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Carbon compound
1. Carbon compounds play a major role in chemistry of families of compounds, e.g.
all life processes. alcohols and amines, and the reactions of
2. All the intricate reactions that are needed the groups of atoms – the functional
to keep us alive involve carbon groups – which these compounds contain.
compounds. 7. Organic chemistry was originally
3. The reason why carbon is uniquely described as the chemistry of compounds
important is that carbon atoms link found in living things; in plants and
together by covalent bonds to form a great animals.
variety of chains and rings. 8. All such naturally occurring compounds
4. contain carbon, and it was thought that
5. The properties and reactions of organic some `vital force' was needed for their
compounds in all their variety can be formation.
understood in terms of the reactions of 9. Today, the term organic chemistry refers
small groups of atoms, e.g. —OH the to the chemistry of millions of carbon
hydroxyl group and —COOH the compounds. Some of them have been
carboxyl group. extracted from plant or animal sources,
6. The complex subject of organic chemistry but many more have been made by
is simplified when it is studied as the organic chemists in their laboratories.
Carbon
1. Carbon is located in group 14. A carbon atom contain 6 electrons,
therefore the electronic configuration is 2.4.
2. It has 4 valance electrons in the outermost orbital, as shown in the
diagram.
3. In order to achieve a stable outer octet of electrons, it forms four
covalent bonds.
4. When a carbon atom combines with four hydrogen atoms, it forms
a molecule of methane, CH4
5. If two carbon atoms join, each can still combine with three hydrogen atoms to form a molecule
of ethane, C2H6.
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Example
Methane Ethane
6. Each carbon atom is tied to other atoms through four covalent bonds. All the four covalent
bonds may exist in three forms as shown below:
Hydrocarbon
1. Hydrocarbon is a compound made out of the elements carbon and hydrogen only. Examples of
hydrocarbon are alkane, alkene and alkyne.
2. Hydrocarbon can be divided into two groups based on the type of bond formed between its
carbon atoms.
Hydrocarbon
Saturated Hydrocarbon Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
Saturated hydrocarbons are a hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons
where all its carbon atoms are tied to each which contains at least one double covalent
other through single covalent bond only. bond among its carbon atoms.
Examples of saturated hydrocarbon are alkanes Examples of unsaturated hydrocarbon that
such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane. possesses double bonds are alkenes like ethene
and propene.
Example: Example:
3. Ethanol ( C2H5OH ), ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), metal methanoat (HCOOCH3), chloromethane
(CH3Cl) and others are not hydrocarbons because the molecule contains other elements such as
chlorine or oxygen other than carbon and hydrogen.
2
Combustion of Hydrocarbon carbon it contains. Higher carbon
1. All hydrocarbons combust in the air to percentage in the hydrocarbon molecule
form carbon dioxide and water. will result sootier flame.
Example
Combustion of ethane A high percentage of carbon produces
sootier flame.
C2H6 + O2 ¾¾®
A low percentage of carbon produces
Combustion of propene less soot from the flame.
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Homologous series Functional group 4. Therefore, the homologous series is a
family of organic compound that is made
Alkene out of members with common functional
group, common chemical properties, and
Alcohol consecutive members are differ by one
carbon atom and two hydrogen atom,
Carboxylic acid namely, –CH2.
Esther
Alkane
General formula: C H
n 2n+2
Functional group : No functional group
Examples:
Methane Ethane Propane Butane
CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10
Chemical properties
1. Alkane are the simplest family of
no of no of
hydrocarbons compounds containing code
carbons carbons
carbon and hydrogen only.
2. They only contain carbonhydrogen bonds 1 meth 7 hept
and carboncarbon single bonds.
2 eth 8 oct
Nomenclature
1. Counting the carbon atoms 3 prop 9 non
2. You will need to remember the codes for 4 but 10 dec
the number of carbon atoms in a chain up
to 6 carbons. 5 pent 11 hendec
6 hex 12 dodec
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3. The first ten members of the unbranchedchain alkane series are:
Formula Name Formula Name
CH4 Hexane
C2H6 Heptane
C3H8 Octane
C4H10 Nonane
C5H12 Decane
Alkyl groups
1. Compounds like methane, CH4, and ethane, CH3CH3, are members of a family of compounds
called alkanes.
2. If you remove a hydrogen atom from one of these you get an alkyl group.
For example:
Methyl: CH3 Ethyl: CH2CH3 Propyl: CH2CH2CH3
Lets try to name these four hydrocarbons
Longest chain: Longest chain:
Name of the branch: Name of the branch:
Location of the branch: Location of the branch:
Name: Name
Longest chain: Longest chain:
Name of the branch: Name of the branch:
Location of the branch: Location of the branch:
Name: Name
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Write down the name of the alkane below.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
6
13
14 15
16 17
Answer
1 Methane 10 2,3dimethyl butane
2 Ethane 11 2,2dimethyl butane
3 Propane 12 2,2dimethyl propane
4 Butane 13 Heptane
5 2methyl butane 14 3,4dimethyl hexane
6 2methyl propane 15 3,4dimethyl octane
7 Hexane 16 3,3dimethyl heptane
8 Pentane 17 2,5dimethyl octane
9 2methyl pentane
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Isomerism
1. Isomeric compounds have the same Example 1:
molecular formulae but different Write the structural formula for all the isomer
structural formulae of pentane.
2. All the alkanes with 4 or more carbon
atoms in them show structural isomerism.
This means that there are two or more
different structural formulae that you can
draw for each molecular formula.
For example, C4H10 could be either of
these two different molecules:
Physical properties
Boiling Points
The facts
1) The boiling point of alkane increase when the number of carbons in the molecule increases.
2) This is due to the increase of Van der Waal force when the size of the molecule increases.
3) The boiling points shown are all for the "straight chain" isomers where there are more than
one.
4) Notice that the first four alkanes are gases at room temperature. Solids don't start to appear
until about C17H36.
Solubility
1) Alkanes are virtually insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents.
2) The liquid alkanes are good solvents for many other covalent compounds.
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Chemical properties
The Combustion Of Alkanes
Complete combustion
1. Complete combustion (given sufficient
oxygen) of any hydrocarbon produces
carbon dioxide and water.
Percentage of carbon in hexane (C3 H8)
Equations
Combustion of methane
Combustion of ethane
Percentage of Carbon Incomplete combustion of propane
1. As we discuss before, the amount of soot
produced depends on the percentage of
carbon in a hydrocarbon molecule.
2. Lets calculate the percentage of carbon in
a methane and a hexane.
Percentage of carbon in methane (CH4)
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Why carbon monoxide is poisonous?
1. Oxygen is carried around the blood by molecule of haemoglobin useless for
haemoglobin (US: hemoglobin). carrying oxygen.
2. Unfortunately carbon monoxide binds to 4. If you breath in enough carbon monoxide
exactly the same site on the haemoglobin you will die from a sort of internal
that oxygen does. suffocation.
3. The difference is that carbon monoxide
binds irreversibly making that particular
The Halogenation Of Alkanes (Substitution Reaction)
The reactions between alkanes and chlorine or bromine
1. There is no reaction in the dark. bromine in either case, exposed to UV
2. In the presence of a flame, the reactions light.
are rather like the fluorine one 6. The original mixture of gases would, of
producing a mixture of carbon and the course, be redbrown rather than green.
hydrogen halide. 7. You wouldn't choose to use these
3. The violence of the reaction drops reactions as a means of preparing these
considerably as you go from fluorine to organic compounds in the lab because the
chlorine to bromine. mixture of products would be too tedious
4. The interesting reactions happen in the to separate.
presence of ultraviolet light (sunlight will
do). Example
5. These are photochemical reactions, and
happen at room temperature.
6. We'll look at the reactions with chlorine.
The reactions with bromine are similar,
but rather slower.
Methane and chlorine
1. Substitution reactions happen in which
hydrogen atoms in the methane are
replaced one at a time by chlorine atoms.
2. You end up with a mixture of
chloromethane, dichloromethane,
trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane.
3. The original mixture of a colourless and a
green gas would produce steamy fumes of
hydrogen chloride and a mist of organic
liquids.
4. All of the organic products are liquid at
room temperature with the exception of
the chloromethane which is a gas.
5. If you were using bromine, you could
either mix methane with bromine vapour,
or bubble the methane through liquid
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Example 1 Example 6
The diagrams show the structures of
four organic molecules .
Example 2
Example 7
Example 3
Example 4
Example 8
Example 5
Example 9
Which of the following statements about the
members of any one homologous series are
true ?
1 They can be represented by a general
Answer formula .
1 D 3 C 5 D 7 C 9 B 2 They behave similarly in their chemical
2 A 4 D 6 C 8 C reactions .
3 They contain carbon and hydrogen only.
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