2/24/2011

 Molar Solutions

 Normal Solutions

 Percentage Solutions

Preparation of Different Kind of

Solutions
N.Jagadeesh Selvam, 1ST PhD Biotechnology

Labelling Molar Solutions

 Do not use chemicals from  A 1 molar solution is a solution in which 1 mole of a compound is
unlabeled containers. dissolved in a total volume of 1 litre.

 Do not place labels on top of

one another. For example:
The molecular weight of sodium chloride (NaCl) is 58.44, so one
 Label chemicals clearly and
gram molecular weight (= 1 mole) is 58.44g. Dissolve 58.44g of NaCl
permanently  Minimum label requirements:
in a final volume of 1 litre, it will gives to 1M NaCl solution.
 Identity of contents
 Concentration
 Your name
 Date of preparation
 Hazard alert (if applicable)

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MAKING MOLAR SOLUTIONS FROM CONCENTRATED AQUEOUS

ACIDS AND BASES

 Make one liter of a 1 Molar (1M) aqueous solution of H2SO4 .  A "1 Normal" solution (1 N) contains 1 “gram equivalent weight”

 The first step is to read the label on the bottle of the H2SO4 reagent. (gEW) of solute, topped-off to one litre of solution. The gram
equivalent weight is equal to the solute’s molecular weight,
 The label will tell you it's molarity. Although there are a variety of
expressed as grams, divided by the valence (n) of the solute
concentrations of acids, concentrated H2SO4 often comes from the
factory at a 18.0 Molar concentration
Equivalent Weight
Normality =
 This means that there are 18 moles of H2SO4 in each liter of solution. Litre

 You need to make a much more diluted solution, so you will add one
mole of the concentrated reagent to a fresh batch of water. Your task
is to calculate how many milliliters of reagent contain one mole of the
acid.

http://www.scn.org/~bh162/making_molar_&_normal_solutions.pdf

 There is a very simple relationship between normality and molarity:
 N = n X M (where n is an integer)
 For an acid solution, n is the number of H+ provided by a formula
unit of acid.
 Percent solutions
 Mass percent means the number of grams of solute per 100 g
of solution. For example, 10 g sodium chloride in 90 g water is
a 10% by mass solution.

 example: A 3 M H2SO4 solution is the same as a 6 N H2SO4 solution
 Volume percent means the number of milliliters of solute
per 100 mL of solution.The volume percent of a solution
cannot be calculated directly from the volumes of its
components because the final volume may not equal the
sum of the components’ volumes.

Preparation of PCR
 PCR Cocktail
 DNTPs
 Forward and Reverse
Primers
 Taq Polymerase
 Taq Buffer
 DNA
 Milli-Q Water

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Stock Amount Taken Final

Concentration Concentration

DNTPs 2.5 mM 2 µL 200 µM

MgCl2 25 mM 3 µL 3.0 mM
Primer 10 µM 1.25 µL 0.5 µM
DNA 100 ng 50 ng

Rana and Bhat (2005)

•1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)

•1 milligram (mg) = 1000 microgram (µg)
•1 microgram (µg) = 1000 nanogram (ng)
•1 nanogram (ng) = 1000 picogram (pg)
•1 gram = 1012 picograms

•1 mole = 1000 millimoles (mmole)

•1 millimole (mmole ) = 1000 micromoles (µmole)
•1 micromole (µmole ) = 1000 nanomoles (nmole)
•1 nanomole (nmole ) = 1000 picomoles (pmole)
•1 mole = 1012 picomoles
•The SI derived unit for amount-of-substance concentration is the mole/cubic meter.
1 mole/cubic meter is equal to 1000 micromolar, or 1000000 nanomole/litre.
A 1 micromolar solution (1µM) = 1 picomoles per microliter (1pmoles/µl):
•1µM = 10-6 moles/liter x 10-6 liters/µl = 10-12 moles/µl = 1 pmole/µl

 ppm = parts per million

 Molality
 One gram in 1000 ml is 1000 ppm and one thousandth of a gram
(0.001g) in 1000 ml is one ppm.  Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent.
 Serial dilutions
Making up 10-1 M to 10-5 M solutions from a 1M stock solution.
moles of solute
Pipette 10 ml of the 1M stock into a 100 ml volumetric flask and molality =
make up to the mark to give a 10-1 M soln. kilograms of solvent
Now, pipette 10 ml of this 10-1 M soln. into another 100 ml flask and
make up to the mark to give a 10-2 M soln.
Pipette again, 10 ml of this 10-2 M soln. into yet another 100 ml flask
and make up to mark to give a 10-3 M soln.
Pipette a 10 ml of this 10-3 M soln. into another 100 ml flask and
make up to mark to give a 10-4 M soln.
And from this 10-4 M soln. pipette 10 ml into a 100 ml flask and make
up to mark to give a final 10-5 M solution.
http://delloyd.50megs.com/ppm.html