SPUR GEAR

Gears are toothed members which transmit power between two shafts by
meshing without any slip. Hence, gear drives are also called positive drives. In any
pair of gears, the smaller one is called pinion and the larger one is called gear
immaterial of which is driving the other.

When pinion is the driver, it results in step down drive in which the output
speed decreases and the torque increases. On the other hand, when the gear is the
driver, it results in step up drive in which the output speed increases and the torque
decreases

Spur gears have straight teeth and are parallel to the axis of the wheel.
Spur gears are the most common type of gears. The advantage of spur gears is
their simplicity in design, economy of manufacture and maintenance, and absence
of end thrust. They impose only radial loads on the bearings.
Spur gears are known as slow speed gears. If noise is not a serious design
problem, spur gears can be used at almost any speed.
GEAR TERMINOLOGY

Pitch surface: The surface of the imaginary rolling cylinder (cone, etc.) that
replaces the toothed gear.
Pitch circle: A normal section of the pitch surface.
Addendum circle: A circle bounding the ends of the teeth, in a normal section of
the gear.
Dedendum circle or Root circle: The circle bounding the spaces between the
teeth, in a normal section of the gear.
Addendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the addendum circle
Dedendum: The radial distance between the pitch circle and the root circle.
Clearance: The difference between the Dedendum of one gear and the addendum
of the mating gear.
Face of a tooth: That part of the tooth surface lying outside the pitch surface.
Flank of a tooth: The part of the tooth surface lying inside the pitch surface.
Top land: The top surface of a gear tooth.
Bottom land: The bottom surface of the tooth space.
Circular thickness : The thickness of the tooth measured on the pitch circle. It is
the length of an arc and not the length of a straight line.
Tooth space: The space between successive teeth.
Width of space: The distance between adjacent teeth measured on the pitch circle.
 Backlash: The difference between the tooth thickness of one gear and the tooth
space of the mating gear.

SOCKET SPANNER

There are various types of jaw spanners but certain situations require the
bolts and nuts to be placed in such a position that makes it very difficult, if not
impossible, to open them by using jaw spanners. The types of spanners used in
such a situation are known as box spanners. They are made in such a manner that
they grip the entire head of the nut or the bolt instead of just gripping two faces.
This way it provides for a very strong grip which means that much more force can
be applied to the handle without the danger of the spanner head slipping from the
nut or the bolt to be opened.

Box spanners also come in several form and one such useful variant is a
socket spanner. It is similar in the sense that the socket head of the spanner covers
the nut/bolt completely and the handle is not fixed to the head. However it is
different in that it does not have a Tommy bar type arrangement, but the socket
itself has a projection which is either square shaped or hexagonal shaped. This
projection fits into the appropriately sized cavity on top of the key or the handle
which can be used for the application of force.

SHAFTS
A shaft is a rotating member usually of circular crosssection which is
used to transmit power and rotational motion. Axles are non rotating member.
Elements such as gears, pulleys , flywheels,clutches, and sprockets are mounted
on the shaft andare used to transmit power from the driving device through a
machine.

The rotational force (torque) is transmitted to these elements on the shaft

by press fit, keys, dowel, pins and splines.The shaft rotates on rolling contact or
bush bearings.

BEARING

Bearings are needed whenever one part of a machine slides against

another. Bearings can be classified as providing sliding or rolling contact.Here we
have used the rolling contact bearing.

Rolling contact bearings are often referred to antifriction bearings.

Antifriction bearings, as their name implies, minimize friction by removing any
possible sliding between bearing surfaces and replacing all contacts with rolling
interfaces.

WELDING PROCESS

Gas Metal Arc Welding is frequently referred to as MIG welding.  MIG

welding is a commonly used high deposition rate welding process.  Wire is
continuously fed from a spool.  MIG welding is therefore referred to as a
semiautomatic welding process

MIG welding is an automatic or semi automatic process in which a wire

connected to a source of direct current acts as an electrode joins two pieces of
metal, as it is continuously passed through a welding gun. A flow of an inert gas is
also passed through the welding gun at the same time as the wire electrode. This
inert gas acts as a shield, keeping air borne contaminants away from the weld
zone.

Besides providing the capability to weld non-ferrous metals, MIG welding has
other advantages ,it produces long continuous welds much faster than tradition
welding methods. Since the shielding gas protects the welding arc, MIG welding
produces a clean weld with very little splatter. The versatility of MIG welding
means it can be used with a wide variety of metals and alloys.

CHARACTERISTICS OF METAL USED

Mild Steel

Mild steel is a type of steel alloy, that contains a high amount of carbon
as a major constituent. An alloy is a mixture of metals and non-metals, designed to
have specific properties. Steel is any alloy of iron, consisting of 0.2% to 2.1% of
carbon, as a hardening agent. Besides carbon, there are many metal elements that
are a part of steel alloys. This is what makes steel harder than iron. The ductility,
hardness and mild steel tensile strength is a function of the amount of carbon and
other hardening agents, present in the alloy. The amount of carbon is a deciding
factor, which decides hardness of the steel alloy. A steel alloy with a high carbon
content is mild steel, which is in fact much more harder and stronger than iron.
Though, increased carbon content increases the hardness of the steel alloy, it
causes a decrease in its ductility of the material.

Other than maximum limit of 2 % carbon in the manufacture of carbon

steel, the proportions of manganese (1.65%), copper (0.6%) and silicon (0.6%) are
fixed, while the proportions of cobalt, chromium, niobium, molybdenum, titanium,
nickel, tungsten, vanadium and zirconium are not.

Characteristics of Mild Steel

 High stiffness
 Most carbon steels are easy for machining and to weld.
 Mild steel is the cheapest and most versatile form of steel and serves every
application which requires a bulk amount of steel.
 The high amount of carbon, also makes mild steel vulnerable to rust.
 The ductility, hardness and mild steel tensile strength is a function of the
amount of carbon and other hardening agents, present in the alloy. The
amount of carbon is a deciding factor, which decides hardness of the steel
alloy.