Active Harmonic Filter (AHF) : Shivaji Waghmare

Active Harmonic Filter
(AHF)
Written and Compiled by

Shivaji Waghmare
General Manager - (R & D)
DB POWER ELECTRONICS (P) LTD. Pune
© 2009 DB Power Electronics (P) Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted or stored in any
retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.dbups.com MK-IND-WP-AHF-R2-0909 1
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 3
HARMONIC DISTORTION SOURCES AND EFFECTS ............................................................................. 3
HARMONIC FILTERING AND REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION ....................................................... 3
PASSIVE FILTER ........................................................................................................................... 3
(A) 3-PHASE LINE REACTORS.......................................................................................................... 3
(B) TUNED SINGLE ARM PASSIVE FILTER.......................................................................................... 4
(C) PHASE MULTIPLICATION METHOD ............................................................................................ 4
ACTIVE FILTER ............................................................................................................................ 5
SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER .................................................................................................................... 5
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT FILTERS.............................................................. 6
ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER (AHF) FROM DB .................................................................... 7
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 7
OPERATING PRINCIPLE .................................................................................................................... 7
POWER CIRCUIT .............................................................................................................................. 7
PROTECTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 7
ALARMS AND PARAMETER DISPLAY .................................................................................................. 8
LOCAL ALARMS .............................................................................................................................. 8
INDICATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 8
FEATURES AND SPECIFICATIONS ......................................................................................... 8
FEATURES ....................................................................................................................................... 8
SPECIFICATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 9
TEST RESULT ................................................................................................................................ 9
120 KVA UPS TESTED WITH AHF-150 A....................................................................................... 9
APPLICATION AREAS ............................................................................................................... 10
ACTIVE FILTER SIZING CALCULATOR.............................................................................. 10
INTRODUCTION Harmonic filtering and reactive power
compensation
Harmonic distortion sources and effects Various techniques of improving the input current waveform are
Events over the last several years have focused attention on discussed below. The intent of all techniques is to make the input
certain types of loads on the electrical system that results in current more continuous so as to reduce the overall current
power quality problems for the user and utility alike. Equipment harmonic distortion. The different techniques can be classified
which has become common place in most facilities including into four broad categories;
Computer Power supplies (a) Introduction of Line reactors and / or DC link chokes
Solid state Lighting ballast (b) Passive Filters (Series, Shunt, and Low Pass broad band
filters)
Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs),
(c) Phase Multiplication (12-pulse, 18-pulse rectifier systems)
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)
(d) Active Harmonic Compensation.
are the examples of non-linear loads.
The following paragraphs will briefly discuss the available
Non-linear loads generate voltage and current harmonics which
technologies, their relative advantages and disadvantages. The
can have adverse effects on equipments, designed for operation
term 3-phase Line Reactor or just Reactor is used in the
as linear loads (i.e. Loads designed to operate on a sinusoidal
following paragraphs to denote 3-phase line inductors.
waveform of 50 or 60 Hz.).
Effects of Non-linear load
PASSIVE FILTER
Higher heating losses in the Transformers.
Harmonics can have a detrimental effect on emergency (a) 3-Phase Line Reactors
generators, telephones and other sensitive electrical equipments. Line reactors offer significant magnitudes of inductance, which
can alter the way that current is drawn by a non-linear load such
When reactive power compensation (in the form of passive
as an input rectifier bridge. The reactor makes the current
power factor improving capacitors) is used with non-linear loads,
waveform less discontinuous resulting in lower current
resonance conditions can occur that may result in even higher
harmonics. Since the reactor impedance increases with fre-
levels of harmonic voltage and current distortion, thereby
quency, it offers larger impedance to the flow of higher order
causing equipment failure, disruption of power service, and fire
harmonic currents. It is thus instrumental in impeding higher
hazards in extreme conditions.
frequency current components while allowing the fundamental
The electrical environment has absorbed most of these problems frequency component to pass through with relative ease.
in the past. However, the problem has now reached a magnitude
On knowing the input reactance value, one can estimate the
where Europe, the US, and other countries have proposed
expected current harmonic distortion. A table illustrating the
standards to responsibly engineer systems considering the
expected input current harmonics for various amounts of input
electrical environment. IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 555 have
reactance is shown in table below.
evolved to become a common requirement cited when specifying
equipment on newly engineered projects. The broad band Input reactance is determined by the accumulated impedance of
harmonic filter was designed in part, to meet these the AC reactor, DC link choke (if used), input transformer and
specifications. The present IEEE 519-1992 document establishes cable impedance. To maximize the input reactance while
acceptable levels of harmonics (voltage and current) that can be minimizing AC voltage drop, one can combine the use of both
introduced into the incoming feeders by commercial and AC input reactors and DC link chokes. One can approximate the
industrial users. Where there may have been little cooperation total effective reactance and view the expected harmonic current
previously from manufacturers to meet such specifications, the distortion from the above chart. The effective impedance value
adoption of IEEE 519-1992 and other similar world standards in % is based on the actual loading as derived below;
now attract the attention of everyone.
Percent Harmonics vs. Total Line Impedance
Harmonic 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
5th 40 34 32 30 28 26 24 23
7th 16 13 12 11 10 9 8.3 7.5
11th 7.3 6.3 5.8 5.2 5 4.3 4.2 4
13th 4.9 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.15 3 2.8
17th 3 2.4 2.2 2.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.4
19th 2.2 2 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.25 0.2
%THID 44.13 37.31 34.96 32.65 30.35 28.04 25.92 24.68
(b) Tuned single arm passive filter (c) Phase Multiplication Method
The principle of a tuned arm passive filter is shown in Figure 1. By increasing pulse, numbers of harmonics in the line current
A tuned arm passive filter should be applied at the single lowest can be reduced.
harmonic component where there is significant harmonic
generation in the system. For systems that mostly supply an 6-pulse rectifier without inductor
industrial load this would probably be the fifth harmonic. Above
Manufacturing cost 100%
the tuned frequency the harmonics are absorbed but below that
frequency they may be amplified. Typical harmonic current components.
Fundamental 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th
100% 63% 54% 10% 6,1% 6,7% 4,8%
6-pulse rectifier with inductor

Figure 1 - Tuned single arm passive filter. Manufacturing cost 120%. AC or DC choke added.
Typical harmonic current components.
Detuned - Single tuning frequency
Above tuned frequency harmonics absorbed
Below tuned frequency harmonics may be amplified
100% 30% 12% 8.9% 5.6% 4.4% 4.1%
Harmonic reduction limited by possible over compensation at
the supply frequency and network itself
This kind of filter consists of an inductor in series with a
capacitor bank and the best location for the passive filter is close
to the harmonic generating loads. This solution is not normally
used for new installations.
Tuned multiple arm passive filter

The principle of this filter is shown in Figure 2 This filter has
several arms tuned to two or more of the harmonic components,
which should be the lowest significant harmonic frequencies in
the system. The multiple filter has better harmonic absorption
than the one arm system.
Figure 3
12-pulse with double wound transformer

Typical harmonic current components.
Figure 2 - Tuned multiple arm passive filter.

Capacitive below tuned frequency/Inductive above 100% 3.6% 2.6% 7.5% 5.2% 1.2% 1.3%
Better harmonic absorption

Design consideration to amplification harmonics by filter
Limited by KVAr and network
The multiple arm passive filters are often used for large DC
drive installations where a dedicated transformer is supplying the
whole installation.
Shunt Active filter
Fundamental only idistortion

Supply
Load
icompensation
Active
Filter
Figure 5 - External active filter principle diagram.
The active filter compensates the harmonics generated by

Figure 4 nonlinear loads by generating the same harmonic components in
24-pulse rectifier opposite phase as shown in Figure 6. External active filters are
Typical harmonic current components. most suited to multiple small drives. They are relatively
expensive compared to other methods.
ACTIVE FILTER
Waveforms
A passive tuned filter introduces new resonances that can cause
additional harmonic problems. New power electronics
+
Clean
Load Active filter
Feeder
technologies are resulting in products that can control harmonic current current
current
distortion with active control. These active filters, see Figure 5,
Harmonics
provide compensation for harmonic components on the utility
system based on existing harmonic generation at any given
moment in time.
Figure 6
There are different types of active filter configurations.

Series active filter
Shunt active filter
Hybrid active filter.
Active front end IGBT based PWM rectifier
Most popular is Shunt Active filter.
Comparative Study of Different Filters
Parameters Capacitor filter Tuned filter Active filter

IGBT based digitally
Type Passive Passive
controlled
Compensates PF and
Compensates Harmonic Multiple
Only compensates power Harmonics. One filter can
Compensation tuned filters are required, one for
factor compensate multiple
each harmonic
harmonics simultaneously
Performance varies over Performance remains
Not suitable in case of frequency variation and variation constant over frequency
Suitability more voltage distortion and in voltage distortion. and voltage variation.
current distortion Performance is dependent on load Suitable in any type of
level environment
Possibility of resonance. Possibility of resonance if tuned No possibility of
Resonance This results in premature at higher frequency. Performance resonance. Stable
failure of capacitor. depends on source impedance operation
Light weight. Size does
Bulky in size when multiple not change even if
Size and weight Bulky in size
harmonics are to be compensated required to compensate
more harmonics
Longer life, since

Limited life in case of more
More life as compared to performance remains
Life voltage and current
capacitor filter constant and resonance is
harmonics
avoided
Initial cost is more as

Costlier as compared to capacitor
Cost Cheap compared to both the
filter
filters
No capacitive PF at no
Imposes leading PF at
load. Smooth PF
Imposes capacitive PF fundamental frequency. So not
compensation. No problem
when load is reduced. suitable for generator source.
No load condition to Generator source.
Contactors are required to Compensated filter is required for
Performance remains
compensate for leading pf. generator. Performance is tuned
constant over load
at full load
variation
Same filter can be used to
3rd harmonic
Not possible Becomes very bulky compensate 3rd harmonic
compensation
without increasing the size
Stability through software.
Selectivity And Cost vs. performance is
Physical components are required
harmonic No selectivity easily possible. This
to be changed
Compensation makes it more cost
effective and flexible
More units can be added

Possible by adding more Redesigning is required for
Capacity increase later on for increasing
capacitor change of load.
capacity
To take of resonance Breakers and fuses must be added

problem, lot of fuses must per tuned filter. Also transient Only one set of Breakers
Safety be used. Also resonance voltage absorbers must be used to and fuses are required for
causes failure of other avoid of other circuitry in case of all harmonics
sensitive circuits resonance
Power loss Low loss More loss Moderate losses
Active Harmonic Filter (AHF ) from DB Load balancing
Active filter can be used to balance loads between three phases
Introduction in case of unbalance load.
This filter works in shunt with the load. Due to this it is easier to
add it in the existing setup, even without taking load shutdown. Selectivity
Also it facilitates to use it at the source end with higher currents User can select whether to compensate both harmonics and PF or
and lower harmonics. to compensate either harmonics or power factor (Displacement
It is based on 32 bit DSP with full digital control. Digital control factor).
makes it more stable, easy upgradeable, more flexible and no
variation or degradation of performance over a long period of Power Circuit
operation. Total operational technology can be changed without It is based on High speed IGBT working at higher switching
changing any hardware component. frequencies. Due to which the required inductor value is reduced.
This helps in making corrections even at higher input voltages
without increasing DC operating voltages. Also it helps to
reduce losses in IGBT.
Optimized switching performance of IGBT inverter helps to
reduce EMI noise as well as improve efficiency of the inverter.
Figure 7
Operating principle
It is based on source current harmonic sensing. Source current is
Figure 8 - Single Line Diagram for AHF
fed to high speed AD converter of DSP. Source current
harmonics are extracted by the DSP. These harmonics are
Protections
injected to the load by the filter. This in turn takes only
AHF is protected against
fundamental harmonic current from the mains.
Slow protection and
Harmonic compensation Fast Protection
Selective harmonic elimination method helps it to use it cost
effectively. Compromise in cost and performance can be easily Slow protection
achieved. These can be set on field easily either by the trained It is for slow variations in input voltages and load. This is done
user or DB service engineer with the help of configuration by sensing RMS values of load currents and input voltages. Each
software working on PC. Non-zero sequence 3rd to 31st input phase voltage is sensed independently and if, any phase
Harmonics (i.e. 5th ,7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 23rd, 25th, 29th voltage is out of limit, AHF is automatically isolated from input.
& 31st) can be easily selected for their compensation. Also
Programmable harmonic reduction is possible. Overload and over temperature
Reactive compensation Filter RMS load current and Heat sink temperature of IGBT is
continuously monitored. At any instant the filter load or IGBT
Along with harmonic compensation AHF can compensate for
temperature is exceeded than its preset level, current limit is
lagging or leading power factor. This compensation is also
automatically reduced. This prevents tripping of the filter due to
programmable. User can have precise required PF correction set
overload or over temperature. It keeps filter running at reduced
as per his requirement. This also helps in compromising cost vs
capacity level (10% capacity reduction). This can happen in the
performance. User can have PF compensation up to 0.95 or more
event of elevated ambient temperature.
to reduce required capacity of Active filter. PF up to unity is
possible from 0.6 lag to 0.6 lead.
Fast acting protections Local Alarms
These are achieved by using; A user friendly LCD display, along with Keypad is used locally
to indicate parameters, alarms and faults. Following alarms are
1. High speed semiconductor fuses
provided on LCD;
2. High speed protection to IGBTs. 1. Wrong Phase sequence 8. Over load
High speed mains abnormal sensing, which includes phase 2. External Inhibit 9. Over Temperature
3. Fast DCOV 10. Over Current
reversal and negative sequence component sensing in the input
4. Rph CTFB Wrong 11. No Sync
voltage. Filter will immediately isolate form mains and again 5. Yph CTFB Wrong 12. Mains Abnormal
reconnect automatically after sensing confirming mains 6. Bph CTFB Wrong 13. DC Under Voltage
healthiness. This requires no manual intervention. 7. DC Overvoltage 14. Filter Trip
Dual levels with different delays DC Over voltage protection External Inhibit. (Includes filter off due to hardware protections
with hardware and software. and ON/OFF switch operation).
300% over current protection for IGBT. (Redundant protections)

Indications
It is ensured that IGBT is protected against all severe operating
Following LED indications are provided on the display.
conditions.
1. Ok (Filter running)
FMECA statistical techniques are used for these protections.
2. Alarm
Appropriate alarm is provided for all Faults and Alarms
conditions. 3. Warning
Remote alarms
Alarms and Parameter Display
Voltage free contacts are provided for
1. Filter running
2. Fault
Monitoring of filter through PC is possible by

1. MODBUS & EDAPC-MON connectivity
2. Monitoring through SNMP and web browser LIFENET
(optional features)
Features and Specifications

Figure 9 - Front Panel LCD Display on AHF Features
Remote as well as local alarms are provided for getting the status Synchronous Rotating Reference Frame principle
32 bit, DSP control
of AHF
Employees high speed IGBTs in power circuit
Following parameters are displayed locally as well as remotely; Internal CAN Communication
1. Status 11. No.of failures Closed loop active filter with source current sensing
2. ID 12. Total Filter ON Time High attenuation up to 96 % of individual harmonics
3. Input Voltage 13. Alarm log Programmable selective harmonic elimination
4. Input Voltage Waveform 14. Power Factor PF compensation, leading as well as lagging
5. Input Voltage FFT 15. DC Bus Voltage Load Balancing
6. Input Current 16. Filter Load % Required PF can be set from 0.7 to unity
7. Input current Waveform 17. Mains Frequency Selection between PF and harmonic compensation
8. Input current FFT 18. Heat Sink Temperature Remote monitoring and diagnosis
9. Input Power (KW) 19. Date & Time Self current limiting, under overloading condition
10. Input Power (KVA) Automatic current limit modification with respect to
ambient temperature
Alarm log with date and time stamp for fault diagnosis
Specifications B. Only Harmonic Correction
3 phase / 3 wire non-zero sequence compensation
Input Current 146 A
Parameter Swan+ 60 Swan+ 100 Swan+150 Swan+ 300
Input Voltage 400 V, 3 Ph +10%, -15%, 50 Hz VTHD 3.7 %
range (60 Hz optional) PF 0.92
Input
Frequency 45 to 55 Hz (for 50 Hz) DAPC Current 48 A
range
Capacity 60 A 100 A 150 A 300 A Voltage 221 V
Non-zero sequence 3 rd to 31st harmonic ITHD 4.0 %
Harmonic
compensation.
Filtering
Attenuation ratio up to 96% Power 93 kW
Power loss in
< 2200 w < 3600 w < 5100 w < 7200 w
filter
IP 40
IP Protection
(IP41 optional)
800 x 600 800 x 600 x 800 x 600 x 1200 x 900
Dimensions
x 1000 1600 1600 x 1600
(mm) (WxDxH)
+150 P +150 P +150 P + 150 P
Weight in kg. 150 285 285 600
Colour Hawells Gray (RAL 7035)
Floor mounting. Cable Entry from bottom
Installation
(Top Entry - Optional)
Ambient Temp. 0 to 40 °C
Humidity Up to 90 % RH (non condensing)
Remote monitoring through EDAPC-MON,
Optional
MODBUS, SNMP, Web browser & LIFENET
Figure 11
Meets IEEE 519 for compensated harmonics
Standards IEC / EN 62040-2 : Category C3
EN 50178 C. PF + Harmonic Correction
Potential free
Filter running and Fault
contacts
Input Current 135 A
TEST RESULT VTHD 2.2 %

PF 1.00
120 kVA UPS Tested with AHF 150 A
AF Bridge 95 A
A. Without Active Filter
Voltage 223V
Input Current 164 A
ITHD 3.9 %
VTHD 4.8 %
Power 93 kW
PF 0.87
Voltage 217 V
ITHD 27.4 %
Power 93 kW
Figure 12
Figure 10
Application areas Active Filter Sizing Calculator
1. At the Input side of Rectifier, AC Drive, UPS
Harmonic & PF compensation
Figure 13
Figure 16
2. PF Compensation
Active Filter Sizing is a tool developed to find the required size

of the AHF.
The data gathered at the site, where the AHF is required to be
installed, need to be inserted in to appropriate fields of Active
Filter Sizing calculator. It will then size the AHF and its output
characteristic will also be displayed.
Following are the details for the Active Filter Sizing Calculator :
Load Current - Here enter the per phase current in Amp of the
Load.
ITHD % - Enter the Current Total Harmonic Distortion
Figure 14 measured on the load side.
KW – Calculate the total power in KW, consumed by the load.
3. At the source input
PF – The Load power factor.
Nom Volt Ph to Ph – Enter the Phase-to-Phase voltage.
After entering all this data, please check what type of Power
Factor compensation is required at the site. Though Unity is
always better, the cost implication for achieving it needs to be
considered. Click the radio button for the percentage required.
(in the above example it is clicked at 50%)
Now press calculate button to get the following results;
Output Effective Power factor
Output Filter Current
Figure 15
The “filter current” field is the required size of the AHF.

Active Harmonic Filter (AHF) : Shivaji Waghmare

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Active Harmonic Filter

Written and Compiled by

Percent Harmonics vs. Total Line Impedance

Fundamental 5th 7th 11th 13th 17th 19th

100% 63% 54% 10% 6,1% 6,7% 4,8%

6-pulse rectifier with inductor

Tuned multiple arm passive filter

12-pulse with double wound transformer

Figure 2 - Tuned multiple arm passive filter.

Better harmonic absorption

Fundamental only idistortion

Figure 5 - External active filter principle diagram.

The active filter compensates the harmonics generated by

There are different types of active filter configurations.

Parameters Capacitor filter Tuned filter Active filter

Longer life, since

Initial cost is more as

More units can be added

To take of resonance Breakers and fuses must be added

300% over current protection for IGBT. (Redundant protections)

Monitoring of filter through PC is possible by

Features and Specifications

TEST RESULT VTHD 2.2 %

1. At the Input side of Rectifier, AC Drive, UPS

Harmonic & PF compensation

Active Filter Sizing is a tool developed to find the required size

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