Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1
Surroundings of Automobiles
Air Quality
Global Warming Energy
CO2 reduction
CO2
Emissions
Energy
2
Automakers’ Efforts to the Issues
3
Contents
4
Contents
5
Regulations of Fuel Efficiency & CO2
and Vehicle Technology
Average Passenger Car Fuel Efficiency in Japan
Japan 10・15 mode
(km/L) 20
Fuel efficiency (km/L)
18 2015 standard
16
2010 standard
14
12
10
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
6
Engine Technologies for Fuel Efficiency
Combustion
Ignition system
Direct injection
Combustion chamber
Valve-train
Roller cam follower
Variable valve timing
Variable valve lift
Automatic Transmission
Increased number of gear
Expanded lock-up area
Neutral control
CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission)
Manual Transmission
Automatic MT CVT
Reduced friction loss
Inverter
Electric power
Engine
Electric 4-wheel drive
Hybrid system Motor
8
Clean Energy Vehicles
Hybrid Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Electric Vehicle
9
Contents
10
Aggregate Annual Air Quality Trends
in Asian Cities
350
300
TSP
250
μg/m3
200
WHO guideline
150
PM10
100
Source:www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-72383.html
11
Air Quality Improvement in Japan
Changes in Japan’s Annual Air Pollution Averages
NO2 (ppm) 2007 Rate for meeting environmental quality standards
(Source: Ministry of the Environment)
SPM (mg/m3)
0.18 Achieved rate
0.04
0.02
0
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 (year)
NO2 and SPM are improving, but some areas have not reached targets
12
Transition of Emission regulation in Japan
(Gasoline passenger cars)
100
Mode change
60% (1010-15)
50%
CO 50
45%
5% 1.6% (0.8%)
0
100
75% Mode change
59%
(1010-15)
HC 50 48%
8% 2.6% (1.3%)
0
100 * IW 1,000kg
Mode change
IW > 1,000kg (1010-15)
70%
NOx 50
39%
27%
20% 8% 2.6% (1.3%)
0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
PM Initial
value
36%
30%
6%
1973 Reg
S100, RVP (T50:75-110) S50 S10
Fuel quality (Implemented) S50 S10
‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10
Europe
Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 Euro5
Emission
regulations All Model All Model
15
Emission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EU
(Diesel)
‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10
Japan
Emission 1986 Reg 1990 Reg (NOx) 1994 Reg (PM)
regulations New Long-Term Post New
1974 Reg 97 Reg New Short-Term
Long-Term
(NOx, PM)
From 1974
Fuel quality S5000 S2000 S500 S50 S10
(Implemented) S2000 S50 S10
‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10
Europe
Emission Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 Euro5
regulations
All Model All Model
16
Relations between Fuel Improvement
and Vehicle Technology
Fuel Quality
Low Emission
Vehicle
Bio Fuels Reliability
Technology Fuel Economy
18
Effects of Sulfur on Exhaust Emissions
Emissions from Gasoline Vehicle
(Three Way Catalyst)
150
150
SULEV
Relative NOx
Relative THC
0 0
-50 -50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Sulfur (ppmw) Sulfur (ppmw)
60 60
Relative HC
Relative HC
40 40
20 20
0 0
-20 -20
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 120 140 160 180
T50 (deg.C) T90 (deg.C)
Note:Base (“0”) is data from test gasoline that has about 98deg.C of T50 and about 148deg.C of T90
21
Effect of Sulfur on DPF
PM Emissions from Diesel Vehicle
0.100
0.080
Drysoot+H2O 100ppm
Sulfate
PM(g/kWh)
SOF
0.060 50ppm
0.040 Sulfur
10ppm
0.020
0.000
0 30000 0 30000 0 30000
走行距離, km
Distance traveled accumulation(km)
JARI Engine test cycle
100000
50000
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
HFRR(μm);Lubricity of fuels in vehicle tank
Low lubricity fuels give fetal damage to FIE(*) immediately.
* FIE = Fuel Injection Equipment (Fuel Injector and Injection pump) 23
WWFC (World Wide Fuel Charter)
24
Emission regulations of Motorcycles
EURO-2 EURO-3 or equivalent
Japan 1 st 2nd
EURO-2
China EURO-3
Indonesia EURO-2
Vietnam EURO-2
EU Regulation (g/km)
CO HC NOx
Euro 2 <150cc 5.5 1.2 0.3
Euro 3 <150cc 2.0 0.8 0.15
25
Emission Control Technology of Motorcycle
Carburetor
Oxidation catalyst
Secondary air Euro 2
26
Contents
27
International Approach for Fuel Quality
(1) UNEP / PCFV
(United Nations Environment Program / Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles)
http://www.unep.org/pcfv/
29
International Approach for Fuel Quality
(2) UNECE / WP29
(UNECE : United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)
(WP29 : World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations)
31
JAMA Position about Bio Fuels
32
Bio Fuels
33
Composition of Carboxyl Acids in FAME
Number of
Double bonds
Carbon Rape Jatropha Soy
Fatty acid Coconut Palm
number -seed -bean
8 0 Caprylic acid 8
10 0 Capric acid 8
12 0 Lauric acid 45
14 0 Myristic acid 18 1
16 0 Palmitic acid 10 45 4 15 11
16 1 Palmitoleic acid 1
18 0 Stearic acid 2 6 2 7 5
18 1 Oleic acid 8 38 62 46 25
18 2 Linoleic acid 2 9 20 31 52
18 3 Linolenic acid 8 7
〉20 1
Oxidize polymerize
O O
Aldehyde O O
O
O
O O
O
Polymer
Acid O
Source: SAE 2008-01-2502
35
Example of troubles
caused by “Low Quality Biodiesel”
36
Effect of Anti-Oxidant on B100
20
15
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Dosage of Anti-Oxidant Agent, ppm
38
Hydro-treating of Vegetable Oil
CH3 CO-O-CH
O 2
Vegetable Oil
CH3
CO-O-CH
-
CH3 CO-O-CH
- 2
Hydro-treating FAME
+ H2 O CH2OH
+ CH OH
+ CO2, CH4
CH2OH
+ CH3-CH2-CH3 (glycerin)
FAME
40
Contents
41
International Approach for
Harmonization of Biofuel Specification
(1) ISO / TC28 / TC7 Liquid Biofuels
International Organization for Standardization
Objectives
To harmonize the specifications and test methods of biofuels
in case of the increase of trade between markets world wide
Progress
First meeting was held in Rio de Janeiro on 27-28 Jan. 2009.
Discussions were Sustainability criteria for biofuels, and
Standardization of terminology, classification, specification,
analysis and testing for liquid biofuels.
42
International Approach for
Harmonization of Biofuel Specification
(ERIA:Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia)
(2) ERIA Energy Project
Working Group for the Standardization of Biodiesel Fuel in East Asia
Objectives
To get a common agreement for BDF standardization.
To support the formulation of BDF standards in ASEAN
and East Asia.
Members
Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand,
Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and Japan
Outcome
Proposal of BDF specification was decided by the meeting
held in Indonesia on November, 2008.
43
(3) WWFC (World Wide Fuel Charter)
elines elines
0 Guid Guid
E 1 0 B 10 0
44
For Sustainable Mobility
Environment
Energy Protection
Conservation
Clean Air
Alternative Fuel CO2 Reduction
Government
45
Thank you for your attention !
46