Action.
Go To Effect on Natural and Built Environment
Go To Reference Example &QA
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Back Earthquake Preparations Preventive & Curative:

This presentation is meant for the civil field engineers & high ups to apprise themselves
about the earthquake involvement factors that make an impact on building designs. No
engineering formulas are included herein due to the fact that all qualified engineers have
learnt that during engineering training. This document is submitted as an objective
projectile to those aspiring for practical potential backup know how & meant only for
refreshing respective reader about the subject. Easy text has been used while composing
the descriptive information. It is hoped that readers would find the explanations
interesting for updating professional awareness. It is generally meant for the middle level
government, corporate sector engineers & other engineering buds. No new knowledge
has been added but rather, a collection of various already known information, has been
made for the assistance of reader to serve as a reference, whenever required. It is advised
that civil/structural engineers have been interacting regularly on www.sefindia.org
whereon, all you good engineer may raise questions for experts feed back & suggestions.
You may also advise the budding engineers. Many of you are experts in the government
services operation thereby, by virtue of which specialization, you may help the nation.
Please refer to various slides & other documents from various sources
included to support this note.
Back Seismology & Rock Mechanics:

Prior to entering to deliberate the subject, it is advisable to refresh about the Earth’s crust
from Applied Science of Geology view point. Applied Geology is a branch of Earth’s
science that is a must to be understood by any Civil Engineer without which, a civil
engineer would definitely feel missing a lot about the structural foundations.
Lithosphere Indicative Model

Lithosphere Model On Cad
Preliminary explanation regarding Lithosphere:
Earth- What is meaning of Earth? Is it the globe solid surface? What else consists of
Earth? What relevance does it have on the system of this planet towards environment up
to space?
Earth= Lithosphere + Aerosphere = Solid globe + Air envelope surrounding

Lithosphere
Lithosphere = Solid portion of Globe = About 12000 Km generally

Lithosphere = Core + Mantle + Crust: where crust is uppermost, Mantle is in the
intermediate portion while Crust is within top 35 Km.
1. Crust represents such as skin of an apple containing all seas & oceans.
2. Mantle goes down to about 2500 Km of Lithosphere interior with increasing

temperature & densification of material in.
3. Core goes further down to the centre of Lithosphere where materials are found in
liquid state but with higher densities & rising temperatures.
4. Crust generates all earth quakes actions in the form of rocking of earth crust due
to the stored strain energy within, that is released due to imbalance & the release
continues until re equilibrium is established.
5. A parallel portion to the Lithosphere up to say 18 to 20 km from sea or surface

constitutes aerosphere within which volume, various gases, photons, sun rays
involving huge chemical reactions work that are responsible for changing
regularly occurring on Lithosphere.
6. Generally speaking, the seas constitutes up to 4 Km of sea level while oceans go

down up to 10 Km. The sea or oceanic floors are generally basaltic in nature
having stronger rocks.
7. Lithosphere Crust portion, creates by eruption of magma/lava, by wind erosion,

by environment adverse effects, by variation of temperatures, by works of various
other agencies’ effects imposition, do form various types of topping of crust such
as rocks classified as Volcanic, Sedimentary & Metamorphic that are responsible
to force all engineers to fit their designs according to the properties of these beds.
Similarly, wind erosion responds to the formation of sands beds or alluvial planes.
8. Due to the continuous movements by the release of volcanic material as said by

magma erupting & in some places, entering in to the crust again by convection
after having cooled immensely, the cycle works to impose various changes on the
crust & in particular, on the limits within which the foundations are to be placed.
Rock movement by the name of Plutonic Plates involved motion keep on working
& their movement towards each other, make extension of continents while their
breaking at certain points forms new continents.
Earthquakes are defined as, ‘Ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused mostly
by sudden slip on a fault, volcanic or any sudden stress change in the earth’.
PresentationEQ.ppt
Back Soil Mechanics and Earthquake Resistant Design:

1. Should we call Applied Geology as the title subject, soil mechanics is the chapter
like subordinate subject. Earthquake Resistant Design is a specialist subject then.
2. Soil Mechanics = Soil Engineering +Soil Static + Soil Dynamics +Soil Testing,
Exploration & Reporting + Soil Tomography + Soil Development + Soil
Foundation Interactions
3. All naturally formed materials whatever is available in any form, in portion

utilizable for foundations inclusion of any structure, is or can be called soil &
includes all rocks, sands, clays, silts, gravels, pebbles & soil water etc.
4. Soil Mechanics operations are solely responsible to tell engineer what to do to

decide about any foundation? When all soil investigation reports are available in
elaborate details, no need arises to make any approximate assumptions keeping in
view the generality of the proposed foundations areas. Based on these soils
performance in the long past resembling to the available rocking data, with
assessed EQ intensity, the zoning of the areas are carried out. That provision of
designating any area any where, is termed as Seismic Zoning.
5. An engineer who understands the clear concept of available reports from the
materials testing laboratory, would be in a definitely certain position to make a
good decision on the design based on the soil engineer’s recommendations with
additions of his own interpretation of the reports parameters. Earthquake resistant
effects shall be rightly provided within the proposed foundations in such a
situation of engineer’s interpretations of the reports. It is also true that detailed
studies are never made in the educational training programmes anywhere. Even,
the master degrees do not provide detailed understanding about EQ, the most
significant subject from design engineering viewpoints.
Back Soil-Structure Interaction and Foundation Design:

1. This topic is in continuation to the foregoing explanation as the foundation is to
be placed on soil while the two parts of structural & soil component must work
together integrally for the successful performance of any sub structural system.
2. Soil may contain any compact or spatial structure or cohesive or frictional
structural grains depending on soil nature. It may also be constructed of platelets.
Even rocks may be adversely affected by the weak planes faults or bends or
cracks or fissures or cavities. Rock may be weathered. Soil could be clay or silt or
sandy or peat or other. All soils work with the foundations in one form or other
but are supposed to work as a team for a successful safe foundation.
3. Water being dangerous by its presence in the soil or rock mass either in moisture
form or laminar or turbulent flow form. Since, soil contains various chlorides or
sulphides or various types of carbonates in either loose or in dissolved form &
these compositions keep on altering for years & decades, may affect the soil
performance badly. Water keeps moving within voids & with that, provides all
these chemicals to soil that changes the soil chemical properties affecting its
performance or resisting power. Water is better to be kept off the soil mass by
providing various means or methods of constructions.
4. Permeability is a property that allows water to flow within soil mass of
interconnecting voids soils. Sand, gravels, pebbles etc constitute such soils. Such
soils are dominated by angle of internal friction.
5. Porosity is the property that allows water to remain stored for certain duration
within soil mass imposing soil swelling pressure from within voids. Clay & Silt
are such soils. Such soils are badly affected by capillary actions. Foundations are
designed based on all these considerations by applying the interactions between
the available soil strata & the proposed foundation elements. Such soils are
dominated by cohesion.
Ref CRC Press: Earthquakes are naturally occurring broad-banded

vibratory ground motions, caused by a number of phenomena
including tectonic ground motions, volcanism, landslides, rock
bursts and human made explosions. Of these various causes,
tectonic-related earthquakes are the largest and most
important. These are caused by the fracture and sliding of rock
along faults within the Earth’s crust. A fault is a zone of the
earth’s crust within which the two sides have moved—faults
may be hundreds of miles long, from 1 to over 100 miles deep and not
readily apparent on the ground surface. Earthquakes initiate a number
of phenomena or agents termed seismic hazards, which can cause
significant damage to the built environment—these include fault
rupture, vibratory ground motion (i.e. shaking), inundation (e.g.
tsunami, seiche, dam failure), various kinds of permanent ground
failure (e.g. liquefaction), fire or hazardous materials release. For a
given earthquake, any particular hazard can dominate and historically,
each has caused major damage and great loss of life in specific
earthquakes. The expected damage given a specified value of a hazard
parameter is termed vulnerability and the product of the hazard and
the vulnerability (i.e. the expected damage) is termed the seismic
risk.
Ref CRC Press LLC Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting

In a global sense, tectonic earthquakes result from motion between a
number of large plates comprising the earth’s crust or lithosphere
(about 15 in total). These plates are driven by the convective motion
of the material in the earth’s mantle, which in turn is driven by heat
generated at the earth’s core. Relative plate motion at the fault
interface is constrained by friction and /or asperities (areas of
interlocking due to protrusions in the fault surfaces). However, strain
energy accumulates in the plates, eventually overcomes any
resistance and causes slip between the two sides of the fault. This
sudden slip, termed elastic rebound by Reid based on his studies of
regional deformation following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake,
releases large amounts of energy, which constitutes the
earthquake. The location of initial radiation of seismic waves (i.e. the
first location of dynamic rupture) is termed the hypocenter, while the
projection on the surface of the earth directly above the hypocenter is
termed the epicenter. Other terminology includes near-field (within
one source dimension of the epicenter, where source dimension refers
to the length or width of faulting, whichever is less), far-field (beyond
near-field), and meizoseismal (the area of strong shaking and
damage). Energy is radiated over a broad spectrum of frequencies
through the earth, in body waves and surface waves. Body waves
are of two types: P waves (transmitting energy via push-pull motion),
and slower S waves (transmitting energy via shear action at right
angles to the direction of motion). Surface waves are also of two types:
horizontally oscillating Love waves (analogous to S body waves) and
vertically oscillating Rayleigh waves.
While the accumulation of strain energy within the plate can cause
motion (and consequent release of energy) at faults at any location,
earthquakes occur with greatest frequency at the boundaries of the
tectonic plates. The boundary of the Pacific plate is the source of
nearly half of the world’s great earthquakes. Stretching 40,000
km around the circumference of the Pacific Ocean, it includes
Japan, the west coast of North America and other highly
populated areas and is aptly termed the Ring of Fire. The
interiors of plates such as ocean basins and continental shields, are
areas of low seismicity but are not inactive — the largest earthquakes
known to have occurred in North America for example, occurred in the
New Madrid area far from a plate boundary. Tectonic plates move
very slowly and irregularly with occasional earthquakes. Forces
may build up for decades or centuries at plate interfaces until
a large movement occurs all at once. These sudden, violent
motions produce the shaking that is felt as an earthquake. The
shaking can cause direct damage to buildings, roads, bridges,
and other human-made structures as well as triggering fires,
landslides, tidal waves (tsunamis), and other damaging
phenomena.
Faults are the physical expression of the boundaries between adjacent

tectonic plates and thus may be hundreds of miles long. In addition,
there may be thousands of shorter faults parallel to or branching out
from a main fault zone. Generally, the longer a fault the larger the
earthquake it can generate. Beyond the main tectonic plates, there are
many smaller sub-plates (platelets) and simple blocks of crust that
occasionally move and shift due to the “jostling” of their neighbors
and/or the major plates. The existence of these many sub-plates
means that smaller but still damaging earthquakes are possible almost
anywhere, although often with less likelihood.
Generally, earthquakes will be concentrated in the vicinity of faults.
Faults that are moving more rapidly than others will tend to have
higher rates of seismicity and larger faults are more likely than others
to produce a large event. Many faults are identified on regional
geological maps, and useful information on fault location and
displacement history is available from local and national geological
surveys in areas of high seismicity. Considering this information, areas
of an expected large earthquake in the near future (usually measured
in years or decades) can be and have been identified. However,
earthquakes continue to occur on “unknown” or “inactive” faults. An
important development has been the growing recognition of blind
thrust faults, which emerged as a result of several earthquakes in the
1980s, none of which were accompanied by surface faulting. Blind
thrust are faults at depth occurring under anticlinal folds—
since they have only subtle surface expression, their
seismogenic potential can be evaluated by indirect means
only. Blind thrust faults are particularly worrisome because
they are hidden, are associated with folded topography in
general including areas of lower and infrequent seismicity and
therefore, result in a situation where the potential for an
earthquake exists in any area of anticlinal geology even if,
there are few or no earthquakes in the historic record. Recent
major earthquakes of this type have included the 1980Mw 7.3 El-
Asnam (Algeria), 1988 Mw 6.8 Spitak (Armenia), and 1994 Mw 6.7
Northridge (California) events. Probabilistic methods can be usefully
employed to quantify the likelihood of an earthquake’s occurrence, and
typically form the basis for determining the design basis earthquake.
Tsunami:
Tsunami is a Japanese word meaning ‘The Harbor Wave’.
Shallow water waves with destructive potentials that propagate with greater speeds
transferring tectonic energy towards land from beds across oceans increasing in height as
they approach land.
Causes of Tsunamis:
Tsunamis are usually caused by underwater earthquakes often, occuring offshore at
subduction zones (a tectonic plate that carries an ocean gradually slips under a
continental plate). A receding sea usually precedes a tsunami wave. In most cases there is
also drawdown of sea level preceding crest of the tsunami waves.
Landslides can also cause tsunamis by displacing large volumes of water.

If Volcano collapses and slides into the ocean it may also create a very large tsunami
wave.
They are caused by earthquakes or landslides.
Tsunamis can be generated when the seafloor abruptly deforms vertically displacing
large volume of water which under the influence of gravity forms waves around it in
order to reach equilibrium .
Displaced water mass.
Tectonic earthquakes can cause tsunamis when a tectonic place subsides or rises. Along
plate faults, is where vertical movements of plates take place. Subduction zones are
usually sources of large tsunamis. During subduction earthquake, offshore ocean bottom
lifts up the land along the coast lowers down.
However, an earthquake generating process is not

understood well enough to reliably predict the times,
sizes, and locations of earthquakes with precision. In
general, therefore, communities must be prepared for
facing an earthquake to occur at any time. No nation
is perfect in EQ Risk Management. Only prevention &
post EQ disaster management can be ascertained by
one & all responsible citizens.
Back Site Planning, Building Forms and Architectural

Design Concept for Earthquake Resistance:
1. Prior to starting planning for any building site, it is a requirement particularly for
projects going to consume high quantity of concrete & other reinforcement, to
carry out a reasonable level of soil investigation & the report should be made
available to the designer immediately for studies & a good understanding of
recorded parameters. Prior investigation of soil may also indicate the non
suitability of the proposed site or it would be uneconomical from various aspects
or constructability / build ability issue may cause a problem for a smooth passage
of construction.
2. Practice had been that an architect used to conceive any building & produces its
envelope details to ideals thought of. This applied to buildings constructed of
stone or brick masonry. Should one refer to old buildings for example Taj Mahal
or Red fort or even old houses /havelees, one would find walls too thick. I
remember one of my professor in 1974 instructed that brick single wall of 225
mm could take the building safely up to 3 storey with 3 to 4 m span size room.
Actually, in those days there, was no consideration of Earthquake Resistance
technologies that can help a lot buildings construction in general.
3. After conception of any building at schematic stage, next step should be to fit in
the dream on to the proposed available plot. The complete setting out of the main
as well as ancillary buildings follows & the plan is given final architectural touch
including an attractive perspective or an isometric view. These plans are given to
the engineer to insert in the structural mechanism or skeleton in to it to satisfy the
demanded requirements by the architect. Various instances have been witnessed
where the architect defines the dimensions of the column sections with locations.
These conditional qualifications on the given drawings generally, prohibit
engineer to work independently for making design decisions about the framing of
the building.
4. Meetings are held to explain to the architect about the forces compatibility
problems caused by the defined locations & members sizes. In case, architect is
rigid on assumed locations, engineer may not help the design to amend but to
continue designing on the given locations. Best practice would have been had the
architect given a free hand to designer to locate the members & then discuss with
the architect about the adoptability for a better structural formation. During
mechanizing process of the structure, an engineer can conceive & anticipate
where to & in which locations of members, critical forces would generate &
would help members to be correctly located to respond to earthquake language.
5. Analysis of the superstructures can be easily carried out to meet given

requirements in accordance with various recognized structural systems for
multistory & high rise buildings. For low rise buildings structures, a lot depends
on the concept of design engineer to chart out decisions for the projections of
possible foundations. Since variations do occur for the spans fixing, that would
certainly make the structures different in the substructure as well as superstructure
formation mechanism.
6. Facets demanded makes a difference on the structural framings. Architects

generally intend to hide the structural members while, these also can add to the
building elevations. Any low rise building can be analysed by 2 D or 3 D systems.
I have used for many analysis the non practiced Kani’s Rotation Contribution
method that provided reliable forces to be adopted for designing & detailing.
Earthquake resistance solution parameters & formula to be used, which have been
coded as well as given in the available literature. But as a thumb rule, a 25 %
building mass can be used as horizontal seismic shear around the whole building.
7. It is also kept in view that wind loads & seismic forces do not act together. Only
one should be considered one time. It is a fact that horizontal forces would impact
the structure to be deflected or swayed away diagonally introducing torsion into
the building as well as transferring moments to the foundations. All these
developed forces need considerations of adjustments within designs.
8. Main point herein is to know how to develop a structure that would resist the
seismic actions resulting vibrations being imposed on the building to be
dampened gradually within seconds of applications of the forces. This method
needs to be considered at all levels of the structures. Seismic forces act at the
foundations laterally & continue to transfer to the upper levels. In fact, we can
consider a building as a machine for all practical purposes. Reliable stability can
be provided to the soil foundation system.
9. Building should be as light as possible. Light building means low mass value.
10. Foundations should be spread in such a way that maximum area of soil contact is
feasible. Maximum contact area means low upward reaction.
11. Foundation structure should not localize the upward reactions but spreaden as
uniform distributed reaction load.
12. Foundation should rest on a soil that would provide the required safe bearing
capacity as well as have good shear resistance with minimum predicted
settlement. Minimum settlement & reaction UDL economise construction cost.
13. Need not mention that unequal settlement should be avoided.
14. Let us take example of a wooden stool that is constructed sometimes, by

providing either vertical post or by inclined posts duly tied at the bottom or top of
the posts. This stool is stirred horizontally but it remains stable after vibrations.
Similar concept can be applied to any building just to understand the basics.
15. Generally, Buildings are provided with cantilever footings/spread

footings/independent foundations. Well, these foundations work acceptably fine
to the requirement of direct load & also, part of bending moments but, the
cantilever is not supposed to be economical as it does not work safely when
imposed upon by EQ vibratory forces.
16. One way to come out of this problem is to add connecting beams to foundations
level or at the plinth level. If connected at the foundation level, these may share
foundation loads jointly with the foundation pads. At plinth level, these would add
to the stability of the lower storey columns. These have been successful for
decades.
17. Seismic forces while acting horizontally need concrete members to digest/absorb
or dampen the forces. In case, all these foundations & connecting or plinth beams
are replaced by the standalone beam frames in both directions as a mat or to work
in stool fashion, a considerable dimension diaphragm shall be available for the
seismic forces to be resisted with. In this situation, all the beams in both directions
shall work as a frame while depth of the frame being considerable say 900 mm to
1200 mm or even 1500 mm with 300 to 500 mm width. This can well apply to
ordinary low rise buildings say up to 4 to 5 stories high.
18. Advantage would be that absenting cantilever actions would result in less bending
moments. The imposed lateral forces shall be comfortably resisted. All these
frame members in both directions shall act as virtual columns during earthquake
allowing only small fraction of forces to the superstructure.
19. I have used this method for many designs successfully. Since, foundations are in
beam form, skin reinforcement too shall be provided. Stirrups shall run all
ways/grids of the framings adding to the shear resistance, punching resistance &
providing adequate development length to column reinforcing bars. The portion
left among peripheral beams can be used to be plugged in by concrete fill or by
granular fill in case, water table or moisture content do not pose a threat to
foundations. Moreover, in certain bays, water storage tank can be used by making
certain amendment to designs. Columns extend or protrude out from the
foundation framing in the form of stubs. Superstructure can be started from that
point onwards.
20. Columns size in section should never be compromised. Depending on the span
between columns as well as cross spacing between frames, a responsive & worth
constructable size should be selected irrespective of aesthetic look. Practical
difficulties should be kept abreast during making decisions on columns & beams
sectional dimensions. Small sections with heavy reinforcing bars shall create
congestion problems posing vibrator application inefficiency. Adequate thickness
concrete spacer or cover is also very significant to be provided with otherwise,
protection to the concrete section from moisture penetration, fire attacks cannot be
controlled. Deeper cover means lesser rapid chloride penetration in to the
core of the member extending the concrete durability. Denser the concrete mix
with higher grade means resistance to chloride & moisture penetration.
21. Durable & ductile or ductable structures are demands of the day. The term
ductable that I have added to make another understanding of members & building
structures in addition to concrete material plastic property avoiding sudden crash.
Durability provides the long distance service travel of the structure safely while it
depends upon various technical factors including, quality of ingredients of
concrete, cement quantity, water quantity, mix design or combined aggregate
grading, admixtures added, environment conditions, construction quality controls
on total concrete operations.
22. We can just consider a lapse on curing particularly within a few days of pouring
due to any reason whatsoever, & carrying out long duration curing thereafter,
shall certainly pose threat to the durability of concrete. Concrete would not
achieve defined characteristics compressive strength & disintegrate sooner than
expected. Lapse on compaction vibrations shall also induce similar adverse
impact on the durability part of concrete. Adequate chemical protection may be
applied on quality produced concrete members after carbonation in case it is to be
left exposed.
23. I can say that whatever definition of ductility of concrete is explained, all element
members & the integrated structures should conduct in a way a duct conducts. A
duct moves uniformly duly closed in all sections & stresses are equally imposed
on it. The induction of this property requires an additional thought on the designer
to include reinforcement in such a way that member reinforcement behaves in that
fashion. Wherever members are provided, should be equally doubly reinforced.
Compression reinforcement can induct additional resistance to stiffness to
member thereby, reducing possibility of calculated deflections not exceeded than
permitted, means member would resist extra deflection keeping the member safe
even if overstressed in inelastic or non linear range. Size control on section can
also be established in a good way.
24. Foundations & structures should talk same language during setting out the floor
plans to keep the centre of gravity of the loads & plans nearly same. Rigidity cg
should pass in line with mass cg. An attempt should be made to avoid undesired
cantilevers for aesthetic purpose & if so necessary to be included with, should be
adequately designed keeping restrictions on the span. Torsion provision is a must
on this member supporting beams. Cantilever requires 5 times strengthening than
non cantilever members to resist EQ forces. It is also a good detailing practice to
avoid unnecessary overlaps if it is feasible to continue the rebars to the extent of
standard lengths. Higher dia bars should be mechanically connected for better
working using high strength couplers.
25. High rise or multistory structures are generally designed on pile foundations but it
is also not right to say that piles are indispensable to some extent if good
responsive soil is available. We should remember that piles too are subject to
horizontal force during seismic occurrence & there is a possibility for socketed or
friction pile to deflect during EQ attack. In case, rock or good soil is available
within foundation scope, it is better to accommodate foundations within that
portion avoiding piles. Soil can be improved by many methods applications to
erect on heavy foundations. Water has to be kept out of coming in contact with
foundations & soil. On various floors of high rise structures, various dampers can
be provided that would dissipate passive energies generated from the seismic
effects.
Ref CRC Press

Metallic Yield Dampers
One of the effective mechanisms available for the dissipation of energy
input to a structure from an earthquake, is through inelastic
deformation of metals. The idea of utilizing added metallic energy
dissipators within a structure to absorb a large portion of the seismic
energy began with the conceptual and experimental work of Kelly et al.
Friction Dampers
Friction dampers utilize the mechanism of solid friction that develops
between two solid bodies sliding relative to one another to provide the
desired energy dissipation. Several types of friction dampers have
been developed for the purpose of improving seismic response of
structures.
Viscous Fluid Dampers

Damping devices based on the operating principle of high-velocity fluid
flow through orifices have found numerous applications in shock and
vibration isolation of aerospace and defense systems. In recent years,
research and development of viscous fluid (VF) dampers for seismic
applications to civil engineering structures have been performed to
accomplish three major objectives. The first was, to demonstrate by
analysis and experiment that viscous fluid dampers can improve
seismic capacity of a structure by reducing damage and displacements
without increasing stresses. The second was, to develop mathematical
models for these devices and demonstrate how these models could be
incorporated into existing structural engineering software codes.
Finally, the third was, to evaluate reliability and environmental stability
of the dampers for structural engineering applications.
As a result, VF dampers have in recent years been incorporated into

civil engineering structures. In several applications, they were used in
combination with seismic isolation systems. For example, VF dampers
were incorporated into base isolation systems for five buildings of the
new San Bernardino County Medical Center, located close to two major
fault lines in 1995. The five buildings required a total of 233 dampers
each having an output force of 320,000 lb and generating an energy
dissipation c
Tuned Mass Dampers TMD

The modern concept of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) for structural
applications has its roots in dynamic vibration absorbers, studied as
early as 1909 by Frahm. Under a simple harmonic load, one can show
that the main mass can be kept completely stationary when the
natural frequency of the attached absorber is chosen or tuned to be
the excitation frequency.
Tuned Liquid Dampers TLD

The basic principles involved in applying a tuned liquid damper (TLD)
to reduce the dynamic response of structures, are quite similar to
those discussed above for the TMD. In effect, a secondary mass in the
form of a body of liquid is introduced into the structural system and
tuned to act as a dynamic vibration absorber. However, in case of
TLDs, the response of the secondary system is highly nonlinear due
either to liquid sloshing or the presence of orifices. TLDs have also
been used for suppressing wind-induced vibrations of tall structures. In
comparison with TMDs, the advantages associated with TLDs include
low initial cost, virtually free maintenance and ease of frequency
tuning. It appears that TLD applications have been installed primarily
in Japan. Examples of TLD-controlled structures include the Nagasaki
Airport Tower, installed in 1987, the Yokohama Marine Tower, also
installed in 1987, the Shin-Yokohama Prince Hotel, installed in 1992,
and the Tokyo International Airport Tower, installed in 1993. The TLD
installed in the 77.6-m Tokyo Airport Tower, for example, consists of
about 1400 vessels containing water, floating particles and a small
amount of preservatives. The vessels shallow circular cylinders 0.6 m
in diameter and 0.125 m in height, are stacked in six layers on steel-
framed shelves. The total mass of the TLD is approximately 3.5% of
the first-mode generalized mass of the tower and its sloshing
frequency is optimized at 0.743 Hz. Floating hollow cylindrical
polyethylene particles were added in order to optimize energy
dissipation through an increase in surface area together with collisions
between particles. The performance of the TLD has been observed
during several storm episodes. In one such episode, with a maximum
instantaneous wind speed of 25 m/s, the observed results show that
the TLD reduced the acceleration response in the cross-wind direction
to about 60% of its value without the TLD.
Active Control
As mentioned, the development of active or hybrid control systems has
reached the stage of full-scale applications to actual structures. Since
1989, more than 20 active or hybrid systems have been installed in
building structures in Japan, the only country in which these
applications have been installed. In addition, 14 bridge towers have
employed active systems during erection.
Back Structural Systems For Earthquake Resistance:

CRC Press LLC Rigid Frames
A rigid frame derives its lateral stiffness mainly from the bending
rigidity of frame members interconnected by rigid joints. The joints
are designed in such a manner that they have adequate strength,
stiffness and negligible deformation. The deformation must be small
enough to have any significant influence on distribution of internal
forces and moments in the structure or on overall frame deformation.
A rigid unbraced frame should be capable of resisting lateral loads

without relying on an additional bracing system for stability. The frame
by itself, has to resist all the design forces including gravity as well as
lateral forces. At the same time, it should have adequate lateral
stiffness against sidesway when it is subjected to horizontal wind or
earthquake loads. Even though, the detailing of the rigid connections
results in a less economic structure, rigid unbraced frame systems
have the following benefits:
1. Rigid connections are more ductile and therefore, the structure

performs better in load reversal situations or in earthquakes.
2. From the architectural and functional points of view, it can be
advantageous not to have any triangulated bracing systems or solid
wall systems in the building
Braced Frames vs. Unbraced Frames
The main function of a bracing system is to resist lateral forces.
Building frame systems can be separated into vertical load-resistance
and horizontal load-resistance systems. In some cases, the vertical
load-resistance system also has some capability to resist horizontal
forces. It is necessary, therefore, to identify the two sources of
resistance and to compare their behavior with respect to the horizontal
actions. However, this identification is not that obvious since the
bracing is integral within the structure. Some assumptions need be
made in order to define the two structures for the purpose of
comparison.
Sway Frames vs. Non-Sway Frames

The identification of sway frames and non-sway frames in a building is
useful for evaluating safety of structures against instability. In the
design of multistory building frame, it is convenient to isolate the
columns from the frame and treat the stability of columns and the
stability of frames as independent problems. For a column in a braced
frame, it is assumed that the columns are restricted at their ends from
horizontal displacements and therefore, are only subjected to end
moments and axial loads as transferred from the frame. It is then
assumed that the frame, possibly by means of a bracing system,
satisfies global stability checks and that the global stability of the
frame does not affect the column behavior. This gives the commonly
assumed non-sway frame. The design of columns in non-sway frames
follows the conventional beam-column capacity check approach and
the column effective length may be evaluated based on the column
end restraint conditions.
Another reason for defining “sway” and “non-sway frames” is the need
to adopt conventional analysis in which all the internal forces are
computed on the basis of the undeformed geometry of the structure.
This assumption is valid if second-order effects are negligible. When
there is an interaction between overall frame stability and column
stability, it is not possible to isolate the column. The column and the
frame have to act interactively in a “sway” mode. The design of sway
frames has to consider the frame subassemblage or the structure as a
whole. Moreover, the presence of “inelasticity” in the columns will
render some doubts on the use of the familiar concept of “elastic
effective length”
On the basis of the above considerations, a definition can be

established for sway and non-sway frames as:
A frame can be classified as non-sway if its response to in-plane
horizontal forces is sufficiently stiff for it to be acceptably accurate to
neglect any additional internal forces or moments arising from
horizontal displacements of its nodes. This indicates that non sway
frame is stronger to resist lateral forces without providing any
other members for such forces. It means that rigidity of frame
is higher than its flexibility.
CRC Press LLC Classification of Tall Building Frames

A tall building is defined uniquely as a building whose structure creates
different conditions in its design, construction and use than those for
common buildings. From the structural engineer’s view point, the
selection of appropriate structural systems for tall buildings must
satisfy two important criteria: strength and stiffness. The
structural system must be adequate to resist lateral and
gravity loads that cause horizontal shear deformation and
overturning deformation. Other important issues that must be
considered in planning the structural schemes and layout are, the
requirements for architectural details, building services, vertical
transportation and fire safety among others. The efficiency of a
structural system is measured in terms of its ability to resist
higher lateral loads which increase with the height of the
frame. A building can be considered as tall when the effect of
lateral loads is reflected in the design. Lateral deflections of tall
buildings should be limited to prevent damage to both structural and
non-structural elements. The accelerations at the top of the building
during frequent windstorms should be kept within acceptable limits to
minimize discomfort to the occupants.
The various structural systems can be broadly classified into two main
types:
(1) medium height buildings with shear type deformation
predominant and
(2) high rise cantilever structures, such as framed tubes, diagonal
tubes, and braced trusses. This classification of system forms
is based primarily on their relative effectiveness in resisting
lateral loads. At one end of the spectrum is the moment resisting
frames which are efficient for buildings of 20 to 30 stories, and at
the other end is the tubular systems with high cantilever
efficiency. Other systems were placed with the idea that the
application of any particular form is economical only over a
limited range of building heights.
An attempt has been made to develop a rigorous methodology for the

cataloging of tall buildings with respect to their structural systems. The
classification scheme involves four levels of framing division:
(1) primary framing system,
(2) bracing subsystem,
(3) floor framing, and
(4) configuration and load transfer.
While any cataloging scheme must address the pre-eminent focus on
lateral load resistance, the load-carrying function of the tall building
subsystems is rarely independent. An efficient high-rise system must
engage vertical gravity load resisting elements in the lateral load
subsystem in order to reduce the overall structural premium for
resisting lateral loads.
Some degree of independence can be distinguished between the floor
framing systems and the lateral load resisting systems but, the
integration of these subassemblies into the overall structural scheme is
crucial.
Composite Floor Systems Semi Rigid Frame up to 15 stories, Rigid

Frame up to 30 stories, Frame with shear truss up to 45 stories,
Frames with shear bend & outrigger trusses up to 55 stories, End
channel Framed tube with interior shear trusses up to 60 stories,
End channel & framed tube up to 65 stories, Exterior framed
tube up to 85 stories, Bundled framed tube up to 105 stories,
Exterior diagonalised tube up to 110 stories
Tall building floor structures generally do not differ substantially from

those in low-rise buildings; however, there are certain aspects and
properties that need to be considered in design:
1. Floor weight to be minimized
2. Floor should be able to resist construction loads during the
erection process.
3. Integration of mechanical services (such as ducts and pipes) in
the floor zone.
4. Fire resistance of the floor system.
5. Buildability or constructability of structures.
6. Long spanning capability.
Modern office buildings require large floor spans in order to create

greater space flexibility for the accommodation of a greater variety of
tenant floor plans. For tall building design, it is necessary to reduce the
weight of the floors so as to reduce the size of columns and
foundations and thus, permit the use of larger space. Floors are
required to resist vertical loads and they are usually supported by
secondary beams. The spacing of the supporting beams must be
compatible with the resistance of the floor slabs.
The floor systems can be made worth buildable or worth constructable

by using prefabricated or precast elements of steel and reinforced
concrete in various combinations. Floor slabs can be precast concrete
slab, in situ concrete slab or composite slabs with metal decking.
Typical precast slabs are 4 to 7m, thus avoiding the need of secondary
beams. For composite slabs metal deck spans ranging from 2 to 7 m
may be used depending on the depth and shape of the deck profile.
However, the permissible spans for steel decking are influenced by the
method of construction in particular, it depends on whether or not,
shoring is provided. Shoring is best avoided as the speed of
construction is otherwise, diminished for the construction of tall
buildings.
Sometimes openings in the webs of beams are required to permit

passage of horizontal services, such as pipes (for water and gas),
cables (for electricity and tele and electronic communication), ducts
(air-conditioning), etc.
In addition to strength, floor spanning systems must provide adequate

stiffness to avoid large deflections due to live load which could lead to
damage of plaster and slab finishers. Where the deflection limit is too
severe, pre-cambering with an appropriate initial deformation equal
and opposite to that due to the permanent loads can be employed to
offset part of the deflection. In steel construction, steel members can
be partially or fully encased in concrete for fire protection. For longer
periods of fire resistance, additional reinforcement bars may be
required.
Back Structural Analysis: Gravity and Lateral Loading.

Fundamental Principles
Structural analysis is the determination of forces and deformations
of the structure due to applied loads. It involves volumes of
calculations based on various theories of analysis formulas.
Structural design involves the arrangement and proportioning of
structures and their components in such a way that the assembled
structure is capable of supporting the designed loads within the
allowable defined limit states. Analytical model is an idealization of
the actual structure. The structural model should relate the actual
behavior to material properties, structural details, loading and
boundary conditions as accurately as is practicable. In addition,
constructability based on designs plays a significant role.
All structures that occur in practice are three-dimensional. For
building structures that have regular layout and are rectangular in
shape, it is possible to idealize them into two dimensional frames
arranged in orthogonal directions.
Joints in a structure are those points where two or more members
are connected.
A truss is a structural system consisting of members that are designed
to resist only axial forces.
Axially loaded members are assumed to be pin-connected at their
ends.
A structural system in which joints are capable of transferring
end moments is called a frame. Members in this system are
assumed to be capable of resisting bending moment axial force
and shear force. A structure is said to be two dimensional or planar
if, all the members lie in the same plane.
Beams are those members that are subjected to bending or flexure.
They are usually thought of as being in horizontal positions and loaded
with vertical forces.
Ties are members that are subjected to axial tension only, while
struts (columns or posts) are members subjected to axial
compression only.
Structure formation mechanism should be intuitively conceived

considering the possible deflections in all three dimensions. Trial
parameters should be used for obtaining various modeling results.
Moderation of structure should be conducted prior to making various
analysis decisions for economizing as well as optimally producing a
sound, safe & adequate structure. What software or formulae are to be
used, is the discretion of the designer. Real purpose of analysis is that
all possible lifetime imposable forces should be covered in
considerations giving no opportunity to the structure to talk different
language or behave differently than conceived. Structure should be
compatible to allow variation of use within certain flexible limits
keeping in view the volume & the cost of building. Contemporary
fashion to be infused into the structure nowadays, is good RCC
framing, good shear wall based framing, stronger & flexible
foundations with good degree of rigidity, energy dissipation techniques
etc. Micro piling, piling, shear keys, structural fills, engineering fills,
general fills, sand fills, concrete protections & many others which
require equal considerations while analyzing various aspects of the
structure.
Back Structural Design and Ductile Detailing.

Ductility: Capability of a material or structural member to undergo
large inelastic deformations without distress; opposite of brittleness;
very important material property, especially for earthquake-resistant
design; steel is naturally ductile, concrete is brittle but it can be made
ductile, if well confined. Ductility takes material into plastic or inelastic
stage for allowing it additional deformations without causing structural
failures. Forces redistribution is carried out in this stage giving an
opportunity to structure for safe collapse stage in stages.
Durability: The ability of concrete to maintain its qualities over long

time spans while exposed to weather, freeze-thaw cycles, chemical
attack, abrasion, and other service load conditions. Durable concrete
does not allow rapid chloride penetrations more than defined value.
This property leads to prevention from corrosion to acceptable level if
not fully. It also enhances the service life of concrete & other materials.
Ductility & durability are interrelated terms as one is required to

achieve the other. Inducing ductility on to the RCC, durability can be
achieved to certain extent by virtue of reinforcing confining actions.
It has already been suggested that, to keep the members ductile,

compression reinforcement would assist. It is in the interest of the
structure to produce ductile even if, the member does not technically
require being designed so. Should beam be provided with compression
rebars, it shall help beam ductility even though, the beam has to be
provided rebars in compression zone for purpose of anchorage &
temperature rebars.
Same principle applies to slabs as well as columns. In fact, within slab,
compression steel would also act as reducing the possibility of
deflection. Rebars would not be required to be cut within the portion of
the main part of suspended slabs. There shall be no need place
additional bars on the beams portion in slab for anchorage or negative
moment. Vertical stirrup spacing may be kept confining to the ductile
requirement in case of beams & columns.
Structural design & analysis can be based on any method using any
software or by manual means depending on the required quantum of
design work. It is also suggested that slab should use smaller dia bars
to prevent cracking. Columns should also, not be encouraged by higher
size bars. Bars should be tried to be spread on the members’ surfaces.
Due care should be envisaged for the development length, curtailment

locations, overlapping considerations & many such required factors.
Proper binding should be done in all rebars to keep them fully intact
while pouring concrete. Positions of the construction joints if so
required, during emergencies, must better be shown on design
drawings. Expansion or contraction joints locations must be indicated
on the drawings so that, these are taken care of by the field engineers
to avoid possible mixing of requirement.
Drawings should clearly state the structural brief specification to
facilitate the engineer to understand what should be done on site. In
the absence of this information, construction site engineer would
execute the work complying to his either right or wrong information
jeopardizing the well designed structure. Details should be elaborately
indicated in sections in such a fashion that site engineer does the job
right first time every time. Least queries raisings designate a drawing
good one. If possible, bar bending schedule should be charted out
either on detailed drawings or on some other documents to have the
right & accurate cut dimensions. Conventional shape coding based BBS
should be issued for sites execution.
Constructability concerns should be minded while deciding

reinforcement within sections of all members. All possible steel
congestion must be avoided. Practical aspects must be minded while
detailing to extend ease of construction to the site team & the
contractor. Details of required grade of concrete for various locations
as well as grade of reinforcement must all be indicated clearly. Where
welded prefabricated mesh is to be used, should be clearly mentioned.
Totality of project specification must give all information about all
requirements. It is suggested that drawings should accompany some
set standard sections for the typical items on the project for reducing
the volumes of detailing repetitions.
Advisory construction method statements though not binding on

contractor or builder, can also be included within the specification to
apprise the executor about the project intended requirement.
Definitions of all terms as well as procedures, the relevant
specifications & codes used, should be indicated. Documents
precedence should be clearly indicated to avoid various disputes.
Back Strength & Retrofitting of Structures & Vulnerability

Assessment:
State of building construction in Bharat is not good as far as the quality criteria is
concerned from every angle. Buildings had been constructed long back & have been
being constructed presently but, an overall quality status does not look to be to the
required quality mark. Those structures that were meant to serve for say 50 years, do
yield earlier than required & signs of distress & disintegration are visible. Some defects
had been crept in during construction while, the others were by ill use as well as by
adverse weather conditions. There is no gain by criticizing about all these defects but to
reinstate or rehabilitate the existing structures to their original state or even to improve
the conditions so that, strucyures can serve up to the designed duration that we call
specified durability.
Structural Audit: The process that involves first understanding the properties losses that
structure has already undergone during its used life by means of testing various materials,
by settlement surveys, by core drillings from RCC without involving reinforcement, by
checking reinforcement conditions etc. all can be termed as structural audit based on
surveys to know the deficiency requirement induced in the structure. If so required, even
the load testing can be conducted on the structures to know about better state of facts.
Cores shall definitely tell about the concrete quality while building quality shall be
provided by load testing. Investigation shall reveal about the new requirement, the
structure waits to be rehabilitated for future imposed loads & missing durability. Even, by
this investigation, further life can be added to the structural members. All such
requirements are referred to the process of rehabilitating & retrofitting the structure.
Retrofitting: It is a slow process which requires high degree of patience & study a lot
about the operations & their research. Substructure as well superstructures would require
retrofitting. Foundations may require extensions. Additional thickness may be required to
be added to foundations. Columns may require jacketing. Beams may require jacketing or
substitute arrangement. Resin injection may be required for the distressed areas. Various
locations on the concrete surface may require repairs though in patches.
To meet all foregoing requirements, various construction chemicals would be required,

the study of which, the retrofitting engineer should do. Retrofitting covers a wide scope
& varies from one building to another. In some old buildings, structure may be inserted
by any method while semi performing buildings could be reinstated to the requirement as
said earlier. Applications of new concrete to the old concrete would be required.
Applications of additional reinforcement to be inserted would also be required. Some
weak concrete portions shall be required to be extracted out to be replaced by the new
one. Various combinations of chemicals shall be made necessary. Materials shall be used
based on the recommendations of the chemical supplier or manufacturer as the case may
be. Special chemical concrete, micro concrete, bonding agents, chemical anchors, low
shrinkage concrete & many others would be studied. Intensive research work shall be put
in during investigations. After applying the retrofitting activities, test loads shall be
conducted on all rehabilitated elements. Retrofitting cost factor would dominate over
making a decision about choosing rebuilding or retrofitting. I think an estimated cost on
retrofitting ranging 30 to 40 % of rebuilding cost should lead to retrofitting.
Preferred Cements: Replaced By Silica fume: Very fine non crystalline silica produced
in electric arc furnaces as a by-product of the production of metallic silicon and various
silicon alloys (also know as condensed silica fume); used as a mineral admixture in
concrete. GGBS Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag. PFA Pulverised Fly Ash
Back Seismic Risk Management in Action:

Post Earthquake-
1. Well, every seismic calamity is different. Disaster level would require what
degree of management is necessary. National Disaster Management authority
should function virtually as a proficient body working with full efficiency & not
just to show its mere presence.
2. Since concrete involves heavy dead loads, heavy duty cranes & other equipment
would be required to remove the broken debris as fast as possible so that some
lives could be saved. Various required machines & equipment, mostly
operationally necessary, must be stocked some where all times in all vicinities to
let those be transported to earthquake effected area immediately after the demand
is raised.
3. All safety, health & environment issues considerations must be incorporated for
risks mitigation planning or disaster controls bodies. Health authorities must be
kept on alerts & be deployed immediately post earthquake occurs. All medicines
& required equipment must be made available with the medical authorities. Many
pools of doctors should be kept on standby to meet such calamities.
4. An easy access to the disaster management personnel & vehicles should be made
available for such disaster management being a success. Specialist personnel must
be deployed immediately after the earthquake occurrence.
5. Fire can also break out post earthquake which requires fire tender to operate.
Emergency buildings such as hospitals, police offices, civil defense,
telecommunications & whatever can serve during such emergencies should be
properly designed keeping in view their required service continuity & if revealed
deficient during audit, must be on priority basis retrofitted.
6. Standby arrangement for water & powers must be made available to meet these
emergencies for certain days or hours till the normal life is reinstated in the area
affected by earthquake.
7. All residents of the area susceptible to earthquakes must know how to act during
such moments without causing panic.
8. All sequential bye calamities must be well planned to be managed with
efficiently. Public should be regularly educated by conducting virtual drills for
awareness teaching about how to conduct in case of earthquake.
Pre Earthquake management requires production of seismic resistant buildings

according to the defined zonings. The design, construction as well as quality criteria
should be complied with come what may. All buildings should be designed &
compulsorily, supervised by certified competent engineers well trained in the buildings &
other structures specific filed. All required facilities should be made intact for the new
settlements. Locations of buildings must be rightly selected so that access & egress for
the involved areas are conveniently effected with. High rise buildings must be allowed
located off from busy roads & colonies. Tall buildings must be provided with all
emergency serving measures as applicable to meet successfully all dangers. Local &
central agencies including police as well as army in collaboration with civil defense &
general public should be adequately trained by conducting required drills’ management &
kept updated.
Back Effect on Natural and Built Environment:
Volcanic eruption, T Sunamis, Landslides, Afthermaths effects.
Buildings collapses, bridges collapses, roads failures, human losses, crops loss, animals
loss, serious injuries, fires break out, shocks to occupants, interruption of necessary
services, rains additions as calamity, communication loss, transport loss, epidemic &
many others, environment pollution, material losses, epidemics, hardships to occupants,
Are the relevant natural as well as built environment ill effects resulted by earthquakes.
Back Reference Example
House Construction On Plot 430 Sector 21 B,

NCR India, Faridabad
Construction Synopsis
Construction commenced 12.11.2008
Structure completed 9.7.2009
Please refer to the plates from 1 to 26 giving entire views of the structural
construction.
Cost on RCC 500 rupees per square foot
Figures 1 to 8 below give certain details for your reference.

Purpose of this file is an exclusive information exchange.
Structural
772
450
level
2472
5750 1000
1250
level
800 150
150
5750 750
1250
200 150 150
600
1789 600
1600 1661 300143 600 150
300
385 200 1677 300
714 1494
2500 200
H all Entry Left Side balcony 464 1494
Right Side balcony
Stair rail on beam

C 200 x 300 D
A B 200 x 300
1783 200 x 300 200

1500 200 x 300 200 x 300
300 x
1 1000
200
600 F2
200
200 x 300
300
47 49 51 53 55 57 59
1400
2472
200 x 300
1000 1800
2 F2 772
72 70 66 64 62 60 200 x 400
F2 upstand
200 x 300
300
300 x 300 x
600 600
800 F11
F9 1400
1800 200 x 300 2300
Balcony link/Railing
1000 3 200 x 300

1000 600
200
300 x 300
200 x 300
200
1000 300 x 300
578
3977 F12
200 x 300
F9 200 1200 2777
4 300 x
200 x 300
F4 600
F4 589 400
200 x 300 300
F9 F9 F13
200 200 x 300 2499
200 x 300
200 x 300 300 x 200 300 x
5 F5 600 600 F5
1000 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8
1800 1720 1720 1850 1900 1851 1800
200 x 300 200 x 300 200 x 300 200 x 300
200 x 300
200 200 200 200 200 200
1178 3591 6051
150
300
1378 450
1000
F1, F2, F4, F5/300 x 600 mm deep, F3 do not exist
F6, F7, F8, F9/200 x 300 mm deep
F10, F11, F12, F13/200 x 300 mm deep
First Structural Framing Level Hall Portion
400400400 400400400400400400
400 400
200
Internal Balcony/Railing
400
Balcony passage/Railing
Figure 1
Plot Size 420 sqm
Basement below drawing room hall portion
Ground coverage 55 %
Total coverage added 540 sqm
Structural
772
450
level
2472
5750 1000
1250
level
800 150
150
5750 750
1250
200 150 150
600
1789 600
1600 1661 300 600 150
300 143
385 200 1677 300
714 1494
2500 200
Hall Entry Left Side balcony 464 1494
Right Side balcony
beams
C 200 x 300 mm D
A B 200 x 300
200 x 300
1783 200 x 300 200

1500 200 x 300 200 x 300
300 x
1 1000
200
600 F2
200
200x 300
300
1400 47 49 51 53 55 57 59
2472
200 x 300
1000 1800 72 70 66 64 62 60
F2 200 x 400
2 772
F2 upstand
200x 300
300
300 x 300 x
600 600
800 F11
F9 1400
1800 200 x 300 2300
1000 3 200 x 300
1000 600
200
200 x 300
200
1000 300 x 300
578
3977
F12
200 x 300
F9 200 1200 2777
4 300 x
200 x 300
F4 F4 589
600
200 x 300 300
F9 F9 F13
200 200 x 300 2499
200 x 300
200 x 300 300 x 200 300 x
5 F5 600 600 F5
1000 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8 F8
1800 1720 1720 1850 1900 1851 1800
200 x 300 200 x 300 200 x 300 200 x 300
200x 300
200 200 200 200 200 200
1178 3591 6051
150
300
1378 1000 450
F1, F2, F4, F5/300 x 600 mm deep, F3 do not exist
F6, F7, F8, F9/200 x 300 mm deep
F10, F11, F12, F13/200 x 300 mm deep

First Structural Framing Level Hall Portion
Figure 2
Salient features of construction carried out:
1 Front portion double height drawing room or hall

2 Rear portion Bed Room area in three storeys
3 Ground floor portion 75 sqm previously constructed in 2000
4 Soil Silty Clay with high affinity to water & white ants.
5 Depth of formation level (-3.4 m) for basement.
6 Excavation carried out by JCB partly & then used donkey stock for
a total excavation quantity of 550 cum. Soil removed from the site.
Soil improvement below formation level as defined below:
1 Soil improvement by filling 40 mm size graded aggregate 250 mm

thick, followed by placing 10 mm graded aggregate & then on that placed
graded machine dust. Above mix compacted dry as well as wet to densify
the placed mix material for both to enhance the bearing capacity & to
reduce the settlement.
2 I had observed one pit 1 m x 1 m x 2 M deep for about six months.

There was no problem in excavation & there was no need of any shoring
during excavation that indicates that the soil was self supporting due to
having no angle of internal friction but due to possessing high value of
cohesion. The substrata did not have any water table but, certain moisture
content % very nominal. It appears that the land was used for the purpose
of agriculture in the long past & for the development of the area, the
development authority acquired the land for urbanisation around Delhi.
The soil definitely contained certain organic chemicals that had to be
avoided to impart adverse affect to the building.
3 I judged the SBC of the soil to be somewhere 5 to 10 T/sqm based
on my experience yet, it did not meet the building requirement due to
unforeseen behaviour of Clays that could have contended minerals like
Montmorillonite or illonite or some others, that could help the soil to swell
while being in contact with water or loosen the entire shear resistance.
The proposal was to include one equal size basement that caused me a
cause of concern. I had decided to avoid the formation of the foundations
on existing soil even at cost of additional expenses.
4 Fortunately, I have experienced during my career extensively on

the RCC building projects as well on the industrial on shore projects both,
in office engineering as well as field engineering. Based on my experience
earning, I could solve the proposal easily which I did comfortably with full
confidence successfully. A decision was made to apply soil improvement
technique in the easiest way so that the bearing capacity as well as the
permeability of the soil below the formation is sustainable. The water
should not effect the foundation if it is allowed to move beneath the
foundation structures. Clay soil had to be isolated from the building
substructures for the purpose of RCC protection.
5 To meet the requirement, I decided to form a road type structure

below the foundation formation without involving any cementing material
but to be included just water bound. Some person suggested to use lime
also, but it did not convince me as the lime is not a reliable material in
moist environment. I went ahead to excavate about 300 mm additional
depth to accommodate proposed soil improvement to a minimal meeting.
It could be more thick but, I did not intend to take risk more than that due
to excessive depth of excavation where on two sides, existing building up
to three storey are located.
6 The formation was prepared & 40m size aggregate which is called
Vapisi in Delhi term, was used to be placed first. 10 mm size aggregate
was placed on the 40 mm size layer so that the voids within the 40 mm
size aggregate be filled with 10 mm size aggregates. Later, the additional
layer of machine graded dust was placed so that the voids within the 10
mm size aggregate be filled with the mechanically produced dust. All laid
dry mix was watered & compacted just as it is done on a water bound
macadem road structure formation. I noticed after compaction that the
formation was very strong & there was much improvement on the SBC.
7 The foregoing fill has to respond to work as a permeable medium

also for the down flowing water as well as to allow a break for the upward
flowing water in future that could be a result of heavy rains or by
whatsoever reason. This provision has also affected as a barricade for the
clay soil to be in contact with the foundations.
8 In addition to the above, on the sides of the fixed retaining RCC
walls built between the main columns, the fill material used is river sand so
that it allows water to permeability since the clay does not possess this
property but considerable porosity. Virtually, the foundations built are soil
contact free & the portions between all the RCC beams foundations
joining the columns in both directions, an exclusively river sand was used
as a filling material to avoid cumbersome work on compaction of the soils
either to be taken from site or to be imported.
9 I think the work has been done economically in all respects

inducing to the foundation what it necessitated from practical engineering
construction viewpoints.
Structural:
1 On the prepared soil improvement base, a 50 mm thick layer of
blinding concrete was laid.
2 The surface of the blinding concrete waterproofed using CICO

Tapecrete coating protected by plastering on the coating.
3 Analysis of the structures done using Kani’s Rotation Contribution

Method, a very old method of moment distribution but yet, useful.
4 Analysis of the foundation framed matting done by purpose made

worksheets.
5 The sketch shows the details of the foundation section 400 x 1200
mm beam with 800 wide spreader, embedded in full 200 mm thick
RCC matting under all the beams in both directions. Columns were
revealed from the beams. One 16000 litres capacity water storage
tank has also been provided between the foundation beams.
6 Between the beams, river sand filling provided in place of soil.
7 Externally, 450 mm wide portion filled with river sand while

remaining soil butts with the 450 mm line. There is allowed no
contact between the soil & the foundations anywhere.
400.00
Foundation Beam
1000.00
200.00
300.00
Soil I mprovement
Figure 3
8 Retaining walls 200 mm thick provided around the foundations to

hold the fill. The wall reinforced with 8 mm rebars @ 200 centres
both ways.
9 Main hall portion allowed 12 columns. 1000 x 400 mm 4 columns

while 600 x 400 mm 8 columns.
10 Span between the columns 11 m in two frames while 8 m in three

frames.
11 Certain frames are located in the double height area.
12 Front allows 1800 mm wide balconies while sides 1000 mm.
13 Six beams provided in the front balconies at both levels.
14 Main beams permitted 300 mm x 600 mm section for stability

resolution.
15 Cross beams included 200 x 300 mm section.
16 Stair waste provided 200 mm thick with rebar meshing in top &
bottom layers.
17 All suspended slabs included with 8 mm rebars @ 200 mm centres

both top & bottom.
18 ear bed rooms’ portion constructed with 11 columns 300 mm x 450
mm sections for spans do not exceed 5m.
19 A quantity of 250 cum RCC constructed using M 30/25.

All site mixing done.
20 Form support systems employed using rented props.
21 Form material employed 12 mm thick ply & timber

scantlings/battens 50 mm x 75 mm & 50 mm x 100 mm.
22 A total quantity of rebars used 22000 kg.

Up to ground level 8000 kg & above ground 14000 kg.
23 Labour contractor did not include curing element consequently I

had to do this part myself. I did not find any problem for the
suspended slab curing but for the columns & brick walls, I faced the
hard job.
24 Though the proposed use of the building is for the residential

purpose as per local authority, yet the visitors put the building not
as residential in look but either commercial or any office.
Observations:
1 I tried all efforts to extract a good quality of the structure from the
workers used to system in NCR but, I was successful to certain
extent only. It necessitates a lot of training to be imparted with the
skilled workers as well as the self styled contractors & foreman.
Most significant part that requires training is about what should be
real procedures of producing, transporting & placing concrete mix
within right defined duration. QA system is slackening on the use of
structural concrete. Generally, RMC suppliers think that cube
results only dominate the concrete. There is no call in Bharat India
to mandatory drill cores post concreting to ensure the accuracy or
genuine sampling of cubes.
2 Concrete pouring gangs do work efficiently but, compliance with the

requirement raises a question mark on various projects. Absence of
qualified engineers on the supervision also raises eyebrows. Public
seems to be ignorant & non serious about the required quality of
good concrete & very few understand the durability of concrete as a
basic property. What is seen by eyes is considered building work
but, real technological requirements do not reach the builder or the
general public. Promoters or builders befool the consumers in the
name of international standards & make profits from innocent
buyers.
Right Elevation
Elevation
Architectural
500
2125
8.85 sqm 1.56
525 595
297297297297
594 475 475 475 475 300
738
3250
3250
738
738
3.0
737 300
3.24
525
3250
3250
738 3.4
300
100
1.37
437
1625
750
2.35 OWNERS- SURAJ SI NGH & SUM I TRA

2500
FOR Submission
875
PLOT 430/1A, SECTOR 21B, FARIDABAD-HUDA AREA
Figure 4
Elevation
Architectural
500
PLOT 430/1A, SECTOR 21B, FARI DABAD-HUDA AREA
3250
1000
OWNERS- SURAJ SI NGH & SUMI TRA
3250
3250
FOR Submission
3250
3750
300
1250
3250
2000 2000
Left Elevation
Figure 5
200 400 250 400 250 400 200

1378 800 1200 935 935 1200 1200 935 935 1200 800
PLOT 430/1A, SE CTOR 21B, FARI DABAD-HUDA AREA

800
200
349 300
349 698 228
1.82
OWNERS- SURAJ SI NGH & SUM ITRA

1.82
FOR Submission
349
349
228 2000
666
667
650
650
Architectural
Front Elevation
Elevation
Figure 6
FOR Submission
OWNERS- SURAJ SINGH & SUM I TRA
PLOT 430/1A, SECTOR 21B, FARI DABAD-HUDA AREA
1371 3759
V1
803
Architectural D1
BED
5559
W1
2450 3507 4764
D2
D
900 850 900 900
V
V3 W
W2
524 D5 900 D4 D3
300
prayer SFL+12' 0"

Bath
4499
4200 BED
D10 W4
1000 850
D8
V5 900 2052
650 750
1200 W15 D11 1200
1180
250
927 802
W5 47 4951 53 55 57 59
1070 V6
72 70
927 66 64 62 60
2000
W6 800
1000 W14 1500
W7
1000
Double Height
2000 W8 W132000
SFL +14'-6"
1500
W9
800 W12 1500
D13
2791 2000
W10 W11 1800
First Floor plan Scale 1 : 50
Figure 7
A B C 400
300
200
D
200
Typical
200
200
1
100
200
1000
800
6 / 16 Ø each in 3 layers 4 Legged/8 Ø rings @200 c/c 6 / 16 Ø i n 1 l ayer, 4 other layer
6 / 12 Ø in 1 layer, 4 other layer

6 / 12 Ø in 1 layer
2472
2 4 / 12 Ø each in 2 layers 6 / 12 Ø each in 3 layers 4 Legged/8 Ø rings @200 c/c 6 / 12 Ø each in 3 layers
6 / 16 Ø each in 3 layers
2300
3 4 / 12 Ø each in 2 layers 6 / 12 Ø each in 2 layers 4 Legged/8 Ø rings @200 c/c 6 / 12 Ø
6 / 12 Ø i n 1 l ayer, 4 in anotherr
2777
4 6 / 12 Ø 6 / 16 Ø each in 3 layers 4 Legged/8 Ø rings @200 c/c 4 / 12 Ø in 2 layers
2499
5 6 / 12 Ø 6 / 16 Ø each in 3 layers 4 Legged/8 Ø rings @200 c/c 4 / 12 Ø in 2 layers
Foundations Beams Rebars Plan
Figure 8
OWNERS- SURAJ SINGH & SUMI TRA

Select objects:
Area = 156403737, Length = 53010 PLOT 430/1A, SECTOR 21B, FARI DABAD-HUDA AREA
8851
A B C 29'0"
D
1000
1 8'2"
2472
1000
15'8"
4768
4'6" 1378 3390 11'2"
2472
2
4'6"1378
2300
31000
12848
17'0" 42'1.5"
Excavation Level -3.125 M
103765177 2777
34'0" 4
2499
5 2699
8'10"
1000
12241
40'2"
13619
44'8"
Foundations Excavations Plan

Hall portion Area 156 sqm
Quality Systems: Lessons Learnt & Conclusions

Quality Requirement is More Significant than Quality Awareness. Quality
requirement must be binding leaving chalta he or quality last attitude written off
for ever to be replaced by thik karo or quality must attitude.
 Quality Systems Requirement must be adherently applied from Designs to

Tendering to Award to Supervision to Execution of Construction
Operations as well as post construction maintenance.
 Merely, signing off documents is not sufficient but, carrying out of activities
& cent per cent inspections or examinations are mandatory. Those
personnel involved with quality system operations, must be themselves
quality competent as well as quality supportive & must campaign for its
realty achievement by encouraging other department’s personnel.
Responsibility ignoring personnel spoil whole system quality.
 Lapse on quality cannot be digested in any case whether activity belongs

to pre earthquake preventive measures or belongs to a post earthquake
disaster management. Loss of lives due to negligence cannot be
compromised. Generally, it has been experienced in almost all spheres
that after quality system introduction for decades, products quality has not
resulted as expected consequently by the inefficient compliance of quality
system.
 Lapse of quality on performance & its inefficiency cannot be allowed to be

digested with any disaster mitigation scenario whether, it has to be in
operation or it has to be as supporting resources or as involving leading
authorities whosoever & howsoever big one may be. Hard work input,
determination, dedication, commitment, implementation, post
implementation scrutiny or audits, are all a must & must be seen duly
performing in addition to approved or recognized agreements. Bare talks
& statements would not work to give required results. Real action must be
seen doing by one & by all members of all departments teams.
 No leniency should be accepted on doing any activity to the requirement in

any department or section. Safety first & Quality must attitude must be
adopted as a strong potential slogan. Since world has been changing then
Bharat / India has to change otherwise, there would be no way to escape
from due responsibility & legal liability.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Thanks a Lot Indeed for your Patience & Kind Attention. Sorry for
boring you by long descriptive contents.
P Eng Suraj Singh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Maywe browse followinglinks?
Various Engineers Responsibilities Role of Site Engineer Based
Training Talks Training Brief (Extracts)
Government Involvement Brainstorming Slides
Earthquake Risk Management EQ Management Initiatives
Building a Techno Legal Regime For Safer Bharat / India
knowledge-manageme Knowledge Portal
Engineers Updating EQ National Programme
National Disaster Management Authority Body
..\NDM\Simplified Guideline_Zone III.pdf EQ Provisions
..\NDM\Simplified Guideline_Zone IV.pdf EQ Provisions
..\NDM\Simplified Guideline_Zone V.pdf EQ Provisions
Browsing Certain Chapters Of Designs CRC Press Publication
..\CRC Press - Structural Engineering Handbook 1999-3.pdf
..\CRC Press - Structural Engineering Handbook 1999-4.pdf
Browsing Soils Reports Gulf Reports Examples
..\Soil Reports\rgxls001311001_a_02_final report (1 of 3).pdf
Slab Saved Gulf Real Case Study
Thanks a Lot Indeed for your Patience & Kind Attention
P Eng Suraj Singh

PunJab Training Resource

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Earthquake Preparations Preventive & Curative-

A note By P Eng Suraj Singh

Posted: 28 Oct 2009 17:40

Subject: Request for resource person: EQ Risk Management

Course schedule: Dec 28/12/2009 to 2/1/2010 /

EQ R iskM anagem entNote

Go To Soil Mechanics and Earthquake Resistant Design

Go To Soil-Structure Interaction and Foundation Design

Go To Site Planning, Building Forms and Architectural Design Concept for

Go To Structural Systems For Earthquake Resistance.

Go To Structural Analysis: Gravity and Lateral Loading.

Go To Structural Design and Ductile Detailing.

Go To Strength & Retrofitting of Structures & Vulnerability Assessment.

Go To Seismic Risk Management in Action.

Go To Effect on Natural and Built Environment

Go To Reference Example &QA

Back Earthquake Preparations Preventive & Curative:

Back Seismology & Rock Mechanics:

Lithosphere Indicative Model

Earth= Lithosphere + Aerosphere = Solid globe + Air envelope surrounding

Lithosphere = Solid portion of Globe = About 12000 Km generally

2. Mantle goes down to about 2500 Km of Lithosphere interior with increasing

5. A parallel portion to the Lithosphere up to say 18 to 20 km from sea or surface

6. Generally speaking, the seas constitutes up to 4 Km of sea level while oceans go

7. Lithosphere Crust portion, creates by eruption of magma/lava, by wind erosion,

8. Due to the continuous movements by the release of volcanic material as said by

Back Soil Mechanics and Earthquake Resistant Design:

3. All naturally formed materials whatever is available in any form, in portion

4. Soil Mechanics operations are solely responsible to tell engineer what to do to

Back Soil-Structure Interaction and Foundation Design:

Ref CRC Press: Earthquakes are naturally occurring broad-banded

Ref CRC Press LLC Causes of Earthquakes and Faulting

Faults are the physical expression of the boundaries between adjacent

Landslides can also cause tsunamis by displacing large volumes of water.

They are caused by earthquakes or landslides.

However, an earthquake generating process is not

Back Site Planning, Building Forms and Architectural

5. Analysis of the superstructures can be easily carried out to meet given

6. Facets demanded makes a difference on the structural framings. Architects

14. Let us take example of a wooden stool that is constructed sometimes, by

15. Generally, Buildings are provided with cantilever footings/spread

Ref CRC Press

Viscous Fluid Dampers

As a result, VF dampers have in recent years been incorporated into

Tuned Mass Dampers TMD

Tuned Liquid Dampers TLD

Back Structural Systems For Earthquake Resistance:

A rigid unbraced frame should be capable of resisting lateral loads

1. Rigid connections are more ductile and therefore, the structure

Sway Frames vs. Non-Sway Frames

On the basis of the above considerations, a definition can be

CRC Press LLC Classification of Tall Building Frames

An attempt has been made to develop a rigorous methodology for the

Composite Floor Systems Semi Rigid Frame up to 15 stories, Rigid

Tall building floor structures generally do not differ substantially from

Modern office buildings require large floor spans in order to create

The floor systems can be made worth buildable or worth constructable

Sometimes openings in the webs of beams are required to permit

In addition to strength, floor spanning systems must provide adequate

Back Structural Analysis: Gravity and Lateral Loading.

Structure formation mechanism should be intuitively conceived

Back Structural Design and Ductile Detailing.

Durability: The ability of concrete to maintain its qualities over long

Ductility & durability are interrelated terms as one is required to