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11(WiFi) Architecture
Nayan Gaywala 1
nayan@pacbell.net
Overview
• 802.11n
• 802.11 Topologies
• Media access
• MAC Frames
• MAC processes
• MADWiFi(AP MAC)
Nayan Gaywala 2
nayan@pacbell.net
802.11n
• Latest standard in the 802.11 family
• Multiple access: CSMA/CA
• Duplexing: TDD
• OFDM, 2.4 & 5GHz carrier, Max bit rate=600Mbs
• Two major improvements
– MIMO
– Frame aggregation
Nayan Gaywala 3
nayan@pacbell.net
WiFi by Numbers
• 64 point FFT, i.e. 64 sub-carriers
– 48 data carriers + 4 pilot + 12 unused at both ends
• Maximum supported bandwidth = 20Mhz
• Carrier spacing = 20Mhz/64 = 0.3125 MHz
• Symbol period = 3.2µs
• Total symbol period = 0.8µs(Guard interval) + 3.2µs = 4µs
• With QAM ¾, 48 carriers x 6 bits/carrier x ¾ coding rate x
250khz symbol rate = 54Mbps
Nayan Gaywala 4
nayan@pacbell.net
802.11n by Numbers
• 52 usable sub-carriers instead of 48
• Maximum FEC coding rate of 5/6
• Shorter guard interval = 0.4µs
• 52 carriers x 6 bits/carrier x 5/6 coding rate x 277.77khz
symbol rate = 72.22Mbps
• Channel bonding doubles the bandwidth(40Mhz). Number
of usable carriers = 108. Max bit rate = 150Mbs
• MIMO – Maximum configuration is 4 x 4. Therefore the
maximum bit rate = 600Mbs.
Nayan Gaywala 5
nayan@pacbell.net
802.11 Topologies
non 802.11 LAN
Portal
Access
Unit DS
AP
AP configuration
Nayan Gaywala 7
nayan@pacbell.net
802.11 Topologies(cont‟d)
Independent BSS
A
ad hoc ad hoc
STA STA
A
A
ad hoc
STA
Ad-hoc Network
Nayan Gaywala 8
nayan@pacbell.net
802.11 Topologies(cont‟d)
non 802.11 LAN “A”
Bridge
STA
Point-to-point
bridge
STA
Wireless Bridge
Bridge Point-to-point
bridge
Portal
DS
AP
AP
B/C D
Infra mode B/C
STA
STA
Infra mode
STA
Bridge 4A mode
STA with
Ethernet to Wireless Bridge bridging
Nayan Gaywala 11
nayan@pacbell.net
CSMA/CA(cont‟d)
• Why no collision detection?
– difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due to
weak received signals (fading)
– can‟t sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading
• So the goal is Collision avoidance
Nayan Gaywala 12
nayan@pacbell.net
Collision Avoidance
• Add „virtual carrier sense‟ to physical carrier sense.
• All stations have a network allocation vector (NAV) to
help them keep track of the availability of the medium.
• Every packet or „frame‟ (with some exceptions) announces
the duration for which it will hold the channel (NAV)
• All stations monitoring the channel read the MAC header,
which contains the NAV and “defer” for NAV
microseconds before starting the contention for the next
transmission.
Nayan Gaywala 13
nayan@pacbell.net
How NAV works?
sender RTS DATA
DIFS SIFS SIFS
SIFS
DIFS
other NAV (RTS)
stations NAV (CTS)
Nayan Gaywala 14
nayan@pacbell.net
Encapsulation
802.11frame
or
MPDU
Nayan Gaywala 15
nayan@pacbell.net
Encapsulation
Nayan Gaywala 16
nayan@pacbell.net
802.11 MAC Frame Format
Bytes:
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0-2312 4
Frame Duration Addr 1 Addr 2 Addr 3 Sequence Addr 4 Frame CRC
Control ID Control Body
802.11 MAC Header
Bits: 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol To From More Pwr More
Type SubType Retry WEP Rsvd
Version DS DS Frag Mgt Data
Frame Control Field
Nayan Gaywala 17
nayan@pacbell.net
802.11 MAC Frame Types
Bits: 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol To From More Pwr More
Type SubType Retry WEP Rsvd
Version DS DS Frag Mgt Data
Nayan Gaywala 18
nayan@pacbell.net
4-Address Format
ID To From Address 1 Address 2 Address 3 Address 4 Meaning
DS DS
A 0 0 RA = DA TA = SA BSSID N/A A data frame direct from one STA to another STA
within the same IBSS, as well as all management
and control type frames.
B 0 1 RA = DA TA = BSSID SA N/A Data frame exiting the DS.
Nayan Gaywala 19
nayan@pacbell.net
How Client joins the network
• AP ~~~beacon~~~> Broadcast
OR
Client ~~~Probe~~~> AP
AP ~~~Probe Response~~~> Client
Then,
Client ~~~802.11 Authentication Request~~~> AP
AP ~~~802.11 Authentication Response~~~> Client
Client ~~~802.11 Association Request~~~> AP
AP ~~~802.11 Association Response~~~> Client
Nayan Gaywala 22
nayan@pacbell.net
Shared Key Authentication
AP Client
Authentication Request
Nayan Gaywala 23
nayan@pacbell.net
Synchronization
• 802.11 specifies that the transmit center frequency and the
symbol clock frequency shall be derived from the same
reference oscillator.
• In Infrastructure mode AP is the timing master.
• The AP periodically transmits Beacon frames that contain
a copy of its TSF timer to synchronize the TSF timers of
other STAs in a BSS.
• If a STA‟s TSF timer is different from the timestamp in the
received Beacon frame, the receiving STA sets its local
TSF timer to the received timestamp value.
Nayan Gaywala 24
nayan@pacbell.net
Synchronization
• Timestamp set by the hardware.
• AP MAC allows to
– Set Beacon interval
– Suppress SSID in beacon frame
– Reset TSF
– Specify Beacon frame transmit power
– Adjust timestamp to compensate for the PHY delay(client side)
Nayan Gaywala 25
nayan@pacbell.net
Other MAC processes
• RTS/CTS
• Encryption/WEP
• Power save mode
• Fragmentation
• Roaming
Nayan Gaywala 26
nayan@pacbell.net
AP State Machine
Nayan Gaywala 27
nayan@pacbell.net
Nayan Gaywala 28
nayan@pacbell.net