10

1.0 1.5 2.0

 1.0 0

0.8 0.2

0.6 0.4
consonance

dissonance
0.4 0.6

0.2 0.8

0 1.0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x critical bandwidth
 800

700

B
fC
nd
Frequency Difference f2 - f 1

Ba
600

al
ic
rit
C
500

400
/8)
)

)
e(9
(3/2

/5
(6
n
To

ird
300 le
Fifth

Th W
ho
or
in
M

200

100

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Center Frequency (Hz)
 1:1 1:2
0
2:3
3:5
1
3:4
5:6
2 4:5
dissonance

6
250 300 350 400 450 500
frequency in cps
 Fifths up

A
D
E

G
B

Pythagorean
Gb

Comma
C
F#
}
Db
F

Fifths down

Ab
Bb
Eb
 9
8
F(1)
)
F(13

1 ( 2)

2
)
3 F(1
2
27
16
 Thirds
Intervalratio (5/4) mod1 +1
(per octave equivalence)
n
n
Intervalratio (5/4)

625/256 625/512

125/64 125/64

25/16 25/16
n
Intervalratio (3/2)
5/4 5/4
32/243 16/81 8/27 4/9 2/3 3/2 9/4 27/8 81/16 243/32
Fifths

128/243 64/81 16/27 8/9 2/3 3/2 9/8 27/16 81/64 243/128
4/5 4/5 n
Intervalratio (3/2) mod1 +1
16/25 16/25 (per octave equivalence)

64/125 64/125

256/625 512/625
Thirds

Fifths
Thirds

Fifths

Thirds
Fifths

Thirds
Fifths

Thirds
Fifths
 7 7

40 6 15 6
10
20 5 5
5
0 0
7 4 7 4
6 fifth 6 fifth
3 3
5 5
4 4
2 2
third 3 third 3
2 1 2 1
1 1
0 0 0 0

7
30
6
20
10 5
0
7 4
6 fifth
3
5
4
2
third 3
2 1
1
0 0
 7 7
30
6 6
20 10
10 5 5 5
0 0
7 4 7 4
6 fifth 6 fifth
3 3
5 5
4 4
2 2
third 3 third 3
2 1 2 1
1 1
0 0 0 0

7
20
6
10
5
0
7 4
6 fifth
3
5
4
2
third 3
2 1
1
0 0
 7 7

10 6
6 6
4
5
5 2 5
0 0
7 4 7 4
6 fifth 6 fifth
3 3
5 5
4 4
2 2
third 3 third 3
2 1 2 1
1 1
0 0 0 0

7
8
6
6
4
5
2
0
7 4
6 fifth
3
5
4
2
third 3
2 1
1
0 0