BRAIN WAVE TECHNOLOGY patient's specific brain waves, when the

FOR RECOGNITION OF patient focused on a letter, the letter

appeared on the screen.
WORDS

INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
For many years, epileptic persons have
remained inert, constrained from any
ABSTRACT
sort of communication and was prisoned
INTRODUCTION
within their own world. They are
CONTENTS
persons whose brain functions normally
6 BY 6 GRID MATRIX
but their body lays dumb. Thus they can
ELECTRODES
think but not communicate to others
EEG
what they think. These people can
BRAIN WAVE ANALYSER
communicate through brain to the
APPLICATIONS
computers, thus the screen flashes the
CONCLUSIONS
words thought by person without any
REFERENCES
movements of hands and legs.

The system consists of a cap to connect

the electrodes of brain to the EEG signal
ABSTRACT
where it is analyzed into words flashed
on computer screen. Initially the patient
For many years, epileptic persons have
is made to focus on the letters of a 6 by 6
remained inert, constrained from any
grid with single letter inside each grid.
way of communication and was prisoned
Every time a square with a certain letter
within their own world. This paper
flashed and the patient focused on it, the
focuses on brain wave technology for
electrodes relayed the brain's response to
recognition of words, thus people can
a computer. The patients were then
communicate through brain to the
asked to focus on specific letters, and the
computers, thus the screen flashes the
computer recorded that data as well.
words thought by person without any
After the system was calibrated to each
movements of hands and legs.
patient's specific brain waves, when the
patient focused on a letter, the letter
By focusing on images of letters, people
appeared on the screen.
can type just with their minds. The
patients sit in front of a screen that
The brain waves from EEG signals are
displays a 6-by-6 grid with a single letter
analyzed when a particular word is
inside each square. Every time a square
focused. The waves are compared with
with a certain letter flashed and the
the waves of each individual words
patient focuses on it, the electrodes
prerecorded before. Thus by comparing
relayed the brain's response to a
the signals of both the signals, word
computer. The patients were then asked
being focused is revealed and hence
to focus on specific letters, and the
flashed on the computer.
computer recorded that data as well.
After the system was calibrated to each

6 BY 6 MATRIX
The patients sit in front of a screen that
displayed a 6-by-6 grid with a single
letter inside each square. The LED
continuously flashes light along the rows
and columns of the grids. Each word is
assigned a particular frequency which
can be recognized. Every time a square
with a certain letter flashed and the
patient focused on it, the electrodes
relays the brain's response to a computer
and these data are recorded permanently.
The patients were then asked to focus on
specific letters, and the computer
recorded that data as well. The lens of
the eye focuses light on the
photoreceptive cells of the retina, which
detect the photons of light and respond
by producing neural impulses. These
signals are processed in a hierarchical
fashion from the retina to the primary
and secondary visual cortex of the brain.
Thus the computer can recognize the
LED at which patient gazes, when
several light emitting diodes (LED) are
illuminated with different driving
frequencies. In brain these datas are
analyzed and then fed to the computer in
the form of recognized words.
ELECTRODES
In EEG, the recording is obtained by
placing electrodes on the scalp with a
conductive gel or paste, after preparing
the scalp area by light abrasion to reduce
impedance due to dead skin cells.
Electrode locations and names are
specified by the international 10–20
system there are two techniques by
which electrodes can be placed for EEG-
invasive and non-invasive. . Noninvasive
techniques use electrodes placed on the
scalp to measure electrical activity.
Invasive procedures implant electrodes
directly into the brain thus requiring a
craniotomy. This may be obscure as
patients may need to be implanted
electrodes surgically into brain. Thus we
propose a method in which all the
electrodes are implanted into a cap and
connected to the EEG. A typical adult
human EEG signal is about 10µv to 100
µv in amplitude when measured from
the scalp and is about 10–20 mV when
measured from subdural electrodes.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the
recording of electrical activity along the
scalp produced by the firing of neurons
within the brain. The EEG consists of
four waves namely gamma, delta, alpha
and beta. The EEG waves are about 10-
100 µv in range.
It also records exogenous potentials,
corresponding to non cognitive activity.
They appear after luminous flash, a
noise or a sudden action. It has 23
electrodes implanted along various
regions of brain and connected to a
computer system. Lights are
continuously flashed on the 6 by 6 grid.
When a specific word is focused a
positive event related potential (ERP) is
stimulated which implies that the data is
being focused and hence recording of its
frequency takes place. The particular
EEG wave is then analyzed with the
database of the patient’s brain waves
recorded previously.
BRAIN WAVE ANALYSER
Specifically, the sensors, referenced to
the average of the left and the right
mastoids, were attached to the scalp of a
subject (f7, t3, t5, fp1, f3, c3, p3, fz, cz,
fp2, f4, c4, p4, f8, t4, and t6); sensors
fp1, fz, and fp2 were not used with s1
and s2. Two electrooculogram sensors,
referenced to each other, were used to
monitor eye movement. The sensor array
is arranged like a helmet that covers the
entire scalp of most of the subjects. The
recording bandwidth was from 0.1 Hz to
200 Hz with a sampling rate of 678 Hz.
The optimal filters are well within the
range 2–15 Hz. So by using the standard
software for discrete fats with a
sampling rate between 600 and 1,000
Hz, we were using a filter that contained
less than 60 discrete frequencies.
Exclude any Frequencies equal to or
greater than 20 Hz. A notch filter to
exclude 50 Hz signal was also included.
Patients wore a 64-channel tin electrode
cap that covered the entire scalp during
the experiment. The electrodes were
connected to two 32-channel synamps
amplifiers with the linked ears as the
reference electrode. The recording
bandwidth was set from dc to 200 Hz
Table 1. Steps of data analysis
1. Normalize baseline.
2. Average over trials for prototypes and test samples.
3. FFT prototypes and test samples.
4. Select optimal band pass filter.
5. Inverse FFT.
6. Normalize baseline again.
The main methods of data analysis were
the following. First, we applied a fast
Fourier transform (FFT) to the
observations for each sensor. We then
filtered the result with a fourth-order
Butterworth band pass filter selected
optimally. After the filtering, an inverse
FFT was applied to obtain the filtered
wave form in the time domain, whose
baseline was then normalized again. The
decision criterion for prediction was a
standard minimum least-squares one.
We first computed the difference
between the observed field amplitude of
prototype recorded previously for each
character and the test sample. We next
squared this difference and then summed
over the observations. The measure of
best fit between prototype and test
sample for each sensor was the
minimum sum of squares. In other
words, a test sample was classified as
matching best the prototype having the
smallest sum of squares for this test
sample. These steps of data analysis are
shown in table1.
APPLICATIONS
LIE DETECTOR
Words or pictures relevant to a crime are
flashed on a computer screen, along with
other, irrelevant words or pictures.
Electrical brain responses are measured
non-invasively through a patented
headband equipped with sensors. A
specific brain-wave response called a
MERMER (memory and encoding related
multifaceted electroencephalographic
response) is elicited when the brain
processes noteworthy information it
recognizes. Thus, when details of the
crime that only the perpetrator would
know are presented, a MERMER is
emitted by the brain of a perpetrator
(which is measured in terms p300,
meaning 300 milliseconds emission
levels). In Brain Fingerprinting, a
computer analyses the brain response to
detect the MERMER, and thus determines
scientifically whether or not the specific
crime relevant information is stored in the
brain of the suspect.
NEUROPROSTHETICS
Brain waves can also be used to control an
external device like a robotic arm, electric
chairs which would help the epileptic
patients to perform simple operations like
moving from one place to another, lifting
a glass of water through the help of
prosthetic arm.
CONCLUSION
Brain-wave recognition of words being
processed is feasible in simple
experimental conditions, but even in
such conditions recognition results leave
substantial room for improvement. The
very best results obtained of 97% and
91% correct recognition are
encouraging, but the wide variability in
percent correct for different subjects and
different experimental conditions
indicates that the path to follow for
continued improvement is not easily
discerned. All the same, we are
confident that the present brain-imaging
technologies available are sufficient to
permit continued scientific progress by
us and others in recognizing and
understanding what the brain is
processing under conditions of conscious
awareness.
 10. Digital signal processing by john
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2. Brain wave recognition of words

Patrick suppes*†, zhong-lin lu‡, and
bing han*
*center for the study of language and
information, stanford university,
stanford, ca 94305; and ‡department of
psychology, university of southern
California, losangeles, ca 90089

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