You live your life at 2.4 GHz.

Your router, your cordless phone, your Bluetooth earpiece,

your baby monitor and your garage opener all love and live on this radio frequency, and no
others. Why? The answer is in your kitchen.
What We’re Talking About
Before we charge too far ahead here, let’s run over the basics. Your house or apartment, or
the coffee shop you’re sitting in now, is saturated with radio waves. Inconceivable numbers
of them, in fact, vibrating forth from radio stations, TV stations, cellular towers, and the
universe itself, into the space you inhabit. You’re being bombarded, constantly,
with electromagnetic waves of all kind of frequencies, many of which have been encoded
with specific information, whether it be a voice, a tone, or digital data. Hell, maybe even
these very words.
On top of that, you’re surrounded by waves of your own creation. Inside your home are a
dozen tiny little radio stations: your router, your cordless phone, your garage door opener.
Anything you own that’s wireless, more or less. Friggin’ radio waves: they’re everywhere.

Really, it’s odd that your cordless phone

even has that 2.4-GHz sticker. To your average, not-so-technically-inclined shopper, it’s a
number that means A) nothing, or B) something, but the wrong thing. (“2.4 GHz? That’s
faster than my computer!”)
What that number actually signifies is broadcast frequency, or the frequency of the waves
that the phone’s base station sends to its handset. That’s it. In fact, the hertz itself just just a
unit for frequency in any context: it’s the number of times that something happens over the
course of a second. In wireless communications, it refers to wave oscillation. In computers, it
refers to processor clock rates. For TVs, the rate at which the screen refreshes; for me,
clapping in front of my computer right now, it’s the rate at which I’m doing so. One hertz,
slow clap.
The question, then, is why so many of your gadgets operate at 2.4 GHz, instead of the
~2,399,999,999 whole number frequencies below it, or any number above it. It seems almost
controlled, or guided. It seems, maybe, a bit arbitrary. It seems, well, regulated.
A glance at FCC regulations confirms any suspicions. A band of frequencies clustered around
2.4 GHz has been designated, along with a handful of others, as the Industrial, Scientific, and
Medical radio bands. “A lot of the unlicensed stuff — for example, Wi-Fi — is on the 2.4-
GHz or the 900-Mhz frequencies, the ISM bands. You don’t need a license to operate on
them.” That’s Ira Kelpz, Deputy Chief, Office of Engineering and Technology at the Federal
Communications Commission, explaining precisely why these ISM bands are attractive to
gadget makers: They’re free to use. If routers and cordless phones and whatever else are
relegated to a small band 2.4 GHz, then their radio waves won’t interfere with, say,
cellphones operating at 1.9 GHz, or AM radio, which broadcasts between 535 kHz and 1.7
MHz. The ISM is, in effect, a ghetto for unlicensed wireless transmission, recommended first
by a quiet little agency in a Swiss office of the UN, called the ITU, then formalized, modified
and codified for practical use by the governments of the world, including, of course, our own
FCC.
The current ISM standards were established in 1985, and just in time. Our phones were one
the cusp of losing their cords, and in the near future, broadband internet connections would
come into existence and become magically wireless. All these gadgets needed frequencies
that didn’t require licenses, but which were nestled between the ones that did. Frequencies
that weren’t so high that they sacrificed broadcast penetration (through walls, for example),
but weren’t so low that they required foot-long antennae. In short, they needed the ISM
bands. So they took them.
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Why Everything Wireless Is 2.4 GHz

• By Gizmodo
• September 7, 2010 |
• 2:30 pm |
• Categories: Miscellaneous, Wireless Tech
•
Why 2.4?
 Now, there are many, many frequencies that
qualify as “unlicensed,” but only a handful get used in our phones, routers, and walkie
talkies.
In the case of something like phones, which are sold paired with a specific base station,
choosing the right unlicensed frequency is a pretty straightforward calculation: A 900-MHz
system will be more easily able to broadcast through a multifloor house, but a 2.4-GHz
system will have a longer range (if unobstructed) and generally requires a smaller antenna,
which keeps the phone’s size in check.
Wi-Fi routers started as proprietary, paired systems operating on all manner of frequencies,
only settling on a standard — 5 GHz — with the codification of 802.11a. Then the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers agreed that 2.4 GHz, with its wide channel selection
and range/penetration/cost potential, was a safer bet. Today, some Wireless N routers can
operate on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands concurrently. Routers could function just as well
at 2.3 or 2.5 GHz, but they’re not allowed. It’s the rules. The 2.4 GHz band, which runs from
about 2,400 to 2,483.5 Mhz, is where routers have to live.
For this, they can thank the microwave.
Microwave ovens heat food by blasting it with, literally, microwaves. (It bears mentioning
that in terms of electromagnetic waves, microwaves, the wavelengths of which range from a
millimeter all the way up to a meter, aren’t particularly “micro”.) At certain frequencies, such
waves cause something call Dielectric Heating in water and fat, while passing straight
through other materials, like plastic or glass, without exciting them much at all. (Metal, on
the other hand, gets too excited.) For a full explanation of how dielectric heating works,
click here, but for the purposes of this article, just know this: Only certain materials are
susceptible, and only when bombarded with waves of a certain frequency and power. One of
those frequencies is 915 MHz. Others fall at 5.8 GHz and 24 GHz. But the one that proved to
be both effective and relatively cheap to achieve was 2.45 GHz. That’s the frequency emitted
by your microwave, right there in the kitchen.
 So, when the FCC got around to establish just
which frequencies unlicensed gadgets could broadcast on, they had a lot of things to think
about. First, they had to consider which frequencies were already in use by stuff like radio
and TV. Those would be off-limits. Then, of the remaining, usable, unallocated frequencies,
they sought out the ones that were already being used by existing equipment. One thing they
noticed? Microwaves were popular! They’d been around commercially since 1947. And
generally, they operated at a specific frequency: 2.45 GHz. Despite heavy shielding,
microwave ovens’ powerful emissions could sometimes interfere with neighboring
frequencies, so it was decided that they should be given a few megahertz of space in both
directions. And so the 2,400-to-2,483.5-Mhz ISM bandwas born.
That these free-for-all frequencies could one day get overcrowded was always a possibility.
But the FCC’s primary concern is minding the frequencies it licenses; everyone working in
ISM frequencies, then, must fend for themselves. And they do! Your microwave and your
router might emit waves in the same frequency range, and this might screw with your router’s
connectivity a little bit. Generally, though, the router companies have been able to minimize
interference by boosting signal strength and writing more intelligent firmware. And outward
emissions of microwaves are at least supposed to be minimized. (That perforated metal shield
in the glass door of your microwave? It’s a shield — the holes in it are smaller than the
physical width of the 2.4-GHz wave.) In the end, things work.
That’s not to say that the 2.4-GHz band isn’t getting crowded. Many routers operate at least
in part on the 5-GHz band, and a quick survey of your local Best Buy will find wireless
phones at 900 MHz, 1.9 GHz and 5 GHz. But the King of Frequency mountain, the band
loved by billions of wireless connections around the world, be they Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or
nonstandard RF remotes, is my band, your band, our band, 2.4. And all because we wanted to
cook our food a little faster.
Original art by guest artist Chris McVeigh (AKA powerpig). You can catch all his work at
flickr.com/powerpig, and follow him on Twitter. (@Actionfigured)
Still something you wanna know? Send questions about That Thing That Doesn’t Make
Sense here, with “Giz Explains” in the subject line.
Send an email to John Herrman, the author of this post, at jherrman@gizmodo.com.