Digital Signal Processing by Thomas J. Cavicchi - Solution Manuel

Digital Signal Processing
Solutions Manual
Thomas J. Cavicchi
Grove City College
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

© 2000
Digital Signal Processing
Solutions Manual
Thomas J. Cavicchi
Table of Contents
Begins on page
Chapter 2......................................................1
Chapter 3....................................................50
Chapter 4..................................................120
Chapter 5..................................................220
Chapter 6..................................................283
Chapter 7..................................................408
Chapter 8..................................................494
Chapter 9..................................................582
Chapter 10................................................658
Note from author to instructors:

I will place corrections and/or improvements to these solutions on my Web page for this book.
To view these, you will need the following login and password:
password: kh7yb2q5 login: faculty
If you have corrections, comments, or suggestions, please email me at the address also shown on the
main webpage for this book.

2.1)

!

"
#
$
%
$
% &

'$
(
)

&

'$
%
( * ))
+,
- .. ,
, ,

!

))

/$
% 0
(
$
1
)
/$
% 0

2
2

2
/$
% 0/#$
% % $
0
$
/$
% 0
( /$
% 0

/$
% 0/#$
% % $
0
$
/$
0
( /$
% 0

/#$
% &%%# '$
% %$
0
( /$
% 0

/#$
% &%#'$
% %$
0
( /$
% 0

/$
% &$# % $'$
% $#3%$$
0
( 3$#/$
% $0

..*
( ( 3 ( $# % $ ( $#3%$ ( 3$# ( $&#'
4

5
2

( 5
$

, 5
( 2

$6 %
% 2

$

7 $

!
&

,

$
( 2

$5'"

$
( 2

$6 %
$
% 2

$

$
( 2

$6 % 2

$5 % 2

$

2

$
% 3$&6'2

$
% 2

$&5' ( 3$
$
)
( ( 3 ( 3$6 ( 3$5 ( 3$ ( *
8

,
!
7

22
2

2
2
9 ( . :

2

(
$/50 %
$/50
1
2

$
( &$/50'
$/50 % &$/50'
$/50
2

$
( &$5'
$/50 &$5'
$/50
;

) 2
& $5 % 3$&6'$/50 % $5'

$/50
& $5 % 3$&6'$/50 % $5'

$/50 ( &+$/50'
$/50
-!

$/50 2
( * !

$/50 2
3$&6'$/50 ( +$&/50' ( +6

2

( +
$/50

( 6

;
<
= , , 6 8

,
!, 7

( 3$/50

> 6
?5

2

2 5 @@@@ 6 ( 2 3

6 5

6 ( 5 @@@@ .

5
( @@@@ @@@@ % .
6

3
6
2 53 % @@@@ @@@@ 6 ( 2 A
6

@@@ % % 2 ( 2 A

6
( @@@@@@@@@@@@@ ( @@@@ ,

2
53 % 6$6 6

6 % 5 @@@@ ( 2 B

2

@@@@ % 2 ( * B

6
( @@@@ ( @@@@ , 5 .
5 6
5 2
( @@@@ @@@@ % ( % @@@@ C
6

A $

5 5 2
3 @@@ % @@@2 2 ( % @@@@ C
6 6

@@@@ % 2 % % ( 2 C

3 3
( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ( 6 ( @@@
63 % 6$6

!

2
2

@@@/@@@0 ( @@@@
@@@ %

, 8

,
C ,
3
@@@@@@ %

3
@@@ / @@@@ % % @@@ % 02 % @@@ % % @@@ @@@ %

D

( @@@ @@@ % 2

A

2
3 E
@@@ / @@@@ % % @@@ % 02 % @@@ @@@ % ( / @@@ @@@ % @@@@ 02

; ,
, E , @@@ % B , @@@@@@ %
2

2,
3
@@@ / @@@@ % %% @@@@ % %/ %0 @@@ % 0 2

F

% @@@@@@ % @@@ % ( / @@@ @@@@ % @@@@ % @@@@ @@@ % @@@@ 02

3

@@@ @@@ % @@@ % @@@@ @@@ % 2 ( * G

F 2

,

3*
/ @@@@ % @@@@ % @@@ % 0 2
( / @@@@ % @@@ % 0 2

( %% ( % %% ( %
( ( % ( 33
( 3

,

2
( 5 5 % &6 65 % 665 % 66 5'$
( 6 5 % 65 % 65 % 65 % 66 6$ ( 6 6 % 66$

3.
( 55 $ ( 65 % 6 5$ ( 6 6$

( 5 56 % 6
3A
HI

!

+

,

7 J HI

,
;
∆∆ {∆∆

∆∆

4

β α

∆∆

.C

,
2

,

β

5

, 5
? ? ?
@@@@@@@@ % @@@ % J ( *
6 6
, ?5 ? ( *E ? % %3J6

*E ? % %3J6 ?

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@ % J ( *
6KK6 6
%36 ? *E ?

J/ @@@@@@@@@@ % 30 ( @@@ @@@@@@@@
6KK6 6 6KK6
;2 J

? *E ?
@@@@ @@@@@@@
6 6KK6
J ( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ( 3*GA L+
%36
3 % @@@@@@@@
6KK6
+ J ( J ( 3DB* +

9

2

<
,

:

2 ( ? % 2 2

2
?

2
2

2

2

? J

!
!2$7 !?$7 !2$7

J ( J M
!2$7
( J )
!?$7
J ( J

:

) , "
J/3 % !2$70 ( J %

( J!2$7 ( 2$
( 7$!J ( 7$!J ( .AEF 7
9

;619N5O

J J ;

,

!

2

2
6

π β

: ,

2
( 66 ( 66 2$ ,
2

+ ( @@@ ( 66 $ ( 3.D3

2
J ,

2

2
6
2

<

2

>
( 6 ( 3DE

1

2 > ( 66 ( .A3 7 1

> ,
>

,

2 ! 2
<

8

8 ( # ( A*.D 9
:

!

? ( C*
? ( F*BE 7$ ( ..AC $
+

8 8 P;? ( *
;2 8
8 ( 8 % P;? )
( A*.D % *CM3.M*BM.M..AC CBF 9
9
( 8 2 ( 2 ?
!

?$
( * ?

7
% 8 P;2%? 8 ( #2$

% 8 P;2 % .?2 % ? 8 ( #2$

J

% 8 P;.?2 % ? 8 ( #2$

9

8 8 P;?
) :

;?2 ( #2$

2$
% ;?$#2 ( $# ))
))
<
!
2

? 8
J ,

( C* 9
2 2 &

2 ( * ))'
2 ( $;?
( C*$3.AM*BM.M..AC ( ..E $ ( F3F 7$ ( C*F

22 ))
#$&;?' ( 3F3B$&3.AM*BM.M..AC' ( F.C
,

2

2
1

2
2

!

,3C ( A%*.3C C3C % .3C ( BDAEF
,Q ( .. % *D .C$ % .$
,Q3C ( .A % *D3C .C$3C % B$A
( .%3AC .*B3.%3AAAA ( CDB33

, BDAEF CDB33 3C
8 2, 3C

,
:

3C

2
,
8

9

Q

(
Q ( 3$ 3
( $

*
8 R *

2 2 $
,

S 8 S *

2 2 $

, ,
*
S
*
Q

(

Q
Q

8
S *"
*
Q

(
Q ( $3 * ( $

8
R *"

Q

(
Q ( $ * ( $

( *

,
$

( *

$

Continuous-time input xc(t).

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
xc(t)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15
Time t in sec.
10
Simulated output yc(t) for input xc(t).
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
Amplitude
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
0 5 10 15
Time (secs)
+

:

, ,
( C
2

:

, 7 7
!

,

2

Continuous-time input xc(t-t0), where t0 = 5.

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
xc(t)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15
Time t in sec.
11
Simulated output yc(t) for input xc(t-t0) where t0 = 5
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
Amplitude
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
0 5 10 15
Time (secs)
!
O
2
2

,

Simulated output yc(t) for inputs xc(t) and xc(t-t0) where t0 = 5.

1000
500
-500
Amplitude
-1000
-1500
-2000
-2500
-3000
0 5 10 15
Time (secs)
12
: 2 - .E

3 $ *

,
(
M 3$
S

*

,
*
3*
J

2

5

7

9!" : ( *

9!" 3
2 9!"
&
$
'

$

,

2

2

,
(
& '

9!" 3&
$
'

(
M
* (*

2

1
;

9!" ( 3*
:

2
,

%
3
T (
( @@@@@@ 6/0 S 6/0
* %
9

, 2

)
J
2

9!"

#

= (.= 9
(3.*= (*F=
( *C)9
=
+( ) 3=
U -

91J- 91 816 511V;W"
U 9

U +
,
, 2,

7 ,

U

#

U

,(3 )

)
R(% )
)+)
S=
,(,$ =

,QQ
Q
Q
, Q,

Q
=
13
U 6

"
9
(3**=
U9
(3*=

($9
= 93(9
3=
U +

(*

*
* 7 ,* ( *
U 9

, (*

#

,
3(*=
U 6

2

U

(."9
(&*"93
$
'=

( )
)
=
,
(
=

,
(,
)
=
U 9

U ,

,

,

U
9
9
( 3*"
U 6

, , "
U 1 , ,

$

U

U

2

U

= ,

U

$

U
1
,
2

U

S

U

9
3

7

U
, 7W
U

"
(3= (&3 '= (
R(=
,(
=

A
,

&Q; (
1
(

= )
(
=

( Q .

Q 9
( Q .
9
QQ'
V

14
1 . 2 S * o s l t i ed m = s e = x a l s c i t m s o r l e . , s O u l t s ; t d e t m = s 0 = . 2 r s e , c N t a i n n t g m . a r u x l e = e 1 s 0 t . . ;
Solid = exact sol., O stems = rectang. rule est.;
* stems = lsim result; dt = 0.2s, Nintmax = 10
1.2
1
yc(t) and estimates
0.8
0.6

0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time t (s)
15
. *C

,
( %C

3
: 7

< ,

R 3
&3 .'

!
=

R 3 2 ,
( *
J
&3 .'

3
+ ( : +
2

+ ,

7

; ,
S .

+ ( .
8
&3 .'
2
+ *C
*C
%C +%C *C2
,
( %C ( 2 2
3 D

2 ( %C ( 2
(
%C 2
J
2

( 2 ( 2 ( #2 ( .#
*C2 +%C
*C
%C 2 +%C *C2
,
( / @@@@@@@ . 2 0
*C D D
*C
%C *C+%C A *C+%C A
( / .&+%C D ' B& ' 0
*C
%C *C+%C A
( . / +%A B 0 )
9

+ (
"
*C3

,
( ./
%A B 0
&3 .'
+ 7
, 3 ( *
< ,

2

2
2
*C
,. ( ./C B 0
8
S . ,
+ ( .
)"
*C
%C AC A
,
( . / C B 0
S .
*C
+ 7
,
. ( ./C B 0

&3 .'

,

$

16
!"#$%%&'$()

6

τ

τ

τ

17

% A R B"
R E 8
,
( *

%A
%A B
%D
E
B R
% A R 3" E R
R B" ,
( ( @@@@@@@@@@@ ( @@@@@@@@
B . .
3
B R
R A" ,
( ( 3C$.
B
3 3
3
B R
3 R 3" A R
R *" ,
( ( @@@@@@@@@@@ (
3
$.

3 .

S *" ,
( *

( A ,

( E @@S ,

7
" , B ( EC ( , A

,

Result of continuous-time convolution.

0
-1
-2
-3
yc(t)
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Time t (s)
18
;

%

&$τττ.

$τ

τ

ττ
ττ

τ

!

"!
#

!

τ

τ

τ
τ
τ
! "
# $
τ

τ ! "
τ
# $

τ

%&
'

19
"
( +&

'

( &

'

( +&

' % &

'
( &+
%'
&+
%'

(
%
( &'
&'

-!

( +
% )
-!

( +
% ))
+ ) )) % ( 3
( /+
%0 % /+
%0
( + % % .+&
%
'
( + % % .+

( &+ % % .+
'$
7

))$) 2
+
%
( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
+
%
X

, !2

2

@ @

(
% ( 6/%!0 ( %
@ @

( +
%
( 6/+%!0 + ( +%
@ @

(
% ( 6/%!0 ( %
@ @

( 6/+%! % %!0
@ @
( 6/+ % %!0
@
( 6/%!0
-Q
@ @ @
( + %
( +
% % &+
%'
+
%
( /&+
%' % &+
%'0 $ Y
&/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0
+
%
+
%
( &+ % % .+
' $ Y
&/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0
+
%
( $ Y

T2

22 ,
20
4
!
"
:

2

(
% ( /
%
%
0
( &
%

%

' )
( 5$

5
2
2

( 5 @@@/ @@@@@@@@@@@@@0 % @@@/2
2

0

6

3 3 3
@@@ 2

% @@@ @@@ 2

% @@@ 2

( @@@ 2
% @@@ @@@ 2

6
5
6
;

) 2
( +
%

!
2
3
/@@@ &
%

%

'
5

% @@@&
%

%

'0
6

( +&
%
% @@@
%
'
6
-!

%
2
3
&@@@
@@@
' ( + ))
5 6
!

%
2
3
& @@@ %
@@@
' ( +$6 )))
5 6
7

))$)))

3
@@@ @@@

5 6
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ( 6
3
@@@ %

@@@
5 6
3 3 3
&6 @@@ % % @@@'

( @@@ % ( @@@
5 6 5 5

3 ))))

(
&/ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0 ( @@@
&/&5 36 % 5$6'0
& 5 36 % 5$6' .

+

, 2 ))))

(
% @@@
&/&5 36 % 5$6'0
.

, )))
,
"
21
3
&@@@5 3
@@@
' ( +$6
5 6
,
+ +5$6
( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
6 5
@@@5 3

5 3
@@@@

5 6
+5$6$

( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
5 3

5$6
X

)))) 2
+5$6$

( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
5 3
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 5$6
&5 36 % 5$6'
+5$6&5 36 % 5$6'$

( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
5 3 5$6&5 36 % 5$6'
+5$6&5 36 % 5$6'$

( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
5 33 5 5$6
+5$6&5 36 % 5$6'$

( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
5 3 % 5$6
9

"
8
))))

φ−θ

,
,
V,

/5 36%5$6%3%.55 30
Ω Ω

&5 36 % 5$6'

( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
/5 36 % 5$6 % 3 % .55 30$

+5$6/5 36 % 5$6 % 3 % .55 30

( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
5 3 % 5$6
22
V 2

6 % 3
YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
5 3 % 5$6 5 36%5$6%3%.55 3
5 36%5
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
5%.5%5$6%3 .5

5 .5%3%5$6 ( 5 3 % 5$6

%3
!

< T
/5 36%5$6%3%.55 30 3 % 6

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ( /@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0
5 3 % 5$6 5 3 % 5$6

5 3 % 6
( + @@@@ /@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0
6 5 3 % 5$6
V #XT -+;J-6W"
4

@ @
? ( + ?
(

@ @
2
( 6/?%!0 2

( 6/?
%!0

5
@ @
?
( ( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ?
6$&'
5 % @@@@@@@@@@
6%3$&'
5
@
( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ?
6
5 % @@@@@@@@@@
3 % 6
53 % 6
@
( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ?
6 % 53%6
3 % 6
( +5 /@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0 $
Y
%
&3$& 6'
&/5$&6 56'0
6 56 % 5

,
& %
& (
&/ %$3 0
5 3 % 6 3$6 5$&6 56'

@
?
( +@@@@ /@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0 $
Y
%
& @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0

6 5 3 % 5$6 3 5$/6 5660
#
,

2

,
6 &6 56' ,

,

, 3$6 ,

23
5 3 % 6 3
@
?
( +@@@@ /@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0 $
Y
%
& @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0

6 5 3 % 5$6 &5 36 % 5$6'

!

, 8+6

5 2
2
,

!

;

!

?5 5
!

,

9

!

2

, 65
7

2

2

7

,

!

9 2
#

@@@@@@@@ ( @@@@@@@@@
(*
(*
J
2
( ?
%
2

7

( J
%

,

22

2
2
9

! ,

:

@ @ @ @
2
( 6/?%!0
( 6/J%!0 ? ( ?% J ( J% 2
@ @
9 6/?%!0 # 6/J%!0
@@@@@@@@@@@ ( @@@@@@@@@@@
(*
(*

@ @
9 ?%! # J%!
6/@@@@@@@@0 ( 6/@@@@@@@@@0
(*
(*

9 #
@ %!

@
6/ ? 0 ( 6/J%!0

(* (*

9 @ # @
6/& ? J'%!0 ( * )
(* (*
, ,

) 816 +55

@ %!
%!
<
:

2

< ,
,

#

@

?
@ (*
> @@@ ( @@@@@@@@@@@@

@

J 9

(*
24
J

,
(
%
,
-!2
,

% ( +/
% %
0 % +/
% %
0
( +/
%
% 0 % +/
%
% 0
( +&
%

%
'
% +&
%

%
'
(

, "
( 3 ( 3 ( * 2 ( *

1

2

2, ( . ( .

7

$ ( $ ,

$

8

( .$ !2
, .$
( $. $ ( 3* $
$ ( 3$.*
( .M3$&$.' ( B
( $. $ ( .M
$ ( 3$..

9

#2

<
+9O

"

:
(
%3$.R3
%3$. 2

(*

(=

2
% $.$ R , 2 3

!
,
2 *
X

2
! 2
!

2
9 ( 3****
Square-wave generated using "rem" function of Matlab.
0.8
0.6
xc(t)
0.4
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time t (s)
25
! !
.B*"
9 #
, ( ,

(* (*
9 #
4/,0 ( 4/0 4/0 (
(* (*
X
2

$

, ( 5/0

.B*

,
2
2

,

2
9 9
4/,0 ( 4/,0
(* (*

# #
( 4/0 ( 4/0
(* (*
,
9 #
4/,0 ( 4/0
(* (*
+

!
2
9 #
4/,%,0 ( 4/%0
(* (*

,
.B*
( %
, ( ,%,

.AG

4/ 0 ( 4/0 % ( %

.B*

, 2
9 #
, ( !2
,
(* (*
9 #
, ( 7
(* (* 7(
, ( 5/0 , 2 .B*

9 #
,7 ( 7
(* 7( (* 7(
J
,

2 !

2

, ( , ! 2
, , ( ,

2
.B*
26
5
,

, B/, 30 ( A )
5
(

,

, B/, 30 ( A
J , %
2 !

,% B/,% 30 ( A
, , ( ,

)
,

2

J

2
'
, 3$

9 3 9 3 9 3
7

@@@ ( & ( 3$
(* (* (*
2
9 3 9 3 3 3 9 & 3 3
( M @@@ ( M @@@ @@@@@@@@@ ( M@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
(* (* 3 3
3 93 % 9 3 ' 9
( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
3 3

9 3 % 9 3 ' 9
( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
(* 3
:

3$

"
9 3 3$ % 9 3 &(') 9 &
& ( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
(* 3 3$
2

( * ,
( *=

* ( * ( 3
,* ( *M* ( 3 8
3
, 2

2,

7 ,
:
,

2

2 ,
2 8

S 9
,

2
2

,

2 2
2
N , ,

< +

,

7 2 ,

, <

, < , 9

, <

3
8
, < 7 7

, (

2 * ( * (
27

: 2
5 . &* 9 3'
, ( 3 @@@ & 5 ( 9 3 9
(* 9 3 *

5 .
, ( 3 @@@ &
(* 9 3
3 &( ') . 3$ % 5 &( ') 5%3 &( ')

( / @@@@@@@@@@@ @ @@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0
3 9 3 3 3$
&

3 &( ')3 & &.$9 3'/ &%5 &( ') 5%3 &( ')0
, ( / @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0
3 3$
3 & &( ')% &( ') &.$9 3'/ &%5 &( ') 5%3 &( ')0
( / @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0
3 3$

3 3%.$&9 3' &%/ 3%.5%3$9 30 &( ')%/3 .5$9 30 &( ')
( / @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0
3 3$

9 3 9%3 & % .5 9%A &( ') % 9 .5 3 &( ')
, ( / @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0
9 33 3$

9 < &* 9 3'

5 ( "
9 3 9%3 & % . 9%A &(') % 9 . 3 &(')

, ( / @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0
9 33 3$

9
5 ( 9 3"
9 3 9%3 & % 9%3 & 9 3 &(')

, ( / @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 0
9 33 3$

( *GC =
,

28

,

,
(

,
=
, < ( 9
O stems = result using conv routine; * stems = closed-form expression; a = 0.95.

8
2
y(n)
-2
-4
-6
-8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n
+

( *B , ,

,
9

2
,
,

2 2
O stems = result using conv routine; * stems = closed-form expression; a = 0.4.

1.5
0.5
0
y(n)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n
29

!

,

2

"
#$
% $
% ( #

2
,
X 7

!

#$
& . 3 % .' % $
& 3' % ( #

/#$
% $
% 0 /.#$
% $
0 3 % /#$
0 . ( #

.# %
# #

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 3 % @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ . ( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
# %
%
# %
%
# %
%

:

2
2

*EFGC 3 % *AC*G . ( **ABB
S *= 6T; ( *

( *
8

9 ( C $

:

( * ** *3 ( * 3

,

8
( ***3 3

8
( **3 3*

2
( *3

!,

, ,
8 (
/$# $.#0$. ( . T< ( *C &J
2
,

( *3

!,

! , '
$

2 2

2 C*** C** C* C
$
:

,

2
2 2

C**

,
2
2

30

! !!" #
$!! " ! % #!

31

'' ))'!

)$ )'')' (*')!)

))
32
" ;

9 3 9 3 3 &(')
, ( & ( & ( @@@@@@@@@@@@
(* (* 3 &
A 3 P&
, ( C 7P+ A 7 ( C P+ A 7 ( C P+ ( C @@@@@@@ A
7( 7(* 7(* 3 P
<
( 3*3 .& A

,
2 2

,

5
( ( 3 % A D
33
;
( , ( ( *

* % 3 ( 3 ( * * ( $
8 3 2
( 3 ( $ 3
:
( 3

3 ( $ $ J
( & $ '$

8
,

,
7

W
! J V ..G

( ( 3 ( *E

, *E, 3 ( ( +& ,'
;
, *E, 3 ( +& ,'
+%3, *E, 3 ( +
*E +
, @@@@@ , 3 ( @@@@@
+%3 +%3
8

V ..G
,

+ *E
( @@@@@ @@@@@
+%3 +%3
J

,

7

,

7

,
@@S
2
*E
@@@@@ R 3

, +%3 S *E
+%3
+ S *A
+ R 3E
9 ,
2 #
Q
,

+

,

, 2 <

23
2

9" 3
, ( 9"

,
(*
9

, 9"%9 3 9"(B9(C 9,(F
*
9"%9 . ( E

34
(&3 . A B'=
(& 3 B D F 3*'Q=
9(
= 9(
=
,(2Q
(22=
(*"9%9 .
2( 39 "9 %9 39=
R9 3
2(
29=
S(9
2( 29=

,3%3(2)=

2
2 "
2
* &3 * * * *'
3 &. 3 * * *'
. &A . 3 * *'
A &B A . 3 *'
B &* B A . 3'
C &* * B A .'
D &* * * B A'
E &* * * * B'
, ( & 3 . 3 B B .* . B*'
O

2 2

,
" 2
Q

8

, 2
< "
(&3 . A B'=
(& 3 B D F 3*'Q=
9(
=
9(
=
,(2Q
(3"9%9 3
(3"9
( =
S(* Z R(9 3
(%3=

(*=

?
<

, ,

!

,

2
2

J
3 B ,
2 2 ( 3 .
, 3 .

A B A B

7 #

35
( 3$WM
J

3
( @@@ ( ( .E3FA R
,

(* (* W

+
R ,

,

2
7

%3$ ( &%3$A''$&$A' @@S 3$A R 3 @@S

2 J1
,

8

,
( "
% 3 % . ( )
+

!
!

!

!

(+ %
8 S *
!
,
+ % % &+$' % &$' % &+$' % &$' ( *
8

<
8

!

% $ % $ ( * % $ % $ ( *

( $&. ' [ / $&. ' $ 0
: %

2

$&. ' S $ S B

2

; ,

:

+
8

) (*
( 3 (3
( *
2 R* ( *
(*" * % M* % M* ( 3 +% ( 3 ( 3$ +
(3" 3 % * % M* ( *
+ % % + % ( *
+ % &3$ +' % $ ( *
36
+ ( $ 2
$ % $
+ ( @@@@@@@@@@@@
2

( 3$ +
% $
( @ @@@@@@@@@@

;

) 2 3
6T; (* *
6T;
(3
:

3
( @@@@@@@@@@ /@@@@ % @ @@@@ % 0

9

( ./ $&. ' $ 0
$ % ( $. % / $&. ' $ 0
$ % ( $. / $&. ' $ 0 2

( @@@ /P @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ & $&. ' % / $&. ' $ 0'
B / $&. ' $ 0

% P % @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ & $&. ' / $&. ' $ 0'0
B / $&. ' $ 0
:

2
, ( )

(
(*

,
( *G ( *E
,

37
Unit sample response of system y(n) - 0.2y(n-1) - 0.63y(n-2) = x(n).
Stairs = dimpulse result, O stems = analytical solution result.
1
0.8
0.6
h(n)
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
9 6

!

A, ( B, B E, 3 % . . C%3
:

, %3 2

8

V ADE
" ,
( &3 * *'

,

,

, 9 #
9 #

2
1,
2

,

: 2

, ,

9 # <

!

38
O stems = res. of dlsim; + = res. of dimpulse;
* stems = result of filter w/conv to neg z powers.
1
0.5
y(n)
-0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
O stems = result of filter; * stems = result of dimpulse = result of dlsim.

1
0.5
y(n)
-0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
39

< \< \< #
O< ( @@@@ \< ( @@@@ < ( @@@@@@@@@@@ <&
+< +< 9 (*
<&
(*
\< #
( @@@@@@@@@@@ &<
9 (9 #
&<
(* 9 3

9 3
< \< 3 3 3 3 3 9 3
( @@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@ @@@ @@@ @@@ @@@ / &< % <0
9 < < < < < (9 #
&<
(*
]YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY$ ( :<
]YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY$ ( :< ( <:<
]YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY$ ( :< ( <:<

]YYYYYYYYYYY$ ( :< ( <&:<
\<
9 :< ( @@@@@@@@@@@@ 2 <

2
9
&<
(*

(3 ( 9
9 3
%9 ( & &' % %
%9 ( %3
(*
( %3 2
2
<

% ( '
9
%3 ( & &(&)' %
(3
9
9
O< ( :< &<
(9 #
9 3
( & &:<<' % <:<
(9 #
9 3
( & :'< % <:<
(9 #
40

9 3
, ( & ' % %3
(9 #
9 3 9
( & ' % / & &(&)' % 0
(9 # (3

( & & -' - - -& -& ' %

( %

!

2
,

"

%3 ( %
* 3 * * * *
* * 3 * * *

( (

* * * * 3 *
& & 3
8

( 3 :

, 3CC, 3 % *D, . ( **C **. 3
( 3 ( 3CC ( *D ( **C ( **.

!

**.%3CCM**C ( **CEC
*DM**C ( **A"
%3 3CC 3 **CEC

( %
%3 *D * **A
, ( &3 *' % **C

41
Unit step response: stairs = dstep, stems = calc using text solution equation.
0.7
0.6
0.5
Amplitude
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
No. of Samples

Unit sample response: stairs = dstep, stems = calc using text solution equation.
0.06
0.05
0.04
Amplitude
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
No. of Samples
42
: , 3 , .

,* ,3

<
:
,* ,3
!

:JT

<

&, 3 ( , . ( *'"
(*"
,* % , 3 % , . ( ,*
( * % 3
(
,* ( ( **C
9
( 3"
,3 % ,* % , 3 ( ,3 % ,* ( ,3 %
( 3 % *

(

,3 (
* & , . EA' 7
9

, 3 , .

7
2 ,* ,3

>-61
J9VX
, 3 , .
!
2
, .
, 3 ,"
, . ( 3$ & , , 3'
;

( 3
, 3"
, 3 ( 3$ & ,3 ,*'
( 3$
( $
;

( *
, ."
, . ( 3$ & ,* , 3'

( $ $

9
2

J " * 2
.EA"
* ( , 3
* ( , 3 , .
, 3 , .
* (

, 3
(
9
!

2

#

!* ( * .FG 8

.FG
2

!

#

43

2,
V . AE

,
2

,

2

*F *EC
h(n): stairs = dimpulse, O stems = calc using state-space soln. eq.;

* stems = eigenvalue method
0.06
0.05
0.04
Amplitude
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
No. of Samples

3EC 3CEC *DFFC 3
( 3 * * ( * ( &* 3 *C' ( *
* 3 * *

*BC%*EEGB * *
8
4 #&+#
( * *BC *EEGB *
* * *FC
+ " * DD .E *CEB* *DD.E%*CEB* *F.CB

2

O

9

* ( &3 * 3'

* (
!
* ( & * C3FA 3DFC* *C3FA%3DFC* ACAA3'

+

2 2
44
O stems = result of dlsim; * stems = sum of modes.
2
1.5
1
y(n)
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
;,
&3 3EC 3CEC *DFFC'

2

,
2

$2
,

!
&,'(
&,,'( =
&,'(,,=
(=
2 2 +

,

J

2

1 2

!

2

\

!
2
!
<

)

!

,

2
2

:

.E* ) 2
,

,

,
2
,
=
)

:

<
=

2

T2

,
,

,

,

45
x = solution points using dlsim;
* = direct calculation from state-space eq. soln. in text.
0.8
solid = v output
RL,c
0.6
O = discretized
RL
0.4 with dt = 0.002 sec
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035
t, sec.

3
,
(

"" ( ""
*
J

,

9

O<$T< ( \< T<O<
2 O<

O< ( /T<$&3 % T<T<'0\<

2 8

T.< ( T<$&3 % T<T<'
: T<

= ,

2

,

T 2

2

2 7 7
46

2 7 T< % T<MT< ( T<T< 3 +

,

2 7

V .BA

2

:
2
O< T<T<
@@@@ ( @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ % T/< ( T!<
\< 3 % T<T<T< 3

"

( T<T< ( T/< 62
2 , T/
= ( 3
, 2
2

7

=
( 5 ( T<T<

5 ( T<T<T<

7 .

( 3 5 5 ( 3 % T<T<T< 3

2, "
( T!< ( T<T<$&3 % T<T<T< 3' % T/<

V .BB !
,

7

3$
R $.
: ,

(

@@S* *
..C"
3$
R $.

(
@@S* *

<
:

R $.
$. R
R $.

% $. R R
% $.
47

$. R R
% $.

1

2 @@S *
,

!

2

<

$ ( 3

2

,

Q

(

Q

( * Q

(
= 2( Q

(Q

= 2 (

( &
M
'M

8 .+B

*M* ( * !

Q

(

/Q
M

%
0

(

2( Q

(Q
M

%

2(

( * QM*
(

Q

2

Q

(

% Q

( * % Q

(
= 2( Q

(Q

= 2 (
(

7

Q

, Q Q

!
3

Q

!
,
Q
( Q

8
,

.+A

( )

) 2 ,

J

!

2 5

"
48

( /
0

(

(

2 &9
"

/M0 2
!

, , 2

.+A'
2 .+3C

(

Q
( .

(
( ;

.+3. 2

%

( @@@@@@@@@ % @@@@@@@@@ ,

.+3C
. .
8

7 7 ( 70 % /7" % 7, 70

& 70' /7 7" 7,0 ;

.+3C 2

2

2

2

2

2

,
2

"!

<

-816-

6

,

( *

@@S * -51:
( * 2

(*& ( *
(*' 91 <

2
5

( * &

8

,

*& ( * ( * J

*' ( *
( *

( *&

*'

J

[ ( *

9

816-?-6

,

<
@@S = , @@S* ,@@S*
49

!"#!$
!#
%!

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& '(
!(!)!)!
*+$",-,."
,/
(#0
$
""$","
" "+$",
"1."
,/
' 2
3"

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

# # 1

4$" -""
1 5

6/" 6. ", -"
7
,
8/

5 #!!
2'
911""
##:#
;" 1< 8=5:
$
##:#

))5:

8 8
$

" "
8""
#
:=5
##
:=55 "-11 /1$ "
50
##!#
:=55
(##
> """ :" "
558+$1
": "
$
" 1
"" "
" "

8 "
-.1.1",$1 8

!#
% "#
!#
%?: "#@#'
((#
%!)!!!'!!
.1 " "
"

8",$1 8
The sixth roots of z = -3 + j4.

1.5
0.5
Imag Axis
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Real Axis
51
! 9 "")
91"8"
."" "1

# # # 91" 8"
." " " 1

-$1".1"
-,"$"" # +$/1"1-:"
-,"$
#""
2#
% :#
% :##
% ###!#
A
,#B8/? ! @? !@ 5!
A
,# B8/? ! @? ! @5!
$
2 5!5!
; 11 8,"
-1""-.1C
C
'2C )
! C
# !#D

#2#2 2#2 !#2D
(#D)#
8
"" 1 $
)#''("
(#
A1 $

'"
"
"
A1 $
E" " ,
F-,

" -
" - G"-"111"",

81

*+$",,/
9 "-,

1-8

- # E #
< =

*+$","
8
""-
11,
55 55

-8"
$1" 11 8
$.
1/,
$1"/ G"1
52
4..
-1" ""C!#
; /"8""
"-
11 8
=
C ! !559 ! ,/,9 C!#
4
." 8
".
"11
$
"""
""8

"8!

$
", 8"! $
"
,9 D D DH -"11"

11
/,,1"8 ##$ 8"11/,,1"8#
!#0118"B! "1
,1-
$ -" ,
9 # C# #C# C
C 0 -.1","

+$
C "" 1 $

"

<16/"
6 " I
.1",1"8
""8 /"

)

; -"18

F
"

4$"
10""
18

1.
"/
1"
""8 6/"
6 1
-,"/
,$
"" $"
"
CC=8 2'$/,/,/'

/'G /2$2 )/# ) +$/1"1
/ '$

1$" "
+$" /
/ '$'?$ 2@

"+$" . 18"
/""$ 2/ $
"$/ F" .
" ",""8
.1
C , C=F"85$

8"C
8C #
%8C
"

."$"
1$,
"$"1
!#, C=I/8!,8 C

.
53

-1 $
!"1 81 .1 "8 .1

> > #
J?
- @?
@
-

>

%J"&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
#
>

-
-
I"
.

"-,"$.
"K;
+$>. "
1 ,

>>

3"#
%F<"<

>
<. <

I" -.1""

+$=

?#@#?#@
11
#B?#@

; -.1 "

#B ?#@
;
"
$..
#DD C "
9L<

1$"
.
1"; D " "

"3L<
>"
$..
#DC C "
9L<

1$"
.
1"; D " "

"9L< 1$"
1"
>"
$..
# C; #" C"-$
""$""D
$
# 1> 8" "
#B ?#@
8"3L< 1D. "/1$ D
I 1$"" " "
"3L< 1 "DD
A

"#D 888" #B?#@ ;
"

8: 8
1-$
"
"
CCM$
""$",
C #?#@ CJ>K C # ?#@ C "
"
" 8""$"1J, #" 11

,,
""?#@ D8/
-# C?#@ C-#

J>K
- # C?#@ C- #
A

""$..+$1"
""8

"
=
# D
# C0""

54
DC
# DD=F"

11#
1
DD

+$,11

11D"
"+$1" -
# C# C# C C888118

"1"
# CC=F"

8"
"8 .
1"

"$..1-"#=

#DDD ="+$1" -
C# C# C# C#1 8+$1"
$"081/
$-""#D "+$1",/
C
#CC =+$1" -

C# C
8

# "", $
$-." ""#D
> 88
" "1 8 ,1+$1"""-$
" 1-1
- # C?#@ C- #I,
"8

=
#D #C0""
C D
;
"
=
#DC =
8
1 $" / 1""
"
,1+$1"-# C?#@ C-#M 8,
"

>"
=
# C D = F "

8 "
"8
.
1"
"$..1-" #=

#D CC="+$1" -
C# C #1 8+$1"

$"?81/
$-""#D@$..+$1" -
C
#CD +$1", -

C# C
8/ 1"
$
$-." #D
I118 $ 1$

"

#D=FC D"
"
" "8""$"1FC"8/
88
" JCJ>K4C > 8 """C
#D" 11 8
""ACJ11 "
J4
A-$
" 1 "
#D
>"8
"
#C 8" "
-.1
8"" # B ?#@ . 1 -
#
# $
" " " 8""$"1
C
L 8/ 8 8 $1 1: "

-1 " " ./ $

#D
",$
,""#CF#C
" 11" 11 8
""D$
#DM -,8"""C8/
CC#D8"" CCA
"

C

= C 3" $
-
" $ ./ $

$1"
#D"+$""
B=
C

C

-11
"/1$
.. ,M 118
"

C $
C C " " +$1"

55
,$"
C= CCJ,-B=
CC

C C
J,"
-11
"/1$
.. ,M 118
"

C$
C C " "+$1"

,$"<$"","
"+$-"
" ,"8,/
JCJ>K4C J>KAC
/+$-"

" ,$" "
8""$"1 J33

%8#>"? @#? @

#
#>
$

"? @#? @ E
; > ",8/- $1

"? @#? @ #8-.1
"" "
C
! ;
" " "" A11 "

$1"
1
"$ -"

$-
/

8-:$.
" 1 $" G / " " 1 $" L
1 1
"
" -.1 $," L
LL

$

,
I" $"". "1$" NF"

?

@?

@
> 8

1 -"
"

" 1$" M " $," "
$"
8
-.1 $,"",$-"?,

@
4$
$," ","
8"
$,"
"" 8,$
" $,"" ." $,"""
.

I" $",
N3"8

8
?
8@
8
M

8 8 8

"
$1" 1
, O $1 ,$
-11 ,1 $" 11
3$" .1 $"

811 ..1
$1" " "-

.

K.1 "

",$
1 80
$
11 8
""-
> "=F"
11
$
+$" -.1.1.1 "
"

1$"
-$1

-.1"8 -".1, " -,
$-111

" $, $""""" $,8: 8"1 ,
"
56
6
4
|ln(z)|
2
0
2
1
-2 <--- Unit circle.
0
-2 -1
-1
0
1 2 -2 jy = jIm{z}
x = Re{z}
200

phase angle of ln(z) (degrees)
100
-100
2
-200 1
<--- Unit circle.
0
-2 -1
-1
0 1
2 -2 jy = jIm{z}
x = Re{z}
57
2
1
0
Re{ln(z)}
-1

-2
-3 2
-4 1
<--- Unit circle.
0
-2 -1
-1
0
1 2 -2 jy = jIm{z}
x = Re{z}
4
2
0
Im{ln(z)}
-2
-4
2
-6
1
<--- Unit circle.
-8 0
-2 -1 -1
0
1 2 -2 jy = jIm{z}
x = Re{z}
58

""1;,
1, ,"/
",
""$

811?@.?"#@
!1 "#
8/
1?!1 "# @
P $ 811 1" " "" " $" 1 8
": 1 , "
,"/1
" .1
; ,"/"1
1 "#..
"
1,
"/1$
B
"""# ..
-"
"

; .
"/"1
"#
" "$" " 1-1!1
$11
--"
$"" ,1 ,"-11
,8""$
"

--" 1
$" ""# "-
.
,1 1;,
-.1"$" =
%1""##?!1@ > """"#"

#
C D81!1"
.
"/
D,"/ CA -,"
"
" ,"" " -$1
#
%1811/"
/
"$".
C
"$" D
1." 1;,
$
"14$
15
,"/
8"
,$-"
1
" .
"/8"
,$-"
,""
8
""8""$"191
,"/81 $"
"
$"191
.
"/-,." 1;,
$
"
%
"
"1.." ;,
#
F 8 " "

/"/ $ $
8
1"";

8&&&&&& &&&&&&&8"$
/

$ / $

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

$ / $
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8
1"

00
Q.Q!Q.#)0

#
Q.QQ.#)0

#
Q. Q(Q.#)0

#
9$,"
- 1,/
"1
$1"
11",1
.. "

59
I-1+$""$.
1
"
-.
""/
/.
1 $#/# 1
$# /#/8$
"A 9+$"

"
1
"1O"$- .
1"

8
"#-." " $
88.1 "",$1 8
Solid = Re{w(z)}, --- = Im{w(z)} where w(z) = x^2+jy^2 where z=x+jy.

1.5
1
0.214 0.536 0.429
0.107
0.5
y = Im{z}
0.214
-0.5 0.322
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
x = Re{z}
; -".1 "8-,",$
"""A 9+$"

"
1"
1
B$
"
., " $
1-,."

+$1
1"4$
"$11 " $
""11$
8" "
" $

,"

"
"8 I 8/11"
" $
" " " "$
8

$,,
" " . 1-
""-"
A
"6 6 -""
"
" $
$
"1 8"$..
118
"1 I
""$98
1 " $

-" (""

$#CI1

""/F-8 " $

-" 2
/#C

/ 1"
"A 9+$-"""$#/#
8
"1"

-,""11/ 1$A "
"""8"6 6
= /,"
- " $

" /$"" " $

8J
$#C 8/#C8

""8"A 9" "
"
-$-1- $"
( )RJ1
$# /#
+$A 9
$
8+$1""/1"11 -" " $.1 """8
1" 1
"1
A "
" "
.1 " 8" "
$,,
" 8 8
1"
/8I
"" -""881 :"1"/ " $
"
60

-" " $ / 1 -, " $
" , 1
/8
$" "
$" A 9" 10"-$
"1
/
-
"G /
-11

" "" / "11 " $
",$
8
""
,
" "A 9+$"
18
-"
Solid = Re{w(z)}, --- = Im{w(z)} where w(z) = z^2.

1.5
1 -1.07
-0.536
-0.321
0.5 -0.643
y = Im{z}
0
0.321
1.07 0.107
-0.5
0.643
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
x = Re{z}
" $.1 "

8",$1 8
. "
11, " $
"
"-=J
"$ / $/
8 " , 1
"
8"""
/"/
$# /#+$1
$" 8
1" 8
61
Solid = Re{w(z)}, --- = Im{w(z)} where
|z|^2 + 2ang(z) - jang(z)cos(4|z|) (analytic now
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
:,""
18 18#
%88
",$1
-
$"1 ..1,A 9+$"
M.11A 9 -
18 ##
%8#
18 # #
%8#
"$11 ,$" 8

"""" 1"/8."
1 ,","/1
""
"

/8."
8 #
%8 11 8 #
%8 8
1"" 8 -181"$" $" 811

"1"". ."
8; 11 "8$
A 9 18
" "1"" -" 8; -.1"1 , -,"$
"$
"-,"$$/
-$
"/8 " , 1" ".
$/

; ",/8".1 "1 8
8
"""

8"

8
62
Solid = |w(z)|, --- = angle{w(z)} where
|z|^2 + 2ang(z) - jang(z)cos(4|z|) (analytic nowh
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

1" 84$" /1"$" 8
-,.
.1 "
8,/"""8
"
" "$> " 1"""-,
.
" $
1" " , 1"#%$
"
"1

1-
8$/
$/
8

4"$1
$$$S//
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

$$$///
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

63
-" -

$/$/
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

$/$/
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

$/

&&&&&&&&

$/

&&&&&&&&

4$"

#

#

$/$/
&&&&&&&&

#&&&&&&&&&

$/$/
&&&&&&&&

#&&&&&&&&

$$//
&&&&
&&&&
#&&&&
&&&&
#

$$//
&&&&
&&&&
#&&&&
&&&&
#

A 9+$"
"$
"
1"
11 8
=
$/$$//
&&&&&&&&&&D&&&&
&&&&
#&&&&
&&&&
#

81
$/$$//
&&&&&&&&&&&D&&&&
&&&&
#&&&&&
&&&&
#

11","-

$//$
&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&

$//$
&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&& &&&&&

64
G$1".1,"
"+$"
"

,8
"$
,

$///
&&&&&&&&&,/,&&&&&&&&&&

M-11-$1".1,"
"+$"
"

$"","
" -"
,/
$/
&&&&&&&&&&"$
8 ""A 9"-
=

//$/
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

;
"8"
GG

--G>
3"8&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&#
%#% #
%
>>-

3"
G
? @
-
8&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
>
? @

G >

5?
"&&&&&&&& "&&&&&&&&&
-
G >

"&&&&&&&& "&&&&&&&&& @
-
J?

@8
G
? @
-
J&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

>
? @

G >

"&&&&&&&& "&&&&&&&&
-
65

8$/8$J
/J

; $
1 88 -.$"
G >

&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
-? # @ ? # @
G>
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
-? # @ ? # @
>
> 8 """, "

,>,
&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

-11
,>,
&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

G
>" """ "
-
G
&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

-11
G
&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

$
J#,

> 8
G > ,
,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
$
$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

J,

G >

J
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
-
?&&&&&&@ ?&&&&&&&@

>"
66
G > ,
,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
/
/&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

J,

G>
J
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
-
?&&&&&&&@ ?&&&&&&&@

F
$/NA -." "

=
A "
$=> """"$-"
," -"

,01, "
"
,/
#,J." 81
"
J" -" 1/,=
G >

J&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

81" "

/
=
G>
J&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&

G >

J&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

8,
8"" "
$
>" -." "

A "
$=
G >

J&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
-
A "
/=J,#J5,#,J
,," -
" ,/ " "
/=
G >

J&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
-
8,
8"" "
$$
$/> 8

G > ,
,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
$
$&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

J,

G>
J
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
-
?&&&&&&@ ?&&&&&&&@

67
>"
G > ,
,&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
/
/&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

J,

G >

J
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
-
?&&&&&&&&@ ?&&&&&&&@

F
$ /N
A -." "

F$8/,$
,,#?J,@J
G >

J&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

"
-"
" "
/ / 8 -$1".1 "
-" "
,-" "
A -." "

F$8/
G >

J&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
-
F /8/ - $

,,#?J,@J,," -"
8 ""1" / "
$
$ /F"8 $1"
-"""" 1$"
1"
/8L 8/$
$J
/J
J"
". 1
"A 9+$"
$"" "" 1
$"
"1"""
. 1

:,""1"J# %: :

4#
%::

:#J4#
%E

3":J4#
%E
:J4#
%E :0
: : " "8 .
1 /1$
: 3" "

""" ? @8, 118
:

,1 /1$"
811::,"
$,,
" ". 1-
""-"88",$1 8J
:..
"1
- /
"8 :
:
8/&&D&&D
68

θ
φ

A "
"""8""
"$" "",$8:..
"
-
, "1
-1 8> 8&&&D ""-$

,81
&&DA
+$"1:8
,1
E

"$ $
.

,1 "1
9: C:

:
-$1" /1$M.11
%:#$
" /"1
81#
# %: #$
"1 8"1

> """: :
"$ $
8":
"
/
-L"
. " "1

11"$" 88$" / -
:" :

φ

θ

A "
"" /.

"$"8"".. "1

9: D:

8"""8 ,$
9: D:
8":.. ,
"1
-
."/1 /1 8F "..
&&D
&&D "

"$" F 9: C :
"

"$": E8

," ".111
-.1. "1
.
I 1$""8/"8
:: "$" : "
8"
,1 /1$8"" -K

", 11:
1$,"1
. " 8:C:
$"
""1$
. " "1

$
/
69

φ θ

φ
θ

/1$ "",1"

$" -
5
4$
" 1. 1
"1
"$
"",
1"
8"" " $"",1
"

! O1". 1" E

1
A$
"
$
" -F59
E 5## ## )#2
E
M-.1. 1"

F
F #!.

4

$$"
#5 !
70
F " .
1$
" 1$1""",1 $A
8 -$
" /
F
"
" " . 1-
""-"8 $1 "8" " """"A1

- "
. 14"
$" -8: 8"""

"",1 $A

"
$- "
$
11". 1
1
A$
!..1
8/" 8
,
". 1
1
A
*
$
1$1" "3$".
8
"
/1 A1
" " ". 1
" J11"

$

$--" ""/1$ "",1 $A

",
/
FE&&&&&&&&8A

A
". 1-
""-"4"
$ -$18: 8""
FE55?
$-
$
. 1
1
A@

#
%!#
%!#
% !#
% !
F"
-1 6K6 " $
"$..1 .1" 1

1
$

F?&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

4"-$1/1$" $-11$1" 8 """

$1"F#(
; -.1 """
?#

% !#
% !@#
%)
? #@
5
F."$1

#
%25#
%!
#5

J1

#
%! #
%!
#
4$
,"

-1
, "
"-8/
F#?# #@

#
J,$
"K
. " $1, "

1"." 1

. 1
1
A"$

F?&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&@#
?@
71
A

""
8"",
. 1""
,

A1

1". 1"

F?#@ # (

A1

" 9
$T=
5

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8/1$""

,/
###'(
"
$
"
-
/

F ( #'(
>"
"
881
/. 1 8"" ,
A1

". 1"" ,". 1"

F##? @!
A1

11. 1
; 8/

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8",/
# !

I"$
"
F !!
J11 " / -$1

/$-11:+$"$ G"1
1,
U; 11$"*'=
- 0-0"0
U; *'=
- 0-0"0
>0"!Q--0""V0
4-0J0
1
.-->0
//0
" -0
V0
=>
U1=
U"
+" "V0"
+" "V0
U11.
=
"JQ
+" "#4V0
" JQ
+" "#4V0

?QQ@0
=1," 0
?A "$
".,@
72
U8"AAI " $ "AI " $
/

//0
U/8 " $
U.1 "0.$

U1,
",1Q Q> 0
=Q>
",1",1Q 0

.WF",1 ; $ " $/.W
",1#Q.Q
81-8/=
$" L
UL0
UL
0
UL.Q# 0
LV! Q
# .#'V0

$1"

""

8"$-1.. -" =
"
"8 ",1
+$1" 81""",1
+$1" .5
> """"":
1,$- "-
"
$1"
" +$"$"
F" "$-1
$1"/*-.1'
$-11/
M 1/, "

$---"1,/

>>G

G

&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&8

20>0G0

?G=>@0

$-V
VG V>#

$1""

"G"1
'!'
F1"G
?G @G RW

&&&&&O
W
AW
> 81",# 0"$

,
1"8"A." . 1
G " M$
""$","
" "+$" //,
"

G R

&&&&&&&&&&&&&& , &&&&O,WW 9
,

G R A
;11"662
"1"
-".
, /$

8"A "66,1"." . 1 G "

. /
2
73
!
1-1-W
&&D &&D

"" "/"/
881 :""1"-
".

"
1 .

1-#W
&&D

,,
9
" 1- 5
D W
. 1-

""""8

/",
/,
8 " /1.
# ##X#)
/,
C81
# ##X)#
/,
DJ
"
/1..,9OA"
""-"
)##X###X#)

""$ /1$
I""""
. 1-
"$1"

91-
&D

"
$- /,
CO $
"

$1
$.
88

"""

"9OA " "
- "
+$ $
> 8
#

91-1-
&D&D
"
$- /,
C""
8"1 $
"

> 8
#
91-1-#

&D&D
"
$- /,
C#""
8"1 $
E"

!" = OW
W

A
?A1

@
8, #$%&
"" %&#$%& #$ 8
1" 8" -11 8,--"$
> "
""
-1
""-" "" " 3$"

$
" 0 "
"

"" -
74
5

F8
"/1$"" 88
$-!"

""
1"8"A/1$"," 8 "

?" 1 "-""
$-$
!" @
$
,8"
W
O
W

AW
8
$
""A$",1 -$18""
"-
,/
R5 I ,
" " "
"
"-"1 .
=

!" AA 8A

" $1",
,A ;,!8
" 1$" /,. 1
-$1".1"G " ./ $

1 ""
=
Y
9

; - 8" " " "

$ 8 A A
1
" $ "
-1
$ 8""?
2@

Y
9
&&&&&OWW

A
G ?G @

&&
G R
8,?G @
- 1
"G
"/"/F"
.1

""G
Y
-.1. 1$
" ?
@
9
1G

F" " /1
"
""" " ., "

. "1 " ". " /1$" 0 "
,
1"" "811"3$"

$"
"
""3$".

"
- $"
",
" .1/ ., $""
-. "
F."$1
1", " -
"

$ " F""
8--:$

"
1
$
1$1", " 1
" $ ",1 "
$ " -
!

F-
.1
. 1 ,-
=&&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&5&&&&&&&&D
2
9

I8118"

; -"""

&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

A2

75
; $
". -$" "
,1, . 1"
=
.#

.#.#.

F"

.#
. # 5. .#.
#....#..

&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

AW#.#.22AW..#2
AW
1 $
#" " , ". .1". 1
,-". .1

11 8
=

F-.
. .1
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&D9.
#2 #
; C ". 1

1
$
"
$" -
# #2#

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
2 #2 #22

&&&&& &&&&&& #2
2(
; CC2 1". 1" #2

1
$

&&&&&& #2
(
; D2 . 1
1

>"8
CF"

8$
"$
$1 -
; C . 1
1

; CC2 1". 1"" ,
1
=
#2 #2
; D2 ". 1
1

#2 #? 2@#? 2@

&&&&& &&&&&& #2
2(
I 8.$"11 $

$1"
" ,"=

&&&& &&&&& #2 C
2(

&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&C C2
2 (2

&&&&& &&&&&&&&&& D2
2(2
76

11 8
0 ,-" 8
$ 11 " ,

/,=
0
.$"W*" :,3$".
W
0
0>"-0;##2
$-0
C

.WCW
=>"-
"-#2Q V #(Q #2QV0

$-
$-"-0

1
C2

.WCC2W
= = >"-
"- #2Q V0

$-
$-"-0

=>"-
"- #(Q #2QV0

$-
$-"-0

1

.WD2W
= = >"-

$-
$- #2Q V#(Q #2V0

"
$-
. 1 ,-" .1

11 8

F-
&5

.1
&&&&&&"&&&&&&&&&&&&&&D8"
$1. 1
E)9
I8118"

O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

AE )
; $
". -" / /," ":
$
/1,/"/

#?E )@
"3$" "
$

.#

.#.#.

. 1 ,-". .1

11 8

I".# 8/)"
1","
. # 22'
!"
1"
" #! ')
77
.. -",-

F-.
&

". .1
&&&5&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&D8"
$1. 1
9.
3$" "
",1 -
#.. .

&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

AW#.# #.

.#?@..

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

#AW.#?#@.#?@
; - $. 1 ,-" .18

""""1
"
-
2)! )((!'
; C ". 1
1
". -",1$

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
$
!

)222)(!)

$

$

A

""
$ " $1. 1?". #!@F"
.#?@.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
..#?@. #?!@
.#?@..# ?..#@

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
.#?@. #?!@
. .#?@#?@ #?@ .#?@
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
.#?@
/1$"". #?!@
..#?@#?@ #?@

9
.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
.#?@
/1$"". #?!@

&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&
!!
9
&&&&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
! #?!@#?@
78

9
&&&&&&& ('2!)' !2(' )
!

&&&&&&&
!

$""
-.1. 1

.#?@.
9
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !2(')

.#?!@. #?@

&&&&&& 5

"
$
""$"" " -$1 /
; CC 1" $1. 1
1

1"

$
$

; D . 1
1

>"
C> 8" -
$

; C . 1
1

; CC 1"
-.1. 1)
1
F"

$
)

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2!!'' &&&&&& #? @
)! )

; D ". 1
1
I 8"
$ " $1. 1
" -",1=
) ? ) @

9
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
) E )
/1$"" E8$."1
-.1" -
E? @

9
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
'2 E

(()&&&&&&& )'!&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
! ! !
(()((!(2 )2!

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
!
!!''22)((2' '

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
!
' # !
79
<$"",11"
$1"
" ,"8/

?
# ! @ ?
# @
C

?
# ! @ ?
# @C
C

?
# @ ' ?
# ! @
D

/
-1" ""< 1-0 1""$-

$
""$"; /""
-""0 8/"8
8""
$
" /" /
8
8/8

" / -$1,/
"
-
8
"/1$"
,/". 1-
""-"

1 ZL 8
"
-
"
"#)=
".$1"$
1; ". -
/"=
..
&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.

AW. E.#
.

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.

##AW. .
:AW" /$
D
". 1
1

)#' #'
# # E $
> """8 $11

.1$ /$ $
/

O1,"/. 8

&&D$
1$" Z"
D=

&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

A#) #
#)#

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
#)###)
## #)
=
1 -" /.

""""

-.1
. 1"" ,8
1
A " " /.

8-$
""
$"=
80
?.
//1$""@#?#) #@

#)
A
+$"1
## #) $
9OA-$
"1$"$"1 ""
"1
=
> """ 2 A
"$"1"
8111
1". 1" #$

#
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&$
#2#
('2! #$
; C8$
". -=
.
&&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.

.
AW$.. .#

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.

.
5 #AW$.#. #.
I"AW$"1AW1

1". 1
".#. #
$
C
# #

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
# # ####
!)'!!'2) $
" "1
"$
('2! #$ !)'!!'2) $

G"11$1"
//"

$1"
"8 "

B!8 "8""$"1

$1.$1$
1
+$
:A" "$"1

&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

A2
81
; D
!

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !? -.1 "- 1"@

! )
9&&&&&&&&&&& !
!
! )! )

&&&&&&&&&& !
5#
% !#
%&&&&&&&&&&
! !
!'(5!)!')

)2')' D
; 8/? /

$1"/1$""@#28
#2
"
$ "", "
-.1. 1"
M$
""$",/1$
8$
811 "
!'(5!)!')

)2')' $
! I". 1
" ("
"1
+$-$
".$1"$
1
7
". -=
;
...
&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.

AW$.. (
.!.

&&&&&&&&&O&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.

2 (AW.#. #(
4 ". 1
. #.#(1
AW> ","""",
$-"
.E."
$". #
. E? . #.@ ?.!.@5

9
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&/1$"". #
. #(

.? @.? #( # #@.#

9
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&/1$"". #
. #(

.? . !# 2##.#@
9
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
. #(. #
# !2# #

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
# #(
11
82
!# 2#
9
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& # !'(#5
#

$".#(
#(#(##(2#

9
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&?25'#@(
#(##

I"$
/

&&&& # !'(# ?25'#@5( $
'
#2# 2#( $

LL#&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
!!
JJ4
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
!!
8
!

J&&&&&&&&&&&&&&4&&&&&&
!2

LJ&&&&&&&&&&J&&&&&&&&&&&&4
!!
/
"
-

J !J! $4
; -"

$1"
"1,
"1"
-
< 1-2
1"1
$1"811."=
!'(5!)!')

)2')' $
F" $
,
8""./ $
1/
$1" "/ " $
","

')J4AK
LL#&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
) )

8
J')# ) )!
83
) ') )
4&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
)
) ') )' )5

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
)
A ') # ))#'
K) )') #)) !
;118""
/1$

J4AK5) $
)! '!5) $
> "= )! !$

'!5) $
>
"
"1

"-$
". . " 1 " "- $1
. 1"
; -."
'!5) '5!5)
'5!5)) '5!5) )
! '5!!5)')
> 81 ,/

)) )'
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
)' ) ')
)' )

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
2)
'(' 2

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
) !2
) ) )
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
) !' )

)

)
'
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
)
)

I""
-,1-$1 $
1,/ 8"1"
$1"

1$1""1 , /
"/1$
,"18""<;* "
/1$

84

!
"
# $%

& '() $

*++ $
$%

!
,!

(! #

, ( -- (".

/
/

0 ,.
( , (".-.1,
(". '

#
2
. !23+
-.1, (
// /
#

4,.-
' -.1,

/
(

-.1,
5

(". ' (". ' ' !00'

-.1,( -.1,( ( !0 0(
6%
./
/ -.1, ' '! 1, "( (!
' (" , ! ' (( !
' (" , ' ((
#7 7$

8

96%
808)8:80808 ! 08'8 (!
08 ' (08 (' ("08'
% + 8 %

+9 % $ %
+

;
+

++
+
:%

++

7+8

:8808!

8
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
80, =0,80,=0,8 0, =0,8 0,=0,
>>44
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
80, =0,80,=0,8 0, =0,8 0,=0,
85

0,=0, =
><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=0"
=, , ,=, "= =
0,=0,=
4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< =0"
,,=,=,"==

<<<?@= 0,=0, =0,=0, A
,

<<< '1 "'1!
,
B ' "'!
+
(,
$
(.

:8 0"8! ,08

#+
9%$ +8C0"
%$+8D,#
:8%$+0"D8D,

:8<<<<<<<<<<<< @80, A
0"89

8 8
<<<<<<<<<<<< @<<<<<<<<<A<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
0"8 80,8 0"8 ,

8
,8 8
0"8
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 0"8 ,

"88 0.
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<2?3E 0"D8D,
8 0"8 ,
F*&8 +9
"88 0.

<<<<<3<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<8

8
,=E8 0"8 ,
6
78C,
#
$

+

8

8+

9
+:8

+ $ +&

86
88 0.
"5?@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<8 8
8 0"8 ,

0"0" 0.,, 0.
"5@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<0" 5"<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<, 0,A
0" ,, 0"
-0.,0.
"5@<<<<<<<<0" <<<<<<<, A
-0"-0"

0" 5, !
F
*& +9

" 0.

<<<<<3<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

,= E/ 0" ,

0" .0
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<3<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

,= 0" ,E/ " 0,
.0
<<<<5@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< A
, " 0,
6
78D0"C"
#+C
" .00, .0

<<<<@<<<<<<<<<<<" <<<<<<<<<<<<0, A
," 0,0, "
0" 5, C
# +++9

% +

9

$ +
E/
#+

% 9

&
G
.0

0,5@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<A
" 0,

% %

! 0,.00,!

"
#
0" 5,
;

$
++

+9

+

$+
++
H
87
#
8
/I
8+7 $J
/
82K
9"2
G8L "L80"08 ,'08 ,2
,'2,,2
2,,2
92
+D
/D/9,
!
+ & & K
9

908M
L,08M2
99
92

+D,
9,
/DD/9,
,!
+&K
9

9 ,'08M2
99
92

+ & & K
9

9, L,08M2
99
9,2

/C/9,
,!
+&K
9

9, 08M2

9 L,08M2
99
9,
9 2

G
+
9
8
=8
= =5

#
=

8

=
N
>4E
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
88
=888
>0= =

4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<=0,
,, =

E<<<<<<<<<<<<<<4=0,
,
#
88
==0,=0,
:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
888
=;9@8A

O<=0,

0,
<<<<<<<5<<<<<<O<<<<<<<5<<<<<C?@8A
0,

<=0,O
J
$ >D8D$ 48C#J

++ >4
?$ >D8D&
;
+9
P8#

8 8
7

8 8
7
#9+

8 8 8
7

,+7
#
8 8 ,@=8 8 =88=8A

:8 =088=8 8 =88

# *+++

?$ 48C&
K
8P#

808 8
7

8 088
7
#9+

88 08 8
7

,+7%
#
88 ,@08 =08 08=0808 =08A
89

:8 =08=088 =8 8=8

# *+++

K

%+
+

=08
=08
- , ,
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
:88 ,-
"-,-, -
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
88
"8,8 -8 -8

9#
:8 ,."-808 -, .

9
# ,."-- , . 5
K

$99
HH
8 ,8
?@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

A
8
"8,8 -
G

+E

+
9

?3E+:8+4;43
938-

$ #
?@8 ,8 0-A5?@8 ,0A
,."-- , . 5

8
:8:808<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 8B8 ,.8(

>4E
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 8
8B8 10
Q8 10Q

8
><<<<@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<A
88B8
,.8(8
J
$8B8
,.8(8(,.8
1.. 8"'
8 8

.,'81.. ( 1' ,,.
><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<',-("

8 .1
90
1 '
4<<<<<<<< ,(,.(E<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< '. 1
( 1 '
1 -
'. =((.

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< '- =,("1-,(',0
Q1'
(,'= ''.
#+
>4E B
8 8

9
,8 @0
Q850
QA
#
R
9

+S 9S

9

Stairs = dlsim result; O stems = direct calc;

* stems = result from "filter" w/conv to neg z powers.
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

G9

7

8 0@808 A8C

+8
8
R% $T#@ AO80
%

8 0@808 !A@808 !A8C

6
%

+8C9

8J/:
/#
O8@808 !58 !08A

@8 08 A#
+(
91
|X(z)| where X(z) = ZT{[(1-exp(-sig n)/n]u(n)}; sig = 0.8.
-2
2
-1
0 0
1
2 -2 jy = jIm{z}
x = Re{z}
#
+8,88-K

$+88
9

8 %%E
+8,
9

, +E*
/

9

$
$
9
+8G8
8 $

$+
?3E>$9

+$$

+
>J#I?K>#;KU9

%$2

9

9+9%$
%$+9
;
89
$

9+

O8
9 $
+

G8-
S9 S

9
+#
+
%+

S
S

H
9
$$2
$%+
9
9$$9

9+
9>
+

$
9 $4+
+ $

+
9
9

92
Solid = exact |X(z)|; ---- = finite-sum estimate; |z| = 2.
1.3
1.2
1.1
|X(z)| and its estimate
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Angle of z in radians

8
6
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
93
7
5
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Solid = exact |X(z)|; |z| = 0.7.

3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
94
44 ---- = finite-sum estimate; |z| = 0.7.
x 10
|X(z)| and its estimate 2
1.5
0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

KKQQQQQ
>
9QQQQQ

555

%

K

KK

=C
LL
KKK

=C 7C=

K

95
# + $ + %

7
T E R

!"#"$%;

I
F K1-'$',!

+9
$9

+

>$
J
+:8
88&
7
:88 8 LL
8 8
F8KF8
;
+ $%
+
F .
J
++
+:8
8
:%9
=
+
+7 +
+
%
%
#
$
++
,- ,(4

9 $ ,1

7 $
7

%
% + 8 8:8 %
$

82

F .
$
+
7 H
+2+
$9
$+

$ +8
#
F8
+
9
"

+:8

$

8 :% F8 ;N

$
+:8

=
+
9+
+

9#
F8
+:8
9

8
=

$+8#+
V
V F .$%4
+

+9

9

88
8
#+
$9
+:8

8R)N#
F8! :%
9 K3#

+

$
8 +:8;
9
:8

F8

9 #
9 KF8
%%;KG;K;#I9+
9> 99

++
8 <<<<<<<<<

8!J

8

J
+:8
88
&
7

:8
8 8

8 8

F
8KF
8
KF8

88
8

$

+:8

8
2
F
8W
9

43#:F8KF8F
8KF
8*
:8!
# +KF8 J

88

7

+KF

8
*
F
8#
8 8

77

:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 8

8 8 8 8

7

+
9 <<<<<<<<<
8 8

96

:%

8 8
$%

88

>JJ+
$% +:8
8 884

$9

=
9

7
9

F .
+ 98 8

IXI?6:I?I
9 :8

9%;
9
9

%9 $

9 # 9
%
+

9 +
$
+
+F .
9
8
8 C#+J % /
9
9 +

8N + J % /
9TER

!"#"$%;

I
F K1-'$,!

+
+8
+

+8

#+

99

R%%

+8<C
8
:
9
8 % # 9

+ +

+
N R
+
:8 9

+
+

%
6 9
9 +
*

8 +:8+
9
+:8 +9
+:8!
;

++9 F .

++

+:8 9

8 8:8
J88
:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 8
&;%8
+9 $+%
>8 >8 >8 @=0

Q80
Q>A>8 @ =0
Q80
Q>A
,>8 @0
Q80
Q>A
;+:8 %++

F9 -

9 =$
E*

+

* :808

9 +
:808:8$ %
9

9
+

#:8

9+
9 7:8+
%

+
3+

9
9+ %+:8 % $
+9
>808 83:8
+

%%
%

9
92
%
9
%
+9>8 # 9

:8 9
;+:89

9
+ %

% 2%+
9 $ 9
9 %

;

%
9
9

+

+::>0 >0 #
%

9>0 >0

+9FGI

+9
%J
+9
97
#
>@
>
>@
A@@=
0
Q>A@ =
0
Q>A
,>@
A@
0
Q>A

9

8
+ $
;+: %++

9
=$
E*

+

*:

9+::$ %
%3+

9
9+ %
+: % $
+9>0 3:

+

%
%%
%

9
92
%
9%
+9>@
A#
9

: 9;+:9

9
+ %
% 2%
+
9 $ 9
9 %

;
'()KCRN

:8480>8
KR
>88488
KR
J
9 K
+
99 R
6

K KR R
>8 8 48 8
99
KK K RR R

>88 8 488 8 + $/
99
/K/K KR/R R%
R/K RR/
K R/ 8 8/ 8
48899
:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
>8K/K/
/ 8 / 8
99
#+
9
9
+
9

WK/ K RR/K K KR RRR K
#9
W
8+:8;$:8
9
J9
JW6
$
$ % +
$+8
/0/8
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
/8/8
6

9

%+8 WK

/0/ W

98+CW
# +WD +W
E*

+
9 &KR
98
G9
9
9
+ :8
+
+8* +KR#

$

RK#99

++*

KR2

%8++
N+9

KRRCK#
8+
8
+R K# 99

T#+

+

+
R K9:%
+9

T# %
$
% +
+
9
%
9
#

9
+

R K

?99

K R R K
%

FGI9

+
:%+ :8:808%

:8

#

+
F9 .'
4+ $ +
+ :8:808%
$
>@:88 8A

>:888 8:8 88
88

#%
$
FGI
9

+
9

*

+
9

K R
$+RK

+F9 ."! % $8
:8

+
6 % =

$ >

$ 9 FGI *

9+9$ %

%%
+
+8
+8

%%
+ $:8
8 $
# ++

8+

9
+

8
S=
$ $
+S %
+ 7

:8 :808 :8 $

:8
9
*
9
%
+KR

+ F9 ."

:8 $

% 9

$
9

3

9:8, 8"8
(80'8.8
-8
6

KR >$ :8:808

$ >
9

FGI
++
> ) $
+9
99 $

++
>
+I##:I0TG>E#3?;K#:IG3?R)J>;N>4N3?4I;K#3#:I
8 8G>E#3?>N;KF>?#
, 8"8
(8
%><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

8 08
988
9

98 1,'18
' -=,,,'88

#%>, 8"8
(80 8
08 808.((
>
, 8
"8

(8
0 808
808
((="
99
>>
(( ="
G>R)N#%

+
+8
%
8&
,8 8
"8(
><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<(0 8 8
8!",1

8 8
98
K

$ /

% 7
>J6>N%
$+9&>0 8 9K!
#
FGI &
.((8 ((=" 8 (( =" 8

:8",1<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 1,'18' - =,,,'8' -=,,,'
) $

F9 .'

8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 8 8 8
>4E
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 8 8 8

><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
0 0 0 0 0 0

E<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
0 0 0 0 0 0
6

%
@> 4 E A

8
80"8
80"
:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8
'0.80.8 0 8 0,
>

80">4
:8:808
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 0 8 0,8 0 8 B
100
-0, 0"
><<<<< -0,4<<<<<10,#
0.0.
-818
:88
:88@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<A

,8 0 ,8 B
@ -0,0 10,0, A
@ -0.0 10"0, A
K

*
%+ -0.5 10"5,+
# % %
7 $

$
++

9
9
+:8
G
+
WR K 2
WD7
$

9%
$KCR# 8

$ +
K K RKW
*
,

+
K $

;

$

?3E 8 C

*
$ +
++
6

9 + +
$

?3E8C

$
**++
",$,$-""."%%*+#/#

+WD#

+ 9
+

8

%
6+9

9
+9 $$ %
$ 9

9

;99+ $
+
*+:8

+
++
4

$
*
N#?;E#J
2 9

+

* N#?;E#J

6
:8
0"8
:88@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<A#
+
+08
'0.80.8
7
98R
6 9%

E

9 # 6

+
&6

@ -0,0 10,0, A
%$ %;+

$ 8,'!
'0.0.! $ %S S+ -0,10,+
%

0 0, > $ %

+
+

R
+ +99% $
8+
$
T#
% $

W
9

8
0"80-
6
:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
88B
K

$ %+R K
8RCK2
RK3

%
S

9S

++

$
J$ % &
101

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
8
0,88
0"80-
8
0,8
<<<<<<<<<<<<<
0"80-

0"80-
:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
880,
0"80->4E
J
:8:80808<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 80,88 80,

80, 0"0"!8 0- 0( 0- '

><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
80,
80""
0-0(0-
4<<<<<,0-E<<<<<<<<<<'0"
0,0"
:8 '0",0-8'0"8080,$ % $
0",0- '0" 0,
# $
S 8S R

'0"-"
'7 0",0-! -",('-!
6

8
0"80-
:885<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<F+9 $$ %
80,
8
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
80,8
0"80-
8
0,8
<<<<<<<<<<<<<
0"80-

0"80-
:88@8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<A
80,
>

+F9 .'
S8S

S9S
8
+
;%
$
8
+9
%
+9$ %
102
@ 0" 0, 0- 0, A
0" 0, 0- 0,

,
0, 0, "0- 0, ,
0, 0, 0,
"0- 0, "0-,0-
0",0- '0" 0,
$

#7 $
8
+9

8
:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

8 8
8
8

,

#7 $
8
+9+
$ % ++*

8@ .8(18
A . (1@ ,8 A
88
88
% $+8+
$
*

$

%
.5' (15"85'88
88
8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
(=0,8 ( =0,8
'"" "'88
88
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
(=0,8 ( =0,8

'""8 "'88
8
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8
8 ( =0,8 (=0,
>

FGI

$
GFGI

9

8
+
G
+ $

$

'""8 "'88
8
<<<<<3<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<8

8
,=E8
8 ( =0,8 (=0,
'"" "'

<<<<<3<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

,=E/ ( =0, (=0,

103
'"" "'

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<3<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

,= ( =0, (=0,E/ 0(=0,! 0( =0,!
YQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ0YQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ0

0(19
-1--',(, '1''
# +9 %

+
% 9

%
%2
8 +9 %
+,
;
+9
E/ &
& K
$

0(=0,!0( =0,! , '1''
+

9
&
0(15'""0, '1'''""
K

9 7 7 + +9
$ ++
*
&
. (1 ,'"" 7

-1--',(, '1''"
, "' '"" "'
, -1--',(
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
(1
-1--',(, '1''
%

0(1".-..','"
K

9 7 7 + +9
$ ++
*
&
. (1 .5'"" (15'','" 7
G,
8 +9G,% 9

$ 2
9

+9

+C,

$
'""(=0, "'(=0,(=0,
(=0,
,<<<<<,?@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<A
(1(=0,=
, '1'' "",""1"'."(
K

9 7 7 + +9
$ ++
*
&
,. (1.5','" (15'"""'."( 7
G + %
$
'""(=0, "'(=0,(=0,
(=0,
,?@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<(=0, A
=

,?@(,1"0
Q''1(.(1" 1( 0
Q ,' ( A
."(-11'1" 1( @ ,' ( ''1(.(A
G 9 +

$ % .,-., $

$
++*

.5"'."( (15','" .,-.,

>+"
+9
%$ %,-"', $

$ ++*

104
".5 .,-., (15"'."(,-"',
#%
$+
%+

+9

%+92

+

#+9

+

$&9
*
$
1" 1( (0 ,5,,'9 # $

#% +

)

+9
$ %

&
..
%!0

%
%
(1 (1

(15' ""'.5' (15""""
"""
6

%

""'

+
; +
9
,'9

O stems = analytical solution; * stems = result using dlsim.

6
2
y(n)
-1
-2
-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time index n
105
#7 $
8
+9+
$ % ++*

( 058
8@ -8-,8
A - -,@ ,8 A<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
,058 8

N% $+8+
$>8+9 $999

$
$ %
%

@-5. -, .8!A@ ,088

A( 08
8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
(8 18
8
8

1''.',= 1.11 +

+ ,0588

6 9 ++&
(" -"(',( 8.,'-,( 8

" ,8
8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
(8 18
8
8
>$$

8("8 -"(',( 8
.,'-,( 8 " ,
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
88 (8 18
8

("5( -"(',( 5(
.,'-,( 5( " ,
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
( 1(
,05(
8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 (
("51 -"(',( 51

.,'-,( 51 " ,
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
1 (1
,051
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 1
>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8
8

("
-"(',( 5
.,'-,( 5
" ,
><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< '1.1'(=(,,( -""

(
1=,5;9@
A
-,1',,1(('0
Q." ,',.
#
'"('',(, ,("1'" ,>>
808<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 (8 (8
8

'"('',(5( , ,("1'" ,51 ,?@>

A
'"('',(5( , ,("1'" ,51

-",'1"'1--5@(." ,',.A
106
#% +

)

+9
$ %

&
--
%!0

%
%
-, -,

-,5. " ,-5. - 5 ("
("
6

%

" ,

+

K

F9 -+
$

++

9
% $
$8
;

8

* 7
% $

;

9

O stems = analytical solution; * stems = result using dlsim.

150
100
50
y(n)
-50
-100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n
&#

*
8
.8(18

8(P='1" "0
Q ,
#1" " @>5@=5 ,A45@ =5 ,AA
107
>44 >
1" " @>5@=5 ,A >5@ =5 ,AA
1" "@>@=5 ,A >5 =5 ,A,

1" "@=5 ,A @ =5 ,A>, 1" "5@ =5 ,A
$
>B =5,24 >B=,>

9

> 0
Q .- (,
,51" " 5@5 , .- (,A
,.51" " @5 , .- (,A
#9
% &
,0' @ ,0' -0, A.
6 $ %

;

,0'
%

$ %

&T#@A88 !
K
$

-%
8@8 .A ,0'88@O8 A
4

8-8 8 0,-8 ,0'8 " 0
O8 8 8
8 ,0'8 0,8 ,0'8 B8 ,0'8 0,

.8888 " 0
8 !
8 ,0'8 ,0'8 ,0'8 B
69

+
+8FGIT#

$ 8

+

9%
T;?
$

+!

9%
TN?
$

;E
!N

8.8
" 08 8
1080'

88 ,0'8 ,0'
8 B
."-08 ,

8 ,0'8 ,0'
8 B
.>4E

8 ,0'8 ,0'8 ,0'
8 B

108
8 0,"-0 "-08 ,5
> '
8 0,
8,0'
"-08 ,"-08 ,

4.0'E '#
8 0,8,0'8 ,0'
8B
@.,0' ',0' 'B A

+

9%
ZIR

9
ZSR
K

.,0' ',0' ,1,0' !

9 9
9
+ $

+

$

I9, ,0' '0, "

+
TN?

9$ $
I9, K
&;
$
$ % $
9

$$+ 9
9

;E
82
%

++

;E9

8 ,'8 ,'8

,'5 ,' 85O8
O8808 0 6%
O8,'5
8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
,'58 ,'8

88808 0 ! ,'8(-'8".-

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
88 B80"8 0 8 0,80"
B(-'0,".-0B 0 B0"!

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 B
0" (-'0"".-0 0" 0 0" B!

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
80"
0 (-'0 ".-00 0,0 0"!

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 0
1.-08 B1080" ",(-08 0
R
$
$8 % 8
+9 $
1.-B ",(-0 1 0" !
?

+:8

8
:80 ,'8 ,'8

!8
08 B80"!
:8B0B0" 0"0 0" B...-0

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<$ % $
88 B80"8 B80"
...-B 0 0" !
109

L...-B 0 0" !0 9
9
0, 0"

0 ...-<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<!
9 0, 0"
0 "0 0, !"0, 0" !!
0 ,"0,,5 0, 0- 0" !
,"0,50 ,0, 0- 0" !
K

+8

+8;
9%*
!
#
%7R

#

*
8
8
8

8 BP@Z

A
8

G88

>8 48

>8
8
><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

88
48
88
8

<<<<<<<<<<8
!8 8!8

8
8
Z
C
&

8
8 ,@Z

A

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<@@ B Z

A ! B@Z

A

,@Z

A
@ B@Z

A
A! B @Z

A
A
Z
D
&
9

+99 =$

8
8 =,@
Z
A

8

0
QP
@@
Z
A
0 BA
0
QP

@@
Z
A
0 BA
J
>8
4 8
#
>8
!8 4

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<@> > A
=,@
Z
A
4
> > =,;9@> A $
110
>8
B =@
Z
A
@B!

@
Z
AA
0
Q
@ @
Z
A
0 B!A
@

A
0
Q
@ @
Z
A
0 B!A

@

A

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@
Z
A
5 @
@
Z
!
0 BA
@
Z
!
0 B!AA
K
$

@0 A
@0A %

$

@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<A

Z
"
0 !

5 @5
@"
0
!
A
@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<AA
,0!
3 +

& # %
$
% % $
%
9
$!$ * $

>+

$9
S
,S+R

Z

&?
*
B
K>4 B
>2 B>4 B44 ,0
# @,0A! B

>+

%% + 9 + + $
R

8 B8 B5.(808 0 -808 ,'0(#
88 ,0(-0 !8"8

,.-8 (.
8<<<<<<<<@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< A<<<<<<@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<A
B88 0 8 ,'0(8 B8 0 8 ,'0(
"B
,.,5B 1"01 ,.,50 1
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
B 0 B ,'0(0 B0 ,'0(
8@<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 B8 0

",'0(
,.,,'0( 1
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
,'0( B,'0( 0
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 ,'0(
(-1-.,1
8@<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<A
8 B8 0 8 ,'0(
111
@(-1-B .0 ,1','0( AK
&,'0( (.!
>R

+
+ $2

$

+ $ 9 5 !
O stems = analytical result; stairs = dlsim result.

4.5
3.5
2.5
y(n)
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time index n
>9 $8

8@ -0,80,8
A '8O8
'8 '88 0'

:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<#8+

-0,80,8
8
-0,80,

9
880'
#
8-0,"P@"10'-. "(0'-.A
@-PA0,"0 Z
=;9@8A
<<<<<<<<<3<<<<<3<O<<<O<<<<C?@8A
0'Z0

:808>0@8 ZA40@8 0 A:8 0@ Z8A (0@ 0 8A

> 'Z 0'0Z 0 Z0 0,
4 '0 0'00 Z ,0 00, (
112
# 9 % +
8
+9$ %
@ 5Z (50 A+

?3E8C0
4
$ %

$
7

T#@>0 8A > #

5Z (50 +
?3EZD8D0
+@ 5Z (50 A +

?3E8DZ
$4
?3E+

N

$+

$

+

9
@ Z (0 A -0,@ Z (0 A 0,@ Z

(0
A
D
( '
[ (0 -0, (1 ,0, '0, , '0,
Z @ -0, 5"0, 5.A0 @ ( -0, (5 0, (51AC
' 7
3+

9
++

9+9
+

K3#
R

4 S 9S
S+*8S

$

NF$ S 9S
9+9
+

9
++
#+9

9

9
+

N $
S+*8SN + + 9
+
:8
9
+
+8
08#+9

:8@ '8
8A0@8
-0,80,AA

9 '!

8

HH
6
9+

9 $

F9 --

+ +

N99 8 $ +
RR
88

:8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
++*89
9!
KK+ 99

889!
YQQQQ0
G

! K R8

113
Unit sample response: num chosen for freqz.
Lines = result from dimpulse; stems = results from analytical calculation.
0
-1
-2
h(n)
-3
-4
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time index n
Unit sample response: num chosen for dimpulse.

Lines = result from dimpulse; stems = results from analytical calculation.
0
-1
-2
h(n)
-3
-4
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time index n
114

8 98 9 9
9

898 888
9

,8 98
9 , 9 9 ,
9 ,

8
98 8
,8

9
8
88 ,
8@ [80(8
AO8[ 0(8 0( ,
8 B8 Z80 8[ 0(8 0( ,
[ 0(8 0( ,0 8

8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
B8 Z8

@[ 0( , 0(8 A 8
8<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 B8 Z8
>4E
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
8 B8 Z8

*+9F9 .'
@[ 0( , 0( 0A (
><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
0,! 0"!, "
@[ 0( , 0(5, A ,

4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
, ,5Z

,0 ,B 0( ,!
@[ 0( , 0(5" A "

E<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
" "5B

0 "Z 0( ,! 0 " Z 0( ,
#+
(
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<0 ,B 0( ,!B

, "
0 " Z 0( ,!Z
#+ %+ 6

+ %
9 $8%

8 +

GX#;N8
115
G
9

K
$

0"
0(
%
0" 0"

0(
0(

0#
0" 0"
!0
0( 0(
#

9+

,+
9
0" 0( ,

0(
# %
$ %
R
SS
) $
%%$99 $

+F9 -1

&
(
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<0 ,B 0( ,!B

, "
0 " Z 0( ,!Z

2
$+
+
O stems = analytical solution; * stems = dlsim with correct initial conditions.

6
4
y(n)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
116
\

$

$
$ %
+

+I9 (
# 9 +&
] "2
%%
(("-L-M ,-L M, "L"MLC
'.L"M LD
(("-L-M ,-L M , "L"M L C

'.L"M L D
, (("-L-M , ,-L M ,, "L"M ,L ,C

'.L"M ,L ,D
"M2
"M 2
J:N ,L,2
?:N ,L
J:N?:N+ ++*
+
$+%+
&# ++*
$
:8
K
K

#
9 G;? 08 +
+ 082

*

+ 08 % 08 +$ %

K
8 &
9
8 8

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
8 8
8
<<<<<<<<<<<<
8
8
8
<<<<<<<<<<<<<

8

8 8
8 8
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

#

$
+

G
> ,'W ,CWC"
K" %
> ,' W ,CWD"
6% D
+WN+$ "DWD"
117
\
+

&
,'W ,

W ,' ,
G9

W , '
11" W
'
,'
,
W "
\
9
W ,
,'W ,
W ,' ,
11" W ' W "
W " '1" W 1
#

$
+ +
,K '6%+

1 W "

(,( 1W
,"W . 1W
,"W..(
W " 1
6/
%
9
/
2* C
!
11" W

(' 1(,W W
--. W
1(,W1"'
W " '
K+
C
1C W "1C W " 1D W "D1
'D WD -DWD 0

" ...-
G
C

1W
,"W..(C W
1(,W1"'
KC + 1W
,"W..(C6
$
W
(0 W ..(01%
W"0 P@.01..(01A
"P10 '0 0
N W9
'0 0
..(
C#+
$

C + '0 -DWD 0
" ...- $08

C + W
1(,W1"'C

9$W$ %
1"'C
118
G
D
*
C

9
C
1W
,"W ..(C W
1(,W1"'
,W
-",W-.,.D %
#

W+
D
G
C
*
C

9
C
1W
,"W..(C W
1(,W1"'
1W
,,,W",."D
+"DWD(,0
,-

#
$+W+

+
-DWD 0
" ...-

%
%
"DWD,-
#
% + $S
S97 $
S
S

9S
S
$ %

+9GW=
"
+

9$C2+W=
%,-

9
%9$$

GW

$"DWD,-

9$

119

!"# $% #& '('

)$)** * + + ,
-*##$
$ * *$#'*.$$'
(+, $(/! *(*&#&!"

.$* ,+ &' &&*$$
$ $!* "(
/ 01 $'( ## ! * $*##
$2# &3&& $&)
$3&&
4)$ $( '($' , *&3
$ & &2#$ #& !" .$ $
(,($ & &+'
.$*' ,1 (##* '
)
$ + , # !&#* '
+ ,

.$* & 0,
5& &&*6

7(*&*6+,5+,

."+ 8.$
8,5

,5
+ 8
9 *& &*6'$'(: )$

-&
+ ;
120
.$*
: ;,
; :
-+ : *
1 &&"$(#&&*(*( $$ &+

; 6
+
+
+
8: ; 8 ; :

+ : ; : *
%.&*6. 3%.'<* 6
: ;,5;;

=)
: %.: * : ,

; : ,5; ,,5 ; : ,5,,5
91>6; : ,; ,5: ,5,,5,,5

: ,; : ,,5

+ : ; : *
= ?= @

4)&&'&&)$ *A?BA?@2#'*$'
$ )2# C,!*C&'*$' $ ,
$ $ (# & +% #& '(2# * ( (!$91>
'(*& &&)$$DDD/D*$ ('(*& *'91>
'E. !*'$91>'%.
%3 '$#&

6
F G
%3 '$#& 6 F AG
%3 A'$#& 6
F
G
%3 ?'$#& 6 F
4$ +
?F
C
3

)$
FF

C
F0
3 6
F
??

B

HB

3 6 F A

?,B

A0

121

4$+ +.$'+ +
?
BI?IA?B

BB

?@
J

B
.$+ +$*
?
?@

B
B

?@

??

B
??

BI@H@
?@
I@
B@
@
B

B
@KK@K@HA

K@
@

B
>+ &* $+ + +!"A0 0 +

K

=2
?

H!"J !+

B

=2
?

B

3 A6
F

?

A@,

LAKMH

3 ?6
F

A@,
LAKMH
.$*

K
H

A@, LAKMH

A@,
LAKMH
C

+$ , N,0*

H
K

KAKMHI,H
*
122

!.$#& $)$'*!&).$*& &$
$" *$ !&
Solid = analytical result; ---- = result of impulse{num,den,t}.

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
gc(t)
0.04
0.02
-0.02
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time t (sec).
1( ' ( +) # ) '$<*+ &O:OP !&"

8*(

$N

) <*+ &&")

I$N

=$ ' && )( ")$ !+

$N

.$<* &"(#&$

$N J

123
! *$ !&*+ &*' *( &'( &) "&$ $
*( &'$ !&*+ &*'$(O*)/J $
1* '('$.$*J "$ $1* '('$
(*+' &"'$"(O:OP !&O *$1*
'( *$% #& '(+ &* $( " 2'$
#& )$ +
O:OP !&"' &"'72+

=))$ $'+'$% #& '(' * &%-:

"(Q.$(#*&# '('$'(2#*
.$% #& &'*$ (

.$#*' !"# #* '!* "($

$ +!+ &*
12 (#&$% #& '('

2# **# !"#
A

A

A

.$&)!* "(#*/! *'$ ' 2#$

' &()$#*$ &&(# 1$*##!* "(
$2# & &) "2# # & 2 (!&)( +
$' 6:'$2# &/)&& &+(
$ 2# &/.$<*$!&)*)$

&(N JJ

.$ )#!&+ &*6

=$ !")
!"
!
) )JJ
!" !

&(N JJ

.$(2# !$ ( *)&& '')$$$(
'".($ )&3 2# !":' !"N
$)$ *!*$*&/N $% #&

&+:' !"
$$*&'" $% #&
&+:' !"
$*&/*&3
.$ '3
(* &#&#&$$+ &* )&&
*$ &+>+'3
$ &(
! *'$(#&22# &' )$&( 2
$*$$ &!*.$'# $*
)$$$% #& &+ !")$ !"$ &# '
$$(#&1'$$&$!* "(' &&
$#&)&& &!'8(() "' "$$ $
'+'$% #& '(+")$$#& $$
124
'$$(#&
:')(!$) (&"$ $'+
$$'$$(#& $ $'+(*
&*$( " 2)&*$ &&#&(*!$&''$
( " 2$ &&#&(*!$&'$ &'#&

R 7 R, ,

!7 ,?B ,

,,A@?,?,BIM,B
,
,,H,?,?B,B

$ ,
,H,?B*
S*$' $"(* !&
T T8 O ! * &18# * &

TT 'O$# * &5 * &
222 S#*&" * &
?TTB
5T8OTS
.$"(+ !&' "P5! *'$#&$ 2
$G !( !&'P58 O
C+ $ ' &" '

'&&)$

2 & " ' N
8 $ ) P5$ +
%.+' "$ 2
.$*'; ;, ,.$';3 ;

.$*';/ ; ;, , (#&.$';3 ;

" 2U $ .$

". 2U $ .% ..$

". 2U .$ O *2
U . 2
U )

&*$ ". "".#

U
!" 2($(.$
(

U
"= 2($=(%( (=.$
(
125

U(
"= 2 U U
=$(O *2 (= 2 ()
(
&*$ "= ""=#
! 4$$#*$*#*'$"($$* (#&

#4$$#*2# $*#*72# 2# .$*
$* (#&##& $*#*$' )$&$
#*#& , &$*#*'$&
R I7 O *!$2 $ ! &($

! )$'")&&!$((*('$! )$'2 $:
$"# & )$$$! )$'$!&$
&" < * & $ '2 $ $ $ '<*2 ) &&!
* & +$&)'<*!"$(*&#& #
5<*&"R )&& )$ ' $ )&& .$*&
!!!" "" ($+'2 82#)*&
!'$! )$'$2$ '2 # ! 7
'' .$)&& *$$$'<*"
(#'"$ +& ( *$ $'2G")&&
!$ #($$ 2.$2(G
*#& &&**("(!& !+!"("(!&
1* '( ## $6

43)?@$ '$ $* &(#

' 1 )$1 '
8 #'$ **#*(!* #**''<*"

* && " $ &" (# ' < * "
#*(.$*
&$*$ $ 1 * '() ' #' !
2 # ' )$ ) *$S & '*1
2 (#&'
1
$*$$'##"'$S & '*)$ +

'

.$1.& "##"1.' 2# 1 $*+
126
1.8 1.8 ,
82# ,
=) $'$) '*/&")$ *(/G

$ V.$*)( ")

1.8 88

)$8 8 &&$#$ #$* &'
* &2 '& * 2 '<*" &&
+& *)&& 3$'(8 ! *$'' &
<* & )$ ''$*#*$ $ ('(
'$2 &&+ +*#=)$$'* &
2 *$*.$')( #*& &"$
''' 'D)$ D (&"$(#&2
* '$'' G
+'<*"D 3 '&'D
.$*)$ ($#$ 8$(#&2 (#&*'$(#&2
*2# $1*(#'' 8 .$&"
$($2# $'*

2# )$''8
!1* ## $6
4 3 ) ?$ #' $ + #. , $ $

* &(#
3., 3
' 13)$13 '
3 ..,
8

O*8

88

% )$ '($1*2# !+

1 W81 W8 13
'3V
4 &+$*&*$1*'''(*& 6
, 3
13 8
,
8, 3

,
8 , 3 , 3

,,
:'3$' &
127
3, 3,

G(& &"'$ &'3
3
O*'3 $' & *$ &''(, ,

)$$ ,+'$'(13$+ &*8, W8
$ & ' 3 / * !+.$* '*
#+*&"1 W8-(& &"'3 $' &/)$&
$ &"&

1 W8
'*!'
.$**$$1*
## $$1* '( ## $
) ' $ $#$ 8 8 ) $ ' ' W $ (#&2
(#&*'2# '$(#&2(2# '$'*
' 8
.$ &&" #!&(#$ &"
=
" O2#
82#

:' $ ) * & 2# !+ !<* &' &&($

'''(*!<* &6
=
L
8,
O, L 2#&&"

==
O 8 8

=
8

.$" O

=
8

. ,B

. ,@
.$*('$)*.#'
. 3. 3.)$3 3 4$ +3,3 .,. B
,@
B,@
.$*)$3 B 3 @$*(#)$#. 3.
B,B
,
$'<*"
7/
A

7
A
128
A A
?
7 ?

.$*
?

7 7
'? ,)$

8
)$ +7
?
A
.$ ( * ' < * " # $)$'*!&)
)$$*& !+
Magnitude of frequency response of given system

4
3.5
2.5
|Hc(jw)|
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Frequency w (rad/s)

2 , I

" 7 I7 I47

7

.$*

129

"

)$$ )$$&*'>2 (#&H

!*+&+(*$& &! =$ $& #) (#&'! *
$ & +)$$ *7 &! & +5$ #
B4*&$*&&$&" "!"$
" 7 ,

L7
L7

)$$ ,
7 , .$#$ $'! *7 &
.$#& $)!&)42#$*&$ '

M$
U
$$'<* <* !&2 ##&"! *
M
A?H

&&*! &5 &" W

)2# &"$

U
&)'<*2 ## ($.$*+$*$2 &"
U
$ ( ' <* #!$2 ) + '( *''
##:!$ $#<* &.
xc(t) formed from Fourier series coefficients X(k) = alf^|k|, |k|<=10, alf = -0.9.
14
12
10
8
xc(t)
-2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time t (sec)
130
xc(t) formed from Fourier series coefficients X(k) = alf^|k|, |k|<=10, alf = -0.5.
3
2.5
2
xc(t)
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time t (sec)

.
3
. 3.,. ..

83 3 3
.... . 3,.
3
..

.
.3

3

.
3,.. 3,.
3

.
3,.. 3,.

!"# * * + +
3
+
131
. 3,.
. 3,.
83 W3

. 3. 3.

3,... 3,..

3
3. 3 3. 3

W3
..

.3 3 3
3.33.3
W3..
.3 3 3

..3.
83 W3..
.3 3 3 3
3

3+
W3

3
3,.
3,.
.$ 83 W
3 3 3

3
?3,.
W
3 3
3
.$*&'3#B B
( $)#+&"$#&!&)
2# )$$2 &*#(#4$ $
' ' B( &&"/'B
(
132
!"#$"#%&

! "#$"#%&

133
Solid = triangle wave FS reconstr.; --- = exact triangle; Nk = 50
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
xc(t)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Time t (s)
.$#'A

,A
,B A
,
3# #,,B B7/
42)
#2 M
A #2 A,M
,,M

.$*9!&(?H)$ +,. M
.$#'$ &
. ,M
,?B.$*3" #,,?B ?B7/
.$'3"#AI3#
.$ $ $ &#))&&!

(*&#&"$D3D'1- !"A6
8"!AG
8"!@)$3 3# A
,
'$
4 )&& & $ 1 - $ ' ##"'+$*&'$

#+*2 (#&1- 1- M

U U U
:'.#)$ 1-43 ')! )$$ 1-
4!3$

W. 3,.
4!3 )U S'+ )$ +
$ $
.W.
134
W.$ 3+$,.
4!3 )U ++

.W.$
3$,.W.$ 3+,. 3$,.

U ++ I4 3
)
.W.$
)$$& <* &"$&! *) +8=R&$.+ &

)$$ (*&! *) U
.# ! *$&
U
"& +$'!)) $2# &
4)$ $ #2 $ ++& ##1*
V

(.$*V W
?)$$$!*'$
$1-'''2
A
3 3
,M
M

)
A3 83 IW3
3
=$ 2 & * )$)'$1* '()$ +

3 3.$*

IA3
,B
2 W
?IA

A3
3 3
8 $&"3
()(*&#&"!" '
$$(3
.$
?IA

)(1*
( D D=$(#&22# &$ )$ +
IAI3)$ ,,B A
,B7/ )* !+
-*!*A3 (#&'")' &&"!
?M
A3
2 W
?IA

3 33
.$$#&!&)+'"$'$ !+1*$
&#&) ! * B
(* +'$
'(*& !+
135
0.4Cos(30pit+20deg) vs
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4cos(30pit+20deg)
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Time t (s).
Shifted triangle wave vs t.

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Shifted triangle.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Time t (s).
136
Reconstructed xc(t) using FS (cosine plus shifted triangle wave).
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.6
xc(t)
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Time t (s).
!
3 .

. 3

% ,.3
.
. 3
.

3 .$
. 3
.

U
2
%"!
.
.
,
,
. ?
9&'3#A B
( $)$#+#&!&)
137

!" # $ %&

$"

!!'#'()&*

#'$"

138

. ,.3,.,.3,.
3
.
3 3 3 3

. 3,. 3,..3,.3,.

3333?3
9&'$B
(1* ##2( &)$$2 2U
$)$'*!&).$) !*$

Ω

πΩ
One period of half-wave-rectified sine wave; solid = 50-term FS, --- = exact xc(t)
1
0.9
0.8
xc(t) and FS estimate
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time t (s)
139
.$'*!# $)$'*!&)
Ω

πΩ
A., ,.3,.3
3
..,
W3 W3 W3 W3

A

. 3,. 3,.

AW3W3

.3,.3,.
A@

33?3
.$$( ##2(

U @,,?,.,@?,.
2
@,,A,.,B?,.
9&'$$ B
(1* ##2( &)$$
U $)$'*!&)1$B
( ##2(
2 2
$) !*$
140
!" " !# $%&'$("("

One period of half-wave-rectif. cosine wave; solid = 51-term FS, --- = exact xc(t).
3
2.5
xc(t) and FS estimate
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time t (s)
141

. 3,.. 3,. .. 3,. .

3

.
3.
3

)$)* !"# )$* * + 2# 3,.

+ 2# 3,., 3,.>+ &* )!
.
3 .'3
13
)$ +
W
3..
9&'$B
(1* ##2( &)$$2 2U
$)$'*!&).$) !*$
+*), #
!-$"$"

7 ?A@I

A?
H
,A
B
B

,A?
,H
, ,A
,B
,B
)$)$ $''*'
?A@I
A?
H
,A
B
B

: $ &'<* ,6
A
& A?
& H
B

B
.$&( *#&!

& B
A?O)$
O, &#
8 A
,$&#!(
O,
142
8 & A?
,$&#!(
O,
8 & H
,$&#!(
O,
8 B
,$&#!(
O,
8
B
,$&#!(
O, :$$ 6
!,6

,6
XA
A?
H
B
B
'"
1 $ #$ #& $ '( && $ #$ !*

&#
, )$&'+"& !*M

&#
, '
$ (!&)' 3$#$ &##

.$ "(##& $F & !D!D#& $)$'*

!&).$ "(#O#&) )*F & !'+'
# .$ (D#*DF & !)'$
$ (#&' (#&'"
O 4.12I
, 65.637/
143

!"#$%$&$"'$%$$!%$$"(

Hc(s) = 4.136e+005(s+8000)(s+3400)/[(s+5e+004)(s+1.5e+004)(s+300)
40
20
Gain dB
-20 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
0
Phase deg
-30
-60
-90
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
144
7 @I
'
,A
B
@
@?@?I
'

@ ,
, ,A
,B
?KBI
,@?@?I
'
)$$&

@! '(
@I
'
,A
B
@?@?I
'

@
.$(#&2#& H
V H

@?@?I
' H
?I
,$ ?KBI
H
?I
,

MMB
.$ * (! ' # & $ ( $ / $
.$ &'<* ,
A
B
&
H
?I

MMB
1$&( *#&$ &&#
O, $ &
"(## $*$ ,
&

@ ??KO.$
$&''*#&-) *6
,??K
?K
O)$$$2(&''*#&
8 A
,$&#!(
O,
8 B
,$&#!(
O,
8 &
,$&#!(
O,
8 H
?
,$&#!(?
O,
.$ &( *
& ?
O !+$ "(#
8& VAO$$:$$ 6
!,6

?

,6
XA
B

H
?
'"
1 $ # $ # & $ ' ( &

& $ #$ !*M
&#
, )$&'+"& !*H

&#
, '
$ (!&)' 3$#$ &##

145
.$ "(#O#& $F & !D!D#& $)$'*
!& ) P + && $ " (& !* ''(2 &
D#*D$ $& *!&)
OAO)!
K7/
MA 37/ '$AO'< * '+$'<*!"J#
.$ ##2( &"$&('$ ' *!&*

#$$'$%$")$!#$$#!#$(

&

O *$ (#&)$#$ #& &# $* (#

* &'<*" &# ) "'($ $ "(##&
146
Hc(s) = 6e+009s(s+1000)/[(s+500)(s+300)(s^2+1.6e+004s+6.464e+009)]
20
0
Gain dB
-20
-40
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec
90
Phase deg
-90
-180
1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec
.$*'' "&, (#&' W( $ $ ) (#&

' $&& ""&)$$$((*(#!& &&"#
&&

,
L,
L
,
)$

B?

L
,

2

222A

7 $
$$$A

F*&#&"$))$ +
147
2
2
22A

$
$
$$A

2
$A
2$A2$A2A$A
2
$2$
2$2A$
2
$
2$2$
2A$
2
$
2$
2$
2A$

7 2

$
2
$
2$
2
$2$2$

2
$A2$2$2A$

2$A2$2A$
2$A2A$2A$A

)$
2
$

2
$
2$

2
$2$2$

2
$A2$2$2A$

2$A2$2A$
2$A2A$
2A$A
O*$ 2 &"<* &"" 2J$.$')$ +

+'$
R 7
.$S.1. 1*# '$#'*

2

=( )$ $*(

I

$ $2# &# "#$% $%& '()& *&+#,- .%&+&
.$'
&(/%($*(#)$ (#$*(
&
5 $2 (#&)$$ '$+ '($+S.1.

2
148
=
8 )$= ,
=

8 )$= ,=
.$& 2# &&&#!*$ ''#4$

''#' $D(D$ &*($ &)&&
!# &2 #
!
=
$ ,=

=/(
!7/ ,=/ =7/$ + #& /

=/
! *$/$( &!"$*( O"
%Y7# &Y*&7 P+
=
7 ,=

-$#&!&):$S.1.$ &)# $ )$$

)$($1& ==
* &&"$$$

'<* + *( &"$&)'<* $
$* # P)*&$)+*$ + '& $$
<* &" & & )# ' &! *'& $$
&! *''$ ''*&&F+( *$
= , #)$$$ &"'& $# !
"#$%%&

!

149

=
7

=
((((

((((((((

((((((

(=(=
7

(==

O '*($$&' ";'F & ! ! &'(

7
! ! !

!

L7 )$$N
'
,
!
N
3 '!$6
!
N'
$
)$ +
!
$ !N
+!"!+$<* &"

! ,!
!
' &&" !.$*,
L7N
'!N N
) !$)
1= A)$ +
$ I
A@I
AAAI
AI?I
A

I
AII
AI
AI
.$*
7/

@?I/
/

MABI//
A
KI//
?
.$*
7 I

@?IA

MABI
A
KI
?
150
=$ $ 7 &+ &*! *&"$ &
!* & +'*'* &&"'*7(#&2
+ &*+)$$ &O *7 &)'#&!&)
$$( * #$ #&'&&)=$ $( *
+'*' $#$ '*'4 &#&$
!"" #

/* ,+," * 0 ", * #/$

) * +,"-.
1," * 0 ", *

) * +,"-.
151
Truncated digital high-pass filter unit sample response; M = 3.
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
h(n)
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Time index n
:$2#&)# $( * #$ '7 $'F

:')*#(#$F A $F
#&)'$ $
+$$ *$&"$ (
/* ,+," * 0 ", * #/$

) * +,"-.
1," * 0 ", *

) * +,"-.
152
Truncated digital high-pass filter unit sample response; M = 100
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
h(n)
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-100 -50 0 50 100
Time index n
:$' &<*#&$'*!&))#&$#* &2

$ '(( # 3$2 !*B
(#&#
' ,B

)$$$3)$$&)'<*" &*$
*#* & $*#*'$* '&'!$F

F A &)$$*#*J(1F
)$)!$$
(#&*#* $ &*#*$)$)$ ('

'$ ## 5& &"'F A$
#! !&"& !&
Input signal = 1.5cos(2 pi 0.02n) + 2cos(2 pi 0.2n+0.2pi) - sin(2 pi 0.4n).

4
2
Input signal x(n)
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n
153
Desired output signal: -sin(2 pi 0.4n).
1.5
1
Desired output signal
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n
.$ &#$'&&)#&/! *$'&

! * & &*& ''&
O stems = output of truncated filter; * stems = ideal output; M = 100.

1.5
1
Output of filter, y(n)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-100 0 100 200 300 400
Time index n
154
O stems = output of truncated filter; * stems = ideal output; M = 100
1.5
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n
O stems = output of truncated filter; * stems = ideal output; M = 3.

1.5
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n
155
8&$='&$ =%= *(!'(#&2/#
7/.$$*(!' &/7/==$ &&$#&
$%$ &/! /" $(#&2/
! / /
===
7 /( //" ////
(
===
I/( //" ////
( /

=$ /+ &* / ) #*&&*'( $'$

* ( $' $ ( *' && &#*&&*
(/"// $( *'(4! $
/( /( '/
===
7 /" //
(
===
/",/" /,/,/
(

C+ *$+ &*'$2#)3))$$$D &D
&/'7/* / " ,/"G)3))$$$D &D
(#&2/'7/* / ,/ $$(*'&&)'(#&2
* # ! * $ &! * &&)$ +$#*
+ &*.$*$*(!'#&"& !&# === ==
$)$)#!&G$*$ Z==#!&/(!
*&$+S.1.( *#=$ ) &$
&' $ +!&$*=$)+$
$&"((*(#$ "()$$( *#$ + &&
/)$$*&

& ,/,/
/ & ,/,0

!.$#& $)!&)G' /

/''
$ &'*'/G &'*'/
4$)+*"$ &5$ #A$#'*&&""* "
$ &(
156
|X(z)| where X(z) = ZT{[ln(a)^n/n!]u(n)}; a = 0.05.
200
150
100
50
-50
-100 2
-1
0 0
1
2 -2
jy = jIm{z}
x = Re{z}
-$#&!&)
x(n) = [ln(a)^n]/n!, where a = 0.05.

5
1
x(n)
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
0 5 10 15 20
Time index n
157
-$#&!&).$ ) #&(*& *&"$&'(
2#!$*&!+ &* / ) &$
$" !*$.$'$&'(2#+'
8& # &&")$$*&!$ +$( */
'(#&# !1 &&"$'& ## ! $$# '&
$*$'+"&)<* &"
|X(exp(j2pif)| where x(n) = [ln(a)^n]/n!, where a = 0.05.

20
18
16
14
12
|X(exp(j2pif)
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f (cycles/sample)
.$#&'2 ) $)!&).$'' $

2&& ((# )$ &)# $$
$$# $ =$ 2 & +"
"# &&"$$# ! *('" / && +"
) (#&.$$ +'($$# &)# !$ +*
')$$2 ) ' &&'=$
, .$ &+ &* &"+'$#&!$$
# 2#& )$"

B $$# '&
N , )$ &
&)# '&$+
<* &"*
158
x(n) = [ln(a)^n]/n!, where a = 10.
3
2.5
2
x(n)
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time index n
|X(exp(j2pif)| where x(n) = [ln(a)^n]/n!, where a = 10

10
7
|X(exp(j2pif)|
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
159

2

-# &

6

2

??
,
1

2

!*
O O

8 8
* + 2#
* + , 2#
$

2

W
2

.$ ' (! '*'**#'$
S.1.' '* !2 'NG
$)
!.$#& $)!&).* @

($ <*
'2 /+' !*BA
G)*@
:$S.1.#&
160
$*& &$ $*+ !*$
4 *#& DD# !$$ '2)$DD6
W
)

=$ $# &D D(' !*$

2#)&&&&!+ &
x(n) = DTFT-1{triangular spectrum}

0.3
0.25
0.2
x(n)
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Time index n
161
Solid = exact X(exp(j2pif)); ----- = DTFT{truncated x(n)}
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
|X(exp(j2pif))|
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.5 0 0.5
Digital frequency f
5(# )$# '9!&(?A@)(#&"#& !"

$ 7$ DD.$DD(( $(
&.$DD)&&'*$ $4$$('
)! $ ))$'*$)36
W
$

!R 47

N

$)
$ I$(! *<*

4 & "$ +$+S.1.'$'("'(# 6
W

"

=))$S.1.'$(
162

"

% .$)$* * + 2#

+ , I2#

"I

*
* + + ,

"

8&" $
A
" ""
W
"

,@

4$& $ ( #* ) ''*&) )$ &" ''*&

(#$(( 0
.$#& $)!&).* @

($ <*
'2 /+' !*BA
G)*@
:$S.1.#&
$*& &$ $*+ !*$
163
y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
y(n)
0.02
-0.02
-0.04
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Time index n
Solid = exact Y(exp(j2pif)); ----- = DTFT{truncated y(n)}.

0.25
0.2
|Y(exp(j2pif))|
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-0.5 0 0.5
Digital frequency f
164
.$##&*)! *$ / '('
/(0'(1*$+! * &*: *$' $
'*'$%-:"(7/.$*)$2 W2#
2# $*#*)$)*&( &")&& I
A
" W72# 2# 72# 2#

72# 2# 2#
W2#

,
WW
=$ $+&#(<*$+&*$(
:$'*!&))$)$<*#&8$ $ &
) "'A
$ ( &&"2
O stems = exact y(n); * stems = convolution of causal sinusoid with h(n).
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
y(n)
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
3000 3050 3100 3150 3200
Time index n

7
,?,A
,A,

,?,A,
AB,@

K,,
AB,@ B,@

K,, K,,
165
' &&"
AB,@B,@

7
K,,K,,
,L B,@,AB,@

K,,,K,,
7,

L,
L7
.$
" A7 ,
,
L7 ?7
,A,
L7

! .$ * & $ ) $#&$'*!&).$"
*$ !&$ "
O stems = analytical result; * stems = truncated "conv" result

30
20
10
y(n)
-10
-20
-30
400 420 440 460 480 500
Time index n
! 7 ,

HB$ I
HB*

!7

HB
HB

HB
HB KBK*
.$#&('!+"$ &# 3

'+ &*
7 ,

B AAA:' && $<* '*
!+ ((*( V'+ &*,A?B
H
166
,? , (#&*$&"$*#*( 2(*( AI,KBK,
HAK7)+$ * &( *&! *$( 2(*(
' &&
L7 B@? .$ * # * # +"$$ (#&.$#$
,
((/' ,? ,?
?BB@? ?.$*$( 2(*(HAK? HBB.$
2 &")$ (*&
,? ,?

R .$*

R$ # 3 ##2( &" V,?G '!+")($#&
)$$ &"! *F & !.$( 2(*(+ &**$&"7 +, @K
F2 &"

W KK.$+ &*

HB
HB
*$ !&'($**( &( 2(*(
:**() "2 8 8

:() "2 8 8
:**()*$(#&2*(#&2#&
Ω

Ωθ
Ω
Ω θ

θΩ

θ

Ω

167
:()*$(#&2*(#&2#&
ω

ωθ
ω
ω θ

θω

θ
ω

1($* & &" ! *(+"(& &"

$)'**(-$# ''<*"
#'(2 (9!&(B?
%2 2 2,
)$2 2, !$ &+ &*.$
S2 S2 2
S2 2 2, 2 S2
!S2# 2# ( 2# (I2#
.$&*' & ''''<* $ $

('* &'( $+'* &&''*#$
='$''<* .$*'2 2# $
*&'# ! &&$'' '$'('2 (
)$$ )$#.$'" &'$
168
'(6

" R )$ R R R
&+ & * :'$
'' ! && & + &*$$(#&2 * '$
''<* 6
=F
" !2)$$&&*$ '"$*#*

)$$#*2$")&&!$*#*)$$#*2

.$*

'2 $$*#*)&&!" WR
=2$ <*
2
W

WW-
.$"(& $ '#*2*&*#*" #*

2*&*#*"$#*22*&*#*
""
.$')$2 !+

" WRWR R R
)$R
&&!
(4)

2 2# 2# )$
.$''<* $*!)
=
F
SR !S

*$*&'#
=
F
SR !S

* $*&'# ! $' $ ! &
=
F
IR !I

' *$!*&&)$I
F
=
R !I

(
.$ &" ) " $ !+<* $ & 2,+ (1 1 3 ' $''
(*&#&"/4!
169
F
!
(

R )$$'*$*&)*&!
=

*** & '( &"4 *$) &&$& & &$

#+'( (( ##+.! ")(#&" &&$
'

R R$" R

F+'
F
!
(
7
=

$" I7I ,

L7$ #+*&"*3)
R
$ +$+ &*
R I7
,
L7
170

!
Pole-zero diagram of H(z) = -0.0625(z-2.646)(z+2.646)/[(z-0.5)(z-0.25)].

1
jIm{z}
-1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Re{z}
! "#$ %& $ '("#

( !)% **
'&"+" '"" &!$*,- *'"#$ %&
'+*% ".//
Magnitude Response (dB)
H(z) = -0.0625(z-2.646)(z+2.646)/[(z-0.5)(z-0.25)].
0
-5
-10
-15
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Normalized frequency (Nyquist == 0.5)
0
Phase (degrees)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Normalized frequency (Nyquist == 0.5)
171
% 01 2+% ".345!&*" '

)"
* * 1 6 2+ %$* *%& & "% 7
) *+$*". "$ % !&". ' '*-

88

345 %""% 7%& 2!9 (*$

( " '
""$ %
'- $.%"...!+8(:(*%
. $

8 8 $ $
$ . '7%&2!9(*.$( '

' ""$ % ;!
1*- '" &5<=>+>?@A5B4@C27 '*"
&-$" ) &$ &%:" &$%.%
$ !-$& **!&2!
Unit sample response. Lines = dimpulse; stems = analytical solution.

0.5
0.4
0.3
Amplitude
0.2
0.1
-0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10
No. of Samples
172

D

? '*- E7%$*;
!FG
H
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

8
H

8
H
8
H

DJHK

8
H8

DJHK

8

: ' +
8H8H8

8 8

DJH8DEFK

8

8
DJH8DEFK
8

H

DJHK

88
J8K+

% !#$

D
+ * "."&L
7.. &$%%"$&$345 -
'-
".'. "$ . "*%&
! 0:"% .

-$ DE F H
8+%' 4%""% "
:
-$
DD D D8H 88

4%""% "
:
-$
DD D DEF

=$' +
-* '%$
173
4% ' $.+" *
I+%
& $ %%+!$.*'"#$ %& $
$*"+& /"

<
1

/
1
+-*"C@>
6
/

$< E F
! 1+1"GD+ E/+1F

% <
%1 M 1

JE%1 F 1 K JE8%1 FK
I<

J 1 E%1 FK
.7.$.-$"< J8 K%%$ ' 1+**+

*. .$.-$"< J8 K%%$ ' 81
* !$'".**

%*". * *%%%$ ;&%%$-
* '$!.7.$.-$"< //+ *. .$.
-$/HNN!!&%%$ .*
x(n) = damped impulse train; a = 0.98, N = 20.
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
x(n)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time index n
174
Mag. of DTFT of damped impulse train; a = 0.98, N = 20.
3.5
2.5
|X(exp(j2pif))|
1.5
0.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
Angle of DTFT of damped impulse train; a = 0.98, N = 20.

0.8
0.6
angle of X(exp(j2pif)) (radians)
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
175

/
LJ$ K
8
8
"
O=C@>*
/
%$*$ %%+B4* 7 *&.$
. $ $ !
!1 '"" :1+

*$

+ *!&$"?99$+" *"%.$& '
<
,8 ? " " :1 $+ * ? . < +
$& - 7% '. -$ " :1 " %
'- * "'$! @+< .*$*!&
"$ % J?18K J18K '"."%.$& '<

,8 0'7%&.$"< $,8
M$ $.%&%.$B4"? "7 +-"*
"'$ ! 0 ? / + #$ % 7 % '&
.! '*%"$ % > #$ &+%$.. &
.*%4$*%:%$.B4 %%$
" *% #$ % ? ? // + $ - .
.%%$.%?.B4"' 1 '7
Finite-length geometric seq. alf^n for n on 0, N-1; alf = 0.9 and N = 10.
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
x(n)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time index n
176
L = 10 rep`s of finite-length geom. seq. alf^n for n on 0, N-1; alf = 0.9, N = 10.
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
L repetitions of x(n)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n
? /G
!! "# !! "$ #%

&'& ()*%

177
? //G
!! "# !! $ %&

'(' )*+&

4.,8/ +
".$.-.1 '
+ E/+18F18

LJ K
+
/+ /
$"
*--O6.$&!& &,
8= 1+ E/+18F
LJ K
/+
8=

E18F

D 8
1

4% *.+"
+ E18+1F1

LJ K

/+ 18

!

178
L = 0 1 . 9
1 0 r e p ` s o f f i n i t e - l e n g t h g e o m . s e q . a l f ^ n f o r n o n 0 , N - 1 ; a l f = 0 . 9 , N = 1 0 .
*
*

DJK
*

DJE18F
1
K

D

P '8 +! + * +" *L"7 ,8/
=
<
J
81
81 DE

F

8
8
8
8

H
8

DDJE18F
1
K
1

K
18
=
J81 E

F8
1

8
18
8
8
8
H!

81 E

F8
8

8
18
1K
+%% '."-$"

+
=888888
<
J
E8F
E8F

111111
H%
88

E88F
E88F
K
11
=8
J
E

FK H*

11

8
=
J
8
K+ H
1

%#$,8 . JDK%'
*! '#$

4
+'!%:
".*" G
118=188=
< 7 D 7 E188D F E1818 18 F
/ /1 1
=E18F+
< =18+ ,8!
179
! < B4J7 K+.&$!$
,8 G
M= =E F
<
18 18 E F
= 1 8= 1

+
18 8 1 8
,88
?7 $
J
E
FK JE
FK J
K
JK

J8K+O

8

+
6
LJ7 K <

$.". %<

;$*%%. ". %

#$ %7 *-'1%C@>
6+%* %$*
0 $.%&7#$ !% -' %"

2!!.B$"% -% -'
'. %+$*.% $$."% -' %
*-' % '
'"./
! P '7%&.%*$$* 757. +!

7%'. !+//*%. .) %* &+!& *!$
H+!' !% -' %*""%$&
180
Comparison between x(n) (O stems) and
estimate using ZT-1 contour integration (* stems); |zc| = 1.5.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time index n
% 0 % & %.$ " -$* '+ !$ . '
!%$$*C@>"<
A+ !+
'. 7
Comparison between x(n) (O stems) and

estimate using ZT-1 contour integration (* stems); |zc| = 0.9.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time index n
181
A$!$ 'B"**+-
12
B& !B7
/ /
A"- '".$ +$%:$ ".

*. (A- '("& +!
2
!B
/
& JK7 +%$&.*. 7 +
1
B
/
!$ + -+ . '"$ & !%:*
7 %* !& B 0 ? " '
*"" #$ : +- *
Q < + * % -* '!%
A$+-+ +-* .
*. +! '"!%: ""$ % *
$ *$$' .*. +$*'.$&.*.
@"%$+ .%.. -+ ""$ %
$* !%$ . * $ " . .$% $$$
.$ ".?%*.
@' &+ &.! (( $* (( " *"" '
$ *-!)% '*((-$$
% %$-G".+"%.7"#$ %&@7."
(7" $+&"$$+(("$'-.+!"
.- ' -' .+( (R " " "$ % + " "*!%:
""$ % +((3"-'+S"%-+($ *-"
% *&' %* >$%&C. #$ > +
*% %$-+M+:++.+ " *%
4*%.&.+".8/ -*"" %#$
12
& !7 A$!$ 'B"*&!& *7
/ /
+-
12
B& !B7 (A- '("& +!
/ /
2
!B
/
& JK7 +%$&.*. 7 +
1
B
/
!$ + -+ . '"$ & !%:*
7

%* !& B 0 L " '
*"" %#$ : +- *
Q

<
+
* % -* '!%
A$+-+ +-* .
182
*. +! '"!%: ""$ % *
$ *$$' .*. +$*'.$&.*.
@"%$+ .%.. -+ ""$ %

$* !%$ . * $ " . .$% $$$
.$ ".
*.

*+.%!' $ &

&% -$ " *& !. * / -$
!.

! 0-
+9/

JK$ *999*99*9
/+
99+99/
*999*99
/+
9998T+999/
*999
/+
ETF$
% 4 '*% +*& *& $ !%.
& & $ +
+&.!%&+

& $

17+7 * ?$ E" '8 *! F

=

9
@*9
,
8M>9

1 ' -?% ".;"7.+

79 !$9+ *$#$ %
% $$."$ %

@
*9
8M>9

>%*% $ % ' *' "'$!
183
Ω

α σ

) ' +>.$& %(( /+$.* *- "

?$ >"$ % &% * '("**(
#$ %>* % &% * '('**(
#$ %(?"**(! !% *!%$
&.4 $ !%$#$ %+>$* %+
"'$!
Ω

σ

/G' " % '*-*- '
184
:.$**--+% '-! 9 +
* 9 *9
*9 9* *
. $' % %* " '+*$% %$ -"

*% "> >9=+
9
% $>9 %> ".* % "

>** 9 + *">** $
**
@
@ /

8M>98M>9
'

!%$ " ' * %*!&>9
O/G

@
*9

8M>9

A JK JK + UUU

EJKF
/
"+!&$"! +
& $

EF$
/T

EF$

@"%$+!&% - ?% ".% #$ *"%
7 ++" $+

+Q EF

'-& !-+$ -?% ".
185
&" '$ ! "3!.H8
"$ -*7%&.& G

$ E; *+" /+ D F
T
B%&& 'UUU $ "3!.H8+-

J K

$
T
%. !%.

$ $
. /.T
#$ ". - ?% ". " + !$
! *$- '*"" #$ + *$- ' -
?% ".$ '!
! 02O1 *&.! *%$+%$

&."&M$ &
* !$. ?
$% * &.+".%&E)$*! '+
$'*$:-2O1'$ ( O/(.

* " - *-- " F 4. % +
#$ = *, +-+$ *" ' + * +

@

* LJ K V
8M>
0-

$ ? '. +
/ T

. $
. /.T
A$!$ "V #$ '-
186

@
*$
. /8M>.T

@
*+/
8M>
?J K
1$'% * '>!(-( 3!.H8+!&

*". .>% !,.%MM ?+"%*
""
4" *B4
M2M28
M2M 28
<
/MM8

M2 8
28
$!$*"#$ & %

%%$
28 +82+" 2
A ' 8:1+! $ &"$:$
M:2 1 :21

<:
:1
07%
1M8:1" M8:1"
<: 01%
/
" ? *+ .$ - "1 ?+ 1 ?" 7 $.

&":1 W"+: W?; *&-.' $*#$
18$+7%..' $* %+ ':
% ' '1'$ ?*C..!(?($1?
48.*+1 8/ *7% * ! 7 $

7% B4.' $*X %:*".' $*/: /+ */
) %+& "% *$. 'X %:*
: /"-$8/
4.*+1 / *7% *! 7 % 8

.+7% B4.' $*X %:*".' $*8/: /+
*// /
4/.*+1 // *7% *! 7 % H

.+7% B4.' $*X %:*".' $*H/: /+
*/// N/ !) -&%+7%&
187
7% " " + - "
-$""+$*.:%" ***" '
x(n) = cos(2pi f0 n) where f0 = 0.5 cycle/sample.

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x(n)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 5 10 15 20
Time index n
20-point DFT of cos(2pi f0 n) where f0 = 0.5 cycle/sample.

20
18
16
14
12
|X(k)|
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
DFT index k
188
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x(n)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

25
20
15
|X(k)|
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
DFT index k
189
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x(n)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n

50
45
40
35
30
|X(k)|
25
20
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
DFT index k
190
*%. !% $ #$ %
"$"B4%&1*%) "%+.*
"G
: /G* ;$+ E/+1F*
: G* ;$+ E/+1F*
: 8G* ;$+ E/+1F8*
: G* ;$+ E/+1F*
: G* 8;$+ E/+1F*
: HG* ;$+ E/+1F*
: G* ;$+ E/+1F8*
: G* ;$+ E/+1F*

#
"
!

$

191

!

#

"

!

#

"
192

!

! $

#
&
%
$

"
193

!

"

#

"

! %

#

"
194

$

!

/M M

.JM *M *K

86//
M
.E M M F
86/

! %% -$ .-&"$

<M 4J% K J K"+
Y
< M MJ D K MJ K+
Y
7
/M M
% JM *M *K
8/

MM M
J K
8
%" /
8 + **

/+ -
*" /
/ /
195
Y *" * $$ "
* *%. ! ". 7
Y
! ". $7 G7 7 U 0" *
! ". " 7 % =' + %
% -$ .-&"$
< B4J% K J K"+

Y MJ D K MJ K+
<
Y +.'-! 7%*$

7
18M8 :11M8 :1

JM MK
1: /: 18
%" /'-
M8 18 1M8 18 1M8

JM MK
1M8 1M8 1

M8 18 1M8 18 1

M
JK
1M8 1

M 81
8M

1M 1M 1M 1
JK
M8 1
M 1

1 1
M 1 M 1

1 1

8 % 1 + **

1 M+ - + /
4 /+' $.'-
/ M1 J18 18K 8M1;
"+!-$ *"

$-"* 2!!@.%%$*
$ '""": +U.! *$ '%*".
$!-&'7%&
17 % 821+7%&2*
* * :
196
1M8 :2 1M8 :2 1
<: JK
/
M8:2 M8:2

JK
M8:2 1M8:2 1

P : 2: 21 12+$.

)": 212+
$.#$1+'- '
<: 18 J:2 :12 K

$
Q: 18 JM:2 M:12 K+
& B4JQ: K E8MF J7M8 21 7M8 21 K
!"1 8 *2 H@.

""": D""J% +U. $'
7%&-+" *% !/ 821+
' ' $.!"*"% 7 > #$ &+
<: '.&X %:*"$ % *"&
' -+ !+'*'.
&".*'". *+*% $&*$ - '
' $.!"*"%$.-
O stems = Re{ifft calc. of Hilbert trans. unit sample resp.};

* stems = closed-form result.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Re{hH(n)}
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
197
O stems = Im{ifft calc. of Hilbert trans. unit sample resp.};
-3 * stems = closed-form result.
x 10
2
-2
-4
Imag{hH(n)}
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
x(n) = cos(w1n) where w1 = 2piM/N with M = 5 and N = 128.

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
cos(w1n)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
198
O stems = [y(n) = cos(w1n)*hH(n)]; w1 = 0.1pi, N = 128; O stems = sin(w1n).
1.5
Hilbert-filtered cos(w1n) and sin(w1n)

1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
x(n) = cos(w1n) where w1 = 0.1pi with N = 128.

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
cos(w1n)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
199
O stems = [y(n) = cos(w1n)*hH(n)]; w1 = 2piM/N,
M = 5, N = 128; O stems = sin(w1n).
1
Hilbert-filtered cos(w1n) and sin(w1n)
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
1G !%:*'.!%$ *" * &
M7+* .: +$*$$&!
* "'$ !1! "."
% . $ +4$ ".
ME F1 * %.' $*-
/+$.&
> &+ * %
.' $*-* %+$.&%' .' $*+
.' 0! "%$."&
*! *"<M

Ω

Ω Ω
−Ω Ω Ω
200

Ω
Ω

Ω
π
Ω
−π

Ω

Ω Ω
π
−Ω Ω Ω
−π
201

Ω

−Ω Ω Ω Ω
−Ω Ω Ω

1M MD' ME8$ F
17 <M EMDM F<M EJ8$ KF<M
8<M $ +
!
$+<M % &(-"#$ %&"("<M
! 4.7 +%%$. "'$!

2*$* %
"#$ %&$ '%.7 $*+ "
%$."- ! +.*$$+ 7
"'$E* * F+!&$ '% "$ % 1+-+
% !%.! * .*$ G
7M D%J K!%:*'.$ " "'$
!

Ω
Ω Ω
−Ω Ω Ω
202

Ω
Ω
Ω

Ω
Ω Ω
−Ω −Ω Ω Ω Ω

Ω
Ω
203

"'$!"

% * *%
* 4'80
%' %%+
$%$ * *%%!' %'*$%
-'Z -+!"#$%+!7%$ *+ *
%%7 &*%'$'C*
-)M$
!$* " '+".$-$% +$ * HDC>
% **"" & %% %' +
!$' %% &* %'*$%-'"Z
*%' '%"6M$*%!*
) * + C> . - ..%: - "&
C..! C>%%$- $$"+ *
- * - !7% $
-
) "$+C>'- % &!$/88Z!"

!' *%',%$7 .* * %7JC>K+
" . " & *. " O *
?:+"6 * $8 *+"'
!$$*7 %"*+'+8/
vCc(t) for vBc(t)=uc(t)-uc(t-T) in RC circuit with tau=RC= 0.1s,

T = 0.5s, and vCc(0) = 0V.
1
0.8
0.6
vCc(t) (V)
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time t (s)
204
T = 0.5s, and vCc(0) = 2V.
2
1.5
vCc(t) (V)
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time t (s)

T = 0.5s, and vCc(0) = 0V.
1
0.8
0.6
vCc(t) (V)
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time t (s)
205
vCc(t) for vBc(t)=uc(t)-uc(t-T) in RC circuit with tau=RC= 2s,
T = 0.5s, and vCc(0) = 0V.
0.25
0.2
0.15
vCc(t) (V)
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time t (s)
! =' +%' '*%' '% 44'8

* " H .+ % . $' '- 7.& '*
'. ."- 4 / * /8+" *'
*%

Solid = vCc(t), stems = vC(n); T = 0.5 s, tau = 0.1 s, and dt = 0.005 s.

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
vCc(t) and vC(n)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time t (s)
206
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
vCc(t) and vC(n)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time t (s)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
vCc(t) and vC(n)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Time t (s)
207
4.8 +-
1 88
J
K
<
+
/+
+
E1 8FD
D

$-* = *7,A '

+-
M1 88
MEF
<
MM8
E1 8FEF
M1 M1 M1 8

E F

MM8M8M88
E1 8FE F
ME1 8FM
E1F

E1 8F 8
%$ % % " D'-8
4%+<

$*$ %%+
&% $ %%
9 ;+>!
$ %% *
9 M*+ * '$ ".
0 -
<
<
*
8

<
<
*+%'*$
8

1
O"$*
$+L"7 7* ."B4"7
1%$ + % -$ E
% -$ "< .(: ("$ %
F

4%+<
$ %%+
&%$*$ %%0 **" "$ % &%
>;$%- "$ % '
<
?
9 !
9 ;
+>!$ %% *
9 M*+ * '$ ".
0 -
'
'
*+
8
208
<
<
*
8
1
O"$*
1
"6+
<
< *
8

<
< *
8
C%&.!!&
+ *9 4$!$ +-
!*"" - * ' .-% % '+
'- '
<
<
*9+%**$
8
%*!&9 1

6"$*
1%$ + % -$ E
% -$ "< .(: ("$ %
F

4+*-*$"" '7 4 '
*% +
11
<
7
< *
/8 /
1
< *
8 /
J
K
< *+
8
%$'- !.. 1+ %
A5>@1BJ
K
<
C5AP?)1[< *
@4=3351B)<=8
)% *.!-"" *-+

-$&
+"
6$. "% *$ ["= *7
= ?$% -% *.%.7 ''(!%:*( ?
+M* *+* *M ?% $>"!$
%% % *.
<
*1 <
@

@*

8M>
8M>
209
& < 1 /+*$"%7
'1="% %*!&"% &. '
' *
+ % $* $ %%+ *
"$*>> #$ &+ ' * &% % $+
!&>$%& '.+ '
"+
*'. ! ".$ $ '
". "
B4 *$ '>$%& '".$
P **%$. +7 4$%""% <:

$
M M8:

<M 7 * <: *

:
M8:
<: * 8D<: 8:
: :

<M <:
:
8D * 8
:
\ "
7<M ."<M 4J7 K7 7
E/+F */+% G<: D<M $
8:
!- -
8
<M D<M8: 8: <: :
: :

%& ". *. %+ *
. %'*!&."% $$.4$ "."
'*"*%-".+-$*. %"#$ %
*%*!&
=$'7 *%+% &B54)15%""% <:

8! P *$. +
MM8:
<M 7 * <: *
/:
M8:
M8:
<: * <:
: /: M8:

M:8 :8
<M <:
: :8
M8 8: J8 8: K

<:
: 8 8:

210

<M <:
:
:

8 M8M8
%J8K

8
07 1*% +% 77 ."*%

4$%""% <: !&B4".$G
1M8 :1
7 <:
1: /
17+7< ."7 7*!-+!&B4*" G
M1M8 :1M
< <:
1: /
1MJ8:1K
<:
1: /
% *$.% !7*$ '8=8
MJ8:1K
88:18

88:18 +

$* "% 7 7 A$!$ -$
7 '-**$G
M1
< <: 88:18
1: /

M18:
< <:

: /1

81 D8.
.
211
$*" 1 '#$ %7 $+7
*%4$
1M8 :1
7 <:
1: /
: '
".+-
11M8 :1
<
<:
/1: /
11M8:1
<: J
K
1: / /

17M8:

<:
1: /7M8:1
+$ '7M8: * ' '+-**$

1<:
<
D
1: /

"$ % ?% ". < J + CJK 6 K
-?% ".+.&:,.%% $ &
'" ECZ>$%+1Q:G2%R+
N8+8;/1G!* *%' "% -' % ;
8//F2-+ * !.. +& & *:
'""%&%%$E,3?+
!"1Q:G) 75*$% 3$!+N+;
H/""F >$%& ' ".$ .& ! $* -$ -
'+ -** .%%$ % : "+
' * *%& " &-& .%%$ "
% $ *]* 9..*=$. '!$+'
' ',.%% $#$8MD*$ 8MD *
-?% ". '*-**!&8M+J+6/;/+
K 7
.%%$%.&-$% $% " '
' "$&$ *C. #$ ' .
!$7%$* ' .:!
$">$%& '".$+". '%*
% $ ' * -?% '
1% *-$ M+% 7.""
+$* ' "% -' %"?% ".$+"
."*?% '+$*!
MM
<M * D
/ /MM
*"%$ !.G*-' %"

!$ *&.)"!$ *&.- +$*!"
M> #$ &+?% ".* 7
.' & 7 " & $% CJK 5#$- &+ 4$
212
&.& !*' !%$4$ ".*
7 A&. .$ * - 4$ ".
$ ! . *. .& ! .* " ' '+ ($ !
' ( !&% * '' !.$ ""%$
&.ERB%+#$!%&'!()*&
1Q:GZ 1 *C *+N+HF
4."$ % ! %$ * ' % '+%"

&%% $ .&!* *" &$%7 **'
". 7%"%$ !!& " $.!"
'$ &%% $ $ #$" '-$*?%
".+ ! % =""".&!-* " * '
&%% $ "!-7.!& ' "$ %
"&**!&?% ". ' ' "% -' %
"!% * G#$?% ' '
' CJK 6 + * &% $* ' ' ) "%+
&%-& 7% ) %$+"
7.!-+ &% .' &7
>.! ' &%% $ + %J +K
*". .+.&! *
'" 47.+% $.&!$ '.' &7
-&7% /+*$' *:$ *
*' % $>+ %$ "7%$
5-* &+?% ".-* "!7

"7 )* %$*7 -- '%.7 $*%
$!$* *" ' "* ?% ' %$ *-'
-+ ?% ". ! " %.7
7 7 =* '"7 -!!&". '
&% % $ " "$ % " *" * !& "* ?%
' ' "% -' %
-+ %""% " 7 "$ % " :
$*' "% -' %"?% ' $7.+
CJK O % ! ! * *%& ". ?% '
"+ %%> ,.%% $+ * '
?% &1 + 7 "?% ".+* *
< -!+&%&*" *-&7% '$
"< +? ' "% -' %%""% "7 "
%. & ' $* ?% ". ' " % -' %
*. * !& %%$ ' "$ % ". " < ' "
% -' % * &%&% $ '- A&.!%&+
%'- !..
) %* &+< +% $"( - '(E'+
F.$!: '"'$ 7 %"
' *E-$&+< F+!$.& $ %.
"7 "$ % "*$.)"
* +>$%& '.'$ ' '>.$!
#$ '$$,.%% $ ' "% -' %"
?% ".A%"%&+ ,.% '".MM
#$.,.% '+ ,.% '".
M M * ,.% ' #$+ * :
'+%*% $ ' " '$+$.

' "% %"< +*< +< *" *!&
?% ' ' "% -' % ' -$"
&.+% * '' "$ % % !*"<
% -$ '" .$ +% -' +
213
%."*?% ' ".$
> -&+ % -$ ' % -'
&%&% $*' - %) % %$ +
. '"% -$ "%$ $?% ' *
' "% -' %.$"$"% -$ .
1+& * '4$ &!%$4* 7

) *+ & & ' & " %.7 -! < +
&% % $ " < " '
* (4$ &(
57." & R44 : +]B3+=5..1 +
+!,-"&. C* '+2=G=** 0&+N+
8H/8H * 2 Z*&'+ C X ,%. + > A A!'+ (A.
."% "'%1&#$% +()555 =$.%
> +Z+1+//H+2%+N
&% % $ -* %& ". "
*. '*'" !& !&"&.-
1&#$!%$ &%% $ $ #$ *
."$ % "' *!&? ' "% -' %4
$ " . " - %* !&+ *
' % $% +% $.& *-*; *
'"E4 : F% $+%
1&#$ *$ -M7+.: $. !$
!& ) "%+ ' " + .:
% !$ &."$ % -$* M* %
.' $* * "+ EZ*&'
F$+% * $%% '%*' .' *
%*.' "1&#$! '%*
&..' !&&..%"&.
"%*!$.' &7
=$'% - 4$ &.!"$ !'
*&.+- "4$ &!A$%%
7 "J+6/;/+K % $>) ' +7
7 ** - *& % . .' $*+ + $
$*7%+* *!&+"%< '$&
' " .' & 7 4 + ' ' 7
$*.$!$* *% $"7 $*$ '
M 7 -& 7% + $* $
&
'+(%:$($ !+ *$ !%:M7"
""%""% <M "$* '*% $
*& $* 7 +%.$!***.&
*. ' $ ! 7 %* +

% !$ ". ' * "' ' " 7%$ )
%%+.&% .' $*+$ $*%.
$*!*%! &".+!& *%$ !7 &
% '.' $* $*$**. &.$.
) % %$ + ?% ". *" * ' "
-% %* !% " % -' % " ' "
7 * EC Z >$%+ 1 Q:G
2%R+N8+8;/1G!* *%' "
% -' % ;8//F= &%% $ -* ". 7 **
' "% -' %G).&7-& 7%"
$.!" '$ -+ *%".$"%""% "
7 "$ % +$%"*?% '+.&!
+ .& " * . ' *" " < ".
%. ".&!* "< !%$% $ *
. ' .& ! % '*"-$"
$ ' . '* 7) *+?% '
7.$!%%$* * &%&% $***
214
% $%'"* & <
: %*".
%. ""$ % "%.7-!$
' &. &".' "% %=+ &7
- ' " " % $ %"* %.
&%% $ "?% "."$ %
$* "#$ %& &"$ !&. *-!&.
-1&#$.! ' * .'
!%:".< .*.
%. & -"* !& : ' 4$
"."!* * '" **"$
4$ "." -4$ "."+!&. '
&"' **! $-"& '* &
EA,Z *3+,..+"$$/!*0)!!
' 1 ? * G >.!*' P -& 3+ NHN+ * R
R
+1+!&2 1Q:G2%R
+N/+8F
) % & % * 7 **"$ % $%
%. %!+ .&7 !!$& '!
7 '"7 % %7 "$ %
"$ % " %.7 -! * -!
' % $ '5%%. *" *!&%$
% $% %"7 "%. '"$)"% $
,.%+ &"7 "7 *J+
,.%% $K%."7 "$ % )"% $
,.%+ % " 7 . %*G 4 '- % $
*%!!!& M"$ % "+ + 7 .$!"
7 * "#$- '$ '
"< ""% $+.%-'
!$ **!&".!,.%% $A$%%
* " ' " -! % $ @ & % *
"*.&%. "
9
* 9
8M>
) %" &%% $ + &".' "% %+"
* -**%.*"" * '%""% "*
" ?% ". !%$ % $ ' *
% -$ .& ! % '*E% -$ ! '7
! 7 "7 -J+ >KF0.& &
"". %. ' -& " "$ % " ". -
%7 .&!7 **

7 < * 8
8M>
'.' $*?2 *.% &

**-% *- %*"" ',* *
)%2
+ &+!,- =%*.%3+1Q+N+!$
" ' . &*
- ***%. " G
215
E F;
E F
%$+;O/ / *;6/ /
8 *
8
$
/+6/
8 $ J 8/ + /K
/+O/
*
/+6/E*$$ F
8 $ J / / /+ /K
/ +O/+

+6/
8E $ $ F J 8/ + /K
+O/
,$
4J K EM M FE!%$4J K M F
EM !M FE!%$ F
"M "M CJM K
A.&+" +
4J K M#M

#M ).JM K
0: &

4J ! K =M9 ,M9 *9
8
*
PM 4J$ K M +
+
4J$ K M
$+: '4" +-
216
8
8"M9 M#M9
E"M9 9 M#M9 9 F*9
8M9 M9
+6/

4J 8/ + /K
+O/
M/ME7/ .

* *""%!%$ --*;
/ -&+ :"! '
%-*% ' * F
MM9
*9 *99 +* *9."
//
MM9
*J9 *9K!!%$ -$*
//
"M M#M "M M#M
8"M
>& '$ ' " **"8 +
"M9 M#M9

J *9E"M M#M FK 8"M
M9 M9
A."& '+
M"M9 9+ #M +9
M "M M#M *9
9

,$" -$*+M !M G
"M M#M "M M#M
5#$ ' *.' &+
"M "M ;+"M 5Z51"$ % "
#M #M ;+#M @BB"$ % "
> #$ &+"M9 99 @BB"$ % "9+ '".
9
A.&+#M9 9 @BB"$ % "9+
'".9
"+
M"M9 +#M 9

"M M#M *9*9

9 9

5#$ ' *.' &+!
217

8"M9
#M *9
/9

C ",*9 + .* 0"
%$+ + ! + * .' & " "#$ %&
M ***'
2-+$ +"M9 %*!&"M9 == &

% $ '.*** G
=9
*9 JK /A+ "%+
/99/
"M *#M :* & **-%

) $,*+*8/'JM K *
IM 5Q
*++=C5&* ^1%
MIM
'JM K 'JM K
MIM
'JM K'JK
' M
IM
'JM K'JE/FK

MD' D
IM
'JM K'J/K
'JM KM' D

IM
A?2 * ' *.' &

+%-&+"'JM KB"
Y ' J K

?
!" G

Y '

Y
$+
"
?!
" G
/
Y ' /

Y
$+"
Y + %* %$. " > "

1+ "
*%.%$. ++
Y ?J' J KK+

%$ * ! " * & " " " "$ %
Y F "" +
E
Y %$ *!" *

&"=1BL5C@A" "" +"
2)1)2P23=A5&.
218
Y +!%$' D -
E2-+" +!
?%*. % M$'&..&*"."$ % F
Y
$+" . .$.+ *.' &"
:*!& ;+?2 *"$ % * ,*
:*2-+
?2J=M K ?2= ?2JM K+
" %*% ' !& % + ' *
% 'T= '$'$. %$*!.* % '*% '
!&$ "..$ * ?2
219

x(n-n0) and phase{DTFT{x(n-n0)}} for n0 = 2

1
x(n-2)
0.5
<exp(-j2w)X(exp(jw)) = <DTFT{x(n-2)} (deg)
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time index n
500
-500
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Digital frequency (rad/sample)
x(n-n0) and phase{DTFT{x(n-n0)}} for n0 = 10

1
x(n-10)
0.5
<exp(-j10w)X(exp(jw)) = <DTFT{x(n-10)} (deg)
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time index n
2000
-2000
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Digital frequency (rad/sample)
220

!

"
%
#$& "
'

% % %

(&)
$*"*+&
( (
$ )$$,
-*,
)
(&
.
"
$+,/
)
0 )/
0

+,
)
)1

"

,/
)
0

'
2
3 4((

5(

6 ' "
7 ) 856 9:"

;
(2 (

7 ) 5 85( 5
4

<
2
34"
585

;"

85
"

9:
=

;"
>57 /5,5(0"

7 ) >5.
" "

) ) " 9:"
;
)2

(2 ( 5 (2 (
7 ) 5 >5( 5 %%%%%%% (5
4 5( 4
)2

5 2(,5 )222(,5 5
%%%%%%( 5%%%%%%%%%%5%%%%%%%(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
5( 2(,55(5(5(

>5
!
" ;

4"
221

)

?

?

< 5(

7 ( ( 5
(
@ A (

5"( ( ( A";
( (

7 ( 5 A55*5
A(

&(2&(&
=* *
1(
B
? A(C
&(& 2(&A&A &

=* *A "
1((
'

;" (

&1?,

=.*?(?*?(?
?(
&1?, &1?A,
*?A
?A(
&1?,

(
7 ) ) 5@ ) " ( (
4
(
7 ) 5 5

(2

5 *5( 5
4

"
9:"
222
(2 (
7 ) 5*5( 5
4
=
= "?

&
=1 ("

("
9D:"
;
& 2&A

= %%%*1(A)A
1(
&(
* "
924

)2

(2"

7

"

4"7 )285
8
;
9:"
(2 (

7 ) 5 >5( 5
4
( (2 (

5
5(
5
4 4
(

5
5

@ ( " )
) ((

7 ) 5
5
4

>5

? ;
((
&
' "

"

5(

223
8
;

E9F/

20"

55
)
5 )95)G$5(45 (25(945)5
5(
5(
5(
"

5 )95)G5)D5)1"

)
5)545)2)94
5(

)5)55(
45)2)94
$5
5)D5)15(
5)D5)1
45)2)94(
45 )
)(
/2)9405

5(
5)D5)1

)(
2
4/5 )/2,4)9(
05)(9
0
$5 4

55(
5)D5)1
+<6
))
5(
5)D5)1
2
)(
2
4/
))9(

)(9
0
44
+

)D
)1
2
)(
2
4/
)0
44
)
"

)D
)1
)D
)1
2
)(
2
4/:(D)9(
)(9
0
44
<
(
)D(D)1

)(
)D2
4/(G(1
)0
4(/2)140
)D)
)
"

)D
)D
2
)(
2
4/H(1)9(
)(9
0
44
6
(
)1(1)D
" "
224

)(
)12
(4/(G(D
)0
4(
)
6)2)D4

)1
)1
."
+
)<(D)6(1
2

)
)/
)
)1(2)14
)D
)10(D

)D
)1)/(
)
)D)2)D4
)D
)10(1
6?

C
2

)/2)
)1(
(D0)4
)D
)14"
4
)D
)1
? + "

2

)
)/
)
)1(2)14
)D
)10(D
2
)D
)1)/(
)
)D)2)D4
)D
)10(1
2

)/
(D
)1)1
)D0)D(12
)D
)1

)D
)1
2"

?
!
(&
=
(
B

"
;/,0

&
;"
(& (&

=)& 2
((
& *&"
( 2;

3

2 &
=*&*&
1(
B

"
;/*&,0

&
;*&"
225
2& &
=*&*&(&*& 2
1 ((
(& "

*&

"*&

3"
2

I (
((
.5J585J5,2(5"5#K6 532

B ( (L"*2(,2("
2(&L(2(&

$&%%%*&%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
2(

2((L2(
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
2(
(

$ 4 =

L(2
; $ 2L(2L,1HD9LD4

4
=

"5(
199"

?19G( =

"
;

((((;

L

4" ; $ HD9"
&

;
Solid = exact expn. for Y(exp(jw)); ---- = DFT{zero-padded y(n) = nx(n)}.

600
x(n) = [u(n)-u(n-30)].
400
200
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Angle of Y(exp(j2pif)) (rad)
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
226
B
92:912
5
7 , %%%%'

(
55A
%%% %%%%%%%% 5A5A"
5A55

5

+L$ @;
MM

5. '
/7 , 0

"

7 , 5A5A
5 (

"
*5A
7 , %%%%%%5A"
55A

? "
;

@"@) * <2, "

@) ,* A A8

@"

@,( * A A

B

#

5(

;
"7 ) 5 *5" 2, "
) (2

7%%%%%%%% 5A*5A5A"

5
) ,

;
( (2

7%%%%% 5 5A*5A5A
( 5
L
,J&(1& <=(&,1

<91H
"
=,/*&0(&
"
/(1&,10,(&2,

;

227
(& (&
@$&*&,%%%%%%%%%%%%%
(
(& (&
%%%
(
(2 (&((&)
%%%% / (0
1(
(=&((&,/10"

<1+2: + 1+"
;
$&(1((),/10
*&,
B

;

;

A

*&
;A (!3"

" 5
*&!N("

5

*&<N"
)
" 911
( ( (

@, )
4 44

C"( ";/,0"
;B ; @

"

5B 5
C
@,4(4 2) * * (4
B

=
; ;

(;
C

"

OP;"

(;
(
" 5
B
5 = @ , C
@ , @,/,0
@,(A4
A,<
;"
@, * (4
. "

;
@ , / * (40 * ( 4(A4
L

"
34"

@, * ( ,
2 4
228
8
5

"
$ ( 1( (H)H $ ( 1((H)12 $ (1)DH$
* )D4* "

)H )12 )DH$ )D4* )H1(2G)F (H )1 "

)D4* )1 )H )1G
$
)H )12 )DH

* 2, ;
)D4)1 )H )1G 1 )H )1Q )D4

$
)1 )2(&H )2)&H )1 )1 )2Q

+<66
)))"
)1 )2(&H )2)&H

D41(F)HH(11Q)D4
+4FF1H"<4Q49:"
DH(1H(H)2Q
1(2)&H)H(2)&H )1Q(2)&H)D4
6 4149:)&41Q12 4DH21 ,
- 91FF
(2)&H(2)&H)1& 1 H

(1(
/4FF1H)4Q49:)1#4DH21,
-91FF,
-H0
(1(
/4FF1H)4Q49:)4GF1H H)91FF0
K "91FF ;

H
; P

M M

;! M M

(

"

M1 M
)D4,/ )H )12 )DH0

(H(12(DH2

244"4"/42D40"
4244
,(H(12 (DH)"
,"
, "
)D4
.

"
4 4)D441"
229
, ,)D4,4)D4 4(H"
4 4 4
, ,)D4 ,(H4(12 4(DH)D44

4 4 4

1G4(12 4(DH44"
"

'

"
42D4414(442HD
2D44 4(H" 4(42D1:
1G(12(DH44444Q22

;
+D4,DH4FF1H"
"

;

;
Solution yc(t) of initial value problem; both analytical and simulated.

2.2
2 <---- yc(0) = 0 and yc`(0) = -4, which check.
1.8
1.6
Amplitude
1.4
1.2
Final value
1 = 30/34 = 0.8824,
which checks.
0.8
0.6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (secs)
!
(

@ "
( ((

C
(
";
(
230
(
;(2,
C
( (

@ (2, )2,
( ( ((
( (

(2, ( (2,
3( 3((
(
)2,
(
( ( I

(2, (4)2,
( 3(
( * II

*4(2, )"
3
M(4M I

(

( 5"
II
5
*

( 4
I
2, * @ # 34
#K6
* II 5
4"

*
@ "# 34
#K6*
(
;

"
&"II
L"# 4
(, (,&6

3C
(&( )&
(,& III
33&
B

"

((

"

!((/0
3(&3(&
@+

;

+

()

;
+ +

!(+,+(4+4
+,+

3(&+(&+
+"
231
(
%4
3&
(

III

"
1+2F" C
3
&A (& (&1 2 1+2F

A,1,1 ,1%%%%%%%%%%%
((%3(%31%3
B

*&
= *&4)
( &
< ="
(& & (&

=( ( A*
( A(
< ; 5(

5A(5"

;
2 5(2 5A
7*(5 K*(55

K*5A(5A

1&6 51& 6A (5A

(2 "
L
'

;"5A(5"5(5A"

6A"#$% &#'

'

6

"

L
""
; "
(;

232
Real and imaginary parts of real triangle/complex modulated boxcar sequence.
1
0.5
Re{x(n)}
0
-0.5
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.5
Im{x(n)}
-0.5
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n
DTFT{x(n)}.
15
|X(exp(j2pif)|
10
0
-0.5 0 0.5
Angle of X(exp(j2pif)) (rad)
-2
-4
-0.5 0 0.5
Digital frequency f

"

B
=( *"
;
233
Real and imaginary parts of real time-reversed triangle/complex modulated boxcar sequence.
1
0.5
Re{x(-n)}
-0.5
-1
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
0.5
Im{x(-n)}
-0.5
-1
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
Time index n
DTFT{x(-n)}.
15
|DTFT{x(-n)}|
10
0
-0.5 0 0.5
Angle of DTFT{x(-n)} (rad)
-2
-4
-0.5 0 0.5
Digital frequency f
234
R e a l a n d i m a 1 g i n a r y p a r t s o f r e a l t i m e - r e v e r s e d t r i a n g l e / c o m p l e x m o d u l a t e d b o x c a r s e q u e n c e .
R

=9D4"
>57(2 >(5
"

5 >5

" ;"

5 >5!

"
?
5
( &

>5

/
>5 0

>5
&
2F4
"

"

'
=91:"?

> 57( *2,5

/
>5
860

> 5
J;"

"#K6 "

>5
#K6 #K6

'
B

< "
&
(; '

( "
&
( '
( (

R )(
&

(; C
( R( ) "
&

(;

R ((
&

(; C
( R( ( ( "
&

(
=
"
;
) "
; "
)

?
(
(

6P##
235
S
7 *5"
7( *2,5"

5
; &

; *5

5"
*5""5(
"
5((
5
!
;

7( 2,5(
" 5
52,
TU

<

; =

"
&1?, &1?/(0,

=.*?*?*?(
?( ?(
<

"

7 5/ 50*5
( (

.
"
L(2&1?/( 0,L
=.*?*?(
?4
=
4 " A"
;
( (/ ,0A

@AA,* ,, 2
( (
!N4"
2

; "

B

@* ,,. &
=*&,,
L
;
?
;#K6 O
. =

AP"
;
2 (&1?,2 P (&1?A,P

V
=. V V
P P AA
4 P4
L"
?
4P P
C
2P(2 (&1? ),P
V
=. V
P )
P44
L

V
V C V
)

2P(2(&1?,P(&1? ,P

V V
=.P
P44
236

'
5

1

?P"
!

" P

5

=
;

?,PB

*?,P"?P
V
=. P
4"
!

5(
"

P

; 5(
C
2 P5A(

7P P 5K*5A5A
5"
( (1&65A
,
-5A (

6"
?

L

;

C5A
5A
5A
5A
?
P;

5A2,P

5A,5A,P
22,P
7P K*
5
(1&P6A
6

P
6A

P
6AA

;

"
, -

(
L

6A
6AA

6

P
2P(2&12,P

7P K*/
05 2
(1&P6AA4

J;"

2 P

? P
(

8
77+5+5"

5"2
2P(2&12,P
7P */5 0"
P4
';
"
2P(22,P&1,P
7P *5
P4

J5 5J5,
4
.
!!#J5

; '
5
<
237
N2
2"
;

"
/J50

5

5

;

;

B

(
/J50"
(

?

;
(
; ' J5
'

"

J;" 1 '

5

;
?

(1
"

?

O stems = DFT{x(Mn)} by direct calculation; * stems = result by aliasing sum.

60
|DFT{x(Mn)}|
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
4
Angle of DFT{x(Mn)}
-2
-4
0 20 40 60 80 100
DFT index k

1

'
"

;
238
O stems = x(n), * stems = y(n).
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
x(n) and y(n)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n
w(n) = x(n)y(n).
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
w(n)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n
239
O stems = fft(w), * stems = modulation property formula in text.
8
6
|W(k)|
4
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
2
angle{W(k)}
-2
-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
DFT index k
= "=

(,1
),1"

2,1&1& ,1 ,1

%%% 2 %%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% %%%%%%%%%%%% %%% ,1
1(,11& 1 ,11
=E12H;

'

;;
"
(
"
;
=

()
,1 '
/,10 ,1
"=

()
+ '

/+ 1,0 /,10 ,1+/,10 ,1
V
B V
= " C
&?
V
*?1,
?(

240

(&(?

= V
*?
( ?(

*?$&/(?0

1,
?(
K "

5

"V

" =.

2,
((

G2G
;

&"V

@ * @" J @" ; "
;"# 3
# 3 "

; !"
"*

+#<!#+#!@$
J!>J(('
"

"

;

"!")! " ;
# 3
"!")!
( 2 )& (

@%%%%*
4 41&(&
2)& ( (

%%%*
1&(& 4
2)&
%%%*J ("

"# 3
"!")!
1&(&

(
V

@(
((
)2 (
(
(
( (

"
(4
(

@ &
" =

;
(
( "
&" 1+1G"
&
1)1
((
241
"

V
@1* )1
(
1
%%%* )1,
(

V
@*&)
(
!

34"
8

@

# 34C
( (

V
@
44

;

# 34"

;
2,2(
* ";

V
*
@"%%%%%%%%%%"# 34
2(

V

(L"
(
(
V
7 (L5
((
)2L(2(
(L5
( L
(LL(2(
55"
(4
(L

7 " =

;
5
( "
5" 1+1G"
(&L
1L)1
((
"
242

V
7 1*L)1
(
1
%%%*)/1,L0
L (

"

V
7 *)
(
!

34"
8

7
5
532C
(LL(2(
V
7 55
44

;

5
532"

;

2,2(5 *5";

V
*5
7" %%%%%%%%%%"532
2(5

V

6
A

(

V
A (2 (L"
(
(
V
7A (2 (L5
((
)2L(2(
(2 (L5
( L
(LL(2(
(255"
(4
(L

7 " =

;
5
( "
5"

5 (2 "
1+1G"
(&L)
1L)1)2
((

243

V
7A 1*L)1)2
(
1
%%%*)/1,L0)R
L (

"

V

7 *))R
(

? ,1,L"
;

!

34"
8

7
5
532C
V(LL(2(
7A /(505
44

;

5
532"

;

2,2)5 *5";

V
*5
7"A %%%%%%%%%%"532
2)5

! &) (&)

+/J&)J(&0,1
&) (&)
+/J&)J&0,1/
(;
J(&J&0
&) &)
+/J&)J&0,1
&)
+#J&/

;

&

0
+J& )),
-J&

J&
,-J& " ;"
+

'

;

J&
B

=
"
;
;

;

'
'

5

;
;

++ )
"
;
& 6 ' "

" )
";
&

244
& ) (& )
+/J&)J(&0,1

& ) (& )
+/J&)J&0,1/
(;

J(&J&0
& ) & )

+/J&)J&0,1

& )
+#J&/

;

&

0

+J& )),
-J&
J&
,-J& " ;"
+

'

;

J&
B

(=
"

;
;

;

'
'
5

;;

++ )

" ;

& 6 ' "

" )
"; &

J2,2(W"
J
#2,/2(W2,12(&02,/2(2,H1)&,H10
2,2(2,11)2,D1)2,D1
,
-(
/2,H10,/2(2,H10
2,2Q,2G(2,11
,
-(
2,H1(2
2,/W2Q(F,1
0,
-(H1(2
H,2Q(F,1
,
-(H1(2

DJ
# ,H)G4),
-J
#
21,2Q(F,1
,H),D(H1(2
D9GD ,H)HQFF X
"

"
,H
; HQFF ;

;

8 M ;M ; "

'

X
#
M ;M ;;
6+8.+@; "X

;
<!6+8.+@ "

"

/
;( M ;M0
245
<

2,H
"
"

<" K

M ;"MI
((((

X
Solid = convolution assuming causal x; ---- = conv. assuming bicausal x;

h(n) = (1/4)^nu(n).
4
1
y(n)
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time index n

h(n) = (1/4)^nu(n).
4
1
y(n)
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n
246
J2,2(Q,F"
J
#2,/2(Q,F2,12(&0(2,2(Q,/F10)&Q,/F10
2,2(Q,/H10)1 H:,21F
,
-(
/Q,F10,/2(Q,F10
2,22D,GH(Q,/H10
,
-(
2,F1,Q(2
F,22D(221,1
,
-(F1,Q(2

1H,22D(221,1
,H),D(F1,Q(2
H21Q: ,H)2GHD1
L"

Q,F
2,H "

'?/
2,H%%4

Q,F0"

; J;"

14


h(n) = (7/8)^nu(n).
6
2
y(n)
-2
-4
-6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
247
h(n) = (7/8)^nu(n).
6
2
y(n)
-2
-4
-6
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n
K Y '

;

J;"

;

+ (D(<
#

X<24,14Z,Z"
R"

;
X<!$%&'24R(241(D424D<(D<

' ;'
D<

;
;

!

'

;
; "

" 244[

!

" "

(
L
""
?

" ;

;
"
(

((

.
M
M

"

;

M M

;

"
? ,
M
(M

"

<

"'

D<

M M

"

248

B

L3P"
J&4+

? !"
"!

"
! "
?

?
"!

?
?
<?

!

?

'?"! A
!

"! LKBJU#U+

;

"

;
"

. J LP
"

;
;

?J;"
;
'

! '

"
5

"

; LP

+ (

SL(P4"2"(2
EC+ %%3"

"

;

;
;
!

"

;

(

"

';

"
;

;S(2"

%%3
.
"
%%34"

"

;

;
; !

"
;

(

"

';

";

;S2"

2,
%%34

%%3

M M

,
%%34

,

"

%%3
%%34

S4

7'

!

""

" +@B+$.

;
2,6
"

+@B+$.

J;"

; (L
P

"

L P
B

;

=
"

@"S4(2(2+

2,6 " S 2 ( 4 2 +
#
S4(44@
7 < ,+

S4"2"(2B

" "

#)@ "
7 #)@ )< ,+ /#)@.+ )< 0,+ "
(5 S
? " ;";
S (2"
(2"(2.
"7

#)@
7

7 #)@ < ,/#)@ + )< 0"S4"2"(2

B

#6 7
S#4"4"(2

249
#6

7
;S(4"2"4=
#@6
7 "
S) 2" 2" (2"

#@6

7 "
S*4"2"(2.

#@6

6

;

'

;

C

;

!

"

'

=
"
; ;
'
Z

Z

2(
"

M M
'

J Z ,Z !J

"

,

' K

"

"

;

; <

" ;
;

K
;

#@6 ?
J
;LP"

Z+,Z,

6
A

'

;
#"@"6
6

U

+

Z,
7-"; Z+
7+

"

L

"
*54)25)15 )"

5%%3"
;
4*5"

%%34
5%%3
5%%3

;

L
=
( (2L((2
L%%3 4L%%3
+

"
;
"
(24K "L
L%%3 & "
"
"
;
L
( (2
L%%3 4

@
*55(
(2 "
45%%32

"*5 5

; (25*5
45%%32
E "

;
2(5*5"

;

5%%32

;

;

,
(

250

=

@"@, * (4
.
@
"
(
, * (4
4

@
?
%%3

; %%3

;

" "
(
, * (4
4 %%3 %%3
L

%%3 5
=

" ,
; (
;(

"
5"
4 *
%%3

;
"
;

4 ; * "*

;
L
*

#JE((

((

(

=

@"
@, * (46 ' "
@/,0 * (4

%%34 %%34
.

@
"

; %%34

;

"
"
(
, * (4
4 %%34 %%34
(

%%34 2"

&
(;
;;
;(( &

C
(4 * (4"

%%34

* "

4
%%34
" " *

%%3 %%34

;

251
V
= " V V
/
0 ; =
C
&? (&

*? *
?( (
K (
"
?
?(
;
&? &?

*? *(?
?( ?(
!
'

" ;

'
. '
; * (? *? /" J

0L=
C
&?
V
*?*4).."
?( ?2
&? (&?
V

..*?)*(?
&? (&?&? &?

..*?)*? *?)*?
&?
1#*?1*? ?),
-*?
V
"
+@B+$. =
C
"

V
*41*? ?),
-*?"

'
?2
(
; C
V ; "
J

!

; "

<
V

" "

"

=' (
; C
V
=\ V
( "
;" ; =
V

;

M\M"
&( &?

\**?
?((
C
( ?(
&? &?

/\*(?0 *?!
'

?( ?(
" '
C\*(?*?
L

C
V (

V C B
; * (? * ?" '
* ?

V

*?
((

;
252
6 ' "

,
-*? 4 .. \1*? ?

= ;; 5(
(

"

'
(V V
( CB
;(*(?*?" '
(* ?

V

*?

6 ' "

, -*? \:4" .. 1*? ? \ :4
1*? ?
= ;; 5(
(

"
'
=
"V ( " * 4"
;
;
; "

5U';
"

;
(*(?*?"
?4
*44

2&29,2F4 (&29,2F4
*5%%%/4:9 ,50)/4:9 ,50
1 4
255
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%"534:9
1&29,2F4(&29,2F4
5(4:95(4:9

5(4:9 29,2F4
5%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%"534:9
5 (1 4:9 29,2F45)4:9
2(4:9 29,2F45
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%"534:9
2(1 4:9 29,2F45)4:9 5

(2( (&( (&) (&( (&)
*R ) )R )
( 4
! "( "

4"
&( &) (&( (&)
*R ) )R )(2
4 4
U;

"
5 ( &

;
&2 2
*#%%%%%%%%%%%%%%) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%(2
&(&(
2( 2(
L"
253
2 2
#%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% #%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&(2(/ ()& (0
2(
2( ()& (

#%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
/2( (0 ) (
2( ()& (

#%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
2(1 ()
2( (
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
&
(
2) (1 (
" M(2M "

&2( ((2( )1 (2( )

*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
2) (1 (2) (1 )

"

"
& ((2( )

*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%N2
2) (1 (2) (1 )
!
!( " *2,5*5"*/*0"

" **
/02,
=
= (2"
=
=& (2 & 2 ,
- :4(
:4(

! " "

! " J5J5

"!J!"
!J/0(!J!/
'

J5J50"
(!J!J

!J
=

= )& (22)&2)&/ (& 02) )& "

/2) 0 )
" ;

; 2) ;
7( *2,5

7 )95(>5"
7( )95(*2,5
=7 B5"

;7( (95(*2,5
254
2
7 %%%%K$$5,

1&6
2
7 ( %%%% K$$2,/50

1&6
22
7 ( ( (9%%%%% K%%%%%
K$A$2,/A0A

A5,(*5,
1&61&
6
(2 A

%%%%K
K$A$2,/A05,
* 5,%%%%%%%
(
H 66 A
5.52) (a) Using Example 5.10 and Table 5.2, we identify Q(v) = X(k), d = e,
c = j2k/N, to directly obtain the result. We could also just set
z = exp{j2k/N} in Example 5.5 to obtain the result without any work at all!
(b) Note that the first difference of the given x(n) is zero for n = 0, 1 for n
[1, M-1], and zero otherwise, except for -(M-1) at n = M. Thus the DFT of the
first difference, by direct evaluation of the DFT sum (using geometric sum
identity) and subtracting off the n = 0 term and adding on the n = M term:
-j2kM/N
1 - e -j2kM/N
- 1 - (M - 1)e
-j2k/N
1 - e
-j2kM/N -j2k/N -j2kM/N -j2k(M+1)/N

-e + e - (M - 1)e + (M - 1)e
=
-j2k/N
1 - e
-j2k/N -j2kM/N -j2k/N

e + e [(M - 1)e - M]
= . (*)
-j2k/N
1 - e
Now, let's compare that with the identity given and use the differencing property
proved in part (a).
Just let a = exp{-j2k/N}, and we obtain for X(k) EXACTLY the result in (*)
except the denominator is squared. However, the result of part (a) multiplies
X(k) by 1 - exp{-j2k/N}, yielding (*) and we have proved that either direct
calculation or use of the property gives the same result for the DFT of the first
difference of x(n). Matlab plots using "fft" and using the analytical result
indeed show that the result obtained by numerically computing the DFT sum are the
same as the analytical result in (*) that does not require computing a sum.
255
Mag. of DFT of first difference of discrete-time finite-dur. ramp.
O stems = fft result; * stems = analytical result.
Mag. of DFT of 1st diff. of discrete-time ramp. 25
20
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
DFT index k

L(2 L(22L(2 2L(2

%%%*? .
%%%*

4 4L?4 L4
2L(2 L(2 2L(2

%%%*?* %%%.

L?4 4 L 4
2,L
(?";

L(2 2L(2
%%%*?* ?"

4 L?4
<
;

"
;
L(2 2(

%%%%%%%%%%%
4 2(

L"
L(2 2(

*?
.
%%%%%%%%%%%%
4 2(

.

"

256
L(2 2(
* ? .
%%%%%%%%%%%%

4 2(
.

2(
* ?%%%%%%%%%%%%
2(
.

L(2 L(22

*?* ?2(
2(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
?4 ?42(
.
2( .

L(22
2(
2(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
?42)
(
.
( .

" ; L"

E
;
'

( ;

;
C
L(22 L2(

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
?42)
(
.
( .
2(
2(
2(
! 1? ,L

1? ,L"

E
;
5? ?

= 1? ,L
'
L,1/?(?)?(L(?0S ?
;
?
? "

;E
;

2,L 1 L ,HL,1" & /4"L(20
E

P

C
L244/ "0L
*
]1
*]1,L
MM

C
/ "0L
/4CL(20
L"14
L1L,1
,L1I NL1I 2"L)1I2( ,LI 3L1I 2"L

L2L(2
L21L(2,1
,L21I NL21I 2"L)1I2( ,L2I 3L21I 2"L

; D1

"
5E
;
"
4:]
$
IA
*I$A,L
; 2Q:F9
257

=E
;
A
"?

L=
=
"?

"

;
*=+

J;"
;
5
C
L

1D ";

! L L32"

;

"
N
]"
]3
]
,

]
,

N
"
3

L(2
]
" ,

4
L
=E
;
"?
* "
L(2(&1 ,L
]
*
,/L 0 "
4
"*
N
]"*
]3

2L(2 L(2(&1 ,L

] ]
%%%%
L 4 4
2L(2 L(2 (

%%%% ,
-%%%DG4
L 4 4 L

, "

( ,LDG4
(#)*+$, *+-&$(( L !

"

" ;
"
;" / ,-( ,LDG40
L"

K
=

;
;
"*L

"

(

(

=

" L =
L

+

.

.
.. "
6 ' " "

0.
N"3 /.
. ; B? E

;

=
*

;
L

N" 3,/ 0"

. .
"

N" 3,/ 0/. 0 . ,/ 0

..
,/ 0

258

;

;

=="

;'

L L

"

;
;=8
;
"
!/D:19G2"!/Q114G"!!QQ1D:
B

" "

B

'
="
/"
!"
!" "
=
J;"

"*?
/; * 1?,L((

L,1
.1?,L06 ' "

/

/:4Q2FG"!F442FH)&QG2:1MM"
!:4491H)&442FGMM

"
& ; ';
=
=

C
2

*&
1
(
2

*&
1
(
J1

92
!
"
;

C==
B ;

& =
;
=

EC

@0
& @0

N@0" 3N"@0 3"
" ; =

@0"
2

AA
( 1
(
^ 2

A A
( 1
(
;

&
(

;'

B

1

"=

92

"

=
& ="
;
@0
+

; E
;
A
=

E
;
A

=

&
=!

259

;
(

/$
,1"$
,10

R" $&"

$&*&/$
,1"$
,10
5 L"
(
E
;
=

/*& ,10
*&
,1"(

? '
B

*& ,1
'
E
;
A
@

5(
"

"

; ;
N3 ;

&

N3 ;
'
>EU ' "
>EU
;

>EU;

>EU
=
@

"ME
;
A
M
2

* *( "
( 1&6
; 6

*
*( ;

(=5(
"
ME
;
A
M

2 5
K*5
*5"
( 1&6 5
; 6

*5
*2,5
;
@@ ;

; ;

? LC
L(2
@ ( 2
4
.

@C
L(2 L(2

@ .
.
.
.

4 4
1
.
J?
J?" = " &

L"
.
"

L(2&1? ,L(&1?,L
L ( D
?4
+
"
;; "
;
L(2L(22L(2&1? ,L(&1?,L
( H
44L?4
260

2L(2L(2(&1?,L&1? ,L
%%%/0 9
L?44

'

? *? =
; = =

.
.

" ="J?"
;

.
;
@

!

= "N"3M
M
=

;B

C
&(&

N; "; 3 1(
(
! " 5"

&

/

(&0!

"
1+" '

1.
"

&

B

(
&(&.

CN;"3

.((

N;" ;3
1(.
(.(
1
.&.
."

"
?
" ;

.
;

C
2 (&.
.%%%%=&.,1
1(

=&,1
M
M

<

"

M
M
?

L

=&,1

;"

=
L
M

M (

; " N("3
261
"
=; "N 3

M
M
=

'
;. .
B

C
L(2&(&
N;
"; 3 1?(?
? ? 4
! ? ? " 5"

&1 ?,L

/

(&1 ?,L0!
"

'

.
1.
"

L(2&1 ?,L

?B

?4
L(2L(2&1 ?,L(&1 ?,L

CN;
" 3
?
? 4?4
L(2 L(2
";
3

?N;
?1?(?
?4???4
1
?&1 ?
?
" ;

?
;

C
2L(2 (&1 ?
?%%%% =?,1
1 4

=?,1
M
M

.
<
.

"

M
M
?

.
L

?=?,1

; "
=
L
M

M ' (

; " N ( " 3

@

/
' -;;-('
;
2

=

/"LL
/.

/
"
N;
3("

";

;
L(

@L0!
; "
@ @ @

/ ;
3N; ; ; ; N; " 3
2 2 2
@

N;"3;"

N; "3

2
262

2&()-
-%%%"
-
?
;

(1

/ 1+19

;
"

0
2&A(
%%%(A)1"

(
1 ((
,1

4
;
/("0L"

E
9G1"

; & L
BH12"
;
&A&A

N; " 3*,1 A

(
@
N;
" 3;

2
'

"

"
;
M M;
&2&A&A (&
*%%%*A
(1(
(& 2&&
%%%%*
(1(

"N; " 3

!

"

, L

; ; 5

5

" 5

(
5
';
, -5
4 1
6
"

!
(

C

;

;
;

U; "
;
;
6 ( ;

C

@(AAA
(
I"

; ;

;

;
@ J
B92D

263

"
( "

(A AA
( (

(AAA
( (
";

"@ J

(A AA
( (

A(A A
( (

A( AA "
( (

'

;
A
6
"
'

; ;

(""

&
(; ="
@C

@AAAA

( (
J& "

J& 4
(
=
"

'
L
'
(
;

" ; @ ;
'
J& ;
@

"

="?
@ J
" =

CJ&J&"
(? '

(.
5 " &
; "("
( ; J
6 ' ;

; "J&"

(;

LC(("" M &
M" @(@
@
M
(J
MM ?(J
M"

&
(;

&
(
"@

J

(
J

+ "?
@ J
"

@" ;
J&
L
(
@ J
@

. "J&. J&

J

(&.&&(.
4" . 2
( (
B?

("B

264
?^6
;

2 K

2;

&
?
? " 52
=;

.!
" + 1+ 1+2:

&(.
1 (. 1
(
U'
1
;01'2#3'

= 1+1D ,+

L
1

&.&

(. D
(1111
=D"

,11

(""

!
"
5

"
";
(

/ +P
">P"
43-&'3) $(2-&1(%5L(J
E6"+
"2:G9"2FG(2FQ0

D

"

(
;

'
9!
"D
;=

"
/=

=

! 4
=

J&

5

((
;
0 <

D

;

"
1

2
(A H
1(

L
+ 1+"'
1+D"

A(AA" 9
(

( /
(

"1+2H"

(20. H 9
;
2
A A G
1( (
2
/A A0
1((

'

? =
*&
="
; =

265
=

,11
B C

2
@*J *A
1(
B

@ J
J J"

" ;
"
(;
J

;

"
C
2
@J A

1(

2
JA
1(
"

2
J
1(

;
" !

"

JJ
@ J
"

J

"

2
4"
1(

" ="

"
2
( 2
1(

S ?"

L

=

E9G9="

;

5! ;
,11
"

/("
=
"

(
(

266
2

(1(
2
/ 0
1((
'

? (=
"*"

; (=

( =

,11.

J ' " ; =

" "
;

' ;
@

LC!

;=
'

.
" ;

= J?"

"
2L(2&1 ?(? ,L

?(?
L 4
@ @ ;

; ;

C

@ (
(
5

@

C

@5 55 5
(
5 J5"
J5"5(
" &

! 2" 5;

/ M M

K
?
; *5.+ G+

; @

5(
0
L
?
;

C
5",/&05,&5"

/("

;
2
K5

5,5 ( 2
1&

5
54"

; *5 "

" 2

5 !

D22"54
D22
((28
267

(

(
2
(K5

5
((1&6
2
K/5

055
1&6(
'

? 5(
"*5"

; 5(
5(

5
.

" 5(

" J5"
;
5
;
@
!

;

@@ ;

; ;

C

@ (
(

@C

@
( (
J "
J "@

" &

2&(A&
!
(A%%%%"
1(
;

/+

5(
;
E9GQ"
; 0
L
?
;

C
& "(& ,&"

("
;
6

;
2
(A" 2
1&62$2
62$2

& (
"

"
5

("
; * "

"2

268

8 A(AA"

(

2 2
A(AAA
( 1( 1&62$2
2
/AA0
1&62$2(

'

? @

"* "

; @

@

.

" @

"J "
;

;
@

B ==

;"=

@0
(
<

C
*&

(;

;

"

J"

"

"

; JB92D"
;
"
;
A"

@0 J

^

AA AA
( ( ( (

A A
( (

AA
( (
!

=
J

+ "
" ?
=

! ";"

;
;, /= ? "
-'2$)-'1(-+ -&"6##7 8#9
(1$&'1%'% -&" &:1&$$9%5>
S

S "P>
(J"L$"2:GF"
HHH0
!
"

"

M
M

= ;"
#*1(% 1&
3&('1#&-+ &-+;%1%5.S
;
"_ B"L$"2:F:"2GF(2G:
3&('1#&-+
&-+;%1%5><

@
L
"+
E "L$"2:GG"D9F(
D9:0
B
=
(
& J

269
!

[=11
.'

'

[ ;;
;; ;

2"22
2"12
1"1(1(
2"2
1"2
2"2I
1"1(D,
2"1
@
/(2D0";
22

H2
B/2(20"
T(DN4
L"
/2D0";
22

4D
8
"TD34

6
"L2L)2C
;(2]/4CL0
L2"2I;
/4CL0AI;
(&I(L2"L2
KC
LD

4(2444424444(24444
24444(24444(14444)2444424444(24444(24444)24444
24444(14444(24444)144444(14444(24444)14444
24444(D4444(24444)D444424444(D4444(14444)D4444

"
2C
;

(21444(4H44441444)4H444(41444(4H44441444)4H444
(4G444(41444(4H444)41444(4G444(414444G444)41444
(24444(4444424444)44444(14444(4444424444)44444
(2H444)414442H444(41444(2H444)414444H444(41444
24444(14444

?
H
DD4GDG
270
U
(24444)44444
(24444)14444
(24444(44444N%%%% ;

(24444)44444

"
1C
L:

6 2H
4(2444424444(24444
24444(24444(14444)2444424444(24444(24444)24444
24444(14444(24444)144444(14444(24444)14444
24444(D4444(24444)D444424444(D4444(14444)D4444
24444(H4444(24444)H444424444(H4444(24444)H4444
24444(94444(24444)9444424444(94444(24444)94444
24444(G4444(24444)G444424444(G4444(24444)G4444
24444(Q4444(24444)Q444424444(Q4444(24444)Q4444
24444(F4444(24444)F444424444(F4444(24444)F4444
24444(:4444(24444):444424444(:4444(24444):4444
6 9F

24444(2444424444(24444
24444(24444(24444)2444424444(24444(24444)24444
24444(14444(24444)1444424444(14444(24444)14444
24444(D4444(24444)D444424444(D4444(24444)D4444
4(H4444(24444)H444424444(H4444(24444)H4444
24444(94444(14444)9444424444(94444(24444)94444
24444(G4444(24444)G44444(G4444(24444)G4444
24444(Q4444(24444)Q444424444(Q4444(14444)Q4444
24444(F4444(24444)F444424444(F4444(24444)F4444
24444(:4444(24444):444424444(:4444(24444):4444

6 :24

24444(24444
24444(24444(24444)24444
24444(14444(24444)14444
24444(D4444(24444)D4444
24444(H4444(24444)H4444
24444(94444(24444)94444
24444(G4444(24444)G4444
24444(Q4444(24444)Q4444
4(F4444(24444)F4444
24444(:4444(14444):4444
;
6 2H

(24DF9(42:1D44DF9)42:1D(44DF9(42:1D44DF9)42:1D
(41D4F(429DF(4QG:1)429DF(41D4F(429DF41D4F)429DF
(4H1D2(4229H4H1D2)4229H(2H1D2(4229H4H1D2)4229H
(4G29H(44QG:4G29H)44QG:(4G29H(44QG:(4DFHG)44QG:
(4F4QQ(44DF94F4QQ)44DF9(4F4QQ(44DF94F4QQ)44DF9
(24444)4444424444)44444(24444(4444424444)44444
(22:1D)44DF922:1D(44DF9(22:1D)44DF922:1D(44DF9
(2DFHG)44QG:2DFHG(44QG:(2DFHG)44QG:2DFHG(44QG:
(29QG:)4229H29QG:(4229H(29QG:)4229H29QG:(4229H
(2QG:1)429DF2QG:1(429DF(2QG:1)429DF2QG:1(429DF
271
6 9F

(44DF9(42:1D44DF9)42:1D(44DF9(42:1D44DF9)42:1D
(41D4F(429DF41D4F)429DF(41D4F(429DF41D4F)429DF
(4H1D2(4229H4H1D2)4229H(4H1D2(4229H4H1D2)4229H
(4G29H(44QG:4G29H)44QG:(4G29H(44QG:4G29H)44QG:
(2F4QQ(44DF94F4QQ)44DF9(4F4QQ(44DF94F4QQ)44DF9
(24444(4444444444)44444(24444(4444424444)44444
(22:1D)44DF922:1D(44DF9(12:1D)44DF922:1D(44DF9
(2DFHG)44QG:2DFHG(44QG:(2DFHG)44QG:4DFHG(44QG:
(29QG:)4229H29QG:(4229H(29QG:)4229H29QG:(4229H
(2QG:1)429DF2QG:1(429DF(2QG:1)429DF2QG:1(429DF
6 :24

(44DF9(42:1D44DF9)42:1D
(41D4F(429DF41D4F)429DF
(4H1D2(4229H4H1D2)4229H
(4G29H(44QG:4G29H)44QG:
(4F4QQ(44DF94F4QQ)44DF9
(24444(4444424444)44444
(22:1D)44DF922:1D(44DF9
(2DFHG)44QG:2DFHG(44QG:
(19QG:)4229H29QG:(4229H
(2QG:1)429DF4QG:1(429DF
24444(94444

?
24
9QF:DD2
U
(24444(44444
(24444)94444
(24444)44444
(24444(44444
(24444)44444
(24444)44444N%%%%. ;

(24444)44444
(24444)44444
(24444(44444
(24444(44444
"
2C

24444(44H

4::::(2444424444(24444
24444(24444(24442)2444424444(24444(24444)24444
24444(14444(24444)144444::::(14444(24444)14444
24444(D4444(24444)D444424444(D4444(24442)D4444

DG444)449

9:::F
G4442(G4444
9:::Q(214444
G4444(2F4444
14444)44444
(24444(44444
D4444)44444
44444)44444
272
29QHFDQ(QG19D
(DD4D29(QG1H:N%%%%%%A ;
(H9D4GH(QG1HG#" ;
2;

(Q9Q9F9(QG1H1 "

44D91((((((,FG2"DH4
D4D2:)44D
6+21GGQ)44H(((((41D: 6+
2G449Q
G4419(G4444
G44D4(214444
G449D(2F4444
G449Q)44444
G4419(G4444
G44D4(214444
G449D(2F4444
"
1C

2

4(2444424444(24444
24444(24444(14444)2444424444(24444(24444)24444
24444(14444(24444)144444(14444(24444)14444
24444(D4444(24444)D444424444(D4444(14444)D4444

DD4GDG
9:::F
G4442(G4444
9:::Q(214444
G4444(2F4444
(22::Q(1D::F
(D9::Q(22:::
(9:::2(44444
(FD::1)22:::
2(2149Q(1H449
(DG41G(21441N%%% A ; "

(G44DQ(44444(

(FH4G9)21441
44D14((((((,D44:
44:GD
6+249Q4(((((44:22 6+
2G449H
G442F(G4444
G4419(214444
G44H:(2F4444
G449H(44444
G442F(G4444
G4419(214444
G44H:(2F4444
273
(
=
( (

(&?)? (&? )?
( (
((
<

'"

2 &?( )? (

( ( %%%% ??
1 ((

;
(

&?)?
,1
(N"N! "

B "

"
C
&?)? (&?A)? A

"/,10 A"A/,10AA??
(( ((

=
"=?"?
" &?)? ,1

(N"N

? ? ?
%%%5(2,5%%%5(2,5%%%52(2,5
11 1
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
4 O 4 O
L
(2,5
L L A
;
? (2 (1 (?)22

2(2,5 (2%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.

?4?O5
.

(2 (?)2 O;
?
%%%5(2,5? (1?
1? (25
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
41?4?O (?O
B
;
4

4
?
(2? ,1
@
"?%%%%%%%%%%%%
5
?O (?O

274
?
%%%5(2,5
1

"? (1?
4?4
@ (1?" )1? "

;
"
;;;

4
? (1?+
34( N4"?
4 2
?
%%%5(2,5
1

)1?"?
(?4
# "

;
?
%%%5(2,5 ?)1?
1 (2? ,1
5%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%"

( ?4?O)1?(?O
?O)?O;
?
%%%5(2,5
1
5_?
(
"5(
_? "?

" ;
(? ?
%%%5(2,5%%%5(2,5
11
7_? "

_?

? ?
%%%5(2,5 %%%5(2,5
1? 1
%%%%%%2)2,5
51
?
%%%_? 5)5
1 (
?
%%%/_? )_ ? 05 I
1 (
<
(

5;
275
?
%%%5(2,5
1
%%%_? 5_? )25" II
5( (

(2+ '

?
5" ;
I
II
;
'

U'
;
? ?
%%%5(2,5%%%5(2,5
1?1
%%%%%%5(2,5
1
?
%%%_? 5(5 [
1 (
?
%%%/_? (_? 05" [
1 (

'

)2
(2
; "

M M

( L"
(

;
?
%%%5(2,5
1?
%%%%%%/_? , 0 5 [[
1(

+ '

?
5" ;

[
[[ ;
'

U'
;

R?/ ) 05(2,5R? 5(2,5R? 5(2,5

_? 5 _? 5
( (
@ )" (
R?/ ) 05(2,5

_? 5_? 5
( (

_? _? 5
( (

_? _? 5 `
((
276
< ? ) ?

;
R?/ ) 05(2,5
_?/ ) 05 ``
(
<
`
`` '

? " ? "
5" ;

5 '
'

'

B

"
;
R? /&(2,&0&?

_? &
(

&?
_?

(

;'

; (

B

"
;
R? (&?

_?
(
'

;

; (

? )? ? (?? )?
" )
"
L
?

?
(
? ,?(
,

?

&? (&( ),1

?
&?)?
?
_?
(

?

B

&(),1 &&(/&?(&? ,?0 &

?

?

UA

(& (& ?,?(&? ,?

? ??
277
&(),1 /? )&?,?0 &

?
&

&?)?
? )&?,? _? "

(

(

;

(

2(R? 5(2,5
_? %%% K5

5
1&6
B5
5&"
;
2(R? (
_? %%%%
1(
2&(? )
%%%%
1(
2
%%%%/ (? )& (? ) 0
1(
L

5
(""

;

4"

2
_? %%% (?
4

;
< A

=

"
;
"

"A"A(A(AAA
((
L"

;

C

" /

"

M
M 0@" "

;
;

"

278

;(A(A ( A(,

A

<
"
;

E9Q1"

2 &?(A)? (A

(A(A%%%% ?? "
1 ((

" (
C
2 &?(A)? (A

( A(, %%%%% ??

A1 ((
<

"(

;

?"C

?
2 &?)? (?)? A

( A(, %%%%% ??

A1 ((
&? (( A (

2 ? A?

( A(, %%%%% ??

A1 (4?
L"

;'

(
;
;

; E9Q9

C
&? ( &(),1

?
?

_?
(

&(),1 (&(),1

2 ? A?

( A(, %%%%% _? _? A??

A1 (4 ((?

( A(,

A
&(),1 ((),1

2
? A?
%%%%% _? _? A??

1 (4 ( (?
L"

"

? A

;
279
&(),1 ((),1&),1 (),1&(

? A? A ?

(? (?

&),1 (),1&(

A

A
1( 1 X

;
&(

2

A
( A(, %%%%%_? _? A??

A1 ((

;'

4 N
(NB

;

&

_?
%%%%%%%%
"
4 N
(N
1

B

"

"
( A
" A" %%%%%%%%%( A A
(4
A A
A A

&(
2
A
" A" %%%%_? _? A?? A A
(4
A1 (4 A

& (&
_?
_? A A
"%%%%%%%% A"%%%%%%% A A??
(41
( 4

A1
A

<

=?
" _? & ,1

(N"N
!

J;"

"

?

(
=
=?"

?
;
" = ;

M<
M =? "

1
(&"'

280
= =?";
??
!
"LK
X
;"

(
=
"

(&(
?

=?"(& "_? "
((
?

; =

&(

?

"&=?"_? ??
((?

?

6

"
;
(&(&( (

( A
A2
A
%%%%%%% ( %%%%%_? _? A??

( A 1 (4(

(
& 1 ("

(
"
( A
%%%%%%%_? _? A??"

4
/LCK (
"
A
"

(
5 A0
=
"
&(

2 A
( A (, %%%%%_ ? _ ? A??
A1 (4

;
&(
( A2 ( A

A
%%%%%%%(%%%%%%%%%%%

A1 (
"

; ( A, ; 1+1H
B " "

'

"
& (&
_? _ ? A
A
"%%%%%%%% A"%%%%%%% A A??
(41
(4

A1

A

;
C

A
281
&
_?
_? A
"%%%%%%%% A"%%%%%%% 1 A A??
(41
4
A1

" _? A"_? A A A??
4
A
4

=?_? ??
4
5(J
?
;

=? _?
4
. 2

"
4

=?_?
4
= _,_"

; _? , ? _? "

2 _?

_? %%%
_?
(4
%%%%%%%
4? ?
<
4"

" (
J
?<
=

282

! " #$" %$ "
# &'$$
&($!#!&'$)"* '(+,#$
!$&$$( $"#$"(
# #$"# !$-
(
#%' "# !$ #).$)'

,#
$&$$$
#$/0/ 1(
* '2
$#2 -&
#2 3,- #

&$$''- %
$#&$(' '$)'$$)
#$!!$
#!&'$)&$"$(04 1
- - -
,#'#)$'' $/4 /

# $"$'
/4
5 " 4 #$ $'' ' (
'#+" !&'$) /
#$)$%

/

/
/$

+ /

$ /$

+/

/+ $
6/7 ("

( $##(% ($ $)"#$
/ ,#$ $#!(&$('$#"%!&'$)
6#
$ $/0+1
$/0+1/

$/0 +1
$/0+1
#
,#
!&'$)#$ $%& #!* !&'$)
#'$$ $%
283
( 8$ ($ $$# '"! $#-)$%"
/9:2
" ;9:2
"
9:2
!&'$) 94<)$%#* "!&'
4

4

4

4

4

=(%$ '
#$&* '$$%'''#%#&&"
$ $:%
$)/7
$">?@,AB$&'#%'
$#$)$'$ $

C#&&%##$)##$"/7 $'
$ $/9444 $+/ - 6#" 94<

+ /D4+E#$-!&'/7 F
$0+1
- $
0+1
E /9444+/4444 +/

" !&'"#$ $#%
"
9
G

$ " 7
H

4
#$
@* '
!$
$0+1; $0+1;!7

-
0+1; ! 0+1;!7
6
"#"$ !
$$""#)$%"! '"!('F

;
+
"# !
!
;
+ 7

?$)#$)##$"#)$%"! '

#"$ !$* '
$0/1+ +; $7+ +;

;$+ +; ;$+ +;
#$'# !(!
$7+7 +;

;$+7 +;
6
$)#$$"$7-
#"$ !(!
$7+; +
7+;$ +; +
;$+ +;
#$'# !(!
$7+; +7
7+;$ +; +7
;$+7 +;
,#$""(# !$#$)##$"/7

"!
284
#(% '$* '
$ +; +7 $ +; +
#$# $)#$$"$ - (!
II+/ +7 II+/ +
I+/ +/ I$+/ $+/
I+/ 7+/ I$+/ $7+/
$+/
* $(#
,#
#%$&'%$"$"#$&$ '-!&'"#'
#('2$'"!#$>?@,AB
#$ $"! #!$)'$'&!&'%' !'
4

4

4
('$)#$"$" $J
#"$) ('K$%# $ '$)#')

#+/
#$$!&'$#$)$% (%+/&$$%
"* (%+/'$$)$%"* (%
+/
Ω∆

π π
−Ω Ω Ω
Ω ΩΩ Ω

( #"$"$) ('

$ '$$
( $'2"$ (%+/
##!'$$)
( L4
$'$$
#$#''$
$#$ (%+/."$'"$) ('
285
Ω∆

π π −ΩΩ
π
−ΩΩ
−Ω Ω
−Ω Ω Ω
−π −π Ω Ω −π
−Ω Ω
ΩΩ

Ω∆
π −ΩΩ
π
−Ω
−Ω Ω Ω Ω
−Ω −π ΩΩ −π
Ω

? !'# $!.#$$/9M$! !$)#$#

$$( M
$#&( 9M&,# #
/9+99/&+%' $,#"
74&#+ &+&#"M$)$''M %+9/&
4+!$ 7;%+!$
%' $#($)/HM,#&"#($$#

% 7;&! /HM+% 4!$+# !$'+09/D4/M1 /D!$'+#
286
C!#$""#$)#&
"
( #$$#'&
#$# '#""6
$!##'#
$# &"##'
( #"&)$)(#
' & $ # ! " '' $$ :%
' $
&
$!($%$"# $!
&&##'$ ''$)@C."#"$) ('?

$!
#'""$) &$C"
)
#%$'
&
&MMC#$)#'$)#$"!&#$
%# )##&$#
!$###?
M#&$ M#
!&' $!) "$) 6 # &#$' & MM # !% #
&$$#
#$#$ #)$% !&$"##'&
'##&&$#)'@C"#$:%
#&
(#$$
&M(
M# !&$$ @@C"#&MM#
(#'!&'$!)E$''
$#$)#!"$)
/
&MM#)$!%'&N#@C6&MM&&

! ' %$' ,# & &&$) ( %$'
#$# $
''#$""&$##$)!
#&&!%@@C
%''

∆ ∆
C#%&$('-&$O$)/( #"#

"''P42#$
#%

O
$#5=@F5P4

O +

287

O O !5=@

# /+
>* $)#-&$)$%#$$)$$F

/+
O$)Q'(
#$$$#( !$''%$"$,#') /+
$'$%
#"# !%)
E''
L+,#$$( #$%$%$)'"
- #%&$%& + #$#$#$
#(' &:%
$&$
- $%(' '
('$!$#$
#$)M$'$$)"$'M
!''-
#$'#$""$%!&'$"''#$)#"*
!&$- ,# '$##""$%($#$''(
(#$)$(#$""$.#$! ( "
$!&'$)#$)' '$)"!#&$
! #"$"$) ('

# : ,#&
! '$&'
B $#$##$"$) ('@''
L+
Ω
Ω
−Ω Ω
Ω

Ω
−1.5Ω −0.5Ω 0.5Ω 1.5Ω

Ω

−Ω Ω
−0.5Ω 0.5Ω Ω
288

( 6B :N N #"$"$) ('

/
##$)"
:N "&$ '%' "
N $$!&#"LNL4
N+
#$'"4LNL
N+,##$$$%'"
#N$)$,#"$$#$##$"$) ('
$#$##
'$))":N
!'9
$(N N 4F

L9L4
'%$)")$%
/9LL9
#$'"LNL9$#$)2,#

$ #"##$)'
!'
I09 109 +1

I/9+
?#$)#)
!' 9
#$$+/
,# " #% # "''$)F B 4 " L /9
$
* $''B9 0+/1+/ 44HG
Ω−Ω Ω

Ω
Ω −Ω Ω
−0.5ΩΩ 1.5ΩΩ
−1.5ΩΩ 0.5ΩΩ
Ω−Ω

Ω Ω Ω
Ω
Ω
−Ω Ω
0.5Ω Ω 1.5ΩΩ
289
E#-)"
#-"$) ('
##'$#
!"#"##&2$,#$&$ $%'$"#
'$))":N
)$!'9
(4

4L9L

'%$)"
"9LLI
,#'
!'? B /
$
49
? N+ NN+ N
I4
0I1I0I +19I09 +1
II0+; +19I0G+; 7 +1
I04+;;/ +1
0+;/ +1
,#$#!-$! !

#$#!$($""$$F
//+ 4
)$%$) .#!-$! !$#
? +;/ 7+;
,# B B ? +/ 4G;
? 9
? +;7G+; I
? I
? +;+; I
,#$)$$* $&
Ω−Ω

ΩΩΩ
Ω
Ω
−Ω Ω
0.5ΩΩ 1.5ΩΩ
E$''
#%#"$) ('
#$#$%'$"#$'$))"#
$)#(":N
!'I
(4

4LIL
ILLI
:%
$ ' I L L 4
( # $ &' " B $
!!$'$#&
290
,#'"$)'#$#I I
$##$)#
I + I+,# #"#'"$)'$II+
,#$)'#$)##$#I I

$##$)#
I + I+,# #"#'"$)'$II+
@* '
#'$I/0+; + 1 $)#"#
( ( / (
0+; + 1>%' $) I)$%
I
%' $) 4)$%+;
B +D 447GD
R $)'' ')#

#%#&'#$#"$'"$)
(',#&')$Q'( $)#'$$%(%

$!&$#$)&)! ?#& !-S/9
!
#L+/9 "!&'$) $#'$$)
Ω−Ω

Ω Ω Ω
Ω
Ω
−Ω Ω
−1.5ΩΩ 0.5ΩΩ 1.5ΩΩ
−0.5ΩΩ
Ω
Ω

Ω
Ω
Ω
−2.5Ω −Ω Ω 2.5Ω
Ω
Ω
291
"C"$& /?/9
$%$(/F
N
N/
/
@#)$)$''!$""#'"$
%$)#
&'$"#$) !"$''!$""#$)#$
(#"#$#$''(%$F
N
N/
/
6'N F

/
/
O$) +0$

/?; 1$#

0/1+
/
6
- -

-
/

/
C ($ F

0/1+

O$)#!&'$)&&"#!$# !
"$''($H F
/

4 4 4-&
%'$ " 5 P 4 #$

# ! $%) C ! # "$ #
($"%) 4
292
" I'+!&'
$+!&'
( E$#$#$

/+ +,#
-4 -4
- -
-/ /

,# -
E#$
/ (!

$,#$"! '#( !$''

%$"$%$ $ $)Q'(,# !%)''
-4 4
- $ 4

- 4#$&#')$'
%
$# ('6* $!&'$)
- ( ''#
!&'2
B
#$'$$)%# )# /+ /44$! #)#
$ # "* /+, /4 ,# &('! $
$)' % #
$"$$ !("#!$
$#&"
#$''(
'$$)!#!''P4$
,#$$-!&'"! '$.$''#$"*

-
# ( # $ $! %$ " 94 0
9?/
$)# ' !1 "! I0-& -& 1
#%
B I001 01 1@''B ##&&#
$E$)(
( A ,# C # # && # $ #
"$) (' , - -
$!&' '& "$' '
5''#$'2&#'&"$'#%$)!)$ $#&(
""$''( + $
"''E!#"$) ('
/#"''#- T E$''

$)

#%- /+ T$,%$'$$)
+

5!!(
#$''&"$'$)(%! (!&'>E=5>!&'$).
$'$!$# $(#$'''$
Ω

Ω
−Ω −ΩΩ −Ω Ω ΩΩ ΩΩ
Ω
293
$ 7+; /+ 7+/
$$ 7+H / +H
( 7+H H;O! '

#$(!
4; +
/4; 4//;
,#$$#"* $+!&'#$#-&#$$)'

C'$!$#$$$'($'$'&"$'$)#$)'
>E=5>!&'$),# ""# '(''%'' ,#
* $"$) #('

∆

()*)!

−2π −π π 2π ω
&

%ω
'
! "#$ %ω
"#$
∆ 0.2π
∆ ∆
π
ω
−π π/2 π 6π/7 ω
0.224π
6.16),#!-$! !!&'$ " $ 4.#!-$! !%' $,#

$ U" 44 -&I94
)2}.
)$%$)'44 ;49 I /94
4H+
$!$''
"
$$
4 -&I94
)2}. )$%$)
'4 /747 I /94

;/G+
For each case we set twice the determined frequency equal to Ω s =2/t, giving =
9/!"UH7!"4U,#* $&'#('6"
#8,E,
'##$$%$ '$)$"$''$$)!# S
&'$$
#$# !#8,E,#(## !$'8,E, ! $)
- # !"# 4

/!#$$$) $#('(
# P ! !$ ' " L E$''
$ # #
$"- "$'"#4U! #'$$) ,#&('!
294
$ # # K $ "' " # $ $
* '%#+$''?'
$$# $4U
##( /!&'+$''$#$
#'$$)$
#$)#"* $
'&$'$)#'$$)!$#
8,E,&'JJ
#"$'* $
$#:2F
E + G/7:2
E :2 7/E
#$#! '(!4/E "E
" 4/'+!&'

4;+!&',#$$&%#
#'& !0#$##!$##"#$)$' 1
(
!%$(&"$'$)- $#$'$$)"$'" ""
)
/:2
!! "

σ

295

,'-.*!*! "

#

$%&'()*'+
!"#!$"# $

296

!"!#$%&''& ''() &
'*+,& ' -

π
−π

297
!"#!$"# $

!"!# $ %&''& ''()&

'*+, &' -

298

: 90+ +/ 1

# 9
( # 9

:2 92+2 2+2
92 +02 2 1
: 9+0 / 1 9+ ;
: 9 +0 1
9

0 $ 10 $ 1
9

/ /
A /+ ,#&'#('

# "$ &' 4
# $ $'' '$$) #
&)-&"'$)#"##$)#"* $ 5!!(
# )#
# # 8,E, & ( # "* ) #
#
$ $!E $"!J#&' 49
#$ ($''$$)(##$)#'"* $,#$$

"%'$$)."!'$$)
# '('$$)#'
"* $"' '#&#&
#
#
$''$)$"$!)$ &'$#'!D4"&# 5>8O@,=6
$#8,E,'$%#$ $!E $"!!#$)#%
$#-J
299
/'"!&'
!"!& '
"++ 0 0
-

-
-

- - - -
.
!"#$$$%! !"#&

''&&( &(")

300
P / . "$) (' " -!&' " '$$) E
$!&'$$
'# $$)'#%$) '& !" $#$)#

ω ω

1/(∆Τ)
ω
π −Ω∆
Ω∆
π π
−π π
2Ω∆

( Q '$&'( ("!&'$).#'&"$'#"$)

(',#!$$! !&$('%' "$/

ω

Ω
−Ω Ω
−2Ω 2Ω
Ω

−1.5Ω 1.5Ω Ω
301
Ω

−Ω Ω Ω
ω
!∆"Ω!#π
ω
−2π −π π 2π
−2π/3 2π/3
Ω

∆
= 1,
Ω Ω
! ,# "$"$$($#" '!& !& $ $

$#$$ $ 4E '!&$
!-$"
L4(!!$''&'$$)$,#$$$#"$) ('E
- -&

.$!)$ $#'$ %$#
/

"$) ('" E- I-&

5 0 1+0 1 0/ 1 .
$!)$ $##'$$#"$) ('C# #

!%'"#$$ $ 4
#& !"''!&$'(#
& +$''#$"$$($#( "#"
# # A&' "! $ '$ 0% # )# - !(' #
&"'('$!$ $ " $. # $ $ $""$ ' ' (
('$!$"!#$!!$1
302
Ω

,% +++% "+0+1 ++%

/'+
"
" ;'+G!&' 4;;;'+!&'
E "+ ;+G +449 DDG:2
( /

E EE/#E + /4:2E DDG:2

,# E DDG/4/ ;DDG:2
E'$$)
'* $EP/;DDG GHD:2

'44:2
E +E 99

# "* $6=,#!$
"#"* E(%$& @!&$)(#!$F
9E ;;;:2
E ;DG:2
E 977:2

6$# $)#!$ '(%$
%'E :%
"')
# !$'$""
$''(')
$!&'( E$!'''$%E
"#6$''$$6 !&'0$& 1
#
E 6+6 +

E+E +6+6
,# $"6 +6$$)

## "* E$-'* '
#!$"# !&$$&'"* E
303

E!('
#A, 5P

6$)#&&#A, C +
#%
0 1 0/ 1

A,
0 1
/ / /

0 1
/ /

0 1 0 1 0 / 1
#5P
,#
/

??
/ 0 / 1

5P!-

" !#

##M!-$! !M"*
+

? 0? + 1
; /+

'%$)"?$$')$%
? 0/+ 1+0+ 1
* $:%
$#&('!!
# !-$! !
6=, C'%"#-%' "
$''#%#$!-$! !"#

!"* ( !-$!$2$)" "
(# "#!
/

? ?
;

6$)# /

#%
/ ;

0; D 1
?
0 ; 1
,#$%$%$''(2# $''#%

!-$! !"#"* #$#!# !" +* '
2C #')(# !')!C
-& #"$!"''F
304
/ ;
/ ;
// / /
//;

;
; /
,#')!$# !$
0; D 1 0; ; ;
1
; ; ;

;
;
;
,# !"#!!$#
/D / /;
/0/ ; 1
/0 / ; 1
#$#$* $* $" #$2,#

$)#
$%$%2'%$)"
($
S ;
S ;

S S0 ; 1
C#'&$$%'%'
#$#$"(#MM$)
6
"$ # * $ %' " ? ! # & !)$ $ ="

#!)$ * $'''( $
'N" $"
*

?
;

6
;

;

?
0/ ; 1

; 0 ; 1

;

?
; ; // ;

; ; ; ;

;

?
D //
;
305

;

?
/0; ;

?
/0 ; 1

'%$)"?$')$%
? /0 ; 1

C#%? 44/? 44,#* $&'$#('O$)
)$&
($ 4;7 + ,# + ;DG ,#
$$#$#"$) (',# '"

04
41!$('
($) ($$#-$,#
#$)#"*
#$)#' &'#(!

306
!

A #' ,# / ,#
/

??
/ 0 / 1
6 #M(M!!#$
C##$
"$##!-$! !$9
#'$
79
#$#"$) ('?)$ $)M)$&
M($ 4
+
)$%$) 47;
307
!"#

!"#$%

6&# $#&"!$& "#')

%' "
#$#"$) (',#$$!# '-''
"$) ('0-&)1.-&'$"''#"$)
308
Solid = xc(t);stems= samplesofxc(t);--- = sinc reconstr.using samples;dt= 0.3142 s.
0.025
0.02

0.015
0.01
0.005
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time t(s)

!"

!#

!$

%&

'

&

''
%

!
(
%'
$%
%

%

%

) !"

%'

%
'

%

) !"

%

%'
%

%
#

%

'

! "

%

%'
%
%

'

%

$%
!*

%

% )

!"

%'

+"

''

,
!
-(

.
%
309
'/0102
3
4 '44546307
5

%

!!
%/01
)17-18!8
" 9!/: %

!;

%

%

%'

%

!$

%'

%
%<%
%

!!

%!=

!!
+"

%

%

%!
>

''

!"<

? 6

%

+"
@
"

%

!
Aliasing ofspectrum ofboxcar(T= 1 s)fordt= 0.1 s.

1
0.9
0.8 solid curve = Xc(jw/dt)
0.7 - - - = X(exp(jw))
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
normalized radian frequency(rad/sample)
310

"

!
#)17 !/1AB?

%
'

%!
Sampled |FT{triangle}|: T= 1 sec, L = 4,N = 64, dW = 2pi(0.125 Hz)

2
1.8
1.6
1.4 O/stem = samplesX(k)
1.2 -.-.-.-.= originalXc(jW)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Analog frequencyW corresponding to samples(rad/s)
311
True FT-1 vs.DFT-1 estimate: dW = 2pi(0.125 Hz),T= 1 sec,L= 4
1
O/stem = DFT-1 estim ate ofFT-1.
-.-.-.- = exactFT-1 ofFT{triangle}.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time t(sec).
#)17 !/1AB?

!

!
"# $"% &$" '()*!'+,-
'
!)3
!)&
!)$ .

/0
!)' 1)1)1)1) / 2
()3
()&
()$
()'
(
13( 1&( 1$( 1'( ( '( $( &( 3(

312
True FT-1 vs.DFT-1 estimate: dW = 2pi(0.3125 Hz),T= 1 sec,L= 4
1.8
1.6 O/stem = DFT-1 estimate ofFT-1.
1.4 -.-.-.- = exactFT-1 ofFT{triangle}.
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Time t(sec).
& )& C!D

E

%

%

%

%!"

!
>

!
313

!
"

"

−∆ ∆ 2∆ 3∆ 4∆ 5∆

"

9!1

)F/07-''/8'F/!
"

9!

)3F/07-''/8'5

)'

9!2!
"

9!G

)3F/07-''/8'5'H!
)'
$

% ' %

%

?
I 4!J

)3F/07-''/8'H-8
)'

)HF/07-''8H-8!
)'
314
J
<

+

KK60
%

+
I
& )& CF/0& /'

73'C05!
C)/'
0%

C0)3
'/F
50!
>

&

''
/''
F/'
& )& 3CFKKKK/'

3KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK5

''
'
F/'
)& C3/FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK5
7
'
/'
)& CF/0KKKKKKKKKK

)& -C8F/0
)& C

'
/'
1/
C)-C8F/0)3KKKKKKKKK5FKKK!

L

H
!
>
%%

%
+"
)0F/0!
.
) / - 8

'
'
%

- 8 / - 8

) 1' -18 KKKKKKK)' / -18

!
"

/F0 - 8 /F0 - 8

) '/F1'0 -18) /'0 -18

!
"

!
D

E

%

%

%

%!

%

!J

315
∆

2∆

∆

M )M',100
)'

)& ',107B',100!
)'

& )&',100
)'

%
& F,1<0)& , %<I

M )& 7B',100!
)'
$
&

&

I

M )& B',100!
)'
"

%

B 3 ''

<

<%

N;BF%
@@5I
M )& 7B !
$

,

3( 5 )(

( )(?)(
%
'

?)

!

316
*

>375

>3& B5)>3>3&5B5
)>3&5>3B5!
"

%
!$

%
%

&
%
!O

>375

%%
%%

'
'

<
!
#9!//

''
) H!
" & )& C!

L>3& B5)>3&5>3B5

<
& )& C

C)/'
0

C )>3/'
05!
$
/'

+

'
%

) /

)'/-
9!/1
) / /7 ) '/8! "

%

C )/'
7>3/05!
L

C
9!P
C )/'
0/'
)/ D
356 !
*

%
& )& !
$

''

'
' -%9!//8

+

& )& C)& C)& !

J

%%

''

''

''

%% ?
!*

%3>QB5
)>QB!
R

N;B

!
B )M 0&

<

% !
"%%B

?'
B?)B )?0
317
B??

M?)B?&?
M?)N"3%5&?'N"35!
B %%

J

!
"

%

%

?
'
' 0 %
<

!
"

B?.

B)/'
-.08!

+
#).0)+"3#5!"
%
+"
%
%

)''!
E

) )''/!
+
)

)''/!*

%
B?)#?'?#?)/'?#?!
C

B?)/'?N"3+"3.055

)
?'!

N;B0%

E?
!"

%

'

'
!

% 9!/1 E &

%%

%

%
%

%
!"

J )& E

I
R'

)
J )KKKKKKKKKKKKK!
$'

)
"

N;B
+

()J C)/'
J 0!

E

#).0!
J

M)/'
J #!R%

%

J I
$'R'

M)/'

#!
) )
L

%
%

+"
318
$RR
%')'''F/
) ) )

$RR
%')'''F/!
) ) )
"<
N"

$'R
M??)#?/'??
) )
J?)&?E?
M?
"?)KKKKK)E?B?
&?
B?)/'?#?
)/'?N"3+"3.055

)
?'
%
.

N;B
/0
!"

M?)3E?B?57&?
%
!

3'5

?

?

?
!" ,

?'

'%
!

9!/G
I J

J10!$

%
%

10

#
M,

!" %

%

!"

%

%%

'

!(,
%

3'<05
%)%<7! /

<)''<0
R

%)H

H

'

%)S7 'SS! 1
'
(

$%

%%/I
319

3S'053'S'05
%)77 7S!
')'S'0)''S'0
=

2
3S'0573'S'05
%) 7KKS!
)')''S'07'S'0
"

2,

A
3'050-'08)#"37
40

5

9
3'050-'08)#"37
40

5!
"

2

#

'
A9!
"
37
40

5737
40

5
P
)37
40

5
)#"373'F050-'F085! P
*

%2

3-'F805
%)7 77! G
)')'-'F80
E

<)F!"

3'<05
%)<'7-7 87! :
<)')''<0
"

%

'

) )7 !
* /

?
%<!
"

'

'
I
H )H /

H
'
H

'
!
>
!
%

H

TU
E'
! "

!
320

Ω
Ω
Ω#$Ω
Ω
−Ω ΩΩ
!
Ω
Ω
Ω%#$Ω
Ω
−Ω ΩΩ
" !

ΩΩ
Ω
Ω
−Ω ΩΩ
ΩΩ
Ω
−Ω Ω
−Ω Ω Ω
321
Ω
Ω
Ω
−Ω
Ω Ω
Ω

Ω
Ω
−Ω
Ωσ−Ω2 Ω Ω Ω
Ω Ω
Ω Ω
Ω
−Ω
Ω Ω Ω
322

Ω
Ω
Ω!&( !Ω

Ω
−Ω Ω!Ω
"#
$
%
Ω
Ω Ω)&( !Ω

−Ω Ω Ω Ω
−Ω
& ' $'"#
$
%

ΩΩ
Ω
Ω
−Ω −Ω Ω Ω
ΩΩ
Ω
Ω
−Ω −Ω Ω Ω Ω
−Ω
323
Ω
Ω
Ω
−Ω ! Ω Ω
Ω
Ω
Ω
−Ω ! Ω Ω Ω
−Ω
Ω Ω # $ΩΩ%

" Ω
−Ω Ω Ω Ω
−Ω Ω
−Ω

Ω Ω

324

D
L?)N"35)/0/'??6/!
+
>?)N"35)L?B?)-/0/'?8/'?N"3+"3.05
)
)N"3+"3.05!
)
" )+"3.05!.0)>
)!
)
>

!

!

∆

∆

$∆

"

#
$∆
%$∆

%
>QB

)

%

>QB

!

%

%
%%
!
#C
9!1P
<
>QB
<

!*

%

%

.

>QB!"

!"

,

- )/6 8!
325

. )/073/0'/0F5!
" )/03/'

5!
>

!
Ω

σ

/
. )KKK. F,<

)10!
<)'
"

.

.

'

. )/0-F8!D

,

!"

.
?

) ',<
' ) '',<! (

%

%
//
. )KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

!
<)'F,<FF,<
*

%

!$

%%
?
.

'
%

F,FF,) !
<)')'
<
326
Ω
Ω

Ω Ω π∆

Ω

σ

Ω

Ω

Ω
"

)'V3'F5)'V,)V,!"

!
Ω
Ω
σ

Ω
327
(C
9!

F,<)'V,
F,<)V,

%)'F,'<V/),'<V/!
"

!-(

%,

%,!8"
. C
9!!
Ω
Ω

Ω Ω π∆

Ω

σ

Ω

Ω

Ω

C#=.

V,

%

'%'/

. !J

.

. !"
) !
+

(
) !
"

%

)!"

%

C
9! )/03/'
5!
(**
. )KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK)KKKKKKFKKKKKKFKKKKKKKKFKKKKKKKK
F F1F F ',F,F',FF,

328
(((
)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK)KKKKKKKKKKKKK)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0 W': '3105
,1' F,1F F ,1 F,113 F1 5

(((
*)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK)KKKKKKKKKKKKK)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK0 W': F3105
,1',1'F,1',113F15

)133F0
W5F*
3F0
W*55!
': )
(
)KKKKKKKKKKKKK33'105F
3F1055!
3 F1 5

())10

(
)KKKKKKKKKKKKK331'105F

1F1055
3 F1 5

(
)KKKKKKKKKKKKKK3'3105F

31055
3F15
('1
)KKKKKKKKKKKKKK-'1F

18)KKKKKKKKKKKKKK-/'

8!
3F153F15

"
'X3F15 0() !
"

()'X3F15

) - . ). 8!
>

)X) !2!"

!"
'

!"

. 'V,

)') !

.

401!"
%,<

401

!"

%!
329

!

"!

!!
#
$
# # ∆# ∆$#

;

%

* !9!B

I
',

Y
&
)
)'
$'/',
F$
) YF$
)')

$'/',
',
$
Y
5
&
)3
)')
',
$
)&

)'

',
$
)&

)'

)&

$'1
)'
330
or
2B 4
Xperext(ejT)= ——— XN(ejT) E *c(T - 2BR/N)
N R=-4
2B 4
= ——— E XN(ej2BR/N) *c(T - 2BR/N),
N R=-4
which is an impulse train with weights equal to samples of XN(ejT). There are N
samples for T , [-B, B].
4
6.36) As in (6.24), we write yc(t) = E x(n)rc(t - n)t). As in the problem
n=-4
statement, we will be assuming that x(n) = xc(n)t). We now note that
rc(t - n)t) = rc(t)*c*c(t - n)t),
by the sampling property of the Dirac delta function (as applied to

convolution with a shifted Dirac delta). Thus,
4 4
yc(t) = E xc(n)t) [rc(t)*c*c(t - n)t)] = rc(t)*c[ E xc(n)t)*c(t - n)t)].
n=-4 n=-4
The quantity in brackets is none other than xs,c(t) [see (6.10b)]. Thus
yc(t) = rc(t)*cxs,c(t) implements the convolution of a sequence with a
continuous-time function. Because xs,c(t) is an impulse train, it does not
exist in practical reality. However, we can mimic its effects by recalling
that *c(t) can be obtained as the limit of a boxcar of height 1/) and width ).
Thus, we could form a finite-valued, finite-width "impulse" train, whose
"impulses" actually have the finite values xc(n)t)/) and finite widths ). A
sampling circuit with electronic switching could approximate this continuous-
time signal, which in turn could perfectly well be filtered by the analog
filter rc(t). In the case of signal reconstruction from samples, we set rc(t)
= sinc(Bt/)t), but the above results are valid for a general analog filter
rc(t).
From the convolution theorem and formula 20 (i)in Appendix 4A, any T-periodic
function g(t) having nonzero dc value [so that G(k=0) is nonzero] multiplying
x(t) can be used for “sampling“ x(t), except that the notion of “samples” is
muddled if that function is not a narrow-width-pulse train (see, e.g., R. E.
Zeimer, W. H. Tranter, D. R. Fannin, “Signals and Systems: Continuous and
Discret,” 3rd Ed., Macmillan, NY, 1993, pp. 253-358). Each Dirac delta of G(k)
produces a replica of the spectrum of x(t) at intervals equal to the
fundamental frequency of g(t)--the zero-centered replication--and thus x(t)--
can thus be extracted by lowpass filtering x(t)g(t).
We thus do not really need the pulse-width extremely small unless we want to
really call it reconstruction from true samples alone [as opposed to
reconstruction of x(t) from segments of x(t)]. The height of the pulses is
even less important, as it can of course be absorbed into the passband gain of
the LPF. The on/off-multiplication of the narrow pulse train can be easily
implemented using electronic switching. Note, however, that the zero-order
hold does CANNOT be used for ideal reconstruction, for it distorts the zero-
centered (baseband) spectrum (see Fig. 6.16b,c). The reason is that the ZOH
amounts to a time-domain convolution {see (6.11)] rather than a time-domain
multiplication, so in the frequency domain we have a distorting multiplication
of the baseband spectrum.
331
6.37) )t z+1 )t
f(n) = ZT-1{F(z)} = ZT-1{ ———— —————} = ———— {u(n) + u(n-1)}
2 z-1 2
= )t{½*(n) + u(n-1)}.
^
Thus y(n) = x(n)*f(n) = )t{½x(n) + x(n)*u(n-1)}.
6.38) (a) y(n) = ()t2/)t2){(n+1)2 - 2n2 + (n-1)2} = n2+2n+1-2n2+n2-2n+1 = 2
= d2[t2]/dt2#
#t=n)t.
(b) y(n) = (1/)t2)[sin{S0(n+1))t} - 2sin{S0n)t} + sin{S0(n-1))t}]
= (1/)t2)[sin(S0n)t)cos(S0)t) + cos(S0n)t)sin(S0)t) - 2sin(S0n)t)
+ sin(S0n)t)cos(S0)t) - cos(S0n)t)sin(S0)t)]
= (2/)t2){cos(S0)t) - 1}sin(S0n)t)
= -(4/)t2)sin2(S0)t/2)sin(S0n)t)
= A•xc(n)t) where A = -(4/)t2)sin2(S0)t/2).
(c) In (a), y(n) = yc(n)t); that is, we have PERFECT second-order

differentiation. In (b), y(n) … yc(n)t). However, if S0)t is small, then
A . -(4/)t2){S0)t/2}2 = -S02
so that y(n) = -S02sin(S0n)t),
which agrees perfectly with d2xc(t)/dt evaluated at t = n)t. Note that small
S0)t means that there are many samples per period of xc(t).
The central difference formula is exactly valid up to second order. sin(S0t)

involves all orders (powers of t in the Taylor series expansion). Hence the
central difference formula cannot be a true second differentiator for
sinusoids. When S0)t is small, the central difference formula approaches the
true definition of d2/dt2 in terms of the limit of a ratio of differences, a
characteristic that holds for most functions when )t is small.
(d) The frequency response of this system is [see (9.34) - (9.35) for the
proof],
2
Hc.d.(ejT) = ———— {cos(T) - 1} = -(4/)t2)sin2(T/2).
)t2
Clearly A = H(exp(jT0)) where T0 = S0)t. That is, A is the frequency response

evaluated at the input (digital) frequency.
Usually, H(exp(jT0)) is the eigenvalue for eigenfunction exp{jT0}, but in the
case of the second-differentiation filter, A = H(exp(jT0)) is also the
eigenfunction of sin(T0n) = sin(S0n)t) because A is real and because the
second derivative of the sine function is a scaled version of the sine
function.
In general, though, for input x(n) = sin(S0n)t),
y(n) = #H(exp(jT0))#sin{T0n + /
_H(exp(jT0))}.
332
6.39) (a) Let z = x+jy, and of course assume )t > 0. Then with
s = (z-1)/(z)t) = F+jS,
we know F < 0 iff Re{(z-1)/z} < 0, or Re{[x-1+jy]/[x+jy]} < 0,
or Re{(x-1+jy)(x-jy)/[x2+y2]} < 0, or [x2-x+y2]/[x2+y2] < 0, or,
adding and subtracting ¼ to complete the square (and noting the denominator is
always $ 0),
(x-½)2+y2 < ½2.
This inequality describes a disk centered on {½,0} with radius ½. This disk
being entirely within the unit circle guarantees that any stable Hc(s)
transforms into a stable H(z). Note, however, that the frequency response (jS
axis) is not at all retained (i.e., mapped to the unit circle), except
approximately so for very low frequencies (z near 1). Thus, compared with the
BLT, this mapping is not recommended.
(b) Yc(s)/Xc(s) = a/(s+a) ——> dyc(t)/dt + ayc(t) = axc(t). Integrate:
!t dyc(t') !t !t
# ——————— dt' = -a # yc(t') dt' + a # xc(t') dt'.
"0 dt' "0 "0
Noting that by antidifferentiation the left-hand side is yc(t) - yc(0), let t
!n)t !n)t
= n)t:
yc(n)t) - yc(0) = -a # yc(t') dt' + a #

"0 "0
xc(t') dt'. (*)
Next, let t = (n-1))t:
!(n-1))t !(n-1))t
yc([n-1])t) - yc(0) = -a # yc(t') dt' + a #
"0 "0
xc(t') dt'. (**)
Subtracting (**) from (*) gives
!n)t !n)t
yc(n)t) - yc([n-1])t) = -a # yc(t') dt' + a #
"(n-1))t "(n-1))t
xc(t') dt'.
Under the "backwards rectangular rule," we hold the integrand constant at its
value at the END of the )t-length integral, n)t [rather than at (n-1))t as for
usual rectangular rule integration] to obtain
yc(n)t) - yc([n-1])t) = a)t{xc(n)t) - yc(n)t)}
or
y(n) - y(n-1) = a)t{x(n) - y(n)}.
Taking the z-transform,
Y(z){1 + a)t - z-1} = a)tX(z), or
Y(z)/X(z) = a/{(1-z-1)/)t + a}.
This has the form Hc(s) with s replaced by (1-z-1)/)t, as was to be shown.
333
The process generalizes by using the cascade decomposition; each s is replaced
by (1-z-1)/)t.
(c) Solving for z, 1 - z-1 = s)t, or z = 1/(1-s)t). Thus
#z#2 = [1/(1-F)t-jS)t)][1/(1-F)t+jS)t)] < 1 iff
1 < (1-F)t)2 + (S)t)2, or (1/)t2) < (F - 1/)t)2 + S2,
which is the exterior of a circle of radius 1/)t centered on {1/)t, 0} in the

s-plane. Thus, there are situations in which Hc(s) can have poles in the
right-half plane (unstable) and H(z) be stable. This happens as long as those
RHP poles are outside the circle of radius 1/)t centered on {1/)t, 0}.
Contrast this with the result in part (a) that the left half of the s-plane
maps to the interior of the circle of radius ½ centered on {½, 0} in the z-
plane.
6.40) (a) With s = F + jS = (z-1)/)t, F < 0 translates to
Re{z-1} < 0, or Re{z} < 1.
The region Re{z} < 1 has no relation to the unit circle centered on the
origin, and so there is no guarantee at all that a stable Hc(s) will translate
into a stable H(z). Therefore, this transformation is usually to be avoided
in the discretization of an analog filter or other analog system [but see part
(b)].
With y(n+1) - y(n) = )tx(n) or y(n+1) = y(n) + )tx(n), we have the usual
rectangular rule integration.
(b) Solving for z, we have z = 1 + s)t, or
zz* = (1+F)t+jS)t)(1+F)t-jS)t) = {1+F)t}2+(S)t)2 < 1, or
{1/)t + F}2 + S2 < {1/)t}2,
which is the interior of a circle of radius 1/)t centered on {-1/)t,0}. Thus,

if all the poles of the analog system are within this circle, the forward
difference CAN be used to map that stable (or unstable) Hc(s) into a stable
H(z).
6.41) The trapezoidal rule says
#t=n)t #t=(n-1))t
yc(n)t) . ()t/2){dyc/dt# + dyc/dt# } + yc((n-1))t).
Letting x(n) = xc(n)t), y(n) = yc(n)t), and noting that
dyc(t)/dt = -ayc(t) + bxc(t) and Yc(s)•(s+a) = bXc(s) or Hc(s)= b/(s+a) [Re{s}>-

a],
#t=n)t
dyc(t)/dt# = -ayc(n)t) + bxc(n)t) = -ay(n) + bx(n). Also,
#t=(n-1))t
dyc(t)/dt# = -ayc((n-1))t) + bxc((n-1))t) = -ay(n-1) + bx(n-1). Also,
Thus,
y(n) = ()t/2)[-ay(n)+bx(n)-ay(n-1)+bx(n-1)] + y(n-1), or
Y(z){1 + a)t/2(1+z-1) - z-1} = (b)t/2)(1+z-1)X(z), or
(b)t/2)(1+z-1)
H(z) = ——————————————————————
1-z-1 + (a)t/2)(1+z-1)
)t b
= ———— —————————————————
2 1 - z-1
a)t/2 + ————————
1 + z-1 334
%

B?)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
F10/'?0/F?
)B
1/'?

)KKKKKKKKKKK
/F?

B!

% ) - !!! 8

?
%

<
)

)- !!! 8!" %

)-
8 )-
8-
8-
8777-
8

)
777

!
) /

7

"%

!=

"%

/
)
- !!! 8!"

>%

*%
%'B

! B

E>C!
;

F/
Z
F/ F/F
F/
) F/F/0A73 F/' F/5
)327 F/F F/50A!
#%

%

%

'

'

%

!
0)07F073''17F5

F073'/027
F\75!
)/

0) -)/
)1

!8
) ' '1 F - )/8)1
335
7 F/7 F 70 )' '1 F/
0 )

) '/7 '1-' '1 F 8F/7'/02F\)1 F ':02F\
F F F/7-1 F ':02F\8F F

0 )
) F '/7- '1 F/8'1-1 F ':02F\8F F/7/0/9
1 F ':02F\

)
'A '2 FAP0/9'1\
F F F/7-'A '2 FAP0/9'1\8F

0)
) F '/7-1 F ':02F\8'1-'A '2 FAP0/9'1\8F F/7'/092'\8
'A '2 FAP0/9'1\

)
G FA '/092F\'\!
J

R+
I
F7 FX-' '1 F/8F09-1 F ':02F\8
F012-'A '2 FAP0/9'1\8

'- F1 '/8FX-1 F ':02F\8
F09-'A '2 FAP0/9'1\8F012-G FA '/092F\'\8!
# )% ) )%S )

XF09-':02F\8F012-AP0/9'1\8

FX-':02F\8F09-AP0/9'1\8F012-'/092F\'8!
J

!"

?

)/I
'/)
) )/1!
+

'

!"

6/I
F/) '/F17
F/) '/F173' '17 F5
F/) F0173 F/F 5
336

F/) F0173' F/'17 F/
FF/' '17 F5
F/)327 F/F F/50A
)/1

F/

F/
%
! "

!)"F/

)/1

!'/) "

!) "F/!
"

!
"

!"

'

%

%

'

D
'O "

!
Simulation using predictor-corrector;dt= 0.1 s

2
---*--- = predictor-correctorestimate ofyc(t)
solid = exactyc(t)
1.5
1

0.5
-0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time t(s)
337
2
solid = exactyc(t)
1.5
1

0.5
-0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time t(s)
2.5
2 solid = exactyc(t)
1.5
1

0.5
-0.5
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time t(s)
338

+
) !2) 01)2!PP29!"

E)/!PP2/AE)G!:!
E)2!P:/0AE)12! 0!
"

!

)AE:
!>%

!
%)AE12
0

1G

%!

339

!"#$ $#%%#

$

)1)1 !"
E) !AAAE)/!PG!
E)1 !/0AE)/ !A0!
"

!

)AE/!G
!>%

!
%)AE/
0

(.($1G

%!
340

!"#$ %$ &
'(%'&%)

341
#%
) !2)2 !"
E)/!PPAE)G!G2!
E)2 0AE)1 0!
"

!

)AEG!G
!>%

!
%)AE1
0

(.($1G

%!"

35

AE

1G!

!"#$ %$ &
'(%)'&%)
*

*

342

+
) II$H
) I
I$H %

!"

<
!

! " # ! !

$ %

%

#

%<

%
&<
1<0$!"

%
!"

)

%?

%
''

!+
I+

%

<;O@''ES

%

!%

% ! 1

%

) !
343
!"#"$%&$%" "'"%(
()"$% "
*"(&$%" "$%

J

>

%
!"

%

!"
#

/"',1<0"//',1<"0"
&<)KKK/7
)KKKKKKKKKKKK3
'/5
" "',1<0"
',<"0",<"0"',<"0"
"
3
'
5
)KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
",1<"0"
"',<"0"
)KKK
3<"0"5!
"
',<01
#A ]%%
")"01&<)X
73<015!
"
#

&,

#
3
"5
#

3E

"5!"
#

"
344
',"
"',
'/',"01
(,)
)KKKKKKKKKKK)
1,"0,"7"
',
',"01
)"
3"015

#

E

"-

8I
1
,)KKK'1<0"&,)(,,!
"<)'
>

A ]%%
")1"!"

!!
<
#)1<01")<0"!"

%
',<01
(,#)"
3<015)"',#3<015!$

(,#)"3<015
<?
<

''

<) (,#)"!

(,

)1 0"!+
)10)1

)0)"01
1

?

'' %

%%! $

I )

")"01

")/0 B?): !9^

%

!
J G/:1

E#"

?

%

!>

#

%

E#"

!(

?

<

&''
%

%

!
$

?

E#"

-
P!//
* !P8

+

E#"

<

?

<! "

E#"
%

E
&,)(,,
%

%10"&<@@
345

%
E#"
& ,
#";$=
CL+>=;$+M
%

#"

E

%

%
E#"!
_
%

+

'

E#"
<
I
Y

7E#"3+

Y$'
5
+$'/',1<0+$
Y
)7
)$F

)
+'/$'/',1<F$0+$
YF$
)7
) )
+'/$'/',1<0+$',1<0+
Y
)7
) )
,1<0+0$
)7+7<'+7&

,

Y!

&

E"#"

HH $

346
%

#
2!1/,I+'/?

+

,
$
%

&
!
#

,
/
F1
&
)KKKK7&,KKKKKKKK&,
00!
)'
"
Y

7E#"3+

Y$'
5
)+7<'+7& ,1<0+$
)+7"7&<0+<)+?

& ,
#"%

&<
#>
Y-

2!/I&
<)/0"7& 1<0"8!
"

% +

% "

#>

!

<
%

?
'
R66+$!
!?
' ,

<

%

% +

<
!

%

!

<

E#"
<

$;"
%

! "

'

!
J
<
A

'

! "

E"#"
%/

?

%

%?
'!"
;

E#"

E"#"/ !2

H

E#"

% <
% A

/ !2

!
J

%
%

!2

E"#"=#;D=<

!J

<

<

!
347
! #* !#+&,# !#+
!"!###$%&! # "!'###$%!!()

J

9!G

&,

#"

-& ,8
E
!J
<

(
2(
`1 -
C
2!9A8
%
#"

&,)17&<'1<0"

&<

#"

<)'

2!/!
->

%

<
a

!8$
* 1%* 1!;

1!>

: !9^0
!$
%

* 1

!R%

1!A ! C
/

%

9 B?! "

%

>

!>
R
!D<1!!*<

!C
%<
%

E#"

%!>

!$

<
%
?'

!#%

!
348
-.- ,!/ 012"

'

%
#9!G

E#"

01

,

1<0$!

#>

"

2!/

#"

#" E
!$

'' <

#"
'

%

E#"!(9!G
E#"

#"

%

1<0$

$

<

%
0-18717&<)7&<!"

$

<
$7&<!"

%+)$0"
E#"

?
%

%

#" %

!J

%

%?
''
'%

!"

%
@
349
-".
*# $ */"* %*# * **/ %**#0$$/)# *$#&'1,
! " #!$ %&'()$*+,

$

/

!
!

% !9 B?! M

%

!"

!"

%)9B?

#>

!B

9!G
@D
%<

'

'

@
HHHH"

%

HHHH

?

%!J

HHHH

%
HHHH

!
350

! "" #$

-#.
$!%!/#!&$ /!&$0%%/*$!%$'(1,
! " #! $"%!&'()*%+,

351
#% / 0
!

, / 0

2
0
!# 0
3456%

! 7 / 8$9"

0
!

(
(3"4:/;$<34;$=#

! $4> %
0
!23"4:<#3>?$4>%7@/;3:"//

; /<"3 ; 33>/
-0

!5!#%
;:934A
!!
!
!

/ !

#

, %

, B/
8$9" C!
0
!

3$9$2
!

#%7
0
$<3$9$;
>"D56 0
B/$<28$9"@:934@$37
; 3:$"> 56
, B/
, ;
>"D<3:$">;$4=
,;$=
,,;
34<3:$">;$9",;"#%# !
6% ((,,;$=1-'/ )E
/5./F;$= -'/.5.G'- )11/5./ HE).IE/5 ') JJ./ '- BIE-'//'
/5EKI.GE.&E -LI/HI/G./5EG/'/5E-./IG.J'BE'/5E'/'G<J'.B1
2.!
!

7
352

"#$

!

"#$ %&
353

!

"#

$%&'!()$(
()"(# *+%!

$!

" ("(
!# ,%-

.

/
0
*+1

354

!

"#$

!

! %& '

!'()*+,(-.*

355
/0

!

10
! !
!10
10

010

*
!
$ ,
,
$

10 ! 23 $
!
10! ,

!

!

!
!
$ !

!
!
$

!
! !
!
$
10!
$$!
$
$ $ 4.*

5
!

!
$
!
6 30$ !

6 30$

!$
! 78309
!
!
!
!1!$
(:8309

!
!$ 6830$;<

9

$
!
! 6830
,
!
!!!
!
!
=

!> 5!
!!!

356

357

?
%:%(:$ 0 :::(::7
1:(30$
$0

!
@
cos1
Sine Wave To Workspace2
tsim
Clock To Workspace1
?

,

!!<
?
3 $ !

,
1

@
358
&$-%! $$
A*B!

A

%9%9
%:C9
%)D9
%(9%:9

E

E
%)(9

%)(9
%9
%9
%)9

@

!9%:F9&$-%! $($9
$9
9
$(

GG9

G$%G

&GB, 7 :(
$

%G7GG-

?

1
! "# $%

359

;%;$(.7;$
(.&7;-;;%(30$H

%::6

!"#"$!

%&'

!"#"$
! !$%& '"

360

%:6

@
%:6$
%7I(I,.7IH.7I(I,.7IH

%',.7+.&,.7-
%,.7&J%(
-

$!K7K$

%,.7I'.H,+%'7,.7+
%,

%'7&,.7IH-+
%'7;,
+
%,
$

;%(30
%.7 %:6

1
(
!"#"$!

%&'

361

!"#"$
! !$%& '"

!"#$ #%!$%# #&'#& '& '&$'

362
!"!#

1 ;);9
(.7&;);-%(.&7L)(-
%(.(L::66K
!

1

!9$1%&;);-.;%M.7:%:C6$
!

!

N
K6($H
;,;;'7;+
1 4;! !

4;?

O;?

$

O7;0? 0$

O7;?
$

$ !$ ,7; ) ; % ,7IL ) 7: % C 30$
%;.;%C.7:%:7
.
$ PJ*BQR

!
0,

9 0,
0,

!
$ H
$
!
!
363
!"#$#%(!) #%!$%#
#&'#& '#& '& '&$'

"#$ $ #"#!!%&$

!!

364
?

!
!

!
!$
?
N
K6:,
1
, !

,$ ,

;
?

!
N
K67$ !.7
$ ,7;.7 EE
%::($$!$%::6
,

;;
%C

?

$

!
? N
K6:
,

S

!$

1
N
K67?

!,! * !
1

,
,

N
K67

;
$
0 ! ::::F :::( $

$
! !

,

N
K67

,,,

?
4;
N
K67
%
:7N
!4;1 ,

!

$ , !
TG ?3! !
!
,0 1 $ !
3!, 1;; 1
C$6
365
!
$ !
!

!

"#
#
$%!&

!!

"#$ $ #"#!! $'

(

)%&$

366
;
!
!$

1
%::6,,
!::6I;%::6I7:%(30?

!!
$
%:(6,,
!:(6I;%F30 7L
30?

:6S

F:S GG

!Q
!
6

!
!
7

H!
,

!
?
1

*+" " '

& ' &()

& ' &()
367

,

! !

$
1 ! ! !

?!
?$

!
$
!
$

0!

$

!$
!
S

!9$
$;%LLLL30!

!

, !
!,1

R! ,,
!

U# !@?!QRTQP,<4VQ*P4
!
!
$

!
$!

0

$!

!
$!
$
!$

! "

!
,

!
!

!;
! $
!
!!
K7K$

!

?
!
,

!$

$
!

368

! $%&' ( )
! "#

*
$ ;%;$(.7;$
(.&7;-;;%(30$HV! !

$

!
S

$ !
$ 5

!
%:6
$
,

,

!
$
!$

8

8
15$
,
!!

!

0

1!

T;1

.*
$!!!

! ? 1 $ !
!
Q!
!0
, .7$
!

1

.7 !
T

!
7.%7.(%7 !

%F.7$
!
$
0!
$.7
!

369

$#($ )"*$+$#(

Q

$ ! % (7I7 % 7C$

1!%7C.%7C.::C%(LL6
,
1
.%.::CWL

5!
0!

370
( $$ $

-. ,

/ -%#&%&$

+

!

,
* +
#

,!

.79

1 7.
!
! C76

,,

!
)$&'"#& " #%

****' " #%!'"%& '"

( &" #

371
S
$ 5!

0
!
9

!!,,!1
!

!"#$#$

* .

*
+!, -!

$

.

372
$ 51(76I.%FW6.%
:K30
!
7($

! 1 ! !
1!
!
!
0!. G
!
!.90!

!
!
$ ..%(.730

$
!
!,

J!
0

(.7B
$

J

0

1%
,
!1
(.7,,
0
51(76.
. :K 30 @

4; 1

$ , !
1
? !! N
K6:
!

,
9

,!
B

!

::C
"#$%&' & %#

!

373

! % ! ! *%
()

'

'

#
374

* .

*
+!, -!
1 2 !3!
4! #!&5

.

*

*
&, -&/0
375

$

O(
M:(WF

!
!

?

!

,
$

'&7.- , ,+

1
0$
!

%&7. -

$

!

%.

!
%(9%(9%(9%:(9
A3PPN*#*<PP#?#89BVQ4SPN<2P4$?3P;;#
%(::9%7::9%::6D
9
;%.9 %7D D;9 7
%7D .
9 7
% 7
. 9
%D&:@,(-9%D&:@,(-9&$J#-%!$9
%M:@@(L:9%&M:@(L:-9
%(@
!
%9%D .(L:9
7
% 7
D9X#% 7
DJ#, D9
%(@
!9
%, 7
DD .(L:D9
%.9%
9
%9
%,9
%(@
X#4$@%
X#$@$9

%&-9
%)(@9
,%X#4@$ 9

%.
9

&$-%9&-
%,

&G

G7GG-
$

G*
!G

GP$!G

GP!

G
376
*# + #&'#&-'#&%'$- #'

*# + ,

) '#

!

!

370
#67/ 2893

!

* *

?! N

K6:1

%:::6$

!
!
,,!$
@%:6
94;
1
$

!
!?

!!
!
%:6$

!
1

1 1$
%:6 !
*

!
1&
!

1-
:6$!

1!
378
,!$$ 1 * 2

./0#.$# $(

,$+-

$ F:
. $
C
?
%&,&,(--.$

.' +% $

%7IK:30(.7IK:I?

! <$

.&7-$ $K:30$ 6MLM30

$

(:

$!!6M:730
379
7 : !<
<< ::
!!!
:*; <:

"#$"

%
%

*
.
2-
7 : !<

<< ::
!!!
:; <:

"#$"

%
%

*
.
2-
380
@
(*
W,48

7* N,(:((
F*
C,

C*3 6,
Q
6**
Q!*BM:

$, *,
VN
7::, $
*L6M
G1

*,
!$ !W:30,
7: 301

7::30
(: 30$ (7 30
$

(::30

6:309

;$
!
!$

!
!

11
!,,

1,,

1,, !1
!

381

!"

#" $
#
% # &&'&
("$ #$
#
% " #$ )*++
# , ("$ (" "-+./&
-+ ++++0)*++12 # % !

!!
# $ #" '

& 3!# ))+ % # /

# 4++56++' -++ #
7$#68#"
!" # 6+ ! $
6+)*++0 ++++ *+./9& & #:$
("
(""##"&
("
382

383
,$ # $ ; <- !&
&"
&"!(" %

!#&$ "# 9
&
"$ #"("$
("$ # #"

" # ("$ #"
"("$
9 ("$#" "# "
!

#"
# 3!#
))+

! " ("$ !$ &

7 ,
; <- =
# #"
"#
#
&" "

# (" # !&
("$
# ;>
#" 9
& # "

$#!""
#" "#,$ "# :"

$ " " + ;./

## "
.
& (" !
;./
#"&"
--+
$ + ;./ ?+ 0-+?
("$ % $ $ "#
#@&
#
("$
=
& # $
3!#))+A#
"# ! ? ;
("$ ? "$ #! ; 9B #'

& $ # ("$ "#!$
" & ; & !
!!$&$#
%
# "!
;
$ !"$&$
(" #
##

384
# " ; <
#$
! B"; ;!&
# & #
"
%2? ; &

;
385
%C$ ; " #
%#" ;! (" !"

("$

386
% " #
"
"3!#)D65E" "# &#$
#"("$
$("$

#"("$ (" &$ #
#; &"@& "
!#"("$#
$ %"
7 #" ("$
# $

= " B%% " 4-6
("#" "#(" #$ #+-
./ ) D) ;./ F % "
? ?

7& #"9
G1++./ "! " &" ;
# &&&H
I!""&""I!"%

# !"
"3!#)D6 !$# 68 ("$
$# *+./
7!
$
!"+7 "68
#$ %

%&

' (")%!

Frequency (Hz)
387
9
&" ;#
&#
("$
& "##"!$
""&7
= " #/ ##"# ("$ ; <-
&" ; &
&" &" ;
%&" "

#5
-,$"
!
$" # /#(" #$
1>&$("
2I#
# ;
DJ# /
("
% ("$
#
<- #& $
< #"!("$ <1 &#!

("$
<1 "& # ("
<2 ;"4;./
<D #"
("$;
"!
&7
& #!!

; #
&$ ;

# D+ "" # I! ""
! "7
# &#"##
# # ?,.- 8 ?

$
$
&#! "
7
!$#/##"# ;<-
" ! ##! ("$ "
# .
& #
!
$" ;
;

$ "!### $
" "$ " &$-++
./1++./ $ ;
"! #("$ %" #"!
&!$!&$$ ;
3 !
388

!

" "
# $%

&''" "
' ( ' " "
'

!"

##$%&!

' ( (# #(

) (
# !#(
!

389

!

" "
# $%

&''" "
' ( ' " "
'

)

!"

##$%&!

' ( (# #(

) (
# !#(
!

390
$ % & ' (
' ')'

*

'
+'
&'

#
"
!

',-
C;- 9
&
;-
;-+KLMMMMM!N
9-
$
!!
L;NMMMMM;MMMMM
9-9-
!9- 5!9-

% " &!& $@!
> "# # #"!$ #$

0O: %" 0O: " =
"2-
&%"$

& ! "# %5

O;0
%"" # 2-
;"I I$

391
-%
O;00
"I $ 2- !
%+
P 2- # 2- !$%!$

2- : ; :;5
:;
0O: -
;

" 2- ! #
#$
:;
MMMML0O:N

7" 0O:O: )

!$>: 5
:;
MMMMO: 1

7" O:#" !!# !

!$
& " #
#$$1 0;
=" " (" I O:
0;%" "#O: !#9$(" ! #
" -!# O:!$O:

;
:
O:0
)*)

K
%" )**
;9!$# O:
" # O: ! ("
"""
"99
" !" .
&
9 "$ "$ # #$! !
?&";?$
"
=

& " #"
O: & I "
#"
P )*)
F
%LO:N
:;
%L; '+
N
;
- :;
MMM;
;
"&" #&
392
:; :;

MMMM;MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
;:;
- L;N
MMMMMMM;MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
;;

; L;N
;

"# ;
/ ) )
O:O:0

O: ;
;
7"!$ )!$" -2

-:
;MMM
;

-:
O:MMMO:

:

P $$%LN:# "#

!"& " #
-
Q

MMM

)62

O:O: %;& " #

!
"
-:
MMMO:; ;
;
-:;
MMMO:;!$ #$ 0
;
-
MMMO/:
O/R%LO:;N
/
%" #)62

393
-
MMM

$ !$ & B%%
# O:;&$
!B%%? #&!?
#$
%"
!$ #5
!
- 9F "
+ 9- # "%"
"

=#$!
5
:9F: :9F
9F:M
=-0MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
: :

: :9: :9 :9 9
L-NLN
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
::
:9- L9 N

9MMMMMMMMMMMMMM
9
%" "

5
O:=:SO:
9 LT9 N:T9-

MMMMO:TMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMT
T9
%" #

#!$ #5

OQ
:MMMMO: #
#
9 L #T9 N: #T9-

MMMMO:TMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMT
#T9
7"
: #T9- :T9- :#9-

0
#9-:T9-
-0

#9
L #T9 N- LT9 N
%"

394
-
OQ
:MMMMO:T9 LT9 NMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
# #T9
:T9-
0T
=
("
" #
!$" "

&)4 5

K

O:0O:T0= T

LT9 N:T9-

MMMMO:TMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMT
LT N

" )4+
K Q :
#" &
J("O:O
- 9
9 L9 NMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
# #9

& "#
-

0MMMMMMMMMM-
#
#
"% #" !&@!

1##)2
%"
3 +
-0 0

U0 1U

3 - L0 0
U0 1UN

U
1U
J&" +

&
3+ 9E%UI + 3
9
" ;,"$>#("
0

-- : :

3 MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMLMMMMMMMMMN
::

:L N
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

":&
395
%"
"

L- N
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

-
-
-
-

MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

-

-L-
-
-
N
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

-

9

&

L- -N L N
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

L-
-
N L-
N -
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

-

"
MMMM

"
,"$>#(" &"
9

"

LN L N
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

L-
-
-
N
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

-

&

- L N
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

L-
-
- N
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

-

"
MLMMMMMN

-
-

"#"L-
- N"#&
!("-

%" 3 $
396
7" "
#$

"
&
#3!#)-- C%
-L-L NN &>L NV+
%
;
&O
!
>L NV#L +N "# O
G+ >E,O
:" !>L NV+>
#"&3!#D1)"D-6 "#5
-:
O MMMO
.

::
.

>L NV#L N9B>L

NV9B
>L
NV GG
"#
&I$
-:O

O MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM

::-L
N
I " !

% "

: I$ 58" "
# /' -+ :

-%" :
% "

&
>L
N+ >L
N>L NI$ &58"
& "# & /' -+C
: % & :
- %" &
: : &%"
O
%"

"
"
%"#" !! &
" ?? #" ! O

!
& VCJ%

-L-L
NN

: #
: #
G>L
N> ' GG "@&
" +
! &
O !$
&>E,O
>L NV# # +
"# O
C.3
!+ !
&O " ("V+
P "#1 D
" $
O

9 #
:# "# - :O !&
!(" "
397
Ω
π∆

∆∆
π∆

π∆
σ
π∆
π∆
π∆

Ω+π∆
Ω+!π∆
∆∆(
Ω+π∆
Ω

σ
Ω−2π∆

Ω−4π∆
Ω−6π∆
398
Ω

σ σ

! )*+,

!
Ω+π∆
(
Ω+π∆ !
∆∆

Ω+π∆

"'
-$!
Ω
σ
- σ
Ω−2π∆

"! #!

Ω−4π∆ $2π "

%! "!
Ω−6π∆ $!

!
$&"
399

! "
"

#$%&
'
()(*+
()(*,-*,

(.)(*
()(*+/0
- (.)(*

+0/
- -
! 0/

0/
10/ 2

+
*+/0
- -

*

*+/
-

*
*+)
)*
*0-

3! - /

4,0

*+, !Ω+"π#∆$
)
!Ω+%π#∆$ '

∆∆

'

!Ω+&π#∆$

(

' -

Ω
σ
σ
!Ω−2π#∆$ -
'

2π

400
&
"

5

+
/*+/62*+/6*2
2* 2*
7
'

! 8
!0904
/
*01027 *60-
*2*
/0-
*060-102*102-7
*2* 2*
8 5""
, /0-
+
/*:::+/
*
&"
!
! !
, 0
;
'
*:::' :::
*
; !' "

< '

' 0-"
44
'
0-
3 ! = ! >,
< 3!

' ?
,3" !*0->0-@' ;

+/2A
!-0*,-B
+2 ' ; !
!"
*0- (
3!( '

;

;
3" "
'

7
" " 44

7""4C 4CD
;
'

44
'
4C$

44/
;
+

44
+
/4,0 */

442
AEFG('

( 44

44

9HH

3!

!B
*44
4C$ G( (
' !
((

401
< ** *0-*

;

'

*' 74CD !2
*
/2
*::::+/2
02*
;
& >-0+

/+/
"

! A
+/2% ?-0B
/2

;
' ;

*::::+

/2
02
*2>-0
* 7G
/2

;
' ;

*::::+

/2
02
*2>-0
I
** *0-* " *0-
/20-
;
' ;

*::::+

/2 5
02
*2>-0
*0- *- ! + ;

/2
2
% ,3" 2>-0
' + ; ;

/2*+

/02-A B
7 & 7
'
4J4
+/4J4 3 >
!+ ;

/7
6' K
'
)! A%,B 4J4 02- 3 !
;
+ ;

/2*+

/02-A B*+/02-A B
, /02-
) 6+2* ' 8 '
*%
*'
! L3 ! *0-
-0*,-
!' ' !
"5 8 ,-

3!
" 3 !7
'

'
" E
'7

"!A%,B
402
;
+

/*M'

N

*M' N
*

*M' N
*
/
*+/
*

/
+

/*+/
*

*+/0904 *0-AB
*

*+/
*
' ! 44 G

!

9'

"
,
' *+/ ,
0
!

O

,,
'

*+/26 0
02*%
O
& !

'

3 3!

*0-A%,B !0-
O

'! *0-

O

, 02 ,
'

*+/ 6 #
2*%

, 02
*68 M+/N #

8 "

9
'

!
O
'

' P 9

! 2 "8 +2+/02-A B- G
403

O

,, 02
'

*6+/ $
2*%
,,
*6' $
2*%
,,/02 - -

*' 6 $
2*%
/0 -
,,
*' 66 $
/0 -
,
/ - $

M - N
*' 66
/ - 6M - N

*' 5 $

*

/ - 6,- -
*6
6M - N
9 '
"" "

3!
9
G
A
!
!
'

$ B
O
9 '' ""

" '

' $
"
* 1

G

O

/
,-
'

*' 1
4
%
*
M
- N
6
M
- N *
/ ,-

*M' 1
N
%
*
4
M - N
6
M - N *
, 02
*68 M+/N 4

404
4
, !
'
<
" '
O
4 3" !'

" "
A% B
' (
(

"!
" +2+/2*+/02-A B '
* G
7 J

+2*+/02-A B>?'
* 6' 1A B6
*

+2A" J ! !
+2+/2B
0 02
'
*6' 1 D
2*

" +*+A102B- - A4,JB
2*
*0- $

D?

8

' ! 8

"

0 0
&* *QM,0 N
% %
0 0

*QA 1&B*QA,-A0B1&B*,-A$B1&-0
% %

0
0 0 0

&*0 *::::::0 :::::0

%0%0%
*0 "*'0 *0 "*'0

*00 "*A,-0B'0 *00 "*A,-0B'0
,,0 00
&*::::::::A:::0 1::::0 B
00%0%
RSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS-
&
,
*::::::&
0
,
*:::::::::::::::
0,1-

405
&*,-A0B,,-A,1-B

*:::::::::::
$1
'
0
&*
%
9 '

0 *QAM'M01/ N1'M0/ NB

0
&*Q A,0 B *Q&&
%
0 , 0 ,0

&* *::::: 1:::

% 0%%
* "*'0 * "*'0

*0 "*A,-0B'0 * "*A,-0B'0
,,0 ,0
&*%1:::A:::: 1:::: B
0%0%
, 0 ,

*::::::: *::::
0%$

0 01/ 0/

&* 0 *Q A1B

% %
01/
*M N
%
01/ ,01/

*M::::::::: 1:::::: N
01/ %1/%
* "*'01/ * "*'01/
*0 "*A,-0M1/NB'01/ * "*A,-0M1/NB'01/
< ! "
406
,, 01/ 01/
&*M:::::A::::::::B 1 N
1/ 01/%%
, ,01/

*M:::::: A::::::::BN
1/01/%
, ,A1/B
*M::::::::: N*:::M:::::::::::::::::N
$1/$1/A1/B
,#
*:::M:::::::::::::N
!
!
$1' 1/ 2

&*Q&&
, #
*QA::: :::::::::::::B
$1
,1#1#11#
*:::A:::::::::::::::::::::::::::B
D1
,41#1
*:::A::::::::::::::::B
D1
&*#-M$1N
407

!"
!"

#

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
!"
!"

% &' (!"(&()&('('&(

()&
#&**+,**(-)(
&*
+ (()&(&**,. *-(('&(()-+(&(-(
&((&/&*)"*!!"(&* &'(-)+ 0

1' (()&

#!"(2-*(&&(
)&(&*('&(()&,3/&)-(/+((&/&*
)"*!!"(&*-)(/&&)&**4+(&
3*-0

."*('56&+*&()!&)-))/&(-

& 7
DFT mag of sampled sinusoid sin(w1n) where w1N=2piL+theta

N = 64, L = 10, theta = 0.
35
30
25
20
|X(k)|
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
k
408

+3&(8 ')
#
'**
&
9 :
&
9 :

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
&
&

&
9

:

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
&

&
9

:

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
&

.'-(&&
! &
! )!&)-) *-(!("*4*&
4')!
(*/&()("*4.-('&(()&(
)!&)-))/&(-'

;+*4
&(//& )!&)-))/&(-(+-((&**+,
*-'**(&(&)<&/(()&(&)!&)-)(

((&(/'&&&
(&((
!)&(()&& &-**4'()&&/)!&)-))/&(-+-
/(()& 4)**'&*('&(()& 4)**
'.2-+&/4))(&*(()!&)&**+2-*
!( *-(&'()!&)-))/&(-=.''&&(&
0
&

&

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
&
9:&
9:
56 6+(&

76>7&/!(*4&(
()!&)-)=.)/&(-+(&&?(*+-&/@''(@
)("*(+*()&/'@*/@&2-&(+ &-.&/&*
2-) "*&-&+)"* &(/*-)+'
"& . & ( & -& (4 & *-')(*()"*(("&&
!(&'('& (&(-++-()"(&(=.
"(-)((4("(*((&/&**4!*-& *4(
@*@&(**('2-&(-/(&**)((/*4(
A((4' &&/(&''(&**+& (&/(&B+*)C
&**&(*('(&*"&&*-+&/(&"&
(-(+4(/-*&?-*(&"*&(&+4(&&((&)
)& - *( & * -( &&('2-4)&.&/&*"&
"(-)& * &((&'-(&"(-)'((/-*&
(+4)(&/("(-)-(&/&*";&**+(&
(*-(&'B+*)C()"&&*-&((&

"&( ( * ) &* * + ()(&/+-((()

)"*("&&**)&(("(-)
409
DFT mag of sampled sinusoid sin(w1n) where w1N=2piL+theta
N = 64, L = 10, theta = 0.7854
35
30
25
20
|X(k)|
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
k
.(
..(
.

!
((!
((((.0

.
.
.
.

!
.!

)

.-(&/&*D''&&(*+4&(*&(,

'&+(D''&&('

+.(
..(
.

9.:!
((!
((
.
. '& ( & ( /*&2-*(

' - & " (
(
&(/**((..
..9.:
.

9.:
!
.

E-(!
.!
;*(!"(&*&
!"
.F!"!"
.
'&
&&'(9..:,(&.
410

.

9.:

!

.
!
E4( *-(&()
G;H

.

.
!
$$$$3

I
9I:I

E- !
( & . "&&
& & ( & ( , *-( .

.%
3

..&9..: F!"9..:
)((-(( , *- .-*(&(((

"&&("(-)+)&()(+".*/&
(*/(* *-&
J(&*4(()-(
&(/*-)+'"& /&(.'()"&
&-(("("(-)"&**+(*
@&((&@(&**+)"&(&*-&/!(*4&(/*-)+'
"&&-&
K& (*-(&'
+'B+*)C'&('**/&,((&
-(&))"*)-(( &(/*-)+'"&'(*4
(-*4"&&/-&((&/&/*.&-("&&/
(+
+1&/
+ ()"*&/((-& (
('-)+'((*"&&*-&-'&!-)+')"*
& < 2-(*4(
( ) & "-"&)/(*4
)&( ('(&*"&"(&'("(-)
&&)(
.'("&&/
+)-"((&&/

;* ('(&(((*-(&&&/
+&)-/((
((&&/
+- (&*/&
+(- '
(&)**
.*/ '&&/
--'&&(-)+''2-4)"*()&(
(-"&("(-))&/()&(""(")(-*4*&
3 ) - ) -("((&&&/
+D-"&&/*4-
-*(')** (('*/ (% &&/
+(
42-&()"*&/&(&&(&**/(*4!J&'&(((-*(
-*+/+/-(*&&/.-*&(&**4)**)&(%,
-*"++*4+) &&+*&' ('-(&
&*(&**
&&/*&&/.)&(( "(*4('&(
( L ) )+ ( &-+*&/''2-4&*
)&"(+4*4)-*(&"*'('-)(*'2-4
'

%,.-(( ('66>>&*()&
&*-&&(&((( '2-&77GG55CC
>'7'
! 7'&6'
%
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
'&'

+
D"*(+*<- &
+
&(&*
(
(&&*/!(*4.=./& !( *-+-
&
1L ( = . * / ( ! (*/('
(((
(((
+&*&(4(""*4&(=.&&&("&'& *-''&(*
(((+&*&(4(*(("" *-'=.&!(-
411
Mag of freq resp of h(n) = u(n)-u(n-4); curves=DTFT calc; * = DFT calc
4
3.5
2.5
|X(exp(j2pif))|
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
"
.*-(&'+(
'
&&*4+(&')(
-*('M!)"*7+4
&"*&/&M!)"*7+4
((&/
,3'
((&/, '
1M!)"*7'-
((

,,

,, '**, ,

,
.-)(&*4'&(+(&

0

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$'

D((&/ /&

0

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$'

."*(&('&/-+*./)(&"'(!"(
((')"*&(/*"*((&''&&&)"*(*4
&&/&'&(
412
O stems = analytically calculated |X(k)|; * stem = |X(k)| calc. via "fft" of x(n).
x(n) = n for 0 <= n < N1 where N1 = 32; DFT N = 64; only nonneg freq shown.
500
400
300
|X(k)|
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
DFT index k
O stems = analytically calculated angle{X(k)}; * stem = angle{X(k)} calc. via.

"fft" of x(n). x(n) = n for 0 <= n < N1 where N1 = 32; DFT N = 64
4
1
angle{X(k)}
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
DFT index k
413

+./)(&('&/-+*&"'((*&
((- (+&(&/-&J*(()/9-'
((*4"*(
:.-(&("*(&')-*& &'&
Solid = |DTFT| by direct calc from x(n); --- = |DTFT| via interp. of X(k); ... by analyt.;
stems = |X(k)|. x(n) = n for 0 <= n < N1 where N1 = 32; DFT N = 64
500
400
|X(exp(j2pif)
300
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
Solid = ang{DTFT} by dir calc w/x(n); --- = ang{DTFT} by interp{X(k)}; ... by analyt.
formula; stems = ang{X(k)}. x(n) = n for 0 <= n < N1 where N1 = 32; DFT N = 64.
4
2
angle{X(exp(j2pif)}
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
414
# .&+*0
*/J
5J
"#"&J
9 ':(&('(
J
9!:(&&/
J
9 ':('('&
!J
"*(
'+
J
*J
"*(
'+
II
!&
9GC:J?GJ
''(
!J
9':''(
J
9:'(
J
90:J
#
J
J
!,""("
!?J
,"''(
!,"J
9',",":''(
?J
9,",":'(
?J
"*(
',"+
,"
0,"I/I
()
'+

0
'0,"
"&/"#
? IJ
&&'&
"&/J
"&!"
#"&/#&
#"&/ &
G#"&/J
&'&&N9:
&&*/(
&&J
'&&0&&
"&
&&
&&J

,"
#"&J

"*(
',"+
,"
0,"I+I
(&(*
9I=.'+4*4(*+4,"&/+4&("'=.JI
-)(
I?I-)(
?II:
(&(*
I!
( & / D( ) O
OJ(
&(&*- 0
O
!"
"&'O &I
.-*(&('&/-+*J(/)(&*
415
x(n) = triang. Stems = |X(k)|; other (identical) curves are: |X(exp(j2pif))| via
DFTF def, by analyt calc., by zero-padding, & by interp{DFT}; N = 16, M = 1024
8
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f

.*-(&&**4*4 >C>4* )"*.(&
+-((/-*&)(("(-)&()-*(&"*&!

+' (
(776 96H5FC>:7G>7%,% (&(=..
(&)('(&'2-4&+*4&((-(( (-(&
' (4* FHG )"* 4* )"*HH;

(&&)-/((>(((()-*//)(
'((2-&'/&/(&((-**-(&
$

&*/(+"'&*(&(-('''2-&2-*(
5 74* )"*H 6G4* )"*
+."*(&&('&/-+*;"&(+4
C'((
"*(/(''
-(( *&/-//(' ?
()-*(&"*'6(=.&,&("*(
416
Stems = |XL(k)|/L and solid = |X(exp(j2pif))| for bandpass filter; #reps = L = 5
1.2
1
|XL(k)|/L and |X(exp(j2pif))|
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
)
6E6
?

? &
?
%
$$$$$$$$$$%
$$$$$$$$$$$$%

&

' +4I%"&(*I-*
%

? %
%

."*(&('&/-+*.&"'(/)(+(

(+ /*@""(4@')-*(&(*4)"-(=..-)-&/

J(*&- &&(&/-&+*;*(&
/)( & ( ( =. * - &*-&/(&(*,%P3MQML&
( ( ' & * 2- (& ( =..&P.2-*(,&+((
&(*,'2-&
' ?
417
Solid = |HL(exp(j2pif))| using property, --- = using direct sum calc of DTFT{hL(n)}
Stems = |XL(k)| via L-point FFT of L-repetitions-repeated h(n).
6
5
|XL(k)|/L and |X(exp(j2pif))|
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
% 3+/&&(
5CH+
=..

F
8R%
F%
F3
I

1(&&((,"'&*(
?
?
?
3
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
?

((
5>&&&(('-*'&*(
.-

?

?

%
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

(!!$$R!$$R!
.
418
!?!
?

%
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!
!

!()(/' &+*( (!!( (.

??
(((
%
$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$F$$$$
((
;-)?R.
(( ( ((

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
((((
((
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
(
((
$$$$$$$$$$$
(

(
((
$$$$$$$$
(
(
$$$$$$$

(
$$$$$$$$
(

(
((
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

.-

( (

%
$$$$$$$$$$$(*
((( ( ?

??
&
?&
?
$$$9$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
?
&

?&

?
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
?
&
&
:9

:
&
)&
)&
)
)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
))))
K& ((

&
9:'**&( *-(&'%
/&
419
?&
))?&
)
%
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$9
)&
):
)?))?)
=-((-)-&/')?(?&*-& **(&)/&4()*

+- &
) & ' - ( & ' ) &*(&'-(&&
'-(&')<2-(*4*4(&())&&)(-
*-(& -*(!(*4 *-(()()"(*4
-&/
I%"&(*I-*/
&

+T2->+-&(**")(-(+"(

(&(/'-(&&)'&*.-*('-)&*&(/(&&
*((*') &'
(((- &&(&/-&+*
&("*(+*.&''')

&(''(
'(-(&&(H&2-&(-+((&*
!"!#!$%&'()$*###" ! *

###"$%'()$

420

J
9
:

.&'**0
*/J
5J
H6J
90:J
!UJ
''(
!J
G5J
9':''(
J
9:'(
J
"##"&J
"#"&J
'&0
('(
&('(
"#'
&J
('(
&

!"
"#'
&#U# ('(
&J
('(
&2->
I('(+I"&"&69:J

"*(
'+
('(
0
*
()
+

0
"*(
'+
('(
0II
"*(
'+
('(
0I/I
&(-""(&/-+-(&
'-(& ('(

!"
##J

'-(& ('(
""
"&/"J
&&'&
"&/J
"&!"
#"&/#&
#"&/ &
G#"&/J
&'&&N9:
"&
&&J

"
!"
#"##"&J
'-(&9':''(
J
V-) .&'-(&/& 2-&"*((&/
V *-'''"&(=.(*(&! *-("*(
J
'G
J
'0'0GJ
. "* ( & ( ' &/ - +*E-(& 4 4*/

(-(&'
H65-(+&/-&(4
)**(&*/&/)(+(

J'-

3 &'&( *&&(4'
5CH
5>+-(-
"-+4&(&&(&*((*4(&**4*-*(

421
!"$%'($,###"$%&'($,")!)!/ , "$%0$
'"+,)-".,&"

H6>((-(&&/*&/&+*&(

'&/-+*+-)'(/4'!
&&*-&!
0;**-
'**!(*4("'(
Solid = |X(exp(j2pif))|, --- = |XN(exp(j2pif))|, ... = window conv result, stems = |X(k)|
x(n) = a^nu(n), where a = 0.94, N = 128
18
16
|X(exp(j2pif))| and |XN(exp(j2pif))|
14
12
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
422
D&)&**4'G5((-(&&/&/*&/&+*
**
- '**!(*4("'(+-!
&42-&*4((
5&-''&&((&*-)('(/4'!
&!
J(
'&/- +*
Solid = |X(exp(j2pif))|, --- = |XN(exp(j2pif))|, ... = window conv result, stems = |X(k)|
x(n) = a^nu(n), where a = 0.5, N = 16.
2
|X(exp(j2pif))| and |XN(exp(j2pif))|
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f

7J
!"("
+!
7I"("
+!
I""
+!
I
"("
+!
IJ
90:J
()
!J
!*+*
I.&)&!IJ
4*+*
I!
IJ
(&(*
I=&/&(*&/*!
I
"("""-(&((!(*4((&)&)"*4
+
&+*
423
Digital FIR filter h(n).
0.5
0.4
0.3
h(n)
0.2
0.1
-0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time index n
. *-(&-&/(=.)((+-&('**(

2-&)(((!

)-(+,"-(( */(
(& ( " - ' ( * ("('4
((+/&&/&(=
-*(&("*(+*.&&!(*4"&(&((!(
O stems: y(n) = conv(x,h); * stems: y(n)=DFT-1{XH} with N = 30.

3.5
2.5
1.5
y(n)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time index n
424
W"&/!

-((GH/& !(/)(&((
(- *-(&'**&**-((&("*(+*
O stems: y(n) = conv(x,h); * stems: y(n)=DFT-1{XH} with N = 59

3.5
2.5
1.5
y(n)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time index n
."*(+(&&(&/(')-&/(&(&/&

&("+*)(()(.'&*(&(++"'&*(&(&/
'2-4"+1("-"*4(((-!"(4
9+4
(/*4)"*&'4&/(*/'2-&((-(&/(&/&*&-&*
'2-& & - ( " (& *4'G
57'G
6
HG:. *-/&(('(((&("*(' ((&
'-( *-*/(97"&/(
GC7

754* )"*:.*/-+-56&(&(/*-)+
'"&'&(&-&&!
.(&*4""&4
-
(("&
*&&/+4(+/&&/'!
(*/ *-
(*-((4))(4&("&(&*-P'--
( (&) * & &/4

=.
%
& ( 2- * (("&&4

% "-&(!(*4+4*&&/((-4

-//(&
("+*)(()(&('&*"*(+*
425
x(n) = cos(5pi n/(3N)) - 2sin(5pi n/(2N) + pi/4); N = 64
1.5
0.5
0
x(n)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time index n
h(n) = bandpass filter with cutoffs at f = 0.22 and 0.45.

10
0
h(n)
-5
-10
-15
-20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time index n
426
|H(exp(j*2pif))|.
60
50
40
|H(exp(j*2pif))|
30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
DFT-1{X(k)H(k)} = N-periodic convolution.

8
6
yper(n) = N-periodic convolution.
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time index n
427
|X(k)| with zero-padding
50
45
40
35
30
|X(k)|
25
20
15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f (corresponding to DFT index)
|H(k)| with zero-padding.

60
50
40
|H(k)|
30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
428
|Y(k)| where y(n) = x(n)*h(n); aperiodic convolution resul
50
45
40
35
30
|Y(k)|
25
20
15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
O stems = y(n) = x(n)*h(n); aperiodic conv using conv(x,h)

* stems = zpadded DFT result.
10
0
y(n)
-5
-10
-15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
429
O stems = DFT-1{X(k)H(k)}; * stems = N-aliased y(n).
8
0
yN(n)
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time index n
! &(((()4&(

C6G9*
C5())(
(('**('**&/!"&:

4
!

&
&

&
3 &'4((
&2-& *((
C6G+4(&/(((*4 *-'&'
&(X*('-(&&,&&&+-

/&
C6G-(&9:/&-+(&(-(,'

&&
&'
C6G
.2-&)(&'(
F(+,&
C65&
&)?/& *-'
9?:
9:(
*-'&2-**4"(&( *'?P*4'( *-'
&"&+*4'**(/9:(&&&(&(+4(&
-)*/?R% '&''( "&&''( *-
'))&/(+&/ &)?&((/9:1((
-(()+(&+4&'(&/)(()?'**&(9
:)"&'
C65&(
(()-( ')
( - ( )& ( *-'?(*4&"(*4-(+*
")(&**/-(((*4)&**- )?('**&((
/9:&
)?

430

?)
?
+
='&
? ?E-9?:
9 ?:
;* + - 9 : 9
? :3&((
'&&(&
++)

)

?

/& (+ /'

(**&)&(')&

)-((&'4
?

?

.**&)&(&
&+( (&*-& &*(-""*&)&(
&+((&*-&
-)&/(*(((?R.-&(
(& *-')+&/&/)?&((/9:*4
(&/* *-)
D&)&**4(-""*&)&(')&

?)-(
(&'4

?

?$$$$$$$$$$$$$
+
?
.**&)&(&
+&+((&*-&
-)&/(*(
((?R.-""*&)&(&(&*4"&(& .')(+(
*4"&+*&(/ *-'(-""*&)&(
('(*4"&+*
*-')(-""*&)&((+*(J&

$$$$$$$$$$$$$8'&**4&((!(
?
?
" ;&("*(+*(*&&/&&+*')('

7/*&/&+*'
T)(*&&/'4-**&&/2-(*&&/-*+

(((+/&&/'(2-+-("*&(&+/&4
')((!(PM((*'(&'&&(*4'((
&/(.'(*'(("*&(&&()(''&/)
&( * / ( & ( (& ''((+/&&/'(&"*&(&
(''&/"*&(&&(&**'&*4*/
. -*( + ( & +4(=.

+4 ( ) " **&&/-&/
C5+
&&(&/-&+*.&!)"*&'(*((-&/"&(=.
(((& =..&***4&'&*/((&/&'&(*4
,&( *'((-
"&+*4&'&&(*/(!

431
O stems = original x(n); * stems = aliased x(n) (by DFT and formula); N = 10
1.6
1.4
1.2
x(n) and aliased x(n)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time index n
O stems = original x(n); * stems = aliased x(n) (by DFT and formula); N = 30.
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time index n
432
O stems = original x(n); * stems = aliased x(n) (by DFT and formula); N = 100
1.2

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time index n
#

$$$$$$$$$$$$$'

+.("*(&('&/-+*)("*('((&

2-&(-*""((!
&," &'!
.&
'-&!(*4(-*!"(+-(((=.'(
,"!
&-()'&*4")"*'
3&)"*4
&/(
433

! &"#

#"
#!
#
#
#
! "
$$
%

!" # !$
" "%
#!&$$ ' $
'(&&$$ $ !$ ) $$

O stems = x(n); * stems = samples of DFT-1{M samples of XN(exp(jw))

N = 64, M = 32
1.6
1.4
x(n) and DFT-1{M samples of DTFT}
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time index n
434

" "!
" $#*+
$ ,
#*
!"

# - ! ,
..
$ *+, " "/
0 "0$ $ $
# $"
$# "1
#, !" " $

"1$
1
#$ !
$ $ " , #"

23#! $"
!

2 3 ! " $ # # "1$ $
!"

$
Sample of speech data.

80
60
40
x(n)
20
-20
-40
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time index n
435
Magnitude of DFT{x(n)}.
7000
|X(exp(j*2*pi*f))| (DFT magnitude)

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
$
$
# " " $
$

1$
2'4
5$
2'&441 $

0
0"
6 ! 7 $
"$ "1$ $
,# " 8 1$$
Bandpass filter magnitude frequency response

1.2
0.8
|H(exp(j*2*pi*f))|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f

$$ " "( # $ $$
436
Filtered data magnitude spectrum.
50
45
40
35
|Y(exp(j*2*pi*f))|
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f

#
$ $$ "
2'!
21
1$
2'&9:
#!"
$
"$ $
!" $ ,
$ ";

11 #! 0 ,
#0

2!"

2'49 ')

$$ "#'&9!" "

2' '<11 #
"
"% !" "
(
#

" "$ " $, $
$
# # %= ;+;/>+;?%!$ "

11"" $
, $ $
) #
07" $" 0 #$,
$

#
Magnitude of frequency-shifted, filtered data spectrum.

50
45
40
35
|Shifted-spectrum Y|
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
437
Lowpass filter magnitude frequency response
1.2
0.8
|H(exp(j*2*pi*f))|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f

! " "!" $#

$ "
Cleaned-up frequency-shifted, bandpass-filtered data magnitude spectrum.

50
45
40
35
|Y(exp(j*2*pi*f))|
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
438
!$
$ "$ # 2<
$ " " $, / "
@?;>;/.
#, "" , $"

#
" , $
!"# $" !

### %!&#!

; $ "8 1$$!" , *+ .

/ # $ ""
!$

/!
$ 1
$$ /5/5/1:
$ " !
#
$ $#
<

!.2<&/1 /
/ $8 1
$$
"1111, , ;$ $!

!
"#
$ $ " "
$ $
#
" , $
" $ $ , 08 $ 0 $ $
#$!

#" $, ; $ $ #

#$ "

, !" .A+#! #

$ " #
$-
$-$ " $ #
$# $!
" ..
*+
, $ *+" 7
$ 8 ! ""#

*+8 1$$ $,
8 1$$
$, $
439

$*+ " " 8 #
$
$ #

= " , !" 7 " $ $ "
#
11"
$
$ , 11 $
, #
$
! 1$

$
#1$
Sampled continuous-time function; dt = 1 s

10
6
xc(ndt)
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time t in sec.
DFT of N=100-point sample of continuous-time function

45
40
35
30
25
|X(k)|
20
15
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
DFT index k
440
8 1$$ $*+#
1$ "
"
Zero-padded DFT array for time-domain interpolation.

450
400
350
300
|Xzp(k)|
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
DFT index k
# %
$
*+
" " " $ ##
. 2 ' , # $ = " , !

$ # " $ $

$
$"#!" "
1 $
$$ 2
441
!

;A 9!" $ #

'(!
&9!.2' $ " " "
! $ #$
"#(
1 ! *+ !$ 8 1
-
$ , = " , ! *+
$

442
xe(n) = zero-interlaced version of x(n) used for time-domain interp.; L = 10.
10
6
xe(n)
-2
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time index n
M-point DFT of xe(n)

45
40
35
30
25
|Xe(k)|
20
15
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
DFT index k
443
Xi(k) = lowpass version of M-point DFT of xe(n)
450
400
350
300
250
|Xi(k)|
200
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
DFT index k
()*" ()*"### #!"##+'!,-&#!

#

'
444
" ";$ $! #

O stems = exact samples every dt = 1 s; * stems = downsample{upsample{x(ndt)}}.

10
6
xc(ndt)
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time t in sec.

/11B7-/
2CCCD7
/72'
/-17
2CCCD'5D7 ECCCCC5-
FD7G5D/-
/72/

" $ H
(
/2&(
/2/-(
72'H/1(
2'H/1(
72'H/(
D21IB5BI4195IB1BI<'4&141<IB19119J1'IB1IB'(
KD2'H/(
D2, ,D(
D2DH/(
D2D BD(
2
D(
2 (
!(
D2DH/(
72H/1(
/2I-/(
445

2H/
2-/ID5D/5I1L5IDI /II75
D(
$
$
&!
M $ M
# MM
M@ 2
(I 2 $1

M
"
O stems = ifft result; * stems = closed-form expression for x(n).

3
1
x(n)
-1
-2
-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n
$ 1

$#$

27-/

/-17
2CCCD'5D7 ECCCCCC5-
FD7G5D/- -
/72/
$ $ $$ , "H
446
$2''4(
A2'(
A/2AI/
@ 2'H/II-/I$(
$$ 2$-A(
$ 2'HA/1I$$ (
2HA/
2-/ID5D/5I @ /5I$ 5
IDI @ H/I$ 5 D(
$
(
I$!(
$
$ !
M M(# M$ M
M% $, 2( 22$M
"

"($ $!
#
, ! , #2''4
Solid curve = xc(t); stems = x(n) = xc(ndt).

4
2
xc(t) and its samples
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time t (sec.)
" " # $ !

$! *+
$ 8 , #-/.

$#=7! "
#8 8

!"
$
$. #

447
xe(n) = zero-interlaced version of x(n); L = 4.
3
1
xe(n)
-1
-2
-3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
|Xe(exp(jw))| = |DTFT{xe(n)}|; L = 4.
20
18
16
14
12
|Xe(exp(jw)|
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f (= w/(2pi))
448
H(k) = L times (0.5/L)-LPF for interpolation; L = 4
4.5
3.5
2.5
H(k)
1.5
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
DFT index k
|Xi(exp(jw))| = L times (0.5/L)-LPF version of |Xe(exp(jw))|; L = 4.

80
70
60
50
|Xi(exp(jw)|
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f (= w/(2pi)
449
Solid curve = xc(t); O stems = x(n) = xc(ndt); * stems = upsampled xi(n); L = 4
4
2
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time t (sec.)
$ "

"$!$
"

") , # $ $
H2 -.2'4) , $ ,
'4! ,
Solid = xc(t); stems = M-downsampled after L-upsampled ~= xc(n(M/L)dt);

M = 3, L = 4.
4
2
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time t (sec.)
450
= " "$ , $
"#$
N# $

81
!
1
D82 8
21
M
,
$
"
1-
D8281
2121
#" 2 8 $ O 7

$
, !
/1 $
)4&!
12!$
11B-
1#1!#!$/# !" #" 1 2CCC
21 2'
!
1- 11B-

D82CCC8 &
212'
: ,
$
!&
11- 1B-

D82CCC8 <
2'21

#
1- B-

D82CCCD8P ! 4
2'
" &
&
451

!" # " $#
% ! #

"&'()*"
#
+((',(-./..(0#
12
# 1 2
"& #

!3"-!

#"#
""#

#"% 4&

&
4
"
"

"!
#
55

#
+( !"
6

"
%

$

!""# $ !""# %&% $'"

452
!"#$$%&&&' !"#$$%( (')$

O stems = h(n); * stems = h`(n).

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
h(n) and h`(n)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
453

!
2 7
" "&
""
#" "

5% " &

# "
,"" %
#5
# &! "8+

& #
""! +) %#
&
6

"
& *

! 5 5&

#" 9
" % " &
"

& "5 "!#
9 "#"

*
ω

−π π ω
ω

−π −π π π ω
ω
ω ( ω π

ω
−π π
454
&, +: "
"% "

#" "

& # " "*
*
!
!
ω

ω
−π −π π π
ω

ω
−π π
ω
ω
ω ωπ

ω
−π π
,&
!

%% "" #"
#""
-
!
+
"" & !

!
7!"

"

!
+
#"" & %"
!
7
455

5 "

"&
;
* stems = h(n-n0) where n0 = 8; O stems = h(n).

0.5
0.4
0.3
h(n) and h(n-n0)
0.2
0.1
-0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n

" " "

"& ;

""

"#"&!12
"&
$<9.53"# 5<'53"# &+(57
"( & 5 $% "
"

4=;=7/ 4
>4( ;
=+( 5
?% ""

@>7$#
5
A( " " $ "

B," $
!&!" %
&
BC##

"" D(
%"

( 5
, "
"
" (
!&
" " (B( 57
"" $
B(5(57"(5(B7B

E( E &% "
"# &!(5(B79 E$E
#"53"5#

12
F ,
$ # E( E
!(

$ # %
(5( B75"(+( 57

G" "
" "" " 4
%"&

&! !3"%

4H( 575$# "
4H( 5754=;=7";
$ ! &!

E $E "
456
O stems = rhh1(k) where n0 = 8; * stems = rhh(k).
0.5
0.4
0.3
rhh1(k) and rhh(k)
0.2
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0 20 40 60 80 10
Lag index k
G"# "

@>7"
$ #
$H
A"D"" $
I6

$ "&
& 4
($ $C
($7($57C
( C
(7(57C
A5($7H(7DC
"5($7H(7
7 $5B77H(5($C
"B($
F7J$B7C

"

" 5E"E # EE& # 6

#"&

" " "" &%
"

" 55% !22% %
A"D"" $

I6

$ "&
& 4
($ $C($7($57C
( C
(7(57C
A5($7H(7DC
"3"
7($B(7C
"5($7H(7
B($C
"5H(75
7K4L7M($
""BFB7J$BB7C

457
22"" H
A"D""$(

IG#

$BF%""
22 "
($ $C
( C
A7H(DC
B($5(57C
(M($B(57

#6
"55"
(

$3##"# $(C
3##
# (C
N3#$3#C
3#3#C
9N3#JF3#C
"9C
IG"$ #
"#

!" %"H
A" $ $D $ &
"C
$ $B($5(57C

#A $+
" $D

#A $ "$"
"+
" $
" $
+
"" $D
$K4

#A$
!&!+
" $" %D

$M4

#A
!&!+
"5 $" %$D

#(""$
!" %"

#" " "
$ # H
C F C
(7+;C474C
$
""7O;4H7O;4B(57C
$ $C
$$5 $C
$""$C
$$$"C
$7
""7O;454H7O;454B(57C
$7$75 $C
$7$7$"C
$$C
$7$7C
A4H(57DC
$C

O$7C$ & $C! & $ $54

A'

$CJ

$7$54C4+
"4D
#
C

A"D"" $$7C
"C
C
("+J(57C
"""$$7("C
O"C$ & ) $C! & "$$7

'

"

5 CJ

12
+A"$$7"$7
45 !%"
$C4+
"4D
458
"

"
"
& G " !$
!" %
$&!
#
"
"
9
#" " %
$ 574
$
!
&!74" %$
6

%F
" "#
" !
#" !
$
!&
"%"

$
<"& @+@#

#"%
&

!%#"

"
O stems = x(n); * stems = x1(n) = x(n-n0); n0 = 10

0.25
0.2
0.15
x(n) and x(n-n0)
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
459
rxx1(k) where x1(n) is n0-delayed version of x(n); n0 = 10.
O stems = result using time-domain calc; * stems = DFT method.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
rxx1(k)
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Lag index k

5(9+4
%%74
/5% " ""5 #

#"&!"
" !
"
" &!% "

$<"& @+P/
%&!98
"$7(
(9%%%%
4774
74O7P+O4O7P+
+47447
O4O7P+O44O7P
=4744447
P474444447
;47444444447
#
%5
5""# "

"
&

""#"
%% "
(9%
2" " "(9%

" !

&
"#& %
!

&
460
O stems = x1(n); * stems = noise-corrupted x1`(n); SNR = 20 dB
0.25
x1(n) and noise-corrupted x1`(n) 0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
O stems = x1(n); * stems = noise-corrupted x1`(n); SNR = 10 dB.

0.35
0.3
0.25
x1(n) and noise-corrupted x1`(n)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
461
O stems = x1(n); * stems = noise-corrupted x1`(n); SNR = 0 dB.
0.4
0.3
x1(n) and noise-corrupted x1`(n) 0.2
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
&
"
" &
&

%"
#"

%" " !3"%" " &"
#
' !"(94-
!&!C
"

"&
rxx1`(k) where x1`(n) is n0-delayed and noise-corrupted version

of x(n); n0 = 10; SNR = 0 dB.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
rxx1`(k)
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Lag index k
462
/
"

"" "
"
"# "
&
""74&"
! "# !
"

#
"

" !$
% "!
"

" $

%"
#"G
&!# &
$7
&
$7
% " !
&%4
4 7 % " %

""
""
"" !"5% !5

"
,F

%$7 !(57+ &
% #
"

"""(57+

" # "

"

"

"
&
O stems = x1(n); * stems = noise/conv-corrupted x1``(n); SNR = 10 dB

Filter is highpass with cutoff = 0.02
0.25
x1(n) and noise/conv-corrupted x1``(n)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
463
rxx1``(k) where x1``(n) is n0-delayed and noise/conv-corrupted version of x(n);
n0 = 10; SNR = 10 dB. Filter is highpass with cutoff = 0.02
0.4
0.3
0.2
rxx1``(k)
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Lag index k
O stems = x1(n); * stems = noise/conv-corrupted x1``(n); SNR = 10 dB

Filter is highpass with cutoff = 0.1
0.25
x1(n) and noise/conv-corrupted x1``(n)
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time index n
464
rxx1``(k) where x1``(n) is n0-delayed and noise/conv-corrupted version of x(n);
n0 = 10; SNR = 10 dB. Filter is highpass with cutoff = 0.1.
0.015
0.01
0.005
rxx1``(k)
-0.005
-0.01
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
Lag index k

& &!
#

#
/
%
" #"&
%" #5
%$
$ # 6

"

" &" #"
% %" #5
%"

&
"
H
A$
(
D%" #$((
($ $C
(
($(5(C

7C
$
7H3"
7(57C
(5(B7C
$
7(H($7HC
"
+H(

"5(B+B
5+J(5(B7C

"B(57C
K($
%$
"H($C
%#
# %(C
$

H%C

$

H$
"H
"B(57C

"
H
465
A$
(
D%" #7$((
($ $C
(
($(5(C
(5(B7C
$
7H$7HC
$
#
# $
(C
"
+H(

"
57JB7C

"B(57C
K($
%$
"H($C

%$
"H
"B57C

%#
# %(C
$

H%C

2 5# "

## "$# # "
466

467

468

O stems = exact aperiodic conv y(n) = x(n)*h(n); * stems = overlap-add result.
4
1
y(n)
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n
6
&"# "$ J$J "3"5#
"" !
"
%"(5& 22 "" !
"& ""
#
2 @=> &"

+,
"& !
H/
" #
& E &% E" A8B( 5(57( 5+D A8(57D

! "('
" ## "Q
469

*

* *
*

*
&%

&
"&!
" #
$
( 57
"& #"%
$5G
""

4
A8B( 5(57( 5+D
/4( 57 8B( 5(57( 5+

85(5( 5+
-""
#
8M(85(M4""$M4
"""" #"%
-&!
& $
%
" % " % & $

""& #"
% 12%
($
"A8(57D(4( 57
470
8(57
85( 575(5754"85( B75(57
6
(K8
"$ K857 """" #"
%

&!
$

%
" % & $ 6

""& #"
% 12% ,

""
%&
3"3"5# (
% #
"

"8( %
HA( 57857D
" "
8575( 57B785( B7% #

"
(
"

&"% ##
#"
,
"
"

% "
F

#"% .RS6) #"
.G,'(% #"&
#"
%
#"% 2S))5).(?$"

&!6))%
"% 69. % &
""&
"
" "

"8(
$ .(""( 57 % #

&
( 5+#

& "
##"%

(575( 5757(5( B7MTT"""7

#5&"
"

% #
57

( 57%" ## #
"( 57% #
#
,
#"& 8M(" "( 57% ##

"
( 57##
"% <)S(5758B7(58% #

E##"E

( B(5857% #
('/

&
(
B(585+ #
& "
#
#"%

H(575( B(585+85( B71

"Q2
$ # $ B85( B7"% #

"
A( 57857D
"

H
A( 57B85( B7857B85( B7D"

A( 57B85( B7585( B7857B85( B7585( B7D"57

A( 57B85( B7B85( B7857B85( B7B85( B7D"B7

% #57

( 5+B85( B7
$ !
7& "
% #
"
% #
B7

8B85( B7
$ !# &% %
#
"
%

% #%
0( % %" #&

( B(5857#

(5758B7(58 " "
"3"

3"5#
!( B(58575(58( 57 ,?(6)%
""
% "5
"

'"
%
"
% "5
"A85( B7857D

857585( B7B7( 57#

"

& ((57 8B( 5+
3"#
#"
% &
(58K( G
!"

" #5 """ "
" #"

%
"(5#"12% 2'96))
A4(57D%"

"

<"& @+U
"
(58M( "

"& #"

% #" 5 % !" 57857
&" " " & %

&
5 % ""
%
"
471
$55
#"
% G " !('
"% #
&!"
!(

6
" "
(5( B7 #
" "
% !( 57#

%"

"
( 57#
"
&
"
# ! " !"

##"" "
% %

12 "" !"$

H A4(57D,#
% #
"A(5( B7(57D&"% #

(5( B7
472
*
)

&

! " #
% ## $
+ ', -
" '(

# $ &

( 57
!$5%
"$"&! "H
4
A5( B7D2"

A(557( 57B7(5( 5757D
2" " "
A(5( 57(557( 57D
2"##" "
AB7(5B7( 5757B7(5( 5757D
(K( %$ % & "

A(5( 57B7(5( 5757D
A(5( B7(5( B7B(57D

$ !" %
$

"&$
473
N6
I6

(+V8
( 6C
8 ( +C
(W+(+C
(87(57C
X7C
",7H(87
,MX
6XC
6X6,C
6,C

Y(W+C
YMX
XX5YC
YY+C

XXBYC

")7H8
).+V)C
).7).+C
S7C
/$#5FJ#).7C
"X7H).7
",XH).H(
,<,B).7C
6,<JSC
6,<6,5C
6,6,BC

SSJ/C

N6C

" %
$ !
"

8 &
EE
)$8B

8B6

#N#B)
#B)
( # "A4)57DC "A4857D
)578578B
N$8B/
44
)578578B#B)
#N#B)/
44
-
5F+8B#B)8)5F+8#B8)B#B)8)

##
///

474
)57#857#
#/A//D
44
"(;&
)57#O#
#/A//D
44
,$
$#"
" !

% %(+=5
#12
&"#
12 "
" !% /
/ "
* !
"%"

" " !

& +5#12
#

8B"88+(=+
+B
#B)"))+
#B+
/
&
7#77+B#B++B#

#C#B+/A+B//D
444
7#77#B##B#

#C#B+/A+B///D
444
"$# $# #"%

$#"

#
/7 //" ! "

"#4 %A
/57" ! "DH
777#B#

4#B++B/57
444
"#7 %
777B#B#

7#B++B//57
444
/
8B8B8B=B+B
" ! "" $" """#"% " &

&H

4444
4477
474+
477O
744=
747>
774P
777@
2" %
#B)#B)#B)=B+#B#
475

#"% " & "
& %
&5
"%"
""6"" % " &

""
"

##
4444
447=
474+
477P
7447
747>
774O
777@
,""
# "

# 3
""
%
## H
##4H
777
4C4+B
444
##47H
777
4C++B57
444
#4#74H
777
4C7+B/57
444
#4#7H
777B
4CO+B/57
444
#7#4H
777
7C4+B/
444
#7#47H
777
7C++B//57
444
#7#74H
777B
7C7+B//57
444
##7H
777BB
7CO+B//57
444

"
&
&

" #

&
"!22 " #"(;
476

!"##$"%&'()*
+"!,-*

$ $!+BF$!+B7A4(57D

@67&
(57+(57+B7

N!$!+/ B$!+B7/
44
-/ /

(57(57
N!$!+/ B/ $!+B7/
44
12 9$ B/ 12 ,$
-
12 9$ZNBN"(5
"(5
& (5 " !
12 ,$7A+FDN5N"(5
477

N 12 $ /$#5F(F
N!ZAN 7B/BN "(575/D
&(

#

&

!"!#"#"!
""

HN!"+(5N!%"(

&
#
# " !(
+(57
N!$!57
4

#" "
H
(++>PC
A$D" (+C
N""$C
N"7$C
"
%"
# 4
(H
N""$
I22""" "" !$
! 5 # $ "" !
I)
(+
(+ $C
I) # $ "" !
((++H
((++C
IG# $ "" !
%5$#%
BF5$#%
H
$ $A7H+H(+57DBFJ$A+H+H(+DC
IN $ H
N $ C
I(
#
4"(5(55K

4
I6

#
(
# "
I2"N(
$57V
I6 "" !

&"&!7&
$4
A+H(DC
I,# "12C"

#
H
/$#5FJ+J#(+J57FC
N"AN 7J75FBFN 7J7BFN J7B/BFN (5B+J75/D+C
N"AN"
$J57VA4H(+57DDC
7A(H57H+DC
N"AN"FN"7DC
S

# " "
"5" "" !"

E"E EE" & %

(+ (=:O7+%""

(+A (57D;

" &">

57
&)+(=8=++)B++#B
77B+
N$B+/
44
1
478
77B++#B
#N+#B/
44
77#
///
44
"

/[7/ &

$H
#
TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
444444
47+477
74774+
77O77O
# "" !

&5"%"
""# "
# !5 & "

& &!
#
" 2 " &" #
=+A =57D + 5!

, &"
[7
!
6 !(+A (57D" "

&"

" 57 " A
$ # (=&"
!
57
>D
&& --. , , ,

(#!*/0
$ +$

!

$ +$

$ +$

!

$
+$
Σ Σ

479

!"#

$
,8 &"

(E?''E
E E&
(O+C
6A4H(57DC
X7C
",7H(57
,MX
6XC
6X6,C
6,C

Y(+C
YMX
XX5YC
YY+C

XXBYC

6
9
#" " %
&5"%"
""H
47P;+==+47++;+7;74+PP++7=O4
77@U+>>+77O+UO7U77+@@+O7>O7
( "" &%""&"

" " &%""

# "
"0
480

55+B"Z5A5DB
(57(57Z5Z5Z
&N$/ A$/ / D/
44
$: JA7 D:

"
Z
/ /

"
$ "#
% %
%"
! "# E"#E "

"
"!"#"

" !F

! &"
"#
2"$ #

#$:" #$
"
" !"#

$ "!"
#

"
$ # <"&
P>U5PP4
(
"# !# !N%
C
%#"
(%

& "(+7PO;=H
(+V7=C
(74C
$" 7(C
N$C
#
IG"# """

(12%
H
A4H(57DC
F#(FJ#(C
$#5F#(JV+C
$7$J CIJJJJJJJ
"4H(57
I"
#
!F 8 &55 E%"E 50
$+B7$7J &
A5DB7C

$O A7H(DJ$+C
S" ! !

""#
" " !74%
06 !#"%

#""% %"

% %
5 "
%
"

#"F"$ # '## "7U@>#O+O"

X
# !$&!$#F #

JJJJJ &%
$7$J J$#FJ4JC
+("
%
"# &
NHB 57"8 & NB7HB
<"
H / !
$ ! 12%
" "

" "!
!# !
""

8"%" &!"
( E3E "!"
% #"126 &#" 22 ##"
""#"" %
481

(57(57

+(B
+(
+(B
+(
44
(57

+(
+(B
+(
+(B
+(
+(
4B
+(
+(
(57

+5(B
+B(
4
(57F+5(F+B(

9B,
4
(57F+5((57F+B(

9B,
44
9(A5D
%& B,(ABD
%&
(A5D
%&
/

" !" "" "%"

1) "

&E (E&
"&"%!

#"&

(57
N'$

4
(57(57(57
N' $ ($

444
7(57
$TTTN' /
"
E5E "
(4
E "E

"
12A/ 5"12D
(57
&N'Z$A
+(B
+(B
+(5
+(D
4
(57
$
+(
4
(57
&! "
N'$
+(
4
-"" $
(57
N$
+(5F$
+(N'5FN'
4

N#N' N5N'
482
6 !
("
(57
$J $$$5
4
126<<9'6GH
S
12 $J $ NN "N N " 12

"
#% !$ $ %55
"

"# "&
NN#BFN
NNN#N#5NNBFAN#NBNN#D
N'N'5N'N'BFA5N'N'5N'N'D
" # " &%$#"
&!# "&
*'
"!# "
5*'"!$J $
*'*'B*
N'N'5N'N'BN'N'BN'N'
N'AN'BN'DBN'AN'5N'D
N'N'BN'5N'
-9S.52'9G.6<<9'6G('S,(?12G'99.<'(1.(G.H
(57(57
1 $J $$5$
44
(57(57
$$5
44
(57(577(57
$TTTN' 5
44(4
(57(577(57
$N'TTT 5
44(4
/" "" &%""

" !#"#"!5

#
" "" E%%"E
"55

H
5 A

+5(B
+5(D:A
+(B
+(D
A
+(
+(B
+(
+(
B
+(
+(5
+(
+(D:A
+(B
+(D

+(
+(
+(B
+(
+(
+(
5
+(
+(
+(B
+(
+(
+(
B
+(
+(
+(B
+(
+(
+(
5
+(
+(
+(B
+(
+(
+(
483
G "

5 A

+(
+(B
+(
+(D
+(
5A
+(
+(5
+(
+(D
+(
BA
+(
+(B
+(
+(D
+(
BA
+(
+(5
+(
+(D
+(

+5(
+(5
+B(
+(
B
+B(
+(5
+5(
+(
(
" !#"#"!% ## " H
7(57
TTT 5 5
+(5B
+(B4B4
(4
&

+B(
+5(%" "&3"
7(57
TTT 5 5
+(5B
+A5D(

(4
(57
1 $J $$AN'
+(5N'5
+A5D(D(
4
(57(57
N'ZAN'BN'5D$
+( N'ZAN'5N'5D$
(
44
"N' !& "

"

1 $J $N'N'BN'5N'
12
#
+( " %
("" # "("
"!# "-
$
" N"5N A4(57D 5
5
%& ""(
+(" %
"# !"
1 %"#
!(" %
"" 2"
"% " $"12

$/ $
+(5F$
+(

+" #
"$" ""
# "
1
$ $A
+(B
+(D
""
!" # ""
" "&(
"
12 1

1 " "
&"
#

12 " ("
"% " &

#"#"! ""

%"
" !"
"%
22# $/
"
&"
+("
+('"
"
"E
E
""% %
484
( 47" N'" "(57 #

(57
%"N'4$
" "3" #
"N'4
4

" "(57 #
""# N'
&-

B

57
%
N'$4B57$7C

N'4$4B$7
N'7$45$7
B
+B(B
+B(

+(
+(5
+(
+(B
+(
+(B
+(
+(
A
+(B
+(D
+(BA
+(5
+(D
+(

+(B 5
+(
G B 5 "G

+(
+(
(57(57
N'$ B$
44
%
)%+ +B7( #"+
(+57(+57
N'$+ +B$+B7 +B7
44
(
+
++(B
++(
+A(+DB
+A(+D
(
&! "
EE+ EE
+B7 +G B 5+
(G B (5
" ( "

"
(+" " ( %
(+57(+57(+57
N'$+ (BG $+B7 (B $+B7 (5
444
485
)$$+"EE

"E$%E
$$+B7"EE

"E$E
(+57
N'$+ ((+5#1$
4
(+57
N'$+B7 ((+5#1$
4

N'N'BG N'B N'5
G
" &
"(;H
++B7 5
%& (
!" " #&
44744

!(+5#1
H
7+O7O
+=>++
OP@O7
=4
>O
P+
@7
.

.

.
.!

( (

( (
.

! 0 ."

" ( ( 1 .

( (
# / .#
(2 30(/31(/42
6
"

#
%(+5#1
#
"
% # !&!G %
+(+57B+(+57B+(+57(+5+(B+B(5+B(5+(+5+
#

(57
486
(+5+M(5+(B7
""
(+5+(BOK4
""
(+5+B7K4
""
(+5+K7
""
(K7B++

" (K+ %
, EFE

"$57
(+57(=57(=57
N'$ ($+F (+FB$+FB7 (+FB7
4F4F4
"
(=57(=57(=57 J
N'$+F (FBG ( $+FB7 (FB ($+FB7 (5F
F4F4F4
"5F
(=( $+F$=F
$+FB7$=FB+
" !
(+57(=57(=57
N'$ ($+F (+FB$+FB7 (+FB7
4F4F4
"(=57(=57(=57
N'$+F (FBG ($+FB7 (FB ($+FB7 (5F
F4F4F4
( $+F$=FB7 $+FB7$=FBO6

&%
"(;F
!%
4 7" % & "N '
F=F=FB+
44+
7=P
"N'
F=FB7=FBO
47O
7>@
,J &%"

"
(=+5#1$+F2"# "&

#"&
1 " #

& H
487

,J &%
"
+5#1$ +FB7 "
"

1 % 5
%& B
%& "

#

+

!&&GB

J&
77 JJ
N'$=FFB$=FB+F""N ' A4OD
F4F4
" !
77
N'$=FB7FB$=FBOFA4OD
F4F4
(

F4"
!

S
JJ &%
H4777+57
O574777 !" " "N'
( #
&5"%"
""
.
.

.

.!

2"N'F
"# H
$4 " &%&!$7 N'4&!N'7
$=$>N'7N'+
$+$ON'+N'O
$P$@N'ON'=
& " ")
&

" #
"(+51&$
"
#

488
" #A# "D !& # " #"(;A"

+"G +B + P"G PB PDH
%)'
*+
&, -&
!

!!"#$
%&'%
' !(
&

)58)
/33A3D
77

/3
# ! 3 & "
)
/367B3
7
)
/3 6B 7B3
7
. "

"

@P=""
489
&!@P>
%"
35"
"

Y""
%"!
8
$$ &
$B
#

%"!8B 6
&
#

"
# & " 7774+>3
U4@4O\
/#
"# & "
#

" %"!8/8&!
" " $ $ $&!
5"!" % % 5#" /"

8PP

$* 8 PP:U4@4O:74+P

2$* 7$* 7P@3
Speech segment (after Hamming windowing; samples connected by lines)

versus actual time t.
0.08
0.06
0.04
x(n) = xc(ndt)
0.02
-0.02
-0.04
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Time t (s)
490
Magnitude-only cepstrum of speech segment; peaks are separated by pitch period
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
xcep(m)
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0 100 200 300 400 500
Ceptstral index m (quefrency)
" ! "$"%"

(

"
"E3#E
&
"#""
3"5#
"!

):N A4(+57D 7
)+:N (+ 7&
N,-.

4A(+B785(+57D 7
)+:N 58B(85(+ 7

):N 58B(A85(+57857D 7

12 " 8 () 9 "$" %

C" % !

V

78:)7("12
$ )$ )
V )12 N

$ ,-.
7(+57857 +
:AN (BN 58B((
(485(+B7
7F(87F+85(+8
BTTTN (+BTTTN (+D
++
($

+
&
58B(H
491
+&
7(+57F+8(57F+B85(8
12N,-.:AN BN
(4 (+B7

7F(85F(8
BTTTN (+BD
+
F+88
( 7
&
" "(5#12"
N +& "%"

""
H
+
7(57(+57F+85(5F+(8(57F+85(
12N,-.:$ :AB:
(4 4(+B7

75FF(85F(8
BTTTBD
+
5F+(85F+(85(
S
""$#
" # !

+ %
"

" % "
$
+&
F(85(
7(57 75

12 N,-.:$ :A

+
(4 F+85(

75

F(B+85(F+(85(
5F+(85(5
B:
F+85(
75
7F(85(5F(85(

BTTTBD
+

# ! %85(
G& "

% "+&
492
F+5(%F(% +
7(57 57F(%5F(%

12N,-.:$ :TBTTTABD
(4 F+%+

75

F+5(%F(%F(%5F(%F(B+%F+5(% +
7(575BZB55
:$ :TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT
(4F+%
75
F(%F+5(%F+B(%5F(%
7(575B5B
TTTT$ TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT +
+(4F+%
75
"
F(%F+%5F(%F+%
7(57557BB7
12N,-.TTTT$ TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT +
+(4F+%
75
F+%
7(577B5F(%F(%
TTT$ TTTTTTTTT5 +
+(4F+%
75
F%5F%F%
7(575BF(%5F(%
TTT$ TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT5 +F
+(4F%5F%F%
5
7(57
%
TTT$ TTTTTTTT
(% +
(4
%
(57
$ :
:A85(D +
4

"

(( O

$
493

!

"#$%&'()*

+
%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

-
-
+

.)/0*)1(''23/()41/)*#*#/10)0)5(6')(6'2

7/(1(108('0*)'2"#1/)*#*#/10)"
(%.9:#*#;11#3#1"0'1#.)"(/11"0'1#0)#(6'"#
<)#('0 3##
+
#(*
'*0(<#(606'23()* 0)#/108'21 )*()* #*
=(*#()146011*"#7#80128#(''>(1'(7"#=)/2#)'1
0(3)0)1"0<#7'3/)*"0<#"/)1#()< %?
@"@ %?1#81(1(1A%?1'<6(<)01*#)00)**
(/1'2 *;9"#)/11"0#1"0<#(1 %?('#81(11$>
07'3-*;(1 %?
!"# $

494
!"# $ %%

(2611$>'10(#803"##=0016(1#0('3<08

)'2()1'0)"1'10)
-

%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
- - -

/)1()11"#)10)012*;06''1#6<08

*;*/(*'/)1#0710)"#(''B #(*(26110/(''2
=(*#(10//6''1#6/)1#071-*;*/(*"#(''B
-
+#(*#0(#)()/(1*1#60)*"0#1
72"0)*0)<"#6 - # -A#6101
#)()//##/10)(10 '< *;C11
06''(26110(1 '< '< +*;D1(/1
8('0
*;<080)<#<'2*;(1()*(/1'2 *;(
#=0#*721/0"0/(10)
(26110/'101(0)1"0<#7'3()*0)1/)*"0<#

331>(1'(7"#=)/2#)30/0)**6(1/1(26110/0)
8#(''((#()/4"/#3)31(11#0=0#0'0)1
(7()*30/0)0)1>(1'(7'171"/#)11(26110/
'1//1/0"0/(10)"##3'11;*'18A)1
"# %?@A@ %?0)1)1"0<#()*0)1"0)('"0<#3'1
"#@A@ %?E1(171/0"0/(10)(80)**7)61
495
% -
D - F
C26110/'1"#6(<)01*""#=)/2#)
-20
Gain (dB)
-40
-60
-80
1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)
Hc(s) = 2.64e+007/[(s+186.3)(s^2+186.3s+1.413e+005)].
20
0
Gain dB
-20
-40 1 2 3
10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
0
Phase deg
-90
-180
-270
1 2 3
10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
496
'!(!)"# $ %%

'!(! "# &

/'<
E F
E F
9F
9 F
DE)G/7 #*EE99HHF
D)6*)G/72 9E)HHF
7*)6*)'<(/
7'1 F'*)F'1E9H#HF(0D G
(F
7'1
'1E9H#HF
(0D - G
E71(0)
#'100)1'17'3/0"0/(10)(80)**7)61/1""
()*/**#/10)1'1018#(''6(<)01*()*(
'1F1)1'101$>"# @@ ()*17116'101$>
"# @@ 301(##0(12(0'060110/1#0'0)1
(7()*()*)#0'0)117()*IJ(#1*0#*
/0"0/(10)0)1
497
Frequency response of Chebyshev I filter
0
Gain dB -200
-400 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
0
Phase deg
-360
-720
-1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
'!(!)*"#

$

%&

498

!"##
$!

% ##

%" &
!&'
##"#
!

% ##
%
"
&
!&'
##"("
%!')
*
%'
'%%
+""
','!%'
!-'%%,,
!&.%'*%%'
%-!,/

%
&%%'
%01,#22#!%%%%'
%01,#2
2(+'%!'!% "!&'
''%
%'%''%
%!!
''%!
!3!'%
','!%'
!''!%+'%456

Frequency response of Chebyshev II filte

0
-20
Gain dB
-40
-60
-80 -1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
180
0
Phase de
-180
-360
-1 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
499

!

78#
9#"#:(#)
(8#
#"#

99;;;;;;;;;;;;;;::8
9)8<:77)

)
78#
#"#
=!'+'%%/',!>%%+%,'%%'%
!
','!%'

(8#
#"#
9;;;;;;;;;;;;;;:8 9)8<:#?(
#?-%+'
78#
#"#
500
%/',%=
-@,'%%'%
!
','!%'
A
B
'%,!
'-'%%&%+!-
.

9 CD#8 E."#
'#88:
.F F<G
9 CD#8 E."#
'#8(#) 8):
H&%!%' %,%"!,"!
,%
+!-
#F9"( E#?7?"7(7E.7"<E #<)"#()<E
77 :
*
%'I

'
"#
"

#89#D : C
'0IJ

I

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
"#
#"
8
9#D:
"

C#C
'0IJ
C,0IJ

7< #<F#
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

D?F#
D<#F#
D##? F#
D((<?F#

D77 F#
D#(<7F#
D#?< F#
D) <#F#
'%
!!+' "-! ',,''%
%'
,'%! '
'
%'%+'%!%'!"!

'
%
!!!'%
I+-!
''%!-
'! !'K!
'
! %''!%!
,
*/'%
!!

+'%,'
+*

!
%
%&
Cheby I analog filter FR; Solid = TF/poles design, * = cheby poly mag formula
0
Gain dB
-50
-100 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
0
Phase deg
-360
-720
2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/sec)
501
Cheby I analog filter FR; Solid = TF/poles design, * = cheby poly mag formula.
Gain dB 0
-0.7
-5
-10
10
4 Ωc
Frequency (rad/sec)
Cheby I analog filter FR; Solid = TF/poles design, * = cheby poly mag formula.
0
-40
Gain dB
-50
-100
Frequency (rad/sec) Ωr
The cutoff frequency is 6 kHz(2 pi)= 37.7 krad/s. The rejection attenuation
is-42 dB at at 8 kHz (2 pi)= 50.265 krad/s, which exceeds specs. In the last
plot, the left abscissa is 10 krad/s and right is 100 krad/s.
8.6) The procedure in the text example worked because op amps have good stage
isolation. This of course is not the case with passive elements. Suppose we
try:
2/10 -1/3
, = {10 - 1}1/2 . 0.765. Sc = 2B•1000 rad/s, S0 = , Sc . 6871 rad/s.
Following the example in the text, we would write
S0 S02
Hc(s) = { ))))))) }{ )))))))))))))))))) }. For the first-order section, a
basic
s + S0 s2 + S0s + S02
complex voltage divider gives

— —
Va/Vs = [1/(RC)]/(s + 9/[RC]).
Set 1/(RC) = S0 = 6871. Let C = 0.01 µF, which gives R = 14.6 kS. For the
502
second-order section, for KCL we have
— — —
(Vo - Va)/(sL) + (sC1 + 1/R1)Vo = 0,
or
— —
(s2LC1 + sL/R1 + 1)Vo = Va,
or
— —
Vo/Va = [1/(LC1)]/[s2 + s/(R1C1) + 1/(LC1)].
Set 1/(LC1) = S02. If L = 0.1 H, then C1 = 0.21 µF. Also, 1/(R1C1) = S0,
giving R1 = 687 S. As we see in the PSpice figure below, the result is
garbage!. Moreover, an additional objection is that C1 is supposed to be 0.15
µF, not 0.21 µF.
503
@,+-+'
%!'% "!''-%'"!!','%
%!
!'%'!%
!!!
!
!-!%N '
&!% +!%+
+!%
" >R#CIK0JN+'%%!-%-!
!

+'%,'
+
504

!
505
$ $ $ $ $
"##%&"!%'" '(&)%#'"##%&)*+
$ $ $ $ $
"##%&)' #*+ #*"(') %#
$ $
,"(') %"(&-!.' '(&)'(&)%(&)/#*#&"!%
$
#(

$ *
#"(') %,('! '!"(&)'(&)%/!&)
(
*
('! '!"(&)'(&)%') ') ! '! "(')&)%!&)
(
*
) ! '!, ' "(')&)%/'"!&)') %'(
0
(
1"%**
'2 '2 ' & ' 3"2& %'"2&%'(

) ! *(&!, ' "(')&)%/*2&!&)') *2&
4
!*+(1 *+(5677

8
9

) *(&,! /*2+553(+

8
92
)*!&,2&) /*((:;
8
9
' "(')&)%*2&,!/ ,('") %&") %/*2&"!%
*2&"!% ") %&)*;<=>7 9)*") %& *2(+(

?
"

9@
A9

9
9B4%

C
9
9
506

507
D

7
9 9

!

(
$ $
#&#*
")! %'!" ') &)%',)" ' %'!&)/'(')&)

)&)

E

9 0

"B=<C
%
508
8.7) (a) dB Gain non-dB gain (b) From (8.11), , = 0.5088. From (8.29), N $ 12.07,
& thus vout (V)
)))))))))))))))))))))))) so choose N = 13. For the Butterworth filter, we'd
-1 0.891 need N $ 44.83, or N = 45--a huge increase in order.
-3 0.707 1
-10 0.316 Hc(jS) = )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
-20 0.1 {1 + [0.5088C13(S/[2B•400])]2}1/2
-40 0.01 where
-R•20 10-R C13(x) = 4096x13-13312x11+16640x9-9984x7+2912x5-364x3+13x.
Selecting only k for which Fk = Re{sk} < 0, we obtain from (8.38)
1
Hc(s) = ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) where s0 = -33.34+j2510.0,
5 s1 = -98.09+j2364.1,
(1 - s/s6) A (1 - s/sk)(1 - s/sk*) s2 = -157.14+j2080.9,
k=1 s3 = -207.06+j1676.7,
s4 = -244.94+j1175.0,
s5 = -268.6+j605.10, and
s6 = -276.62,
giving
-7.66•1040 7.66•1040
Hc(s) = )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) = )))))))))))))))))))))))))))).
5 5
(s6 - s) A (sk - s)(sk* - s) (s - s7) A (s - sk)(s - sk*)
k=0 k=0
2 1/2
We do not scale by 1/{1 + ε } because N is odd.
The first plot below shows 100 < S < 104 rad/s for the overall picture (it
includes phase as well as magnitude). This plot also superimposes the magnitude
response calculated using (8.25b)--the two plots are completely
indistinguishable. The remaining plots show magnitude only. The second plot
shows Sc in detail (we see that the Sc specification is about exactly attained),
and the third plot shows Sr (rejection frequency also attained).
Note that N=12 is also valid as well as N=13, for the specs are also virtually
met for N=12. In fact, N=12 may be preferable for order minimization.
509
Solid = Hc(j2*pi*F) from poles; --- = mag from Cheb-poly magnitude function.
0
-10
Gain dB
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60 2 3
10 10
Frequency F (Hz)
-30
-120
-210
-300
Phase deg
-390
-480
-570
-660
-750
-840
-930
-1020
-1110
-1200 2 3
10 10
Frequency F (Hz)
0
-1
-2
-3

-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10 2
10 F 10
3
Frequency F (Hz)
10
5
0
-5
-10

-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60 2
10 200 300 F 500
Frequency F (Hz)
510
<$$ ( $ $$$'$ $(
&
Comparison of analog filters, order N =

1 solid = Butter.

------ = Cheby. I
0.5 -.-.-.- = Cheby. II
........ = Ellipti
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (Hz)

-50
-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 Frequency (Hz)

-200
-400
-600
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (Hz)
511
Comparison of analog filters, order N = 7
1 solid = Butter.
------ = Cheby. I
0.5 -.-.-.- = Cheby. II
........ = Elliptic
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (Hz)

-50
-100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 Frequency (Hz)

-500
-1000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (Hz)
512
Comparison of analog filters, order N = 10
1 solid = Butter.

------ = Cheby. I
0.5 -.-.-.- = Cheby. I
........ = Elliptic
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (Hz)

-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0 Frequency (Hz)

-500
-1000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (Hz)
513
<$=(
$
& $'$ $(
&
$$$$=
($
((*>
'$' #
, , ?
&$!$&$&$$ 9$
=(

$ =
($
' $'($ $('0, 4 & # # ( $
(8$@,A=
( $
B $$
(8 '
$$$(=
($ $$# $$$$
8=
($
Poles of analog Butterworth filter for N = 20 and eps = 1.

80
60
40
20
jIm{s}
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
Re{s}
Poles of analog Butterworth filter for N = 21 and eps = 1

80
60
40
20
jIm{s}
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
Re{s}
514
C$ $$$ $>
$$6 $# $$= #
''
$
($!$(
$ %C$!$'

22
.5

*2
(
.042520(
2%4%

$($
C&$!$'
$$&
=
($ $

-3%**-

**3$6=.-2/9/25904
DD-*D%+D-%D%+D-*D++D-%+
D%D-+* D**2
< $=
($ $
##($
' **2 C$ $($#$($'('
=( $=
($ '
,
& $=
($=(
$(
&
Left-half-plane Butterw. pole plot: N = 11, eps = 0.5088, Fc = 30 Hz, Fr = 50 Hz.

200
150
100
50
jIm{s}
-50
-100
-150
-200
-200 0
Re{s}
C$!$
, EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE&$$$@,A
$ !$
!$

2

9
515
((8$$>$'$>$ #8$ =
$=(
$=$ $ $ $(
&$'
=(

& $ $#

&
==
=$ $6 #($ <$
$$$ $&$$ $&
$

'#(#(
$6#$
( $
#!$ $ ( $ $$C$
$&$ ((8
$6#$$$$ =$#'#
$# $ $$ %
Solid = FR from BW TF using poles; ---- = FR mag. from BW mag formula;

1

N = 11, Fc = 30 Hz, Fr = 50 Hz.

0
-1
-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Frequency F (Hz)
0

-500
-1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Frequency F (Hz)
!"# $%&$' (%) !" (% ('

* + )

516
#C$ $

,FC$!$+3
F$

F2
GD
+2
GD+
*2
GD*%
***2
GD%
%+2
GD++
%%*

$$$$F$
F0

$F$
,F4C$(
$!$#(6 $=(

?'
& (($&8
'H
$

&

*&## $ $( $$
' $$
$(

<$ : = (
$ $ $(
&
$
(8#(==
#
I( ) J#J#
&J J$
$$ #($6#$= $'H
&$$$ $
& $!$( $ $#(

''# $
#$= #$ K(
$ , F $
$

=
(8
( $
$ #(& #
=$

''
'
$<$=
($2F$
=(

',F
(

& $(
&
Solid = analytically determined H(z); --- = result from c2dm with tustin.
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Normalized frequency f (Nyquist = 0.5)
1000
Phase (degrees)
-1000
-2000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
517
Digital BLT BW pole/zero plot (--=unit circ): N = 11, eps = 0.5088,
Fc = 30 Hz, Fr = 50 Hz; dt = 0.005 s.
1
0.5

-0.5
-1
-1 0 1
Re{z}
L +!$ 8 $ (#

'' $-$#

'$>$ #$ $
'2 .3%325* =($ 2#8#($
'2 .3325 =($ 2#8#($
< $ $ $ #
$# = #
((8!$'$ $' (:=(

'$

(

'A
($<$#(##( (
'$>$ #$ $M
'2%,F&#''$ '
%,F$ (
'($#
''
'2*%,F&#''$ '
,F$ (
'($$-$#

C$ $$=$&= $>

'
((
& + &$ $
%,F,F!
'#
=$&*'
$'
$
'#
=$&'
$'
$
<
518
2 '%2 #
=$&2 '

=$&=

2%**,F
2 '*2 #

=$&%*2 '

=$&=

2+%++,F
N'#
$ $
(8
K$ ,
&$!$# $
$# $$##('$>$ #$ !$# $<$ $&!($
'
<$ $& (
'($=
($ $ '
((
& M

D*%D-D%D-*%D*%D-%DD-*%2

#$ $!$ $$$$
$(=
($
K '
, &$ $($#
(8$($'('=( $=
($ M
LHP Butterworth pole plot: N = 8, eps = 0.5088, Fc = 32.44 Hz, Fr = 63.66 Hz.
25
20
15
10
50
jIm{s}
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-200 0
Re{s}
<$'$>$ #8$ =
$
'$ (
'($
& $'
((
& =(

$' !$'$ $ =$#'#
$$ $#
!$'$
$ =$#'#
$=(
$= $C$
&$

'$!($
' $ $ $$ $ $$@<$ $
&(( $O
!$ #9P
$
(!($
' $ =$#!$(8%,F
,F
519
!"# $%&$' (%) !" (% ('

*+ )+ ) )

!"# $%&$' (%) ! (% ('

*+ )+ ) )

520
K'$@<$('($=
($ $
$ '
((
& M
F
*+2
GD2
GD%*2
GD*+%%2
GD%
< $&$
$#
*3
<$$$F$
F0

$F$
,F4
< #
=($$(8 =$#'$ ,F !$ $
<$('($'$>$ #8$ =
$
& $(
& # $ $$
$$

$6#$$$
!$ =$#'#
#(#(

& & $ 9 C$!$
##$$$ $@<
=
#$('($ =($
8 $&(($''$#!$(8!$$$ $ (
#
'' $-$#
'$>$ #$
<$=
($2F$
=(

',F (

& $(
&
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Normalized frequency f (Nyquist = 0.5
0
Phase (degrees
-200
-400
-600
-800
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
521
!"#$"%&'!('&!')*+,-.&

<$=(
$
& $'$ $(
&'
$($'('=( $
C$9
&$$ $=
($ ((*> '
, ,
(8
$@,A=
($ 9$=, K
(8'
$$$$(=
($
$$# $$$$ 8=
($ !$'$ 8$6 $8
'
=
($
Chebyshev I pole plot: N = 20, eps = 1, Fc = 1 Hz.

8
2
jIm{s}
-2
-4
-6
-8
-5 0 5
Re{s}
522
Chebyshev I pole plot: N = 21, eps = 1, Fc = 1 Hz.
8
2
jIm{s}
-2
-4
-6
-8
-5 0 5
Re{s}
C$ $$$ $>

$$6 $# $$= #
''
$
($!$(
$ %C$!$'

22
.5

*2

#
.042520#
2%4**

$($ +
#$
$ ($ $$>$'

$$>!($ $&
'($
C+&$!$'
% $($#
$ $@,A$@,A
1$ 8 $!=
($ $

-3#
06
/-8
42+&$$6
9/2 8
D*!

D-%D-%*%*D-
< $=
($ $
$((= $
'

6 8
2 *2+*2
-
6 #
8
2%+%
<$($'('=( $=

($ $
& $'$ $(
&
523
LHP Chebyshev I pole plot: N = 6, eps = 0.5088, Fc = 30 Hz, Fr = 50 Hz.
200
150
100
50
jIm{s}
0

-50
-100
-150
-200
0
Re{s}

C$$ !$(8!$, EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE&$$$@,A
$ !$
!$

2

9
,
&$!$ #( &((!$ 8&($$#
#(1$ 8 $!B
'($'$>$ #8$ =
$'
$!$ 8 $IKQBILI==( !($
$IBBILI==( !($< &$ $$
#($, 81R-A2
%

$$$$ $$ $'$ $(
&
< $$>$'$>$ #8$ =
$=(
$=$ $ $ $(
&$' =(

& $ $ #

&
==
= $ $6 #($ <$
$$$ $&$$ $&
$

'#(#(
$6#$
( $
#!$ $ ( $ $$C$
$&$ ((8
$6#$$$$ =$#'#
$# $+ $$ **
524
,-# $%&$' (%) ,- (%'

* + + )

,-# $%&$' (%) ,- (%)'

* + + )

#C$ $

,FC$!$
%+3
F$

F%2
GD++*2
GD%*+2
GD**

$$$$+F$
F0

$F$
,F4
C$($!$#(6 $=(

?'
& (($&8
'H

$
&

*&## $ $( $$
' $$
$
(
<$:=(

$
(8#(==
# I( )
J#J#
&J J$
$$ #(
K(
$ , F $
$

=
(8
( $$ #(&
#
=$

''
'
$<$:=(
$ '
((
& M
525

0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
200
Phase (degrees)
-200
-400
-600
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
<$=
($2F$
=(

',F (

& $(
&N'#
$&$#
($$
=$&= $$ A
($'
$# $
'$$&
'($?
$$6$# $
$'
$!8
!"#$/012&'!('&!')*+,-.&

526
<$=(
$
& $'$ $(
&'

(8>
%@,A -6 C$9
&$$ $=
($
'&#$ $@,A

$ $
'=
($ $=(
$(
&$ $$
$
B $$
(8 '
$ $ $ $ (=
($ $$# $$$$
8=
($ !$'$ 8$6 $8
'=
($ N $
$

# $ (($F$
$=$(8 8
Chebyshev II pole/zero plot: N = 20, eps = 1, Fc = 1 Hz, Fr = 1.2 Hz.

100
80
60
40
20
jIm{s}
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-100 -50 0 50
Re{s}
527
Chebyshev II pole/zero plot: N = 21, eps = 1, Fc = 1 Hz, Fr = 1.2 Hz.
60
40
20
jIm{s}
-20
-40
-60
-50 0 50
Re{s}
C$ $$$ $>

$$6 $# $$= #
''
$
($!$(
$ %C$!$'

22
.5
K
$ $$6$$6=$
'
$ $'

1$ 8 $!B
BB'($ $(8$$6=$
< '

*2

#
.042520#
2%4**

$($ +
C+&$!$'
*%
* $($#
$ $@,A
$@,A1$ 8 $!=
($ $

-%*2#
06
/-8
42+&$$6
9/2 8
D+!

**%D-*+%*D-%*D-
8*$F$
$
-%*2#
./25D-%D-***% D-%
C$ $($#$($'('=( $=

($
$$#
'(($F$
'
,
528

& $=
($=(
$(
&
Chebyshev II pole/zero plot: N = 6, eps = 0.5088, Fc = 30 Hz, Fr = 50 Hz.

1500
1000
500
jIm{s} 0
-500
-1000
-1500
0
Re{s}
B # $$$

''#( #( =
($ 1$ 8 $!B&$!$
$# $,-

#((8$#( '
8 $=
C$$$(8 $$
#($,
8 8(=(8 =
(8F$

8K 2 &$$ $$=
($ '

!$ $$F$
'

!$< $$>$ '$>$ #8$ =
$=(
$=$ $ $ $(
&
' =(

& $ $#

&
==
=$ $6
#($ < $$$$ $&$$ $&
$

'#(#(
$6#$

( $#!$ $ ($ $$C$
$
&$ ((8$6#$$$$ =$#'#
$# $+ $$ **
,--# $%&.' (%) ,-- (%'

* + + )

529
,--# $%&.' (%) ,-- (%)'

* + + )

#C$ $

,FC$!$
+3F$
F2
GD%2
GD+2
GD*%
&($$=
($ $
F*2
GD*%2
GD**+2
GD%*

$$$$
F$
F $# $I $ (
'($(&8
$'
1$ 8 $!BBC$($!$#(6 $=(

?'

& (($&8
'H
$
&

*&## $ $(
$$
' $$
$(
<$:=(

& $(
&
$

(8#(==
# I( ) J#J#
&J J$
$
$ #(K(
$,F $
$

=
(8
( $$ #(
& #
=$

''
'
$ N' #
$&$#
($$
=$&= $$ A
($'
$# $
'$$&
'($?$
$6$# $
$'
$!8<$=
($2F$
=(

',F (

& $(
&
530

0
-20
-40
-60
-80
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
200
Phase (degrees)
-200
-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
!"#$/0122&'!('&!')*+ ,-.&

531

&$ =$&=
$ = $ # !$ ( 8
2 2<$ &$$ #

$'($,
(
(
'($$ $
$6&$ '
,
,F 8 $
,F, F

EEEEEEEEEE
/F
<$ &$#$#9
$$&$$$('($$ =$#'#
!$((
$$ $B'
&$$$ $''$$ (
'($8=$ #$ $$
$

'8
$ C$$$ (&$
!$$$ $'($< '($&(( $BB:
B:
,F&$#
$ 8
' $
' ' '$$ #$ '
=($$

&$2
'&$
F/ 2

B' EEEEEEEE
(! '
F&$!$FEEEEEEEEEEEE
F/ 2
2//!2
@$ /-!
$FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
2//!2
&# 8#
= $$ $ $
$

''
2/2/
''
''
$($'('=( $ $ 86

C$8$$'
$#
#($$($'('
'$ =( $=
$ $

'$ ##($ $F=( $ $('

'$ =( $=
$
$6$

'$ ##($ $F=( $
C$(
9 ((8& $ ##($

!
$#(=
(
$ @$
F2
G&$$SS$
' $ (EES
F0#
/- 4
0H//-/2+/4/-
//-
F//--

)EEEEEEEEEEEEEE3EEEEEEEEEEEEE0EEEEEEEEEE4
F //--
///-0/4/-

EEE3EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE3EEEEEEEEEEE
//
*/-2*./25
EEE3EEEEEEEEEEEEE
' ((8 )EEE3EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE2G 2
/ 2/ 2

)2
G
1($(8 )EES EES#

=$$ $
$

' )K(
&
EES EES&$7<B@@# !$KT$ $

2&$=($ $? &((# $
$ 8&$$'
2'
($
2
'
((2
532
@$8 U<.TF5 $$$ $
'$$!!$ $@<
6 $ $ = $>$ #$ $=$$ 6
& $$6 $
#

$ (
$ ''$$ $<$ $((8T 3Q
:$=(# 8 2F 0 $$ *4 6 8 8 $ #$$$
#
$= &$!$
2F
TFEEEEEEEEEEEEQF

/F
TF/F2FQF
!$ $F '

8 8 /206 6 4
8 8 /206 6 4
8 8 /2.6 /6 /6 6 5
8 /2.6 6 /6 5
8 /6
&$$
6 2.6 6 /6 5 $#$ (''$$ #$==

6

'
$ $#
$!!$
'6$!($
8 8 %/206 6 %4
8 8 %/.6 /2.6 6 %55
8 %8 */206 %6 *4
8 8 */.6 /2.6 6 %/6 *55
8 */.6 /6 5
1($(8$'
((
& =$ $$ B' $!$
2
8 8/
6 V

< $# (($ $

'6 $ $ $
'$ $#

$!!$$!($
$!$ $ $6$ <$$
'
$&

'

'
$ $ $#

$ $($ $=$ 8

( $# (($ $

B'
'
=(#88$# $ %

!$'8
2
8 8/6/
6/ VV

&$$6 06 6 $' ''$$ #$==

6

'$
' $!!$L $ =$#( =

8&$# J#($ =J
($'
( '
((
&
7==
$8&# $ $
'$' $!!$ &$$
$$>(
$' ''$$ #$==
6
6 06642<$
533
8/62.06/64/06645
2.66/65
36
8/68/6!
2
8 8/
6/&# !$8 (
V #(8

!(
(8'8&$$$>(
6&# $ $(
$
#8$''$$
;EES(=(#
8 =
=$8&, 3
&$$@<.5&$!$2.5$
($< ' #

#
$ =($
=( $ ! #$ =
($

,-- #$ $ &

EES &$($89
&=( $
! #$&
(
&
9&
( $
((8( $
$&$!($
'
$!$ ' =( &$$=
($ $# $, - ' $ &
N'#
$,-- #
$ &$ ' $(8 =#
$
'$

($ 2.5 B $ @< # $'
+* &$9
&
($
7
,$ !$'$ 8
,$2$2/$!
,$232
,$-3$'
((;<
- 042
EEE-$@$--!$ !
!$ !2.- 0425
- 042

EEEEEEEEEEEEE.0$ !/$ !4$5
042
#
. 0425$ !$ !
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
042- 042
#
. 0425 . 0425
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
042 042
&#'
$!$ =('$

$#
$ F$
'
((
2$!$

EEEEEEEEEEEEE3
042 2

$#(($''$$

,
$@< W
==
6

'''$$
$- $@< W==
6

'
7$ F$
$
2$
,"#$$EEEEEEEEEEEEEE
/$

N'#
$ I( &$# - $'$>FV0404&$$

$' ''$$ #$
$,%&FF2
534
,%&$$2
K I( &$# - $'$>F04&$$

#$
,"#$$23 2&($
,%&$.0#
4/ 52.0#
452
23 2
N'#
$

'$ $!$2'
((
&$$$8$

''$$
'
$=(
$W #
$$( ($'
#(
$

'#(
$
H
!"#$%&'$((#

B $ $(&$9
&'

$
'$@<#
((= $ $$ $
(
:
&
$ $ ;&$$ $ 2'
;!$ $
( $(8$=
#$ : !($ ,$ 7
((8$@< $
' $'H $# $$''$$
$ ' $ ' $
'$>$ #8,! $$ $'$>$ #8 $ > $
$('$>$ #8
# $
$ ($ $# $'H('$ =($$
$ N<
#
$ =

' $'$>$ #8
(8
2 B $&$&
(=$'$
$ $ = $ $

' $'$>$ #8 $ &$$ $
( '($$ ='

$(
&('$ =($$
8$F '
$(8=
=$8
'( U<.2F2/F52. 5

2. / 52 '
;
S
535
< =($$ =
$ $ ($ $!$$ &8 $ $$
=(
$(
&<$' ''$$ #$ $ B: ($ $>$ #$<$'
''$$ #$ $=(
# $
($==$ #$&($$@< $#$ $

($$ ' $(8
$- $'$>$ #8
> $
$ ' $ ==
-
&
$' $ $;
Bilinear transform differentiation unit sample response; dt = 1 s.

4
1
hblt(n)
-1
-2
-3
-4
0 5 10 15
Time index n
First difference unit sample response; dt = 1 s.

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
hblt(n)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 5 10 15
Time index n
536
,F F$

'
$IF
$F$
FF
$=
($
',F$FF #<$J
#J
# $$(='( $#(#$#9
$ B' $ $

$
$ &8 ( '
'
(8 $$!$ 8$ $
$# >$
B $ $($!$ '$=
($ $(( =($ ($ &$$&((

(

'($ $$
=($$(
= $&$$ $AX#
$''#$
'
,F !
$
', ,
& $! $ $
$
'
$
' $
$($ 8#&# - !$ $ ( $ '
< (

$
$
'
$ 8$@<$$ (8$($$
=
=

($ AX#
$''#$ !$
=($$(

/3 2
F'( EEEEEEEEEEEEEE
3 2
F'(
H H/H/H

F'() EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
H H
F'()&#!$ 8Y $>(

H
F'()) EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
H H

F'())&#!$ 8Y $>(

H
%H%2

F'())) EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
H H

F'()))%2&#!$ 8%Y $>(

2*
*0H40%24 %

F'()))) EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
H H

F'())))%&#!$ 8*Y $>(

2<$ $
!($ $$&
$ #
@$

/-
8%

-0#
6
2#
-8
2 6
2 -8
24
-0#
6
2#
8
2 6
2 8
24

0 6
2 8
2/-#
6
2#
8
24

/-

$6
#$ ' & $ '
$'
((
& ($' $'
$
!$
$(
$ $$ ( M
537

0EEEEEEEEEEEEE4/0EEEEEEEEEEEE4 6
2/#
6
2
8
2#
8
2

& 6H0$)$)4 #
6H0$)/$)4
#
6 6$)S'
(($(6<$$'
$
#
6S 6'
((61
$>$ (8$IKZN: $6
#
8
2 $
$6 8
2
J1
& J

%

-#
06
/-8
42
&#'
$6=
$#
$&$# $#(8&$

-0#
6
2#
8
2- 6
2 8
24
0 .9/25 .D 225/-#

.9/25#
D 225

:$.
5D .9/2045 . 225

+
1#
.-#

5
-#
2--#
2-
H.$/$5
#
#

H.$/$5
8$$'

'#
&$!$ $'
6#
8
8#
6
#
8/ 8H$*/$*/$*$*$*
$# $
#
8/ 8

#
86 8

8.65
< &$!$
6/.65$*
538

8#
6( .6/.655

& 1 !$
!$
#
#

1H.$/$5
( ./045( ./045

H.$/$5
((8
$6=3( 88&$!$
1H./04//045
$$ $'
($6=(#(8
& 1 #$ $
(8&
$
= $>$
<$$>$=(
$
& $'$ $(
&&$$&$$=$ $ 8$
8
(J6J<$&
&8
'#(#( 1$$6#(8$>( '
((
!$8 (( $==
6
(
($'

$$6#'
(
( &#$ ($'
(($
Log of Chebyshev polynomial CN(x), order = 5 for argument greater than 1.

60
50
40
log10(C5(x))
30
20
10
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
10 10 10 10 10 10
Argument x
539
2( F'
F$
<$ < 8(
$ $ $6 =

'( F
F 0[
[
= =
W
!$+=4
20FHF/2%F4

&
)2F2F/
@$'F2F/<$
'H')F2F/

')2*
'))F2F/

'))22*
')))F+2F/

')))+2+%2
)2F'F
20FHF/HF4
C$ $$$$6=
'
'
)$$=

$F
< $8$#(
$'
F $
'
(
&('$>$ #$ #MF
< '
=
($ $F$@<==
6$ J$ !$ $
' =( J

<$'
((
& ## $((8
&'#

'$&8'

$
$
' $ # 8# ($
$ $6#8#($$ $!$ $(
&$
& (
#($
( $==$7=$#'#((8!$ $ 63#
&$$6;$ $ $
'#($( $
$
F
(6
-
(
(
#36@/(
6
&$$(
6 !$ $(
&< &((!$
(8#
$#=(
&$ $
( ( $ $=
(
$ $&$$ $ $
'$&8
$&$$ 8
% *
=(#$% '

$###8 $$ $#
($
$ # $ =$ $ $ $(
&
540
6(
6
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

%
% *
* +
+
+ EEESX6=($M+2 =(#$
'$&8'

*2
2
$( $==$
%
*
<$$ $('
('
$ $#
#
( $ ($ $(
& M
<$'#

'$&8
6 '
9
9/0(
6(
9420(
9/(
94
<$
($'
'
(
(
9/(
9
$
(J #$J'
9
9/
$(
#($
(
6(
9
$J #$J6 &8'

$($' $
$'69/&$
'69&$

< '
(&
9 '63#6;
==($ '
8#8#($
<$($'
&
#
(
'$ $#
($ $(
&# $ $
$$ $
&$$
=(
!($ $&$$ $!($
&
$#8#($
'
(
#($
< '
$6=($'B& $
=(

(
#($ ( $=
==$&#9#($( $ 0$
$#$$>((8 =#$4B&
(&$ 3 B&
(
$
'
$=$!
($$#($ %
'$&8'

&($$%#($ *

'$&8'
$ #($
$ # ( $ < $ B &

(

$' #
( '
#
#($
$=(
$%
'$&8 $&$$ % $$ $

!$0L $$6#'
(
!$&$

%4<
($
9 =(#$&
( $%/%*%%
'$&8'

$#($
$ #($< (( $ $'$
$(
&

/ 0
/.!0)1
1

!

1
Ω(.$
541
C$# (
!$$'
(
!$&#
'
$ '$>$ #$ '

I(
$=(
MB'''#

'$ #$6 $&$$ 9 9/
$
.(
9/'30(
9/(
945
6
<
$'$$('
'
(&$=$ $ $&

#
( $ ($
'
((
&
$6=($'B$
$=(
'
1$ 8 $!B'($
$$'$ $(
& B' $ ($$'$>$ #8
$

'$&8 $&$$
$(
#($$ B&
(

#
( $(
&'
J'#

'$&8'

J B $($#('&8
$&$$ *&#
< B&
(#
#($
&# >$#(
$
$!($
$ $$6#'
(
!$
+
/)!

/

!

)1

Ω (.$
B'
&$!$B&$$$ !($B'

$
'$&8 $&$$

$(
#($$ B&
(

$#
( $(
&'

J'#

'$&8'

J $($#('&8 $&$$ %
&#
**$!($
$ $$6#'
(
!$
*%*
#$$''$$ #$! $!$

# $ &
$ $'#

'$&8'

$!($
$ $6
< ($ $
$6=$
542
L $ ($'!$ &
=(
(
L $ ($'!$$ $
(
!($ &
GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGRGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGRGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
2\2\
6 0(
6(
420(
(
4'#

'&8 !$ $
'#

'&8'

'

6'
(
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

%
+% *
% % % %
* ** * %
**
+ + +
+ +*
* *
+ ++

6 0(
6(
420(
%(
4'#

'&8 !$ $
'#

'&8'

%'

%6'
(
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

%
% +
% %** %
* ** * %
% **
+ +* +
* ++*
++%
+*
% %
6 0(
6(
%420(
*(
%4'#

'&8 !$ $
'#

'&8'
%
*'
%
*6'
(
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
% %
% * %+
% *% %
%% %%% % %*
%* *% * %%+
% % %*+*
%+ +%% + %+
% %++%
% %+*
% %++
* *
543
6 0(
6(
*420(
(
*4'#

'&8 !$ $
'#

'&8'
*
'
*
6'
(
* *
* *%
* + *+
*% %* % *+
** * * *%%*
* **
*+ ++% + *%
* *++
* *
* *

6 0(
6(
420(
+(
4'#

'&8 !$ $
'#

'&8'

+'

+6'
(

+

% %+ %
* * * %%
*
+ ++ +
++
*
+
+ +
6 0(
6(
+420(
(
+4'#

'&8 !$ $
'#

'&8'
+
'
+
6'
(
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
+ +
+ +%
+ +
+% %+ % +*
+* * * +%+
+ +*
++ +% + +*
+ ++%
+ +
+ + +

6 0(
6(
420(
(
4'#

'&8 !$ $
'#

'&8'

'

6'
(
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

+ *

% %*% % +
* *+ * %*
+ *%%
+ + + %
% +
*
%

544
6 0(
6(
420(
(
4'#

'&8 !$ $
'#

'&8'

'

6'
(
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

*
+
% %+ %
* ** * %
* *%
+ +* +
+

*+

6 0(
6(
420(
(
4'#

'&8 !$ $
'#

'&8'

'

6'
(

* %
+
% % %
* * * %*
% *+
+ + + %
+
%
*+

X6=($&$
, EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

/ / /

K/1
, EEEEEEEE/EEEEEEEEEEEEEE
/ / /

1
(=(8
K /K /K/ //1 /1
$ =
&$
'
$$ $$>(
K/1
1K K//1
&#(
1K!$
$6K/&#(
!$ K
1
<

, .EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE5
/ / /

7=$#(F $ ( '

($ $ $ H $>#$
Q ;EES62
545
&$!$
2

.$EEE0EEEEEE$ .0%24545
%
2

.$$0EEEE .0%245/#
.0%24545<
%

3 H3

.$$0#

.%2 5EEE .%2 545
%
H
FFF$#
.%25/2% .%25
,F.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE5
F$6=H
F $3F3#
.%25/$

HH
F$0#
.%25$#
.%252% .%254F
H
/$$0#
.%25/2% .%254
3F.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE5
H
F$F$3F3#
.%25/$
HH
$02% .%25#
.%25/$4F
H
/$0$#
.%25/2% .%254
3F.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE5
H
F$F $3F3#
.%25/$

7 8 $$ &$$ (

'I( ) J= !J#
M
= !V#

!0404
C$# =('8,F'$
$
K#
6/ 6.K/5#
6 2K5

#
3/2% 32%#
30 2%4
2%#
32+
#
3/2% 32%#
32+<
546
HHH
H2%#
.%22+5/$F/$2%$#
.%22+5
,F$FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
H
F$F $3F3#
.%25/$

HH

02%$#
.%22+5/4F/2%$#
.%22+5
3$FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
H
F$F $3F3#
.%25/$

<$ $($&
$6=$
!$(
$$ !$'$ I(
&($) 8
$
& % % 2 #
$
9$ , F =
'%
#8#($2 =($C((&
9]
Y<$$
&222'
2%++9,F =($ 2
$>!($ (8 + &$!$ $$$
' =(
'
$ (
'($ $$ =
$ ,-024%
,)&$!$
(8!
($$$>$$ '
=( #,
($ ==
6$(8 ($

=( '$>$ #8Y< '

( &$ $ ==

$
! $ ,-024 & $ $
$!$ #(
$Y
<$$ &8
#( # $7$$$ $#

=(
$(
&'
$
('($'$>$ #8$ =
$
5+ !''"% 6' !0 !7 8&!+ 73), +

"7 ),0'6+

"

)9&:(
(;,

$0*6 4''8*0 ! +6!!*!7'0<
)9&:((;,

$0 8&!+ 6!!17+

3*+4),
547
Third-order Butterworth impulse-invariant digital filter; Fs = 1667 Hz.

1
-1
-2
-3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees)
-50
-100
-150
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
C$ &$$=$'
'#8#($2 =($
&9,F
,-024+&# !$8 (($(!$
,)7

# $=( $ ! #$&
9 &$((K &$ $$ $' (=(
$(
&$ $$
$ $I( #
$ $'
$$('($=
#$ 8
=( $ ! # $
$ $$ $ $ $ =$#'#
'
#8#($2 =($
548
$0'"*6'08&*!+= + !7!

.'8 !73*+47).43*,

.'8 !73*+47).43*,

X6=($&$!$

, @$
/ / /

,F, F

F/

FFF
/.5/ /
F/F/F/

0F/4

0F/F/40*F/FF//.F/54
0F/4

0/F/40*//.5F/.5F/*/.5
549

F/

,F
/*//.5
.5**/.5
F/F/F/
/*//.5*//.5
@$) 8

((
& $ #
$=
($ $$ &$ $
222'2%++9,F$ =($ 2 $#

+ $#7$$=(
$'$ $(
&<

==
$ $
=

## '*
%7(((
9 &
($(
$$
=( $ ! #$ 0 $$A
($*&' %4 < $ # $
'$
#$= #8 @<&=
"#$ '+'7' + !' "*6'07!

.'8 !73*+47).43*,

.'8 !73*+47).43*,
K
& $$6
.25N<
7

'223 .25
23 .33+325
*#8#($2 =($
550
&$
$!$
$=(
<
!$$#
''
##$6#(8'% $
'2 %2034+ S*9,FK $$
$'$ $(
& &
9 =$'$#(8
"#$ '+'7' + !' "*6' 7!

.'8 !73*+47).43*,

.'8 !73*+47).43*,
((8&$ &$9$' 2&$$ ,F &$ $'

$'

$
( # $
'
=( $ ! $6=($< $&
8
=$&= $'$ $(
&
& &$$'

##(
$6#(8
#8#($2 =($< $# $' .52+2
#8#($2 =($7((
$6#(8 $$ '&$(
9#$'((8$
'$ $(
& !$8#(
$
551
!"

"#
$%

<
9$
##$6#(8&$$=$$
!$
'#

'M
'2 2034 + S * % *9,F<$
$ (
& $'$ $(
& $$$6# $N'#
$
=##$ ((8$ !#
'''$>$ #8&$&
$$6#(8
'&$$=($$ (
'($ (
$
!"

"#
$%&'

552
%9,F
2%%% 3+%2
2

.5+!
++%+2

$MWNN<#(#($)2 .25%%%2 YYY
C$&
=
YB'&$$=
&
(N< $9,F
7
&$
)2 2%2
NC#(#($)3)%+*2
C$
& $)'
%%%
,F '
=
<$$ (
'=$'
&$
$#((8& I( #
$$

& $'$ $(
&L J =J&$'
$&(
'$>$ #8 ==
6$(8%%%&#!$ 8!$ $$ $9,F
!"

"#
$%

&

553
#
&$!$
, /20 / /#4K2 / /2 /#
&$$K 2# #2 #<
3 3.K$'/$53.K$'/$5

< ,FK2$'F/2$F
K/F.K$/$'5
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
$'F$F

K/ $$&$!$F$
F

FEEEEEE. 3$/#3$'5
#
<$=
($ $F$' F$<
3$/#3$'

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEF
#
,FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
$'F$F
L $
# &$!$F$
F)
'
$F$
F)222/ =
($
F)2 22/ F)2#22/#
<$#

2/
)3EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
2/ 2/#
7

'$!($ !$ M
$#M
B=( $ ! #$MFF?F+F*
( $ '

MF)F)?F)+F)*
$#M
B=( $ ! #$MFF?F+%F*
( $ '

MF)F)?F)+++F)%
$#M
B=( $ ! #$MFF%*?F%F*
( $ '

MF)F)?F)F)%%%%
1($(8$($ $($ $$$$

'$$$ $&$$ $=( $
! $ $ ( $ '
$
554
J7(( J J ( $ J $ $#
= 2
2

7=$#'#((8 ((';;2
;;2
B=( $ ! #$ (( M

'((&$
$ ++, EES'
((
EES $# $++, =
=

(

=($=
($ F$

(($
$ $#
$ 8 #
EES<$$$
8 #
$
8 $< 9$ =8 #( $ $ $# $$!$ '
($ &$$ =(
$ $(8$
$'
$ 8 # #$
# $
((
((
==
# F$
$=
($ $6= ==
6$

/ <$$
=($'
('
$F$

'$=( $ !
$ ,
&$!$!$ ++, 3 &$9
&$$$=$ $ #$
&(( $$#(8 ##$(8$'($#$ =$ $!$ ++, '

((
B=( $ ! #$(

$M C$ 9
& =( $ ! #$=
(8

#$ ( C ''#$ (8($ #$
==$
1
$>$ (8&$

$6=$# 8$$$ $&$$ ++, 8 $( $
' 8$
( $ '

(( MB (
$'
'( EES'
(( '
(8'SI $
( (
'$' #
?'(
$ -0 $$

!$'8 4K EES$=
($ $F$
((

# #$( !
8 # $6#$='
IUX:N7F

((
==
# F$
&$ F/H 2H
/ 0
$ 8(
!
? =$#'#((8
/626/6/6/6/'
((6?($6H 4
7((8F/
#$$@<=
($ ==
6$
$
'=( $
! #$'
(( $# $&$9
&$ &
' &(( $ > $

$ $&$$$@< $(8( $'
(( &$$6=$# "#$
-3++, $$
!$ #

#(
( $ '

($ M
($ F &$$ =&
I=
($ F$ $# $
#((
$!$8&
=($ &'#

-(
<
$$6=$#(($$ $8 ,- > $
!$
F$$ =
($('$>$ #8 &# -
#((
$!$8&
=($ 1($(8

$$ ($ $
=( $ ! $ ('
( $ &$

$6=$#$$$ &
=( $ ! #$
1
#$ A
($+$$ ( $$$$&$#
$ $$C$!$
22 2#+++C$ $$'

$&'

&$!$;;2 #
$$>$$ '
((
#($(8!
($

+/%+%/%+%/%

+ /%/%/%%/%/%%/%/%
, / EE / EE
/ /% /% / /% /%
+*
//
&$

/ /% /%
.$/+*$$5
555
.$/+*$$5 !
F+*FF

,F/
F$F$F$
FF$/+*FF$F

F$F$F$
&#
$' $

F*F!$
F*FF$FF$F$

,F
F$F$F$
W$
$$

8&$&$
F+F*+FF

,F

<$' =(
$'$ $(
&
& $'$>$ #8$ =
$
',F<$
==
'$#
$'$>$ #$ $##

'2M
2 '#8#($2 =($

%*
%
%*
%*%
C$ 8 $ =
(
# $ $ $J#
$ J 8F

' 0 4
#8#($2 =($<$
!$(($ ='*($!$('%
$
& &'*%$'
((
&$ $$$
( $
8=
$ &J#
$ J "# !#$
'
#

$
$=(

556
Digitized analog filter, using impulse invariance and dt = 0.01 s.

20
-20
-40
-60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
100
Phase (degrees)
-100
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digitized analog filter, using impulse invariance and dt = 0.01 s.

Magnitude Response (dB
15
10
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Normalized frequency f (Nyquist = 0.5) x 10
-3
50
Phase (degrees)
-50
-100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Normalized frequency f (Nyquist = 0.5) x 10
-3
557
F
7 $ &$&((
$$
# $6=($M
F/
F
+/%
F/
,F
FFF
//%/%
F/F/F/
+F/.F/%F/5

0F/F/40F/%F/40F/%F/4
&#'
$#
$
+F/%F*F/F

,F
F%F%F+FF*F+
<$=(
'
' 0H4
& $' '$ $(
&$>$''$$ '

$
'$=( $ ! $ $'H $# $$@< >$$F$ $
$ $1<=(

' 0H4&($=( $ ! #$( $
$1<=(
'
(( S22
(
&$'$>$ #$ ,
&$!$$@<
=(
'
' 0 4 $#
'$ $$ #(

$'
=( $
! #$ $# $$&
'

#
!$$'
((
Digitized analog filter, using bilinear transform and dt = 0.01 s

100
-100
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
100
Phase (degrees)
-100
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
558
Digitized analog filter, using bilinear transform and dt = 0.01 s.
15

10
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Normalized frequency f (Nyquist = 0.5) -3
x 10
50
Phase (degrees)
-50
-100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Normalized frequency f (Nyquist = 0.5) -3
x 10
<$'$>$ #8$ =
$
',
& $'$ $(
&C$ $$

&
^
' 6 ! ( $ *
*,F< &
=( '$>$ #8
'
$ ,F&$
(!$'(8(
&(
Analog filter frequency response.

0
Magnitude (dB)
-20
-40
-60
-80
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Frequency F (Hz)
0
Phase (degrees)
-50
-100
-150
-200
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Frequency F (Hz)
559
L $=('#
$6=
'
, &

(

1=%0%*%*+4
K./K./K./
, EEEEEEEEEE/EEEEEEEEEEE/EEEEEEEEEEE
/* /* /

&$$
/ / /
K./EEEE.EEEEEE5EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
/ * / *

/+
K./.EEEEEE5EEE
/ *%
/

K./.EEEEEE5EEE #

/*

!
*+*
.EEEE$/EEE$/EEE$5 %
%

3
*
* +*
.EEEE$/EEE $/EEE$5
%
<$' =

'$ $>$ #$ $=(
$ $'$ $(
&'

-3 Unit sample response h(n).

x 10
9
5
h(n)
0
0 50 100 150 200
n
560
<$F '

' $=( $ ! ('($

,F.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE/EEEEE0FEEE.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE54
$6=*F%F$6=*F

/EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE5
$6=F

$6=*F
,F.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE/EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE/EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE5
$6=*F%.$6=*F5$6=*F
$6=* #

F.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE/EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE/EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE5
0F$6=*4%.F$6=*50F$6=4

2%2$/2$5F2/2%$ /2$0
FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
F$F$
A(

',-2 ,$! $
& $=(
$(
&'
&
!($
'M H <$8 (

#($$$
$
I( $ (&#
## ((!$

7$ "$
&(( $#
$$
($ #
$ ?$' =(
B # $'9,F
$$ !$8(($(
K &$9
&'
$'
$$(
$
##
=

#$
('$>$ #8$# $$(
$
& $(
&$$$
(( #$= #8 $ '# <$= $ ''$$(8'

' $ $= $
'!$8 (( $ $
'#
!! )-
.

'''''''-
/

#!! '"'"'"'-)0
-!"!!#
!
'#!!
'!!
! !"# !" !"$ !"% !"&
()*+ ,*
(,+-!"&
!
'&!

'#!!
'#&!
'!!
! !"# !" !"$ !"% !"&
()*+ ,*
(,+-!"&
561
B'&$$ #$'$>$ #8 $=(
$
'0 (
'$>$ #8
'
'2,F? $$$'$ $(
&4$ $=(
$
$ #( $= $=(
$>$#(
$'
'$>$ #$ '
&#$
$
!$
*

'!)>&)90 ,,
)90 (,
? ! 1

.'8 !73*+47).43*,

.'8 !73*+47).43*,

$#($!($
' ,F?? $$$'$ $(
&
&$$' $(
&$$>$==
6$8> $
',F$
!$
1
$>$ (8 $ $> ( 8
' ( (
'$>$ #8$ =
$
==
$

('
$=( $ ! #$ '

$

(X!$
'
(
&'$>$ #$ $$ '# #$= #8
562

'!)>&)90 ,,
)90 (,
? ! 1

.'8 !73*+47).43*,

.'8 !73*+47).43*,
L $
' I ( ) J = ! J '
!$
=
#( 7$ X

"$
$$
$$ #
$#$ $($ !$
$6=($!$
#
=($$(8 #
$#$ ( I( !$ $#(!$

'
F.2%F/02$2$4F/2$0$ 5

,-FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE +
F$F$
&#
$
$!$ #(
$(8#,-2'
8!($
'X>
+
&
$ 8 !$(8 K2 / ($ $#(8

K2F$6= $F=( $<$$
$ ( $# $
'
$

($=
($ $ #
$#(8 ($ &$((
( '#

'
(($ 1!$
'+( $($JI( :J(( $$ $!$8
'
$$
&# $ =$#((8 $!$$ $ $=(
B $'$'

'$>$ #8

'$I( $=(

&
$= $=(
$# $
'

' $ $ $

'
#
$#
=
$&$$ $#
$#=( $ ! ,$6=-
,-2B $$

$$I( = $$ =
$ >$

((=(
'
$6=($ $$ =( $ ! #$Y!$ $
$&
( $ $$
= $ $,
&$!$ #$$$
$

$6
$$6=($ $$
$= ( $ BXXX<
7 (
A
#$
=
(8
(8
563

<$
$J=
($ J
$
$ '8(=($=
($ $

(=($<$$
$
($ #$#$#9$$ $ &$$$
''$$ #$ $&$$ &
==
($ @X77<,K$
($ #$<BIX7<,XIKB<LWX
N<,XAN@XB_LX7<BN<$ $
'$=
($ >$

$6=($
F$

$
$ # $ !$ $($ F$

'( <$
=($
(

$=(#$@X77<,K 8@X77<,KN:X_LK@<NJ;J

( $< $$'6$ $=
($
&# $ $
$ '8(=($
=
($ $
<
$ &$ $!$$$$(=($=$
$
$ (
8 $ 2
$ (
8 $ =$#$$ 8F$

$
( $ (
8 $ ($
$=$ $
C$&(( $$
$6=($
' A
($%&$$&$=$'
$= ! #$
(

8 $&
$=$ $

@<., 2 5@<.20 /45
@<.K2 /2 /12 /5
&$$
K232 .2 /52 /12

< @<.2 2 /2 /5/$
/$ <
7F3F2F2F/2$F!
,FF7F3F2F/F2$F
2F/0F/$F42$F
2F$2F$
0F/$/$/420FF$4
/$F/0/$420/$4

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
FF$
A8 #((8B'&$ $

''&=( , 2. /5 =$#$$
&F$

$
($ ,F $=( $ '$' #
$( =($
!($
'$ #$$$ =
$UN,
=($!($
'$
=
'
$=( < ,F ((8#(($$=( $ '$' #

<$$(
!$'$ 8$' $6= F $6= F
'
&#
F2F2

< '
F2F.2532Y2 .252Y2

B $
$ 8 $ # ($ $$ ( $(&8 =$(8
' #

'&# $$ $!(8
'$$ (
$=
!$L $
' $ 2 ($ '

= ( $ ! '

$$ (8 ((8
=($ $'
(!$
$F '
($ '

564
U<.@<.2 550$1@A((= ,<($%!& $

'%! A$ #$,((X ($&
1('' Z=++?
$
$6= $$ (
('#

'K(

@<.9Y2 /
5 #
$#(8!$
$?
( $
$
< $$
==$ 1[
%!& $ <X

7 $ 1
(($$A ( TF '
($4
,
&$!$ ($ !$ $
'$$' !$=
=$8 6 ;EES
.F2F5QF ==
$F2F ($ $# $$F2F ($ $ ( &
=
(8
(
'F$
$
'$ $ $
=
I(

$#
$ $ =##$
,FU<.2. / / 55
23.F/F5

,+F2,F
20FF4
F2.FF/5
F2.F5U<. 5

+
1$#9M V+ . / / 55V

. / / 5 V

<$' $ $

!$ =
(8
F$
'
/

<$ $#
$ $
!$ =
(8
F$
'

<$$ $
!$ =
(8
F$
'

< '
&$!$'

(8$' $& /F$

<$
$$

#
$
&$
F$
'

$' $!$ &($$ $#
$!$
<$
$$
$
#
$
&$
'

S$$ #

'
$#$M'
$' $ /

$ $#
$&$!$ '
$$&$!$
K $ $##

$ #( V&$
'
!$ !($
' M
/ / 7

$$ V+
<$=
($& '($ ($
($=
($
##($Y
< & 8 ( $ !$ $# >$ # 1=$==($
$#
!
(

565

<$ $ >$
'$ $
>#$ '

-

- - /- /-

&($$ $ >$

'$#
$ =
$

$
- -

-

-
&# $$
$$>(
$#
$ =
$
>#$K(

$ $ >$
'$'
$$ $ $

'
$(

- /-
&($
'$#
$ =
$

$
- -
&$ $$$ $&

$ >$$(
$>(
< $$,
-'
((

?=
($ F$
&(((&8 # #$( ((= '($

<$ (

' J $!$#
-$J'
( 8 $ J !$ $
#
-$J
< $
$'
((
& K@,A=
($ $
#
$ =

#

$
$$6=. 5 $ #
$ =
:,A=
($
#
$ =

$6=. 5N'#
$ $((= 8 $$!($
F$

=
( $ $ (
8 $ $!$(
=$ $!$$($ $
$ $(B #$$$ BL1=
($F $F
#
$ =

#$$$
$F $#
$ =
NL1=
($2F#
$ =

F&# (

$6=. 51
$>$ (8&$$ !$(8'
&$'
$9
$((= '($
@I

F2FF2FF2F

,
FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE&$$9@/I
@I
FFFFFF

B $F; F;

$((= '($ ($
<
$(=
&$#
$&=
=$8=((
'
$# $

$F2F$'#
F2F?'
$# $
$F2F=((
F2F?
'
$# $
$F2F=((
F2F
<

$#
#($6=$
'
$((= '($&$&(((
(=(8
,
F 8 #1- & # & ( (
' #
$
# $$((= $
##$ #M
566
@/I@I@I
F.EEEEEEEEEE5F/FF/FF/F
FFF
,
FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
@I
FFFFFF

@I@I
.EEEEEEEEEE5FFFFFF
FFF
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
@I
FFFFFF

B'&$ $F$&$!$ 8 $=

!$ '
((
& <$' F$
'#
$F&($$#
$ =
$

$ F$
$.$F5C$ $$ $'
$ $$'#
$ $&
'#
$ #
=( $6 #
- $
'$#
$ $$'
$!$$ $
$ $#
$'
((
<$ $#
F$
'#
$F&($$#
$ =
$

$
$$FC$ $$ $'
$ $$'#
$ $&
'#
$ #
= ($ 6 #
- $
'$#
$ $$'
$!$$ $
$ $#
$'
((Z # F
F=
!$ $' (
F$
=
($'#
!$$ $ $'
((
<

$#
#('
&$
$
(8$#
> 8 .35
#9$
$
!$ $7
$$' $,
F
$$!$8
,
F$6#$=$$ .35M
@I
FFFFFF V

,
FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
@ I

FFFFFF

A((
F
'
$ $
$#
$
@I
F FFFFFF

1($(8 $# $(($

'$
!$=
(8
( F$$>(
$
#
=($6#
-$
'
$
'$$

=
(8
( F1
$>$ (8
$'
$F
'#
$#
$''#$
'$$6= $
=
(8
( &((
$#
=($6#
-$
'$#
$$# $(($=
($ F$

##
#
-$= #((8(($#
$''#$ $$( '
$ $(8&$
&((
$ C$ &$(=(8F
#9
$$ ( $

=
(8
( F &$ $ $ =
(8
( F &
$ #
$''#$ $ $$
#
-$!$
$!$ $
$#
=$&
$
'$$

<
9

F

VV
,
FEEEEEEEEEEEEE $>$
9
F

< $$V
VV&#$!$
$#
!$ $ # $ $
$=$ $
9
$((= '($
567

--
<$ =$#
'6H .$/$5
Q-230.//54V7- 8$

(
$
$
H.7-04/7-0.544H.7-04/7-0/44M

Ω
ΩΩ

ΩΩ
−Ω Ω Ω

Ω

:$#(($ $
'$<
'$(!($$' #
$!$
' #

' $= $
' #

'
N!$
& #$ $$
$ = $
',- $
$ # $
==
6$
/ 230 234/ 23

20$$= $ ==

6$(8( $&$ =$#
4
&$$22 2$!($ #(($$

=$(8
&$$
230 2/243233

&$$33 2 #(($$= $$(80

$M $=$ $
'4
$'
$&$- $$ $$'

'

&(( $
' #

' MC$ $!$ $$
' 9$$=$
'20
($'

$ $!$ (4M
$
2
0K($ !$(8&$# =

!$

(8 8'
& '

$ 2 $!$ '
((
&
$ $#((8''6'6$
')6(0'6/'642
ES
568
')6(0'6/'642(0'6'642
ESES
(0'6/'642')6

ES
$# $$$!!$'
$($' $$>(
$$!!$'
$
'$$ !!$$6 C$
&($J'J $ J6J $ <$ &$
&$'
$
/ 2304 / 2/

2 !('

$_XW4

& (
$6 $(
$ $2= $
' <$
(
$! $ 2
< $ $'
$
' $
=8 &$ $$
(8(
9
=
!$$ $ - 9$:$.T-5&$$
T-Q-,- $<
'$
=
' 8 $, & =6
@$ 9 $
$ ' $ =
C$$ $$ $$$ $(8

$ 7
($) #
$ 8 $, -&
$ $ $(8#

'
$ 0
!$$
& &
' 4M ,-,0 $$=(

,-
!$& $ (=
'7-D40< =

,-, XQK1<@T$'
((= '($'($ !$ $
$
=
($ Y4
<$ '
$0 '

$T- !$8 (( $# $Q-
((''
4
T-H7-04,-2
G02
G7-04/ 4
H7-04,2 G7-04/ 24

G02
&# &
8 #

($ 8$'$>$ #8 $
'($ #$ , $
$$
'$$

#
$&($(
# $(82
C$$
&$8
$6=(#(8$$ $8L $
(
=
=$8
$!$ $ $
$$ ( #
$$= $ (

$$ '=
=$8 $!$ $
&$- $=(#$(( 82&$

8, 2#

2/ , 2#
02/2334
, 2#

034
< 2
&
&#$$ !$(
=$ $(8$&$ =$#

'$ =
$ #$ $ $ J
= J$(8$&
($$ !$(
=$
=
'
#((

$(8$ 8 2?$(
&'$>$ #8J
=J $(8$ 8 2 3
&
&#
$#$ $(8$&$ =$#
$ =#$
#(($$
J= $J$(8?$= $
'$#$
$(8$ 83
569

- -
<$ =$#
'6 H .$/$5 '
;
Q$230.//54V7$ 8$

(
$
$
H.7$6=.-5/7$6=.-0454H.7$6=.-5/7$6=.-/54M

(ω
ωω

ωω
−ω ω ω

(ω

:$#(($ $
'$W<<
'$(!($$' #
$!$
' #

' $= $
' #

'
N!$
& # $ $$
$ = $
',$ $
$ # $
==
6$
/ 230 234/ 23

20$$= $ ==

6$(8( $&$ =$#
4
&$$22 2$!($ #(($$

=$(8
&$$
230 2/243233

&$$33 2 #(($$= $$(80

$M $=$ $
'4
$'
$&$- $$ $$'

'

&(( $
' #

' MC$ $!$ $$
' 9$$=$
'20
($'

$ $!$ (4M
$
2
0K($ !$(8&$# =

!$

(8 8'
& '

$ 2 $!$ '
((
&
$ $#((8''6'6$
')6(0'6/'642
ES
570
')6(0'6/'642(0'6'642
ESES
(0'6/'642')6

ES
$# $$$!!$'
$($' $$>(
$$!!$'
$
'$$ !!$$6 C$
&($J'J $ J6J $ <$ &$
&$'
$
/ 2304 / 2/

2 !('

$_XW4

& (
$6 $(
$ $2= $
' W<<$
(
$!$ 2
<$$'
$
' $
=8 &$ $$
(8(
9=
!$
$ $ - 9$:$.T$5&$$T$Q$,$ $
W<<
' $
=
' 8 $ , F& =6 @$ 9$
$'$
=
C$$ $$ $$$ $(8
$ 7
($) #
$
8 $,$&
$ $ $(8#
'
$ 0
!$$
&
&
' 4M,$,0 $$=(

',$
!$& $ (=
'
7$6=.-D54
<$ '
$0 '

$T$ !$8 (( $# $Q$
((''
4
T$H7$6=.-5,$2
G02
G7$6=.-5/ 4
H7$6=.-5,2 G7$6=.-5/ 24

G02
&# &
8 #

($ 8$'$>$ #8 $
'($ #$ , $
$$
'$$

#
$&($(
# $(82
C$$
&$8
$6=(#(8$$ $8 L $
(
=
=$8
$!$ $ $
$$ ( #
$$= $ (
$
$ '=
=$8 $!$ $
&$- $=(#$(( 8 2&$$&$ $
2 $$
&$- 9$$ $$ $$=

==
6$
#
9$$ $#
$ '
3&$

8 , 2#
2/ , 2#
0 2/2334
, 2#
0 34
< 2
& 8
&# $
' =($ $$ !$(
=$ $(8$&
$ =$#

'$ =$ #$$$J
=J$(8$&
($$ !$(
=$

=
'
#((
$(8$ 8 2?$(
&'$>$ #8J
=J $(8$ 8
2 3
&
& # $ # $ $(8$&$ =$#
$ =
#$
#(($$J= $J$(8?$= $
'$#$

$(8$ 8 3C$&(( 8
=$(8
$ 1=$=
($&$$
&$&((#((8#
=$
=$(8&$$$(8
'
= $>$ #$
$(!$
$ = $>$ #$'
#$$$ 8 $

($)
&$= $
' ((= 8 $ $$ $!$
'
$$6$$!($
'
$((= '($&
$(=
($ &$!$
, 2 &$$ ; ($ 8 $

571
,- -2-
<$
G,-2
2 G 2
G
G,-

2
)**Ω

Ω

$#

$((= '($&#
=($6#
-$=
($
, 0 4 0 4 20

4&$$ 6/-86;'

($ 8 $

,-

- -20- -

4

<$
G,-2
2 G 2
G 02
G 2
G 4

G,-0/4

2
%+
< $# $ = $ #$ $ '

%+
%+
K(($
&((
&
$ ( $ $(F$
G,
-2
2 G,
-3939
'
$ $(9
$((= '($0'

$6=($
!$9'
$ 8 $ 9 $#

$ 8 $4
572
I
$
!$&$&((
&=
!$$= $ K@CKT7
=
!$

- $$ =
8
& $:NLAWX@KT (&8

$!$&$$$
=$(8 2 G,
-2< '&$(&8
$ F$
($ $ $$= $$!!$ (&8 =
!$$
$ ($&(((&8 $ $!$'
(( S7

&($)
&$

=$( 8 S'
(( C$)((
& $'
'
$
((= 8 $ $ '
$#

$#
=($6#
-$=((= 8 $?
$$ (&(($
!
(8$6$
$ $( 8 $A8 #((8$
$ ($
=$(8
$!$ =(8$ 8=8 #( 8 $
WX@KT7 N<! #$ = ( =$ $ $

&$$ (8 '

$'
$ 8 $&$(=
($M
,- -2-

' 6&$$6;&$!$
G,- 26 .265 26

2

G,-2026420/264;
2
'
(( $
=$(8 (&8 =
!$

&&$=$'
$ (8 '
$ $#

$ 8 $&#
=($6#
-$
==
($ F$
M
,- - -20- -

4

' 6/-8&$$6;&$!$
G,- 08264/ 08264

2
08/264 08/264
. 08264 08/2645

G,-2.026420/.82654026420/.8/26545

2
&# (&8 $!$ $# $6; $

=$(8 (&8
=
!$ (# ) $ !* #)#
$ +## $) K $ $$ ( $$ (8$6$ $
$
$((= 8 $

$
$$
(
8<$

'$$ '

$
0
( <$

$ # 9 ,
- + .( # I6 A
$!$
N:=+4
$$' $ '$' #
=2
=
$
'

=2 =? $# $
'$ #$= #8?$!$ #$
$ =$
= ( $ ! $
(F$Y7$$
$)
9M,$ 9
$ - + .
'/".'$)%!"
T*

=*

==*%

&
$=
($ &$
, ,+ 3,
+ 20K+ K 4

573
&$$K+ (($=
($
',&#$ $
(( $ $@,A'

(8 ((
'$F$

',$(
#$ $:,AK
(( F$
$!$#
=($6#
-$(
#
#
=$&
$
'

, 2K ((= 8 $0
$((
'$
F$

'K $ $@,A4 + (($F$

',$
$@,A (
(($F$

'K 0((
'&#$ $@,A4
K 8 ($I
$ ,-#
(!$ $$ =
#$ 8-''$$ , )
$#&''$$ #

'F$

$ @,A
$ :,A!$
$ 8= $ $( = $ # $ $8((!$$ $
$$ =
$C$# (=$
= $ 8 $,'
$

#$,+ (($F$
$@,A 8(=(8 , + 8
((= '($&# 8 $'
-&# $!$
'(=
$:,A&#$!$@,AF$
,+
( $ $:,A
#, <$
(8''$$ #$ $&$$ $#

'$ $=
($,-) $= $' #

= $ ' '$ $ # $ $ $= $' #

', - & # &$!$
(8F$ A
($%
$$ ( A
($%&$8#
#($
= $ 8 $
$'
&#$= $(
=$(8$

'
(( 8 $ ! $ $ $$ =
$W''$$

(9$
$ $ $ = $ (

=$(8 J$J'#
$$
(8? '#$8

$$
N $#
&$ $=$ =
$
'
= $ 8 $ $ $
&
$#

$ $!$'
((&#
!
(8&((9$ #
8 $ (
&$ $# $ $ $8 $=
!$!($$!$ '
($##$ #&# ((8 $ ($B# $=
!$
= $ 8 $ $(
$ $8$(8< $

'$
J
=J
## $($ $$=
(=( $$ =
$'
$ = $
8 $ < $ #((8$ =
($'
$
= $ 8 $
$ (
&$ '$ 8$
= $ 8 $ $=$ =
$ $
$&
$#

K#((8 $$ !$(

=$
=$(8$ # $ $ $8

$(8'
=

=
$$$ &
$$ $
((= 8 $ ( & 8
=$(8 $
=$(8
'$

= $ 8 $ (&8 ($
'$#
$ =

= $0$$$1!1 8 $
#,F,+F3,F
+FF20K+FKF4
&$$ K+F ( ( $ =
( $
' , & # $ $
(( $BL1'

(8F ((
'$F$

',$(
#$NL1KF ((
F$
!$ $#
=($6#
-$(
#
#
=$&
$
'F

,FF2KF ((= 8 $0
$((
'$F$

'KF
$BL14 +F (($F$

',$BL1 (
(($F$
'KF0((
'&#$BL14
K+F/FF/%F
F/FF
KF/2F2F
+F/2F2FF
<
574
/2F2FF
,+FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
/F F /%F

/FF
,FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
/2F 2F

,+F =
($F F$
F 2$# $ S
F;
$ 8 $ = $
,)F =
($F F$
F2 2F$# $S FS

$ 8 $ 6= $
,+$/ $/ #
-
.0/ #
4/0 45$6=.- 20/ #
45
./ / #
5$6=.- +5&$$ +- 20/ #
4
7((8- $!$ $($$
,)$./ / #
5$6=.- +5&$$
+- 20 /#

4
1($(8,)$,+$? $ $$8#

$ =
$8!$$ $
'$>$ #8$ =
$ $
# + )&$$'

!$ = <9 $

EEEEEEEEE/EEEEEEEEEE
/ #
/#

. +/ )5EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
0/ #
40 /#
4
0 /#

4/ 0/ #
4/ / #

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
0/ #
40 /#
4 /#
/ #
/ #

$$

#
&$

0/ / #

4
. +/ )5EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE

#
0 / / #
4

+/ ) &

$
&
B #
= $ !$ $ $ &$ $#$'($
$=
(8
# $ $$

' )&$ #
'(( $(
& 2<

$ (8 ($ 8$=(# . 20 2/#
45 8
575
. 20 2/#
45
&$$
&
$ $
$

'$ $ $=
!$
@$ #
$ $
'&# &$$#
; 2
'

#

2;;
$>!($ (80#
24

K $ &$(( $

$'
+=
#$ ($
$ $
0224$= #=( ($ $<$ $# $
20 2/#
4 =
!$'
((
&
. 20 2/#

45
$ $024<$$'
$
. 20 2/#

45024
1
=$ & $ !$ $ $ '
+ B $
202 /#
4
=
!$ $
$

'
0 4
<$$'
$
. 202 /#
45024

$$$ ( +S )&(( $$B

. 202 /#
45S . 20 2/#
45
. 202 /#

45; . 20 2/#
45
$# $ 8 ($
0 24 (& 8 ($ 8 ($
02 4
'
((
&
+S )'
((0#

24
((8&$9$$$ $ $
' 0 #
24B # $((
> $ $$
'$ !$ $ $ ' #
$=
!$
&$
9
&$#

+S )
( B
. 202 /#

45S . 2 2/#
5
. 202 /#

45; . 2 2/#
5
$# $$ $ ' #

# =
!$'
$ $ ($

'&#$
$ $0 24&$# 9$$ $
'
$
$
#

+S )
( B
202 /#
4; 20 2/#
4
0
S
$4'
202 /#
4;20 2/#
4
'
2/#
;2 /#

' 2;2 &#
( $# $S
< &$!$#
=($$(8=
!$ +S )'
((04'
S
576
7$$ $=(
$(
&&# 8 =$#
$
$$#
'$$$
$ ( M<$ $ $$ #( +S )'
((04
+/ ) '
(( 0 4,
F
(6$ $' 2'

#
!$ $ #$
5)-6 .7-!"260-!""

!"4
!"3
!"2
!"1
!"&
! !"# !" !"$ !"% !"&
()*+ ,*
(,+-!"&
!
'&!

'#!!
'#&!
'!!
! !"# !" !"$ !"% !"&
()*+ ,*
(,+-!"&
Phase of Hmin + phase of Hmax = solid; -w = dashed (they are identical).

0
-20
-40
-60
Phase (degrees)
-80
-100
-120
-140
-160
-180
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
577

$ &M
/F
FEEEEEEEEE
/F

&$!$
$ ##($
-')
-'$
$EEEEEEEEEEEEEE
-')
/$

'
&#
-'-'/')-')

$/$$

(! '

-'-')

$$
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
-'/')
/$
#
.0'')45
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE&# +
#
.0'/')45
C$ 9
& $ @ < = $ $!$ @A &$!$2@< $
'

$$< ,F = '($&= #$ $$

<
!$'8
,,$,
&($,,$,SS&##$#9
*
$6=$
578
<$:=(

& $'$ $(
&B $$$ =$# $
$$
$$
$6#$$$
Original analog lowpass filter frequency response.

40
20
0
Gain dB
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100 1 2 3
10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)
0
-30
-60
Phase deg
-90
-120
-150
-180
-210
-240
-270
-300 1 2 3
10 10 10
Frequency (Hz)
<$('($
$
+3/F
,FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
%F/*FF
&$$&$
$$J+*%30J#
$''#$

''
<$:=(

& $'$ $(
&
#$
'2#8#($2 =($
#'2#8#($2 =($'2*#8#($2 =($
<$ $!$%
C$

F22W2&$$
2%%FF

#$$$!$ $
$#
!$ $ '
$ $

I(
W2/%F%F
,F&$

579
22
+3EEE/EEEE
W2W2
,"3FEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
222
%EEE/*EEE EEE

W2W2W2

+3W22W2/2
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
%W22/*W222
<$'$>$ #8$ =
$
',"3F
& $'$ $(
&C$ $$
$$$(#
'''$>$ #$
' *#8#($2 =($$$(F$
& '($&# $ (
&
(#
$ =

$$>$9,F
9,F#
'''$>$ #$ <$$ ##$ '(
Digital lowpass filter obtained using impinvar.

50
-50
-100
-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees)
-100
-200
-300
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
@ '$

$6=$
580
Bandpass filter designed via impinvar and spectral transformation.

50
-50
-100
-150
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees)
-200
-400
-600
-800
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
581

! "
" #$

!""
%"&'(
!)&'

)
)&'
(
)

"
#$

%
""&'
&'#$&'
#$

#

*#$ ) %"

$)

#+$
, -'&
+ './&
0 -/&
0 /-/'&
+.12&
Rectangular window (N = 32).
0.8
0.6
w(n)
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
582
Bartlett window (N = 32).
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
w(n)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
Hanning window (N = 32)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
w(n)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
583
Hamming window (N = 32)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
w(n)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
Blackman window (N = 32)

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
w(n)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time index n
584
Rectang. wndw FR; first sidelobe down 13.01 dB; mainlobe width ~= 1.995/N.

0
-20
-40
-60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
100
Phase (degrees)
-100
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Bartlett wndw FR; first sidelobe down 26.57 dB; mainlobe width ~= 3.917/N.
200
-200
-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees
-200
-400
-600
-800
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
585
Hanning wndw FR; first sidelobe down 30.77 dB; mainlobe width ~= 3.843/N.

0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees)
-100
-200
-300
-400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Hamming wndw FR; first sidelobe down 43.36 dB; mainlobe width ~= 4.286/N.
-50
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees
-200
-400
-600
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
586
Blackman wndw FR; first sidelobe down 57.34 dB; mainlobe width ~= 6.282/N.
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees)
-200
-400
-600
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
#$3'#4$#4$#'&-'/'&-'$'5/1/ &

4
! )
4

)
#$
0! ) -.+/1/

-+ 6,
'+

7

"

)

"
7
6,

587
Kaiser window FR; N = 39, beta = 2.783.

0
-50
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
100
Phase (degrees)
-100
-200
-300
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
6&6"
&
&81

&
9'."&

':1. &
;
)-&1
-:."&
)
'-.2 &

<#$&'<
#$=>80#$955#$
'
<#489$<#489$

=
'<#489$<#489$<#489$
>5#$

=
8#489$9
8#489$9>5#$

0

6 ) 0

! " 6 '1)0

)

6 '/) 0

)

! "

588
!"#$ &! ' (! ()*"'+++"!

!" #$%&'(# )* + #"+,-$)...$ #

589
!" #$%&'(# )+ #"+,-$
)...$ #

!"#$%&! '()! )*+" ',,,"!

/*012 /

590
!"#$%&! ' )! )*+"',,,"!

/*012 /

!"#$%&! '()! )*+"',,,"!

591
#$6(,

<#89&'$
=#89&'$>
#$???????????????????????)8)9
'#89&'$
@

#$;

)
#)5') #$$)

)

)
#$
" )

0! )

)

A
#"!#)$$AA& A
)

@ "( !#
$

)
)

#$
# " $ % "

! ""

592
!" )! )) . "'!.!"!
" )! ) -!'

. .)! ) !

/*01+ /

#$ %"

A 'A
)

B:#

$
#$ % $%&% $

' &
!! "

593
A 'A
%"
)

C6!
)
!
C6
)

%"

()! ) !

) D
;33 !
)

//) %"

"/ 6

"
! 6

"
"

AAA 'A
"

"
#"!

!!
AA%$ &'')

@

) %"

O stems = aliasing sum, * stems = result from (modified) fir2.

Lap parameter left at 0, npt set to nn/2; fc = 0.4.
1.2
0.8
|H(k)|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
DFT index k
( A 'A A'A)

"
6

)!

C6 6

E!

"

594
Lap parameter set to 2, npt set to nn/2; fc = 0.4.
1.2
0.8
|H(k)|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
DFT index k

!"

B:!

C6
%"

"
%

6

3F6

A ')A

%#$G
A 'A

"C6

H:-"" !

#$
#$
A#$A "

#:2$ #
'$C6

%C6= #$>)

; )

&A 'A

!
595
!" )! )) . "'!.!"!
,,"& . ! .$
/+0$123

/*01+ /

!A

"
"!
A "
"
/.# " %""
%"

&$
#
$)! )

"
# " $ % "

! % % & %%%

596
A 'A!" "

@
I
0
"

) A 'A !

!

/.

O stems = aliasing sum, * stems = result from (modified) fir2

Lap parameter left at 0, npt set to nn/2; fc = 0.405
1.2
0.8
|H(k)|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
DFT index k

"

!.')

H)A 'A
0#I$J#$#$J#$"I
K
0#I$J#$#$J#$

!) )

# %"

)A 'A

$
597
Lap parameter left at 0, npt set to nn/2; fc = 0.405.
1.2
0.8
|H(k)|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
DFT index k
#$ % $%&% $

' &
!!($ ")*+,-*./01

598
#$#$0#$0#
$ "
0 "
)
#$

!0#$
)

0#$0#$)

,=0#$>0#$
#$
+
0#$
#$ !
)!

#$???0#$
#$)
!

#$30E#$0#$ &'-&/)@

E#$#$#$6 )!
-&/
=&'>
=-&/>
#$#$E#$???
#$???????????????????????
&'
-&/
6 )#$E#$???L-&/
&'
#$#$H#$"&'*)#$#&'$

#$#$#&'$

=8&'9#&'$>
=8-&/9#&'$>'
???????????????????????????????????????????=
#&/$
#-&1$>
#&'$
#$#&'$#$
#$#$
'5&'# $
3#$&'

C6
0#$<

<<#$
#$?????3))!
)
'!
&8<#$9
<#$
<#$
#$????=??????????????>
'
<#$<#$
<#$<#$
????=????89????????????????????????>
'<5#$
599

#$???=?????
=#$>???????
=#$>>
#$

"
8)9
#$+3)
!
")
" ! "
6C
"
)

"

/ ! )

) "
"

H *!@

%

"

"

%&'()*"+),,()--- .! "

! "#" $ "

' (%"%) *+

600
#$ 2% " !! $'$$ !

#$

E
A 'A

D!
")
#$ #$

M KM N A 'A

(
<
"

A 'A

H")
A A

)
I

% #$J&'*

J
#
@# $$*

601
O stems = analytical window unit sample response; * stems = result from fir2.m
without required 90-degree phase added on for agreement with Hd(exp(jw)).
1.5
0.5
h(n)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

#$ "A 'A
")

(

)C6=#$> "A 'A

")
O
E

O
E
"
#

$
602
O stems = analytical window unit sample response; * stems = result from fir2.m
with required 90-degree phase added on for agreement with Hd(exp(jw)).
1.5
0.5
h(n)
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

O
)

%
6 2/)C6

A A

@
!'&B ")C6 %"

" '1(! "
# ""$ " C6

@
O
E !
#2:M$#21$!)

C6!

) (H
)

,
O
)
)
)

603
3$42$% $%! $'$ -4-'
54- $'!!!6 $',

- #% )! ),!!! ' !"

.#.'
/"
#. ',,,"0 ! '+"

604
#$;

36/.0@&) '''

!
:.0@

<
.0@
*"

"6&'''.0@

"
.''.0@#A A""$

-' 6(,
.&/.---
"&
!
.0@

)

!.0@

"

#
$
!
!

) *) ∆
%

&'(

!"

#

(ω/2π)

#;
%
.0@
$
<4#$
< 5)N'5---
0#$
)
4#$-&')!
'#---$<-&'<
#$
''#---$
<'#---$#-&'$<'#---$#-&'$

????????????
'<#-&'$

=#-&'$'#---$>
'#---$
=#-&'$'#---$>
-&'
8)-9#$

605
Digital FIR lowpass filter, length = 32 and cutoff at fc = 0.3333; rect. window.
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
hlp(n)
0.2
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n
(
%"

50
-50
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
606
0 )#$#$
)"!"#6,
Digital FIR lowpass filter, length = 32 and cutoff at fc = 0.3333; Hamming window
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
hlp(n)
0.2
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n
Digital FIR lowpass filter, length = 32 and cutoff at fc = 0.3333; Hamming window
50
-50
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees)
-1000
-2000
-3000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
607
;

) +

!
0 ++

0
)

1.2
0.8
|H(exp(j*2pi*f)|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
Digital FIR lowpass filter, length = 32 and cutoff at fc = 0.3333;; Hamming window.
1.2
0.8
|H(exp(j*2pi*f)|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
608
#$
---"&

3 MM. @

P'#---$1&'
'/)

P'#---$

<'#---$<'#---$<'#---$<'#---$
@@
0#@$#?$#$#??$#??$
<'#---$<'#---$<'#---$<'#---$
@ @

"
!"

# )I@$

)
)

)

%@

)
)!

#

$
H@ )" %"

$

!
!
!
!
!
! !
2789
609
Digital notch filter, with notch at fn = 0.1333 and pole radius r = 0.995

10
-10
-20
-30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
100
Phase (degrees)
50
-50
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
#$ !

)

)
$%&'()#+$ %"6,

&3F6&3F6

()+ %"

Digital notch/lowpass combination filter.

50
-50
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees)
-1000
-2000
-3000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
610

--#)6&
--&'''20@$)
/1+)
+

Digital notch/lowpass combination filter, with two identical notch filters in cascade.
50
-50
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
Phase (degrees)
-1000
-2000
-3000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
*
%"

<

"0! )
"
"
)N??K#$
!
#$&'

*"
"

(
)
C6

I
<#489$<#489$

<#89&'$
?????????5???????????????????????????????
''<#489$

=#489>
"

!

8&9
#$) ""489

"
#$
=#489>8&9
=84#$9>
% %"

!
"
%"

!

@
611
HPF estimate using FIR rectangular window filter; N = 128
1.2
0.8
|H(exp(j2 pi f))|
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
HPF estimate using FIR rectangular window filter; N = 127

1.2
0.8
|H(exp(j2 pi f))
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f (cycles/sample
612

< )N
30#$
)
<
#$

) )!
<<<<

#$????????=#$'>
'<'
*!*!
'*!&#<$*!&#<$
'<<<

#$????=
#$????8#$9>
<'<
+
<<
<
???????????????'
#$&)
<
) )
'
#$????8='&>
#$???
#$9

6 )!
'!
#$????????????
''-
!
?????
-

#M-M$
#$#$

#$&89 )&
#$#$ 8#$&')#$&'9
Q#$0#$0 #$

#$#$&'
#$
?????????
???????

#$&'
613

#$&'
#$
Q#$=>?????????

#$&'

#$
??????????=
>
#$&'
'
#$
????????????
#$
#$&'
'
#$
#$
#$????????????????????
#$&'
/
#$
#$
#$
#$
????????????????????????????????
#$&'#$&'
/
#$
#$
???????????????????
#$
#$
#$&'#$&'
;
!)

#$
/
#$'
???=?????????>
#$&'
;
??K)

)#$&' )
@
% "

)
"@ )

@

% !

8
&

#$N98!

#$
&29
; ??K) Q#$! %
"
@ O
E

#$#$0#$'

#$<
#$<
#'$???????????????????

#$
#$<#$
???????????????????

!

'#$)

'
#$'
#$
???=????????>???='=?????????>>

614

#$
=???????????>8&'9#$)"!

/
#$
#$6 #$)???=?????????>)
#$&'
/#$&'
#$
???=>8?????????9

Q% #$#'$ #$

)!
'#$&'
#$
'=???????=??????????>>

)#$&#'$
'#$&'
#$
???=???=?????????>>

!

#$#$
@)

" #$
#$

)
! "
"

#$

< <
#$
# $4=>

< #$< #$

4=?????????????????????>
< <

< < #$< < < #$<

4='?????????????????????????????????????????????????????>
'8
# $9

# $
= #$>
# $
4='?????????????????????????????????????>

# $

# $
= #$>
4=???????????????????????> #J$

# $
)
# $
= #$>
# $
# $
# $
# $
# $

# $=
# $>
# $
# $
+
# $'
# &'$)
# $'
# &'$
# &'$)

615

# $
= #$>'
# &'$=
# $
# &'$
# &'$
# $>
+
# $
# &'$
# &'$
# $
= #$>)

# $
= #$>'
# &'$
= #$>
! ) #J$)!

# $'
# &'$
)#J$

= #$>

# $4=???????????????>

!

# &'$
#$H #M'$%@

")!

=#"#$#4$>
=#"#$#4$>
????????????????????????????????????????????

=4#"#$>
=4#"#$>
" )
=#"#$#4$>
=4#"#$>
=#"#$#4$>
=4#"#$>

#$
#$4=
#$
#$>)

=#"#$#4$4#"#$>
=#"#$#4$4#"#$>

=#"#$#4$4#"#$>
=#"#$#4$4#"#$>

="8449#8449>
="8449#8449>

="8449#8449>
="8449#8449>

="89#>
="#89>
="89#>
="#89>

="89#>
="89#>
="#89>
="#89>

4=
#$
#$>
#$
#$)

="89>
##$
#"$
=#89>
"
="#$>
=##$>
?????????????????????????7)
%

#"$
##$
616
+"#:/$#:.$ ";/;) 2)!
<<#'&$#$&'
=#&'$#'&$>
0#$0#$??????????????????????

=#'&$&'>
<#$&'<'#$&#'$
=#&'$#'&$>
???0#$??????????????????????

=#'&$&'>
(0#$

8'&9#$&'

)

)

)&
R0#$#$&'

)

< <)'
#$0#$
)
#$ A A

A
A)

<#&$
<#'&$)8)9
<#&$
</#'&$)
0#$
)8')&'9
0#$)8&')9
0#$!
&

Digital differentiator DFT (frequency samples); cutoff at fc = 0.2; N = 32.

1.2
1
|H(k)| vs. f corresponding to k
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Digital frequency f corresponding to DFT index k
617
#$=0#$>) 0

Hamming-windowed digital differentiator h(n); cutoff at fc = 0.2; N = 32

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
h(n)
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
-0.25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time index n
%"

0
;

)

"#
$
! ") 6,

# !
$)0 6,
"
H
#
$
0 #
"
!

$
618
FR magnitude of original differentiator, with H(k) superimposed (freq. samp.).
1.4
|H(exp(j*2pi*f))| and |H(k)| for corresponding f.
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
FR magnitude of Hamminged differentiator, with H(k) superimposed (freq. samp.).

1.2
|H(exp(j*2pi*f))| and |H(k)| for corresponding f.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
619
#$

)"

)
<

! "
#@ $!

256-point discrete-time triangle (input to differentiating filter).

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
x(n)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n
Magnitude spectrum of 256-point discrete-time triangle

140
120
100
|X(exp(j2pif)|
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
620
"#$#$J#$

#
0
$3

H
#$&=#$#$>&#

$
+%, "-) #.)/!0( /0#) %+ 0 ",!012() ") )

#/$#-M$:1)
#

A A$:2)

;

6

)
!)
!
)30/"
!!)
<

#$#$#$)
!

Output of differentiator when input = triangle; fft size used = 512

Hamming window not used.
0.01
0.005
y(n)
-0.005
-0.01
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time index n
#B $
621
Output of differentiator when input = triangle; fft size used = 512
Hamming window used.
0.01
0.005
y(n)
-0.005
-0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time index n
#$

A
A

#

$
256-point discrete-time triangle + 0.5cos(2pi*0.4n) (input to differentiating filter)

1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
x(n)
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n
622

/
"&
#

!

) $
Magnitude spectrum of 256-point discrete-time triangle + 0.5cos(2pi*0.4n).

140
120
100
|X(exp(j2pif)|
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
6")0

;
")
AA

!:2 !!)
! "

"!

#$
# 0 )

$
6I 0 )

"
4!"-%&"

("

623
Output of differentiator when input = triangle + 0.5cos(2pi*0.4n); fft size used = 512
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
y(n)
-0.002
-0.004
-0.006
-0.008
-0.01
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time index n

<##$&'$
#$O#$#$ #$

#$
&'<##$&'$<##$&'$
#$#$
&'
+"

)

#$ 8

&'&')
#$&'
#$&'9
&'<##$&'$
#$

S
#$#$

#$)
#'$
&'<##$&'$<##$&'$
O#$#$#$

&'
'#$
=#8#$&'9> #'$

3&')
#$&'4

&'&')
624
&'
O#$'#&'$
=#4$> #-$

&'
#$
=#4$> #-$

# M.$)
#$'#&'$)8)&'9 #/$
O!#$)!)

# M2$)
#&'$#$&')8)&'9

#.$

#$#$)8&')9 #.$
6 #M-$#M-$#M-$)

#M-$

!#$&' )!
<##$&'$
O#$???#$ #$
<
#$
#$&'<##$&'$<##$&'$
???=#$#$>
<#$&'
+"

)

#$ #

#$&'#$&')
#$&'

#$&'#$&'$I
#$&'<##$&'$
#$

S
#$#$

#$)
#'$
#$&'<##$&'$<##$&'$
O#$???=#$#$>
<
#$&'
'#$
=#8#$&'9> #'$

3#$&')
#$&'#$&'

#$&'#$&')
625
#$&'
O#$'##$&'$
#$ #-$

#$&'
#$
#$ #-$

# MM$)
#$'##$&'$)8)#$&'9 #/$
O!#$)!)

# M$)
##$&'$#$&')8)#$&'9 #.$
##$&'$ #.$

#$#$)8#$&')9 #.$
;

!# MM$ # MM$) #$
#$ ,@ (
!
# MM$ # MM$
#$#$*

%" !# M:$ # M.$ B
'
, "
4=
#;+$
#;+$>
#;$
#+$
)
)
48
=#$>
=#$>9
#$
#$)

<

#$)

F #$
=#P$>
"

)

( #
$#$
%E#$
#$4=E#$E#$>)

# MM$

48
=#$>
=#$>9
#$
#$

F

#$

)

#$E#$4E#'$)

##$&'$4E##$&''$##$&'$4E##$&'$

# MM$

I
#2$
O#$#$
#$#'$
#'$#-$
#-$##$&'$
=#$&'>
626

E#$
<

O#$8E#$4E#'$9
#$ #2$
84E#$4E#-$9
#'$
84E#'$4E#/$9
#-$

84E##M$&'$4E##.$&'$9
=#:$&'>
84E##:$&'$4E##-$&'$9
=#.$&'>
4E##.$&'$
=#-$&'>
4E##-$&'$
=#$&'>

" 8 ) )
#$4#
=#$>
=#$>$9
O#$4E#$8
=#$>
=#$>9 #2$

4E#$8
=#$>
=#$>9
4E#'$8
=#'$>
=#'$>9

4E#-$8
=#-$>
=#-$>9

4E##.$&'$8
=#-$&'>
=#:$&'$>9
4E##-$&'$8
=#$&'>
=#.$&'$>9
""48
=#$>
=#$>9
#$
#$
#-$&'#$&'
# MM$I
#$&'
O#$
#$E#$
#$ #2$

#$&'

#$#$
#$#$E#$ #2$

#$5F

#$ #2$
!0#$"
#$)!
"
,@ #$
6 #M-$#M-$#M-$)

#M-$

!#$&' )!
<##$&'$
O#$???#$ #$
<
627
" &<
B
'#F M2$

#$#'$
F M2)

"
#-$
F M2I
&'
O#$#$
=#4$> #'$

# M'$)
#$'#&'$)8)&'9 #/$
O!#$)!)

# M/$)
#&'$#$&')8)&'9 #.$

#$#$)8&')9 #.$
;

!# M'$ # M'$) #$
#$ ,@ (
!
# M'$ # M'$
#$#$*

%
!# M:$ # M.$
'
, "
4=
#;+$
#;+$>
#;$
#+$
)
)
48
=#4$>
=#4$>9
#&'$
#$)

<

#$)

F #$
=#P4$>
"

)

( #
$#$
%E#$ #$4=E#$E#$>)

# M'$

48
=#4$>
=#4$>9
#&'$
#$

F
#$

)

#$E#$4E#$)

#&'$4E#&'$

# M'$

I
#2$
O#$#$
#&'$#'$
#-&'$#-$
#.&'$#&'$
=#$&'>

E#$
<

628
O#$8E#$4E#$9
#&'$ #2$
84E#$4E#'$9
#-&'$
84E#'$4E#-$9
#.&'$

84E#&'-$4E#&''$9
=#.$&'>
84E#&''$4E#&'$9
=#-$&'>
4E#&'$
=#$&'>

"
O#$4E#$8
=#4$>
=#4$>9 #2$

4E#$8
=#4$>
=#4$>9
4E#'$8
=#'4$>
=#'4$>9
4E#-$8
=#-4$>
=#-4$>9

4E#&''$8
=#&''4>
=#&''4$>9
4E#&'$8
=#&'4>
=#&'4$>9
""
48
=#4$>
=#4$>9
#&'$
#$

# M'$I
&'
O#$
#&'$E#$
#$ #2$

&'

#&'$#$
#$#$E#$ #2$

#&'$5F
#$
#2$
!0#$"
#&'$)!
"
,@ #$

"# M'M$) I

#$
#'$
#$

#$
#'$
#$
# M'M$

#
$
#'
$
#
$

#$$
#'$$
#$$

#$$
#'$$
#$$#$#$
629

8
% ! T

CHF "
C
B 9)

3
#$)

#$
"B"
!"
8#1'$9)

#$
=
#$>B#$)
# M'M$
+%, 5 6 #
$
B#$B#$B#$
B#$B#$B#$ #$
$
B#$B#$B#$
! )"
! 8#1'-$9)
B$#$'5B#$B
#$ #'$
,B#$
"H B#$
B#$)
#'$

!"

B#$
"
'
)A'A#'$
)#$

)B#$
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR #-$
&U
='

>B#$

='

>B#$

$)
='

>B#$

% "

B#$#
'
)8)9;
) )

))
)
)
)
"
) !
!
I
#/$

! = >! ! ! ! !
#-$

RRRRRRRRRRRR
&U&U #.$
'
B#$ B#$
'
B#$ B#$
$
'
B#$ B#$
+
N
#.$)

<

" !

B
%")

%
@

B"
!"

B#$ #.$

!
;
@

#.$)

"
630
'/!1&'

'/!1&'
#.$
$
' / 1 '
! &

! !
!

!
)

! % ! %
!&
#.$
! &
$'5/5155' )

!&
#.$"7

T V)

4#$ #2$
'5/5155'
'''

#M'.$)
7# $ #:$

<N

4#$
$'# $) #1$
<N
)"

#$)
4#$
$'=
# $
#$> #1$
<N

# M'M$ !" "
" 6 $)8

)< !
#1$96 " )
"

<%#1$)

)
4#$
'=
# $
#$> #M$
<N
)<
* 3#$ )#$

8!
#$"#$9
G#@$@
=S#@$W#@$>)
S#@$W#@$@
=S#@$G#@$>)
S#@$W#@$G#@$
H

S#@$ !

S#@$)
!
631
S#@$#@
$W#@$@
#$G#@$

)

)
G#@$@
=S#@$W#@$>
@
=#@
$W#@$@
#$G#@$>)
G#@$@
#@
$
0#@$??????????????????????3 => )
W#@$@
#$
@
& &
0#@$@
???????????????????@
=??????????????????????????????????????>
# @
$# @
$# & $# @
$# & $# @
$
#$C=84#& $ 4#& $# $9#$>
4C=8& #& $#$9 #$>
4=& #& $#$>

#$>
& )!

5
#$
#$)

@
-/@
@
-@
/
#$0#@$???????????=???????????????????????????????>??????????
'@
@
-@
4@
@
@

#$
=5> )!@
&
" "
#@
$&#'@
$)!@
'
@
;
/&#@
$)
@
@

C 6 (((

)2
#$B!!

!

)
@
6
) 6 M'# ((
$

#$F

@#$)
@
#-/@
$#4@
@
$#@
-@
$#@
-@
$/
0#@$???????=?????????????????????????????????????????????>????????
'@
#@
-@
$#4@
@
$@

632
@
-.@
-@
/@
'@
!/@
&@
-@
@
@
-@
!-@
-@
!M@
&
0#@$??????=???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????>
'@
4@
@
@
4@
@
!-@
.@
!-@
&
/
???????
@

@
/.@
2@
:@
!4@
&/
?????????=?????????????????????????????????????>
'@
.@
@
L@
!-@
&@

/.@
2@
:@
!4@
&/@
.@
2@
(:@
)4@
'/
0#@$???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
.@
@
L@
!-@
&'@
-@
'@
!.@
&2@
@

/.@
2@
:@
!4@
&/@
.@
2@
(:@
)4@
'/
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
-@
'@
':@
!-.@
&2@
@

/.@
2@
:@
!4@
&/@
.@
2@
(:@
)4@
'
/@
.@
2@
!:@
&.@
/@
.@
(2@
):@
'.@

/.'@
1@
1@
!/@
&'/@

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
-@
'@
':@
!-.@
&2@
@
-@
'@
!':@
&-.@
2@

1--@
'.@
:'@
!M:@
&/'M@
./@
/.@
(2/@
).:@
).@

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
'@
--@
L@
!-::@
&M.@
2@

((

633

.
.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

#$"#$"#$#$
#$#$#$

@

)
#@$W#@$&#@
$
G#@$ #@$&#@
$W#@$&=#@
$#@
$>

)
"#$#$"#$"#'$#$
#$0#$&8#$

9
#$F
@@6
")NN(
)
)@

!
N0! )
@
0#@$ )
"

NN
#$))
) (( @

I
634

!

!

6 )
;+
0#@$???????????????????????????????????????
#@
$#@
$@
@

;&8&9&#$

+&8&9&#$

! @

,

,

635
C (
" 0#@$+#@$&;#@$
0#@$0#@$50#@$ #$

0#@$+#@$ #'$

0#@$&;#@$ #'$
C T#@$0#@$5W#@$)!G#@$0#@$5T#@$)
G#@$5;#@$T#@$ #-$
)!
@

")

"#$!#$"#$ #-$

(
!

T#@$0#@$5W#@$ #/$
+#@$5W#@$ #/$
!
@
)

!#$#$ #/$

%
)

B ")

"
) ((
""

636

+ +

+ +
+
+

+ ,+ ,+ +
, ,
*+ +

*
"*#$ "*#$ *#$*#$H

α

α

α

α
637
+)
WE#$! %" I
-ω

−π −π π π π ππ 2π ω

π
ππ
π
+"
)

6
')

" ')

)'
H")

W#$???W#=<#8'9&'$>$
'

4W# $
) &'W#+$%
&')

H ") &'
%&-)
'&-;
)&-&'
%
)
!")'&-

'
/

4W#$ $
) &'W#+$%
&')

H ")
&'%&-)
/&-

'/ )&-&'
%

&-I&'&- 1&-) 1&-//&-
&'I&'&' -) -/
W#$

!
W#$
')!

/
638
:ω

Α/2

−π 0 π 2π 3π 4π 5π ω
−4π/3 −2π/3 2π/3 4π/3
" "#$
*

"
=<>)
) 8)9!T#$I
/ω
Α/2
−π/3 π/3 ω
S
"3/
%@

" /
!
" '8T#$9

'&/&'
! #$I
639
-ω
Α/2
−π/2 −π/12 π/12 π/2 π ω

0 11π/12

! " !&M)! "@
G#$I
:ω
2Α
−π/2 −π/12 π/12 π/2 π ω

0
6")
"M

G#$" M)

! "'8

%!!

W#$
!9;
)

G#$"&&M
! W#$
" @!
A A

WE#$A !
A
640
-ω
2Α/9
−3π/4 −π/2 π/2 3π/4 π ω

0
#$6 )
#$)#$7/)
#$)#$#$7#$/.5/2)
#'$7.)!#$)!#$#$7!#'$225.M)
!#'$#'$7!#$.25212)!#-$7!2

0#@$+!#@$M@
12@
2@
!
#$3;#@$+!#@$
0#@$&;#@$&+!#@$&8M@
12@
2@
!9
#$;
#$);#@$M@
12@
2@
!
(
I
"

30H
"
#$
,0H)!
= >)= >8#$#$98/9)

= >8#'$#$#$98.29)
= !>8!#-$!#'$!#$!#$98212M9)

+#@$B!#@$
-
#@$5'5=/@
>-=.2@
@
>
/=212@
M@
@
!>
.::'/@
22@
/@
!
641

0#@$+#@$&;#@$
.::'/@
22@
/@
!
????????????????????????????????????
M@
12@
2@
!
;

"

)

8

)
,#$
#$9C#$

<

)
,#$

! #
$

#$'#$.#'$) W#@$#'.@

$W#@$
"#$.8#$.,#$9,#$)
G#@$.W#@$#'.$W,@

,#$.,#$#$)
W,#@$W#@$&8.@
9
H
W,#@$G#@$ !
#'.$@
.@

G#@$#.??????????????>W#@$) G#@$&W#@$??????????
.@
.@

#

F M'1$
,
W#@$#'.@
$W#@$'@
#@'.$W#@$'@
#@.$#@.$W#@$
#'@
$#.@
$W#@$)

G#@$#.@
$#'@
$#.@
$
?????????????????????????????????????#.@
$#'@
$)
W#@$.@

6(, V

"
@
6(, )! "6(,

@)@
@.@'
;
)

F M':)
"
!

#M2$8Q,#@$ #@$ #@$9 #@$W#@$&;#@$
#M2$#,= > !

=>$
642
#$#$#$7#$)%#$#7$#$
#$#$7%#$
#'$7#$7#7$#$
%#$7#$%#$
7#$#777$#$
#$6

#$)
#$7#7$)#$7)#'$

#$)
#$)#'$
#$;

#$)
#$777)#$7
,

#$)

#$
#$#$#$)8)'9??K0#$/

643

0#$=#

/$#/$>-
=/
/
2/
/>
=1
#$1
#'$> ='8M.
#$/
#'$9>
* #$F@

20@20@&62&2"&

'' ( !

!
)
)

#

"
$) ) .M.( .

)
A20@A)

( .
")
+
.M.

Pole-zero placement; pole magnitude = 0.95.

10
-10
-20
-30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
100
Phase (degrees)
50
-50
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
#$)#$
,/01)

(
": 6(, !

#.

)

F M-$
:#) :$)

)
+ (
)
"
6(, A A

0

644
#$ (% ,'!!!! % , '$($

!
!

!

,$" 8), 1
6

!

!
!
!

,$" 8), 1

'.0@ %"
"
F M-
0"&
*
)6 0 0565'.0@'.0@

6

H "

%"

+ :6(,

F M-;
)

"
645
[t' x'] + xsamp
+
From Sum To Workspace5
orkspace Zero-Order
Hold
xnoise
Sine Wave To Workspace7 num(z)
ysim
den(z)
xorig To Workspace6
Filter
To Workspace4
tsim
Clock To Workspace1
Solid = input,::::= noise-corrupted input,--- =filtered output; Butterworth notch filter.

150
100

50
-50
-100
-150
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Time t(s)
646
4 #5" #$" ,...$" ."# ,...$6+"2. #
!" #"2."$3 #""

#$ & ;;;;$ !$& & !!! $&' $

!"#!$

!
!
!

- ")1
647
3 &;$ $ !!!$ !$& !!! !
#$ $!&&$ 5" &$$

#

B "(X "Y !!!

C" +

%I
6 ! "
#-2

)

&-2'1"&
)
""

!F M-
!

+

%

#
X Y$
'1)

% " )

"
CQ3;G8M#/'$9&1&8'M19&#'$1-

)

" "Z
X "Y
)

@

"
)

1-

#1-

$

"
."&
)

"&
0! )"&

[XY# "$
)"&

"

8
!
#.-
$

9
648
Group delay vs. freq (Butterworth filter) as calc`d by Matlab routine "grpdelay."
50
45
40
35
Filter group dela
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Digital frequency f
+ "
)( "
"(
"

" %@
)!

" < %"!
S

)( )'1"&
!

"'

[! "

1.

"#! ! %

'1)

[
$
! M
<
6,

"&

"
0@#

$)

649
Group delay vs. freq (Butterworth filter) as calc`d by author`s routine "grpdmy."
10
Filter group delay 6
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Digital frequency f

)
'

"

!
A"A
()"

""*
)

%"

0! )

Z

"

%"#

!$)
! " < %"
'

"

O stems = original signal; * stems = signal after distortion then B`worth filtering.
60
50
40
Temporal sequences
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.038 0.039 0.04 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.044 0.045 0.046
Time t (s)
650
C"
%I
6
! "

) !

# $

" 6 ")
"1.

%
)
"
#$&'#:$&'1.

Group delay vs. freq (fir1 filter) as calc`d by author`s routine "grpdmy."
10
90
80
70
Filter group dela
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
DA A

%
-2

)
1.

"

-

6

)"
.

)
"
D
)

!)
EQW;B
)
A
A!
!

#

"
" X
Y!$

% 6(,
)
" !

"
"#

$
651
O stems = original signal; * stems = signal after distortion then fir filtering.
60
50
40
Temporal sequences
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.038 0.039 0.04 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.044 0.045 0.046
Time t (s)

"
#$

#$00M#I
!
M 6(, *M
D,CQ,$
#$ %

I
8 #$ #$ #'$ #'$9)89
81''19)
!

"
81'9
A A
) "

#!$
;

+
#

$)

A A:) M

".-\:)

"%

652
#$ (;, %<='!!!!"8;,"

%<= %

!
!

!

,$" 8), 1

!
!

,$" 8), 1
Solid = input,:::: =noise-corruptedinput, ---=

filtered output;fir notchfilter.
150
100

50
-50
-100
-150
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Time t(s)
653
#5/3&&!"""3"#&!"&"&"&3"/&
2/#"13)%%%4/&
-%%
,%%
+%%

'%%
*%%
)%%

%%
(%%
%
% %&%' %&( %&(' %&
./0#1
(!)

"<

")
#M$&'/.

D
) @
! "
)
!
;

) A A M

@6(, )

#N.+

$)

!20@

0! )

@ H)

!

)!
20@ !

A @A#BF
$(
& 6,
)

@ )

[

#20@$

654
#$ (% ,'!!!! % , '$($

!
!

!

,$" 8), 1

!
!

,$" 8), 1
4 #5" #$" ,...$" ."# ,...$ . #

!" #"2."$3 #""

655
%M) "#M$&'
/.)
"A "A !

%
)"/.

# )

J

,(O0D

$; ) "
! "

!
!
Group delay vs. freq (fir1 filter) as calc`d by author`s routine "grpdmy."
100
90
80
70
Filter group delay
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
#3
$
656
O stems = original signal; * stems = signal after distortion then fir filtering.
60
50
40
Temporal sequences
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.038 0.039 0.04 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.044 0.045 0.046
Time t (s)
657

σ µ
σ σ

µ

σ
µ

σ
σ
µ

µ σ
σ
µ
658

!"#
$%&'$%&()(*$%()"&'$%&()(*$%()")
+$%&)' $%&()$%&()*$%(),$%&()$%()*-$%().
+$%&)'$%&()*$%()#
# !"#
$%&()$%&)$%()
/#
+
(,&",
+
%"#,")&%"#,")
# " "#
,%"#,") "
"+ "
%"#,")
0 "1
+"#

+*"
+"
,
""2222#*

,
"+ "

""2222#*3
,
,,
"+ ""2222 "

4225
"
6

6

-#,.0 "

#

7"

"+ "2222

+ "

659

"8
9"+,1""9+",1"9
1+'+'+'1+'
: +,1#1+''1+',#

8
9"+"9"9 +%"*9")&9"+&*9"&9"
+'+'+'
"0 "#

""#

"
0
#9"*9"&*9"
+'
#8
9"+&*9"&9" "

"
"#
8
"+&"&"+&"&"#
8
"+&"

";
8
"+&"&"+&"&"+&"
"/8
9"+&9"&*9"-"
.
8
"

" #

8<=%8
9")

0 5

&9"

#5
&9"
#
8<=%&9")393#8<=%&*9")*393*#

8<=%8
9") 8<=%&9")8<=%&*9")#
>393?>+#*"?+#*"
""+"#&9"+*'9"
"

#13
8<=%&9")3 9#8<=%&*9") 93*# 8<=%8

9")
393*@
&*9"+*'9"89"+*-'9"'9".# 1;
99

1"+22222<22222222222222222+222222221"13#

A'9"'9"'

1"+22222<22222222222222222 +2222222'1'"

A' "' "'

660

1"+*'"#
1
"=

"+B%&*9")
1# &*9"+&9"#
&9"&*9"+&*9"&9"+8
9"C
"+B%*'9")

+22222<2222222222 +

'',"+'"
A'*
>
#
61

'"3225&*9"#"+'"+'"
"&"
#$%&")+>% ,"-+&".

>$%&") #6CC#/D4$CC
##&"+>"
AE

"$%&")+>% ,"F* "+#
'
D#

,#"+$%&,"&")+>% ,",)% ,)F* "
'

+>*-G."-% )'% ,", ).
'
+>* "% )#

#
#CC

DD
"
1"+
222222",1"+>
222222"-,1."
D225 D,+'DD225 D,+'D
D
+H>
222222% ",1")
D225 D,+'D
#1 > I" :

+
#9#
1"

1"+H>1"
">

J
K#LL
LL #

CC#

>=

"
661
1"+$%&"&,1")+>$%,"%,1",))
+H>$%% ,1"),1")
H>
+222-% ,1", ),1".
'

#
#9

"# *

1"+H>1"
M
;C+
#

D
M;$
;0 $%&")+
22222"#
D225 D,+'D
&"
1
# $%&"&")+ '"

9
+1'#1+ # N

# CC

#$%&"&")
+'
? &F"1"6
#
' 1 '"+# 1 + '# #

' ' 1" ''

0

! $'''

'''#
L 'L"# 35
35
#

#3&"5+3&,1"5
1O
#6D
6#
3&"5+3&"53&,1"5+3&,1"5#

3&"5+3&,1"5
1#&""
C

L
'L

' P#

#

#
1

6

662
>
7"(&"#

J"+P"
4
'9
P9"+>222222222
'9
"+>B%-9*9'".'9")
+>%"'F-'".)
+>%-"'*"'".)
+>% ",'*"'")
D#
89"+FP9"P*9"-#P*9"+P*9".
'9"'9"
+>2222222222222222222
'9 "'9"

;

9'9'*

1"+>*"F%222222222222222229)
9'9'9
1
33*
'"'*"

2222222222222#1
'*"
1"+>*"F
'"'*"''*
2222222222222,%2222)%22222)#1+
'*"''*
'*"'"
2222222222222 #1

'

+>
'*"'"
2222222222222,*#1+
'
13#1"+'1"
663

''" *

"4 "+>

9

''"*'H
>+>* "+
''

+'" "*#

9
Q"'
" "
% )
>
222% )+#>+2222#6

"

O
H
#

6
P# H
6

#: R+*
+ R+R
C #
'H'"*R
"+22222222
R

* #

#
&
R+*
+&
0 ,#&

#
"#

A

"+$%)

A "
&,
+$%)

AA"&
+$%)

A

+
- ."
&

A 'H

-A .
+
%A
,
"'H

)

+

%

,
#
)
664

#( D

9 0

S!"(
"+ %'H )
(

&

(;S7"#&+ (,+ + -
G".# #

,.
A- (

"+$%)

&((
A
(
A
+$%) (
(

A

+
"

(
R +
:
# (

-S!".#

.
-A 'H

"+

&
-A
'H .
+#

D'D'
T
"$%1")+222$%&"&,1")+2221"+1"#
D+D+
D'
T
%1")+$%-222&"&,1"'1".)
D+
D'D'D'
+$%222&"&,1"&"&,1"' -1"*D.&"&,1",1")
D+++
D'D'
+222$%&"&,1"&"&,1"'1")
D++
/

#
665

T D'D'$%&"&,1")$%&"&,1")
%1")+222%,$%&"&")$%&,1"&,1"))'1"
D++,$%&"&,1")$%&,1"&")
D'D'
+222%1",'",,1'"'1'")'1"
D++
D'D'
+222%'",,1'"'1'")
D++
1

=
'"4+ '#'-'D'"#D'.

-'D'"#D'.+' #D'

=6
#
D'D'D'
'"+D'"" 6"#
+++'D'"
LL

>

#
-'.,1"-'.'1"

T D'
%1")+222D'"%",,1"'1")
D+'D'"
D'
+222'*D"%",,1"'1")
D+'D'"
1

'
>=#
D'
T
%1")+222%",,1"'1")
D225D+'D'"
D#1225"+#
>=#

-
.*D225D225
< #

T 1"#
61
% 1")
D
" "#$%T1")+ 1"#

>
"#D225 9#
#

##
#

='8P#
J:
1" %)"#

-=8+'*$%
% )*1").
666
'&*'&*'&*
"$%&)+222&&+222%'&,&)

+&#+&#+&#+'
'&*
$%&)+'+

D
2*
+
"+222
"

&
"
1
#
D
")+'DF
%)'*"
%

&+
D
T T
")+'D*
D#222
% ,* "F+#
+
&
T D

+222
D+
" ""# N4
D
$%222)2+#N4
D+
"='8;

").)
T*$%-222
%

&
'DD
+*$%-2222,222.)
+
D DDDD
+*$%222'2222,222)
+++
D DDD
+*-222"'222D,222$%).
++

$%)#$%)+$%)$%)+

# + #

;
667
'* '*'*

$%)+222+222-', .

+O+ O+ O+' +O+O+ O+'
'*'*
$%)+, -''.+

#
D
T*-222",222%DD'", D).

+*D+
"? #

+$%&)'$%&)#

+ '+
?
T+% D

*D)

+*D"F% D )
+*D"F-D.
+*D+#
=8E

#=8#
'

"'

%/#/ )+$%/'
"/ '
")O+#

$%/"/")+" '"+

"
"
+
//
D' "
D'"
"D#("CC /"
(#("

/"
$%(")+#",+#"
$%-("'$%(").-("'$%(".)+$%/"/")+" '"
?
#
668
'
'H- ". - '
".

"+22222222222222222222222222222

( "%)
D'
+#+ "
+
*"
* "

+

* D' "

*

D'"
#
N'-"'#".
'H222222222222222222
+"

"+22222222222222222222222222222

(D'
" "
+
N'-"'#".
")+'H2222222222222222222- .
"
%

(+"
N' -"'#".#"

")+'H22222222222222222222222222
222
%

(+"
?#"+,#

222+ ,#

N' -"'#".

")+'H22222222222222222 ,"
222
%

(+"
C
9
1

6#
N'"'#"
222222222222222 ,"+#
+"
D'" "' '

22222222,%222222222222222),%2222222222222),%222222)+
+""""""

#
D'D'D'' "D'"
- 222222.,-S222222.,-2222222222222.'222222222+
+"+"+"+"
-F.6
669
"

>:
# "#"$#%&'
&( %)'*+, %' &%,"- >J#D(#Q!# S !'S 7#

4

"+ O" "

&
+#
"

" D'

""

1

D'
O" #

&

O"
2222+2222 "

&

O"

+2222 "

&
+# "
"

* #
'' *

# "

"9
"L
L
C9R
6
#

O"
2222 +%2222222222222
O")
O" S"

& O"&&

&
4
O"#
+-222. S"

&

4+
% O")

1

&
C ' S" "9

4

2222 O"+2222 O" G"

&

4
+$%2222) G"

+ G"
$6G"

G"
T)#

9G"'$%

'$% T)
670
"

G"

4
T)2222)+
$%'$% K"

? "G"#

T T
$%)+ O" "#
A

&
T
' G"
T)4
$%
T22222)
222222+$% I"

? 9 # K " ' I"

';
T)4
$%
T'$%
222222+$%- T).2222) I"

D
C9R6

4
T'$%

$%>?)"$%>)$%?)4>+ T)?+222

I"#C9R6

T) 4
$%
T'$%
-222222.+-$%- T).2222).
!"

4
T'$%
T)"
$% )F$%2222") !"

!"

T

T)"
2222$%

2222222222222222222 7"
T4

$%2222")

$6 7 " = '86

= ' 86

:
' G"#S"#G"

9;
444 Q"
O"
22222 +%222
,-222. ) O"

& &

+ Q"
671
$6

# 6 ' Q"
#Q"#
44
$%2222")+'$%2222) "

#

K "
T T
$%)+,?"=6
#

222$%
T"
T)+,2222? "

# 7"#
4+
% O")#

&

',2222?T""

2222222222222222222='8 "
T
4
$%2222)

'
+222222222222222='8 "
4
$%2222)

"

!"#
"
": ='8K7"
T*+
T

#
T T
-D<$;$%)*# O"
$%)
&
.#1
#

4U"
T '"'U")
$%2222)+$%222222 S"

+'$%U") S"
+'U"# # S"
S"
U" ##
=6
#

#S"K7"#

+22222#
T#U"

672

'*A'*,A"

"
"+222+2222222222222-.+*-'A.
'*,A"
"0 (+&*D##

#
&"+&*D#*+D#
"+D#
"+D D"#(+&*D
(&
0
#
#
D'D*
"+222
(
"A
"+D D"
('&
4+D#
D+D*D+
A+A*D#
"+
*D"
(&
0
#
#
"+*-'A*D.
(
T
" D
&*D#
A "D ;
"+'A*D"
T

T T T
"%)+$%")'-$%).

222

T"+'D'A*D" 'A*D"+A'A*D"

#

+#6
A
#
$%&)+'A"%
")*#
+
T
$%)+'AFA+#
#
673

#

2222

T"+'D,"A'A*D" 'A*D"+'-D," *D.'A*D"

#

+#6
'D,"*D
# #
T
$%)+,D,"*D
#
T
%)+D,"*D'+*D#

J
K#

"A
&

! 4 #

" A

#

"#

"
+

"
+
V"
''''
+
##D D'
R LDL LDL

"

&

"+2
P& "
% ") &
9
''
VV"

+ "-H%), "%).
''
D# "%)A#

A

D' # A ?
'

#

WJ'

V";

"+ "+
'' ''

4 #

#
1

+

#

"
+
"
+

'' '

674
D

D#++1

+
#

"
=6
#

6

O#
VV"

P&"+ "-H%), "%).
''

"
%
+
")
''

?IQ"#&

'"
%)+''222222222222222#-#.
-,'".

" -#.#

"' 9"+"+"'"#

1"+ R"
"
8
#
""
"+'" "##" V"

0 V"';

VV"
""''""
""+'" ""+2222222 "
E
X2222222222*X222222222*
''
?
"'"'"'"
"+ "+ "' "0 #

" '"'"' "' "'"

""+ "2 "+ "' "''" "

0 #
675

"S'S"'S"' "'"'"
"+ "' "''" "'222222 "
E
C #
'
"'"'"'"
"+ "' "''" R"'22222 RR"''22222 "
E'"E
X222222222*

C
6 "#
'
'"'"'""
"+ ",'" R",22222 RR",,22222 ", ""
E'"E
' Y"

'"'"'"'""
+ ",'" R",22222 RR",,22222 ",222222 "##"
E'"EE

VV" # #

"+#'
4

#"
"
O
#5
->#+#N4

;
'
'""
"+ ",'" R",222 RR",,22222 ",222 "##".
E'"EE
: +'Y"
' YY"
'""
,"+ ", R", RR"222,, "2222222, ,"2222#
E'"EE
#"#+, # #"
#"60

#

"
D#
"+
" R"+* RR"+'*
0 YY"
++'#,+,'+C#+ #

''"
"+
",222'",22222222222222##"
E,-'."
'
+''222-222222222.'6#

,'"

676

!G"#1"+"1,"?1"+ 1"#
+'
1"+" 1,"+'1"# 1"+'1"
+'

1"+"
(9"+P9"P 9"
N

P *9";
(9"P *9"+P9"P 9"P *9"
P 9"'
P 9"?P *9"
P 9" #
P 9"
P *9"# P 9"

P *9" #

P 9"#
P 9"P *9"+
9#
-

' P 9".
#
(9"P *9"+P9"#
P9"+(9"P *9"
8
&*9"225'"#
"+"V '"

+'" '"
+'

+," "#+'#
+'
"+"#'

O

D#
" "

#
9'
9"#

"+," "+"#

+'

U1
6"
677
0

#

6

α β

D +

1

-

#!"+.#
"+ ",""+
","#!"+!",! " !"+!"O
6
: "
"
# 6"#
"

6
6

4C0#

>+7K !+'
"
"#"$+%%&",>- %%&",S%%&",.,
+%%%&",>- %%&",S%%&",.,)#
6

##
%%"+*- ."P"#
'

6

69C
1#

6
678

n',snd1' + +
+ +
From Sum2
orkspace Unit Delay5 Sum10
1/z
MATLAB .2842
Function
Gain8
Rounding Quantizer (bin.)11
+ +
+ +
Sum4 +
Sum5
1/z Unit Delay1
+ MATLAB .6785 1. MATLAB

+ Function Function
Sum6
Rounding Gain5
Quantizer (bin.)4 Gain6
1/z Unit Delay2
MATLAB .6064
Function
Gain7
+ +
+ + 0.
Sum7 +
Sum9 Gain12
1/z Unit Delay3
MATLAB Rounding Quantizer (bin.)10
MATLAB MATLAB Function
+ .5807 1.
+ Function Function
Sum8
Rounding Gain10
1/z Unit Delay4 yroundc To Workspace
MATLAB .1980
Function
Gain11
0

#

6

"
679

β

α

680
α

4
"+",""+","#

!"+",",!",!",!",!"O
6

: "

6#
"
6

6

4C0#
'$

+' !QQIS", % % & ", % ",I
% &
+-' !QQIS", % % & ", % % & ",I.#
6

##
%%"+*- ."P"#
'

6
681

69C
1#

6

5. MATLAB
Function
Gain3 RoundingMATLAB
Quantizer (bin.)2 +
n',snd1' + 9963 +
+ Function + yround
From Sum1 Gain1 + To Workspace
Workspace Rounding Quantizer (bin.)
1/z Unit Delay Sum3
MATLAB 0.284
Function
Gain2
+ 1431 MATLAB +
+ Function +
Sum4 Gain4
Sum5
1/z Unit Delay1
+ MATLAB 0.678 8888 MATLAB

+ Function Function
Sum6
Rounding Gain5
1/z Unit Delay2
MATLAB 0.606
Function
Gain7
+ 2587MATLAB +
+ Function +
Sum7 Gain9
Sum8
1/z Unit Delay3
+ MATLAB -0.580 MATLAB

7585
+ Function Function
Sum9
Rounding Gain11
1/z Unit Delay4
MATLAB 0.198
Function
Gain12

"+'""#

-!!".#
1,

'"#1,
%%
1"+",1"+'"
++ #
41#1,

1, '"
%%
1"+'"+22222222222
+'

13#'1#
682
' 1

1, 1'"

%%
1"+'"+'"222222222+##&'1"C
#
+'1"'
1
'"
%%
1"+222222222
'

4 #>= 1"+ 1"#

1"+%%
1"

1
'"
1"+22222222222
'

>9"+,9,9+'99"'99"

189"+222222222222
>9"> *9 "

+2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
'-*Z.9"'-*
Z'.9"'-*
Z'.9"'-*
Z.9"
9
+22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
9'*
Z"9'*
Z'"9'*
Z"9'*
Z'"
#1='

393#
9(*"
1"+2222<22222222222222222222222222222222222222222229

A=9'*
Z"9'*
Z'"9'*
Z"9'*
Z'"
(*
Z1,"
+2222 8%22222222222222222222222222222222)
A "-'*"*Z.9'*9"
?
683
9'*9+*
Z'*
Z'
+'*"",A,*""
,*
+%-'*"".,-,*"".)*Z%222222")
'*
3# #

,

C
'%222222")C#
'

,

*
Z 1'* ',
%222222")
'

1"+ 8%22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222)

"'*"%-'*"". ,-,*"". )

D#;1'*'O

6#'S* "+'"#
'1''#
,
%1,%22222"))

'
1"+22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
"' "%-' "". ,-, "". )

D#
'"" 6#

""+H "
%,)
+-,"*'"."#

%1,")

1"+22222222222222222222222222
"' " %, )

##UR
-Q77.#

J
IO

%1,"),

1"+22222222222222222222222222+222222"1
"'"%,)'

$

+Q!# +!#+

#

684
11"+B%89")# >8 "#

89"+2222222222222+222222222222222222222222222222222222
>9">*9"
'9*9"- '9*9R".
++9R+*9

+222222222222222222222222222

'9*9" '99"
++
9
+22222222222222222222222222

9'9" '99"
++
D#
1"+B%89")
9
+22222<2222222222222222222222222229

9
A
9'9" '99"
++

D '99"

+

"
>9"9 + 9'9"

+

-1"
6.#
9 (
1"+22222F AF8%2222222222222222222222222#9)
A+
9'9 " '99"
++
9 (
+2222222222222222222222222- 1O1"+'1"
+ 13.
9'9 " '9 9"

++

#
' 1"
9
+#

9
1"+222222222
'99
+#9+"#
"

1"+22222222222222
'"
685
! " @

# 1

'A D9"#

'
#

"J"+ P9"#

P9"+222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
'99"'99"'99"'99"
9
+222222222222222222222222222222222222#9+Q*
ZK#9+7*
ZGK
9'9"9'9"9'9"9'9"
9G#1D+N P9"
">9"+99'Q*
ZK"-9'Q*
Z'K".9'7*
ZGK"-9'7*
Z'GK".
4

;
49"+9'9"9'9"
9"*9"+9'9"9'9"9'9"9'9"
+9' 8%9)9,9"9' 8%9)9,9"
+,9' 8%9),9"9,9",99,9",- 89".

#8%9)+'HQS8%9)+G #
>9">*9"+%,Q,QS7"9,9",79,9", GS)
F%,7'7 IG"9,9",IG9,9", 7)
#9+#
>"+%IKI,S K7S",I ", GS)

F%GQI' I G ", 7 ", 7)
#

J"+222222222
> "

D#J"+*>"+* QSII+ #+K7! !
K7! !
J"+22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
%IKI,S K7S",I ", GS)%GQI' I G ", 7 ", 7)
" "#
>9"+99'Q*
ZK"-9'Q*
Z'K".9'7*
ZGK"-9'7*
Z'GK".
+,G !K9'SSIS9,7 K9,K7G9#
+#+G !K#+'SSIS#+7 K#+K7G
686

#
+K7! !# 6&"

&",G !K&'"'SSIS&' ",7 K&'S",K7G&'G"+/"
/"K7! !
"&">8G"
" P 9"

"

";

P9"+222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
,G !K9'SSIS9,7 K9,K7G9
-8# # + K 7! !

O 6
.
" 1#89"+B%1")

89"+22222222222222#
>9"> *9 "

99
1"+22222<22222222222222222222222222222

A=9"9" *9 " *9 "

99
+2222<22222222222222222222222222222222222222222

A*9"*9"9'9"9'9"9'9"9'9"
99
+ 8%222222222222222222222222222222222,2222222222222222222222222222222)
9"*9"*9"9'9"9"*9"*9"9'9"
"#
9"*9"+,9' 8%9),9"9,9"
,99,9",- 89".#

*9"9'9"+*9'9"*9'9"A 0%9)
+*9',9*9,9"A 0%9)
C#
N+9"*9"*9"9'9"+'!G'AKQ
N+9"*9"*9"9'9"+GKSS 'AGS!IQ
#
99
1"+ 8%2222,22222)
NN
687
8+ *9N"+Q!!*
ZIKKS
8+ *9N"+ S Q!*

Z'G!#
1"+Q!!Q"K1,IKKS", S Q!7"GK1'G!"

1"

"+ GI1

6 *- >".
rxx(k) for all-pole system with poles at (0.9,150deg), (0.8,45deg) & sig2=5.8721
15
10
5
rxx(k)
-5
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50
Lag index k
"

688
Power spectral density of all-pole random process.
Solid = analytical solution; --- = DTFT(truncated rxx(k)).
100
80
60
Pxx(w)
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Digital radian frequency w (rad/sample)

'A*G
""+F'"
4''A%*G,
)'A%,1"*G,
)
1"+
%)%)
4225+
4''A1*G'A1*G
+
+
4225+
""+''","

N

'1"1 - &"
/"A
CC.;
$%"'1")+'$%'"'1"),$%"'1")#
1"+'1'",1" V"
N

,1"1 ;
689
$%",1")+'$%'",1"),$%",1")#
1"+'1,",1" VV"
A
CC6# "+-
C0@D>4C #
''
''

".N#/"#1 1"+ 1"
=6
# 1"VV"#9
15
1+D 1"D<DB$8< 13#
15V"CV"#
6
1"+'1'", 1"#1 VVV"
13#
'1"+ 1" &
'
-LL

'
1"#
.
?
#
>8 "

1"+'1'", 1"#1 VVVV"
+

>8"6C

"VVV"#
'A1*G'A1'"*G'A*G
+' 1#
+'
1+#
A*G
+',+,#+
#

>8"
#
9
9''"+<
#"+#VVV"
6

'A*G
T
"+''"+'"#
"+ %'A*G,
")
T"+"
'#'
'

# 9
## =<DC>D
'
#&"
"

6!!G +#
Q Q +H
B$8< >44 '*7

6"
+ ' * 7

*7
"

"+# JC:

#

+

9#

LL +'*7#
#
" ,*7"

9+#

>8

690
PSD of AR(1) model of sinusoid exp{-j(pin/4+phi)}.
8000
7000
6000
5000
PSD
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-0.5 0 0.5
Digital frequency f
[
PSD of AR(1) model of sinusoid exp{-j(pin/4+phi)}.
10
6
PSD
0
-0.5 0 0.5
Digital frequency f
691
&"N>6" #&" 6
6
&"+/'"#
+
/"6N

&,1"1
;
6
1"+$%&"&,1")+$%/'"&,1")
+
66
+$%/'" /,1'")
++
66
+ $%/'"/,1'")
++
?/"6# 9

/6
; '+,1'# +,1

6
1"+(
+
P# ,160C

"#6

'16'1
@ -#6.#
'1
156#1"+ >D:
-#6.
#!";
6'1
1"+(
+

$
!#
'S9
P9"+222222222222222222222222222
' K9, 9'I!9
99'S"
+22222222222222222222222222222#
9'!7SI"9'9"9'9"

9+7K7 ,ASGGS+Q G!*

Z 7I
P9"#

'S9
P*9"+222222222222222222222222222
' K9, 9 'I!9

692
1"
9'
89" ;
1"+B%89")
+B%P9"P*9")
99'S"'S9"
+2222<2222222222222222222222222F2222222222222222222222229

9
A=9'!7SI"9'9"9'9 "' K9, 9 'I!9 "

#
P9"!7SI#9 #9#

"

#
P9"'

Q G!
"

P*9"+B%'")A'

P 9 "?'"
6#
P *9"'

*Q G!+7K-
P*9".
9 '
Q G!3 9 3
*Q G!+7KO

=

=#

P9"

9'
A #

# 1#
!7SI'S"'SF!7SI"
1"+2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222!7SI"(
!7SI'9' KF!7SI, !7SI"'I!!7SI""
9'S"'S9"
, 8%222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222229(#
9'!7SI"A 0%9)' K9, 9'I!9"

1"+SSISQF!7SI", 8%GSS!7*
Z' KK! !"Q G!*
Z 7I")

+SSISQF!7SI",7IIKIFQ G!"%*7"F 7IF1' KK! !")
1#
$
13#
'1"+1"
" "+ '",9">8"-

9" .
N>

6 'N>
"
9+
"9"P9"+*'9"
LN>L1B;
"+"#N> '#

"+9'1"
#3#3
1+
"
9R"+9",N#
N
"+9'1",N"+22222,9'1"O6

1+'1+
693
N
"$% ")+$%22222),$%9'1")+N*'"9"+-"'".*
'1+
90

#

'"*'
$% ")+222222222222+222222222
'*'
"
9"+"+ 6 ;
" '",N
+*" '",'"*

6"+' '"
# 9 " "

" +##&'"

+"',"
+'
: 1+'#
((

+",1"+22222222,22222222"22222222,222222222",1"
+'+'*'*'*'*

'1>1 O1
##&1" ##&'1"+##&1"
6C#

A
11

1# '1A O

,1";
((

+22222222,22222222"22222222,222222222"
+'*'*'*'*
,

+2222222222222,222222222222222222222,22222222222222
'*"''*"'*"''*"'

;
694

O
D+SO
+-;D'.O
+KO
+!KO
+*'*""VT,*'*""VTO
-#1.+
#"O
U+1"O
1+1"O
+*'*"T *'T ""VT1,*'*"*'*"*'V""VT1,T1"
,*'*"T *'T ""VT1O
S1#"O

O
1#"O

R41R"O

RO1"R"

-RO1";<+

OV+O+
R "R#+R "RR."
+U,;
""O
D+SO
8+ #D"O
+-"O
9D'#".O

+8"V
L L
D
6"
8+ #D"O
\@
'1
O
"
U+
"'O
+;D

+;D
1+'
O
15+
8#
"+1,"O

8#
"+A1",""O

##&1"

695
rss;n(k): O stems = analytical sol`n; * stems = truncated sum; a = 0.5, b = 0.75.
7
4
rss;n(k)
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Lag index k
D#
+" 1" 1 5# "

"#

9@
"+*'*",*'*"+*'"'*'"+#

+ 1"
"
"D+ ;)+-7KQGO'!7 .
"D+S;)+-O' KOS!K.
"(#
P9"+*C9"#P9"08

C9"+B%")+22222222222222,2222222222222
'*"'*9"'*"'*9"
*
+22222222222222222222222"+22222222222222222
'*'*9'*9'9"'9"
#
P9"+*C9"+'9"'9"+',"9,9#
696

"+ "'," '", ' "
(#D+SD+ >
#
D+S$&>=;
+K#+!K# ")+-O' KOS!K.
',"+' K+S!K#
<# D+G
) D+S9
0

#N
"#
$&>=4()+-O' KOS!KO.E

08#08

6
6

9 D

"0 ##

1
#008#

08#

0 #

T,"+
)"",)"'",

T"+ "'", "' ",
) )
>
1 #
##"

0
#+' "
="; "+' "C#"

6
"-' ".+"#+'"*"
] +","+"'"*"
= ";"+' "' '"0#"
""'""'""
+#+*- "' ".

""' "'"" "

"- "'".*-"'".
+
-"'" ".*-"'".
] +",", "
"- "'"., "-"'" ".

+",2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
"' "

" "'"-", ".

+",22222222222222222222222222222222222222222
"' "

" >8" #

697
J
K
1
'"
1"+2222222222#
'

'

"+222222222#"+22222222# "+22222222
' ' '

=";
+'"*"+

] +"' "*"+222222222%'*)+

'

#'
'

6
= ";
"- "'".*-"'".
+
-"'" ".*-"'".
''"*'"
+
'"*'"

+#+
" "'"-", ".

] +",22222222222222222222222222222222222222222
"' "

'F,"
+22222222%,2222222222222222222222)
''

+222222222%' ,)
'"
+
#

#
>8";
#9#]

698
="-D+ .;
"+K!K I#"+GGGQ7Q# "+G7Q
#
+'"*"+'GGGQ7Q*K!K I+'!S
R

#

#

'";
] +"'"*"+KGQ
="-D+S.;
"- "'".*-"'".
+#
-"'" ".*-"'".

+' ! 7+#+7+

# >8"#

#>8

- 1"1#
.

#
" "'"- ", ".

] +",22222222222222222222222222222222222222222
"' "

+F# EE
D

] +",", "#

]

D''11"D''1
"$%
*!$1")+22222$%",1")+222222+1"#
D'1+D'1+

>8" #1 J
K
'"
1"+222222222222
'
0
#
"+*'""+'*'"

"+'"#+'"*"
699
<#

+"'"

""'6
;

*!$"
T
+2222222222222

*!$"
D'
22222","
D'+
+222222222222222222222
D'
222"
DD+

T
+
*!$"'"

*!$"
+
*!$"'222222222222"

*!$"

D'
22222","
D'D'+
+-222".'%22222222222222222222)"
D+D'
222"
DD+
"/
"# %+7# +)
+7I + GQ!G

% + ' K # + G) # + 'KG I
+GK I7>6
',

#',
" +##&'"+,'""+
+'+ #
4'#',

',
++2222222
+'

'3##3#''"#

' '"
', '
++222222222+ O###&'"+##&'"
+''"'
C
#
700
'

+22222222
'

0 6
'" >8"
+'+ J
K"
'1
D' #'1
D#++#&1"+,1""+ "'1"+
+'+'+ #

1 -#D'.
1

L+LL+1L"#

1DD'1
'1''
+222222222+22222222
6
''
+
##

'+'","#
)
)"'
)"'
+,"
)D'"'
D'

#LL 7 "+D#

+
LL 7 " "#
] +

LL' )
D''
+D')"22222222
+'
"

"
1U1
-
1)"+"
)"V"+".

D#
#

D
]
;
D]

7IG# ]
6

7 IG
''G\

701
Least-squares estimate of boxcar of length N = 100
by convolving hls with alf^n where alf = 0.1
1.2
1
Estimate of boxcar
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n

by convolving hls with alf^n where alf = 0.8
1.2
0.8
Estimate of boxca
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n
702
by convolving hls with alf^n where alf = 0.1.
1.2
1
Estimate of boxcar
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

by convolving hls with alf^n where alf = 0.8.
1.2
0.8
Estimate of boxcar
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
703
! "/ "#N+
D'D'D'
" " ">" "
+++
+
D'D'D'
" " ">" "
+++

A

D'D'A'AA
'A
"
"+222%,)%,)
+G+
4+,
+'

D'D'A'AA'A
"
"+222%,)%,)
+G+
ADAD
''
+222% 8%222222222,222222222))
GAA
''
'AADAD'"
'',
+2228%22222222222222222222222222222,
)
-'".
'"'D",%D'")

+222%22222222222222222222222222222222222,
)
G'"
%D'")'D"%D'")'D"

+222%,22222222222222222222222,,2222222222222222222222222)
G'"'"
D' '
4
>,?+D'"#>'?+D#
>+D',D"#

>+D'H"?+D'H'D"+'H
704
D''%D'H")'H"'%D'H")'H"
"
"+222% ,2222222222222222222222,22222222222222222222)
+G H" H"
%D'H",
")%D'H"'
")
+222% ,22222222222222222,2222222222222222)
G%H,
")%H'
")
%D'H""
?
222222222222+ D'#
225H"
H,
"6
#
+

D'% D'""

"+222% D,,2222222222222)
+G%)

1N

4
D'D'D'
+ " "'- " ".
+++
% D'" )% D'" )

+2222%- D,,2222222222222222.- D,,2222222222222222.
I " "
% D'" , ")% D'" ' ")

2- ,22222222222222222222,222222222222222222222.)
% , ")% ' ")

% D'" )'% D'" , ")% D'" ' ")
>222% D,,2222222222222222)2222% ,222222222222222222,2222222222222222222)
G "G% , ")% ' ")
+
'% D'" , ")% D'" ' ")% D'" )
>2222% ,222222222222222222,2222222222222222222)222% D,,222222222222222)
G% , ")% ' ")G "

D'
" "
+

F%)
D'
" "
+

"4 +*D +*D#
+ *D + *D

#

D' :
6"
705
D'% D'" "
"+222% D,,22222222222222222)
+G% )
% D'" *D)

+222% D,,22222222222222222)
G *D"

+222% D,')+D*
G

D'
" "
+
%D'H" , ")%D'H" ' ")

+2222% ,222222222222222222,22222222222222222222)
G% , ")% ' ")
% D'","*D)% D'"'"*D)

+2222% ,222222222222222222222,2222222222222222222222)
G%,"*D)%'"*D)

+2222% '')+# # "
G

#
D'D'D'
+ " "'- " ".
+++
+%D* "D* ")'+D*G>#1"
C

"#
>D* &'"
+*D*G"#
>D* &'"
>+ *D"&'" *D">+&'"#

&'1"+8%:%"))
#:

'6 #

6 *D*D

" +! Q +S # >+QQ G>+ QQQQQ #
1

LL

-#R=0

.#
#

" *D#;
D V # " 3 ' 7

6
9#
"
#+DV #D"O
+! +S#>+>+SS

#
+! Q# +S
706

G# #

#

''6

"
Error in sinusoidal estimation; f0 = 0.0729, f1 = 0.302
1.2
0.8
0.6
error
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n
Error in sinusoidal estimation; f0 = 0.07, f1 = 0.3
1
0.8
0.6
error
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n
707
Error in sinusoidal estimation; f0 = 0.0729, f1 = 0.302; added phases
3
2.5
1.5
1
erro
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n

0
#
%%
1"
1"

#
G

1" 6?
>=

1"
D'1

,1""#1
DD +
D,"%%
1"+
1+'D1+'D D,1
'1""#13
+

'D,1DD'1D
+'1"",,1"",""
1+'D+1+++
+C/N,C/N ,C/NS
C/NC/N
708
C/N+D"" 1+'D

,,D'"" 1+'D,
+
,
D'
,,"" 1+'
+

D'
C/N +,"" 1+
+
D'
,, "" 1+
+
,
,D"" 1+D
41#
S;
C/NC/N C/NS
DD
D,"%%
1"+"%",,")
1+'D+
D
,"%",",")
+
D
, "%",", ")
+S+
,
D'
,D"%,",D")
+
DD'
+"%",",")
++,+
DD
+""#
++
A

"
709

0
#
%%
1"
1"

#J
G

1" 6?
>=

1"
T".-"'
]+$%-"'
T".)
DD
+$%"'""'")
++
DD
+""$%'"'")
++
DD
+""'"
++
=

J
G

D
6
D,"%%
1"#
1+'D

'" 0

LLP#0C#

J
G

#" '
1
%%
1"N# '"

1"
#
1 'DD

##

J
G
#

D
]+D,"%%
1"1"#
1+'D

0
#
%%
1"
1"

# "

1"
6?
>=

1"
"9' %%

1"
8%%
9"+P9"P*9"*D,"
DP*9" '

P9"9 6
9
A''

9 0

P9"#'99''
9'9,9"#
DD
P9"+ '99"#P*9"+9 '9,9"#
++
D
P9"P*9"+9 '99"'9,9"
+
710
C P9";
D
PR9"+'9 ,9" '99"
+#
4P 9"+'9 ,9"P *9"+'9 ,9+9'9 9"#
D

PR *9"+9'9 9" '9,9"#

+#
8%%
R9"D,"+PR9"PR*9"+8%%
9"D,"
8%%

R9"8%%
9"
8%%
R9"+8%%
9"D
#PR9"9+ O
#R" '' 6

# 6

'
<D4(
9 "
+R"*R"-< R"R" .
=

# D P 9"
;P9"
PR9"# 086

"
#P"+P"
6

:P9"P *9"

9+
P"P"+P"P"+P"
#

'D,086
: P# "
''"
''

0 D "
'A9
P 9 "#
D'D"

9-

'A9"
. #
"

TD'D"" 6%"R")
>=:
"?

>=#
""
1"+%%
1"*R"
D
"]"+1"%%
1"*R"+])"*R"
1+'D
"8'99"'9,9"

P)9"
PR9" "#
'9,9+'9-'*99".
>

#
R"+'9
R"3]"5]"
93@

]
" 3 ]"

#
93
#)'

>8

'
"#"

711
C

# A

>#JS

: ]
6

D'A
T ,
"'A
"J,- "+222>F
D+
>D'A% ' ",

)D''A% ' ",
)
+222
D++
A ' "D'A ' "D

>''
+22222222222222222222F2222222222222222
DA ' "'A ' "
''
>'% ' "D)

+2222222222222222222222
D'% ' ")
"0A'

4RP
R

#";
T D'A

J,- "+222>+>D
D+
>9"'K^A7'Q

,9 ,9 ",9,9 "'I9 "'I9"

89"+22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222
,9 ,9 ,9 ",9,9 ,9 "'7!9 "'!G9 "'7!9"'!G9"

>8N> #

"
'I"#
"
-
' 7!"'!G".
>8N>
#
("# ' 'KIQ "
Q'I K '7K!I7'S! 7KKI7S7"#(">8N>K#S"'

#JC:
712
Smooth curve=exact PSD of output; other solid=periodogram{data based o
output model}; --- = periodogram based on computing y(n) = x(n)*h(n)
25
20
PSD and periodograms
15
10
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digital frequency f
"1"+$%("(,1")+$%-&",&".-&,1",&,1".)
((
+1",1",1",1"
&&&&&&&&
+1",1"
&&&&

/ 1:
#
JC:
JC:

"6("
N>"6

J+J,J- ".#6

9 "
,9",9",+,9,9",",322 "N>"

+,
9,9",
"
$6 9#
,",+,
" V"
$6 9*9#
+
6

+*
"#
713
V"
,",+*
",
"#

F'
F-,.,",+#

'
-,,*"*.,+

+H-,,*"*.^%H-,,*"*."')O

>#
#

+*
"
"

""#
+GGQS+!7I

"

"#JC:+ ,
LL
Smoothcurve= exactPSD ofy(n);othersolid=periogogram{MAdata via

solution params};N = 1024;--- = periodogram{x(n)+ u(n)};b1 = 0.8,
25
sig2 = 1,sig2u = 0.5,estimateb1y= 0.4493,sig2y= 1.781.
20

15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Digitalfrequencyf
714
C"
1"
#
T D'D''1'A1

J,-"+222,1"" V"
1+'D'"D+
"

-#D'."9#

'#";
T D''A1

J,-"+222,1""
1+'D'"D+'
1#

1"9

-'D'"#D'.
T 'A1

J,-"+222,1""
1+'D+'
D +,1#1+'
T 'A'"

J,-"+222""
D+'+'
'AA
+222""
D+'+'
D''A
+222"# VV"
D+

>
#
A
V" #
#

V"VV"O
*
"
#JC: >8"

J"+222222222222O

,

>="D

J"6

-,".,"+, ",

J
K#1 >8" #
'"
1"+222222222222C
#
'
715
D'1'A1
T
J ,-& "./0"+22222222'"
' 1+'D'"

'D'
+2222222%'",'")+'1
'1+'D'"1+
D'D'
+2222222%'"','")
'+1+
''"
+2222222% 8%22222222222222)')
'''"
8%,''"''"")
+2222222%222222222222222222222222222222222222222222')
',
-,"''"D",'"(%D'").

+2222222%2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222')
',
', "' "'''"D",'"(%D'")

+2222222%22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222)
',
+J"2J"
''"D",'"(%D'")

J"+22222222222222222222222222222222222
,

'"-D",%D'").

+222222222222222222222222222222222
,
?J"

'"#

D225#J"225
T
J,-& "./0"225J"
"5#
JC: +;
J"+*'"+
J"+'"-'",'".*'"
+*'"
!
"D'
T
J ,-& "./0"+2222222%'"'*"-'" ,'"' .,,' )

'1+'D'"1+

J
G7C

#
716
,"''"D",'"(%D'")
T
J ,-& "./0"+22222222%'"'*"-2222222222222222222222222222222222222222' .
',
,,' )
' "' ' '"D",%D'")"
+2222222%'"'*"-22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222,,' )
',
D
#
'"'*"+'*',#
'"'*"-' "' .+' '',"","

#,' #

,' ", ","

' '"D",%D'")"
"

" A
"%' , , ' , , 'G)+" "'"
A
' , , ' ,,' ,,' +'',,+,"'"
D

-,, ".'"#
'

N#JC:
>8N>#"
?",-,, ".
J"+2222222222222+22222222222222222+222222222222222222222
> " , ,, "

T
J ,-& "./0"+J"'J"#

'" D",%D'")"

J"+22222222222222222222222222222222
, '"

>J
G7#J"225D225'"225
"4R >=

#
;
, ' '"'*"'"'*"

"+222222222#"+22222222222222'"# "+222222222222
' ' '

: " "# '+ "*" # S

#
11

717
86 #
""#
,' "+"'" V"
',*","+'"'"* VV"
:V"VV"#
'"'"
,' +22222222222222',*","
"' "*

'"
+2222222',*","
"
66 ;
"""
%,2222222)'- ,2222222,*".,,22222222+#
"""
"
- ,222222,*"
"
222222222222222222222,+
"
,222222222
"
C
#
""
-,2222222,*"-,2222222,*"
" "
+222222222222222222222222^%-22222222222222222222222222.')
""
,222222222,222222222
""
3#P9"'

"
< #66

5

>8N>#"

#
"'"
+2222222222222# V""
, '

#%##)JC:
?",-,, ".
J"+2222222222222+222222222222222+2222222222222222222222
> " , ,, "

# "#$&>=

JC:#

>8N>#"
>=

- # "
.
718

D'
T 'A1
"$%J,-")+$%
1")#
1+'D'"
D''1D''1
$%
1")+222$%,1"")+2221"
D+D+
D'1
+222222221"
D
+%'1*D)1"
<
1+O
+$%
1")'1"+'11"*DO

1"
1"

C
#
D'
T 'A1
$%J,-")+%'1*D)1"#
1+'D'"
>8" #1 J

K
1"+'"*'"#
D''A1

T
$%J,-")+222222%'1*D)'"1"
'1+'D'"
'A1D''A1
+222222%%'1*D)'"1"',%'1*D)'"1")
'1+'D'"1+
D''A1
+222222- 8%%'1*D)'"1")'.
'1+
4+'F#+*'"
D'
T
$%J,-")+- 8%'1*D")2.
1+
?
D''
+2222222#
1+'
719
'
T

D'
$%J,-")+- 8%222222'2221)2.
'D1+
D'
+- 8%222222222222221)2.
''D1+
-

';.
'D'
+- 8%2222222222222221)2.
''D1+
-

*-'. 8%) ;.
'D'
+-22222', 8%22222222222222221).
'''D1+
D#
'+'"'"+'',
+# *''#
'"*'' 8%)*'
' 8%)*'" 1 F

# "#
'
T

'D'
$%J,-")+-222222, 8%2222222222222222221).
' ' 'D1+

D#
D'D''
1*D"+222222+2222222222222
1+D1+D'
''"D,''*D"(',*D
+2222222222222222222222222+2222222222222222222222
D'"'"
C
'
T

'2'*D"(,2*D
$%J,-")+-222222, 8%22222222222222,222222222222222222222222).
' ' ''"

D+*'"#
720
''('(,*D"(,'*D
T
$%J,-")+-222222,2222228%22222222222222222222222222222222222222).
' ' '"

'"
+-22222222222228%22222222222).
'D'"'"

D'
+-222222222222228%22222).
' D' "'1+

?
'"''
2222+22222222+222222222+222222222#
''''

T D'D'
$%J,-")+-2222222222222222228%(').
' D' "' 1+1+

;
D'D'DD'
('+'
1+1++1+
D'
+'",'
+
C#

T

D
$%J,-")+2222222%'2228%))
' D1+

+'*'"#+ 1-#D'.#+*'"

D

T
$%J,-")+2222222%'222'"1")
' D1+

D
+J
/"%'222'"1")
D1+
#

225
"

>#JC:L
L
5#L L 3

9 D225 # #D
D

5 3
721
)"$- &'().,*# "$"%/ &'$+. .0
!"# "$"%"&'$()*&'+,*( "$"%"&'$+

' +"#$%&'
,*( !-"#$% ),.,/
!"#$% &'
("#$%)*(& !"#$% )

722
' +"#$%&'
,*( !-"#$% ),./,0
!"#$% &'
("#$%)*(& !"#$% )

("$,
%&'(-+)#
"$" .
%&$*-/0-1
! "#
"$" "%&$ '()%&*+)'
"$" "%&$*

&'
0

723
"

D
#

9#
D

L
#L
#
6
1

9

!" #$%
!" &# '#(

724

Digital Signal Processing by Thomas J. Cavicchi - Solution Manuel

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Digital Signal Processing by Thomas J. Cavicchi - Solution Manuel

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Digital Signal Processing

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Note from author to instructors:

 (  ( 3  ( $# % $ ( $#3%$  ( 3$#  ( $&#'

 4  

   (  ( 3 ( 3$6  ( 3$5  ( 3$  ( *

& $5 % 3$&6'$/50  % $5'

& $5 % 3$&6'$/50  % $5'

3$&6'$/50  ( +$&/50 '  ( +6

 ?5 

  A   $

  , 8

 ( 5 5 % &6 65 % 6 65 % 6 6 5 '$

( 6 5 % 6 5 % 65 % 6 5 % 66 6 $  ( 6 6 % 66 $

  

, ?5 ? ( *E ? % %3J6

*E ? % %3J6 ?

%36 ? *E ?

;2  J  

+ J ( J ( 3DB* +

!2$7 !?$7 !2$7

 J/3 % !2$70 ( J % 

 ( J!2$7 ( 2$  

 ( 7$!J ( 7$!J ( .AEF 7

+ ( @@@ ( 66 $ ( 3.D3

( A*.D % *CM3.M*BM.M..AC CBF 9

 % 8 P;2 % .?2 % ? 8 ( #2$

 % 8 P;.?2 % ? 8 ( #2$

( C*$3.AM*BM.M..AC ( ..E $ ( F3F 7 $ ( C*F  

#$&;?' ( 3F3B$&3.AM*BM.M..AC' ( F.C 

 ,3C ( A%*.3C C3C % .3C ( BDAEF

,Q ( .. % *D .C$  % .$

,Q3C ( .A % *D3C .C$3C % B$A

( .%3AC .*B3.%3AAAA ( CDB33

, BDAEF CDB33 3C

8  2,   3C 

Continuous-time input xc(t).

Continuous-time input xc(t-t0), where t0 = 5.

Simulated output yc(t) for inputs xc(t) and xc(t-t0) where t0 = 5.

    

    

 :  

 , 2, 

,(3  )

       9  

Result of continuous-time convolution.

 τ 

+ )  ))    %  ( 3

+    

+5$6&5 36 % 5$6'$

+5$6&5 36 % 5$6'$

+5$6&5 36 % 5$6'$

&5 36 % 5$6'

       

+5$6/5 36 % 5$6 % 3 % .55 30 

/5 36%5$6%3%.55 30  3 % 6

V    #XT -+;J-6W"

5 3 % 6 3$6 5$&6 56'

6 5 3 % 5$6 3 5$/6 5660

6  5 3 % 5$6 &5 36 % 5$6'

  ,

  ( 3   ( 3   ( * 2  ( *

Square-wave generated using "rem" function of Matlab.

( ( 3 ( $# % $ ( $#3%$ ( 3$# ( $&#'

4

( ( 3 ( 3$6 ( 3$5 ( 3$ ( *

& $5 % 3$&6'$/50 % $5'

& $5 % 3$&6'$/50 % $5'

3$&6'$/50 ( +$&/50' ( +6

?5

A $

, 8

( 5 5 % &6 65 % 665 % 66 5'$

( 6 5 % 65 % 65 % 65 % 66 6$ ( 6 6 % 66$

, ?5 ? ( *E ? % %3J6

*E ? % %3J6 ?

%36 ? *E ?

;2 J

+ J ( J ( 3DB* +

!2$7 !?$7 !2$7

J/3 % !2$70 ( J %

( J!2$7 ( 2$

( 7$!J ( 7$!J ( .AEF 7

+ ( @@@ ( 66 $ ( 3.D3

( A.D % CM3.M*BM.M..AC CBF 9

% 8 P;2 % .?2 % ? 8 ( #2$

% 8 P;.?2 % ? 8 ( #2$

( C$3.AMBM.M..AC ( ..E $ ( F3F 7$ ( C*F

#$&;?' ( 3F3B$&3.AM*BM.M..AC' ( F.C

,3C ( A%*.3C C3C % .3C ( BDAEF

,Q ( .. % *D .C$ % .$

,Q3C ( .A % *D3C .C$3C % B$A

( .%3AC .*B3.%3AAAA ( CDB33

, BDAEF CDB33 3C

8 2, 3C

:

, 2,

,(3 )

9

τ

+ ) )) % ( 3

+

+5$6&5 36 % 5$6'$

+5$6&5 36 % 5$6'$

+5$6&5 36 % 5$6'$

&5 36 % 5$6'

+5$6/5 36 % 5$6 % 3 % .55 30

/5 36%5$6%3%.55 30 3 % 6

V #XT -+;J-6W"

5 3 % 6 3$6 5$&6 56'

6 5 3 % 5$6 3 5$/6 5660

6 5 3 % 5$6 &5 36 % 5$6'

,

( 3 ( 3 ( 2 (

4/ 0 ( 4/0 % ( %

, B/, 30 ( A )

, B/, 30 ( A

,% B/,% 30 ( A

, , ( ,

2

3 &( ') . 3$ % 5 &( ') 5%3 &( ')

9 < &* 9 3'

9 3 9%3 & % . 9%A &(') % 9 . 3 &(')

9 3 9%3 & % 9%3 & 9 3 &(')

X 7

EFGC 3 % ACG . ( *ABB

S = 6T; (

'' ))'!

( 3*3 .& A

3 ( $ $ J

( & $ '$

! J V ..G

+%3, *E, 3 ( +

+

%3$ ( &%3$A''$&$A' @@S 3$A R 3 @@S

( "

% 3 % . ( )

+ % % &+$' % &$' % &+$' % &$' ( *

% $ % $ ( % $ % $ (

( $&. ' [ / $&. ' $ 0

: %

(" % M* % M* ( 3 +% ( 3 ( 3$ +

(3" 3 % % M ( *