WAWASAN OPEN UNIVERSITY CITATION GUIDE FOR STUDENTS

1. Introduction

Our aim in producing this reference document is to provide basic guidelines

and examples for citing or referencing in the Chicago style. It covers most
resources you will use in preparing your assignments such as books, journal
articles, Internet sources, electronic resources and non-book formats. If you
have questions about how to cite sources other than those illustrated here,
consult the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2003) available at WOU Main Library, under the call number
Z253.U58 2003.

2. Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual is an international authoritative guide to publication

standards and style. It is widely used by those in the publication industry. It
deals with all aspects of preparing and editing book manuscripts i.e. from
American English grammar and usage to document preparation. First
published in 1906 by the University of Chicago Press, it was then one of the
few style guides available. Today, there is a proliferation of citation style
guides for writers, editors and publishers of various disciplines such as
Modern Language Association (MLA) Style Manual, the American
Psychological Association Style Book, Harvard Style, Vancouver Style and
the Columbia Style Book.

Wawasan Open University uses the Chicago Manual as its primary style
guide for preparing and editing its publication. The manual is also used as
reference guide for determining the University referencing style. The citation
examples listed in the Wawasan Open University Citation Guide are based
on the principles presented in the Chicago Manual.

3. The need for referencing

When you write an assignment, it is important that you acknowledge the

source of ideas or information that you have used or mentioned in your
work. Please do not use someone’s words or ideas as though they were
your own. Ethics of research require you to cite the source of work,
regardless of whether you have paraphrase, summarise or refer to it. Failure
to do so will mean you have committed plagiarism– a serious academic
offence that may cause you to fail your assignment and even dismissal from
the University. To avoid it, follow the conventions for correct
citing/referencing as determined by the University.

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 When you are doing background reading for your assignment, remember to
keep careful notes of your sources, including all the bibliographic
information. The notes will come in handy when you need to compile your
reference list/ bibliography.

4. Format for References

The Chicago Manual of Style allows you to use two different types of
reference styles i.e. author-date system and the notes and bibliography
system. WOU students are advised to follow the former.

4.1 Author-Date System

Generally used by writers in the physical, natural, and social sciences.
Under this system, the source can be either cited in the text, usually in
parenthesis (round brackets), by the author’s last name, publication date
and page if needed or the source can be placed at the end of the sentence,
also in parenthesis. In text referencing should always be short because it is
interrupting the text.

Example: In another experiment (Cheeseman 2006), he used personal

canvassing, telephone calls, and direct mail to urge people to vote.

The full details of the source are given in the References page at the end of
the document. Similar citation style is used for all types of sources i.e.
books, journal articles, Internet and other web resources.

Example:
Cheeseman, Henry R. 2006. Essentials of business and online commerce
law. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.

Print documents
To document a book, the following details should be provided:-

Author, A., and B. Author, eds. Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of
publication: Name of Publisher.

Examples

Type Citation in text Reference List

Book – (Consumer Consumers’ Association of Penang.

single Association of 1986. Drugs and the Third World:
author Penang 1986, aminophenazone and dipyrone :
11) hazards and marketing practices.
Penang: CAP.

2
 (Neuman 2006) Neuman, W. L. 2006. Social research
methods: qualitative and
quantitative approaches. 6th ed.
Boston: Pearson.

Book – more (Dubofsky and Dubofsky, D.A. and T. W. Miller, eds.

than one Miller 2003) 2003. Derivatives: valuation and
author or risk management. New York:
editors Oxford University Press.

No author (Kamus Dewan Kamus Dewan. 2002. 2nd ed. Kuala

2002) Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.

No date of (Al-Arabi n.d.) Al-Arabi, A. B. n.d. Ahkam al-Quran.

publication Cairo: Maktabah al-Azhariyyah.

Translation (Shui 1973) Shui, C. T. 1973. Li Po and Tu Fu:

poems selected and translated
with an introduction and notes.
Trans. M. Malcolm.
Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin
Books.

Multivolume (Stewart and Stewart, M. and D. B. Williams. 1987.

work Williams 1987) Urbanism and urbanization. 4
vols. New York: Cambridge.

Theses or (Syn 1999) Syn, S. C. 1999. The progress of

dissertation education in Malaysia after
independence, Ph. D diss.,
Universiti Malaya.

Note: The title of an unpublished

document is not italised.

Conference (Bujang and Bujang, B. K. H. and Husaini Omar.

Husaini 2002) Eds. 2002. Proceedings of 2nd
GEGEM Research Seminar, July
2-4, 2003. Serdang: Penerbit
UPM.

Organisation (Telekom 2003) Telekom Malaysia Berhad. 2003.

Laporan tahunan 2001. Kuala
Lumpur: Telekom Malaysia
Berhad.

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 Government (Kementerian Malaysia. Kementerian Kesihatan.
publication Kesihatan 1996) 1996. Malaysia’s health:
technical report of the Director-
General of Health, Malaysia.
KKM/Research Report/04/96.
Malaysia: Kementerian
Kesihatan.

Parts of a Book
This refers to chapters or parts of edited work in which the parts have
individual title and author(s), but are included in collections edited by others.
To document parts of a book, the following details should be provided:-

Author of Part, A. Year. Title of chapter or part. In Title: Subtitle of Book,

Edition, A. Editor & B. Editor, inclusive page numbers. Place of Publication:
Publisher.

Examples

Type Citation in text Reference list

Article or (Rasiah 2004) Rasiah, R. 2004. Explaining growth,

chapter in poverty and distribution in
a book Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.
In Globalisation Culture &
Inequalities, edited by Abdul
Rahman Embong, 145-166. Bangi:
UKM Press.

Conference (Sahibin 2002) Sahibin Abdul Rahim. 2002. Rational

or seminar soil management in the humid
paper tropics. In Proceedings of the 12th
Annual Conference of the Asian
Society of Soil Scientists, 2002,
15-21, edited by Santokh Singh
and Johann Singhaseri. Kuala
Lumpur: Pelanduk.

Journal articles
To document journal articles, the following details should be provided:-

Article Author, A., and B. Article Author. Year. Title of Article. Title of Journal
volume number (issue number): inclusive page numbers.

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Examples

Type Citation in text Reference list

Journal (James and Ma James. S. and Y. Ma. 2003. The

article 2003) behavior of financial analysts
during the Asian financial crisis in
Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and
Thailand. Pacific –Basin Finance
Journal 9: 233-263.

Anonymous (Anon 2004) Anon. Biotechecnology research at

article the crossroad. 2004. Education
(Unknown Note: Generally Issues 55(8): 34-36
author) to be avoided
unless the article
is signed
Anonymous or if
you need to
group several
anonymous work
in a reference list.

Newspaper (Emmanuel Emmanuel, J. Heritage buildings to

article 2005) house varsity. New Straits Times.
March 19: 30-31

Electronic Documents
This covers Internet sites, e-mails, and electronic journal or book retrieved
from one of the full-text databases subscribed by WOU library.

To document an electronic resource, the following details should be

provided:-

Article Author’s name. Date of publication or last revision. Title of complete

work. URL. Date of access (in parentheses).

Examples

Type Citation in text Reference list

E- books (Sanchez and Sanchez, J. and M. P. Canton. 2002.

Canton 2002) Java programming for engineers.
Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press.
Netlibrary e- book.

5
 (Matthew 2006)
Matthew, H. ed. 2006. Introducing
information management: the
business approach. Amsterdam:
Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Ebrary e-book.

Commonwealth of Learning. 2005.

Creating learning materials for
open and distance learning: a
handbook for authors and
instructional designers.
Vancouver: COL.
http://www.col.org/colweb/webdav
/site/myjahiasite/shared/docs/
(accessed December 2, 2006).
E-journal (Selvarajan 2006) Selvarajan, T. T. 2006. A cognitive
from full- processing model for assessing
text ethical behaviour of employees.
database Journal of American Academy of
Business 9(1): 86-92. EbscoHost.
http://web.ebscohost.com.neptune
. (accessed December 1, 2006).
(Desharnais et al.
2006) Desharnais, J., M. Bernhard and G.
Struth. Kleene algebra with
domain. ACM Transactions on
Computational Logic 7(4): 798-
833. ACM Digital Library
http://portal.acm.org. (accessed
June 14, 2006).

Journal (Jacobs 1996) Jacobs, J. A. 1996. Gender inequality

article from and higher education. Annual
the Internet Review of Sociology 22: 3+.
http://www.questia.com.
(accessed November 22, 2006)

Newspaper (Sario 2006) Sario, R. 2006. Sabah tourism players

article from not happy with sales tax plan. The
Internet Star, December 1.
http://biz.thestar.com.my/news.
(accessed December 1, 2006)

Newspaper (Ganesan 2006) Ganesan, V. 2006. Tesco to take over

article from Makro stores in Malaysia. The

6
full text New Straits Times, December 1.
database E-Media.
http://www.btimes.com.my/Current
_News. (accessed December 1,
2006)

Internet
document

Whole (Ministry of Malaysia. Ministry of Human

Internet Human Resources. 2003. Combating
site Resources 2003) unemployment: the Malaysian
experience.
http://www.mohr.gov.my/mygoveg
/
No author (Tutor and tutorial (accessed October 18, 2006)
support 2006)
Tutor and tutorial support. 2006.
Wawasan Open University
Registry.
Governme (Ministry of http://www.wou.edu.my/study_lstut
nt Higher Education or.aspx (assessed November 28,
publication 2006) 2006)

Malaysia. Ministry of Higher

Education. 2006. Report by the
Committee to study, review and
make recommendations
concerning the development and
direction of higher education in
Malaysia.
http://portal.acm.org.neptune.wou.
edu.my/dl.cfm?coll=portal&dl=AC
M&CFID=8060441&CFTOKEN=1
1556764. (accessed July 19,
2006)

FTP site (Mathews 2005) Mathews, J.2005. Numerical methods

for Mathematics, Science, and
Engineering. Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Prentice Hall.
ftp://ftp.ntua.gr/pub/netlib/textbook
/index.html (December 15, 2006).

7
 E-mail (Kong 2006) Kong, T. C. 2006. Lecture notes on
logistics management. 29 October
2006, personal e-mail (accessed
December 8, 2006).

Non-Book Formats
To document journal articles, the following details should be provided.

Performer or Presenter, A. Year. Title: Subtitle. Format. Special credits.

Place of recording: Publisher, Date of recording.

Examples

Type Citation in text Reference list

Interview (Abdullah 2006) Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. 2006.

Interview by Allan Waruthers. BBC
Evening News. British
Broadcasting Corporation, 24
August 2005.

Video (Wawasan Open Wawasan Open University. 2006.

recording University 2006) Increasing access to higher
learning. Video recording.
Produced by Allan Poong.
Penang: WOU.

Television (Zamri 2006) Zamri Ahmad. 2006. Learning made

programme easier. Television programme.
Kuala Lumpur: TV 2, 15
December.

Microform (Miller 1994) Miller, C. M. 1994. Mobilize your

business. In PC Magazine.
Microfiche. Tokyo: Comp
Communications.

CD-ROMs (Terry and Giugni Terry, A. and D. Giugni. 2006.

or DVD- 2006) Business & the law. 4th ed. CD-
ROMs ROM. Melbourne: Thomson.

8
Reference List

The reference list will look like the following:-

References

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Interview by Allan Waruthers, BBC Evening News.

British Broadcasting Corporation, 24 August 2005.

Al-Arabi, A. B. N.d. Ahkam al-Quran. Cairo: Maktabah al-Azhariyyah.

Anon. Biotechecnology research at the crossroad. 2004. Education Issues

55(8): 34-36.

Bujang, B. K. H. and Husaini Omar. Eds. 2002. Proceedings of 2nd GEGEM

Research Seminar, July 2-4, 2003. Serdang: Penerbit UPM.

Commonwealth of Learning. 2005. Creating learning materials for open and

distance learning: a handbook for authors and instructional designers.
Vancouver: COL. http://www.col.org/colweb/webdav/site/myjahiasite/
(accessed December 2, 2006).

Consumers’ Association of Penang. 1986. Drugs and the Third World:

aminophenazone and dipyrone: hazards and marketing practices.
Penang: CAP.

Desharnais, J., M. Bernhard and G. Struth. Kleene algebra with domain.

ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 7(4): 798-833. ACM Digital
Library. http://portal.acm.org. (accessed June 14, 2006).

Dubofsky, D.A. and T. W. Miller, eds. 2003. Derivatives: valuation and risk
management. New York: Oxford University Press.

Emmanuel, J. Heritage buildings to house varsity. New Straits Times. March

19: 30-31.

Ganesan, V. 2006. Tesco to take over Makro stores in Malaysia. The New
Straits Times, December 1. E-Media.
http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News. (Accessed Dec 1, 2006).

Jacobs, J. A. 1996. Gender inequality and higher education. Annual Review

of Sociology 22: 3+. http://www.questia.com. (accessed November 22,
2006).

9
James. S. and Y. Ma. 2003. The behavior of financial analysts during the
Asian financial crisis in Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Pacific
–Basin Finance Journal 9: 233-263.

Kamus dwibahasa. 2002. 2nd ed. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.

Malaysia. Kementerian Kesihatan. 1996. Malaysia’s health : technical report

of the Director-General of Health, Malaysia. KKM/Research
Report/04/96. Malaysia: Ministry of Health.

Malaysia. Ministry of Higher Education. 2006. Report by the Committee to

study, review and make recommendations concerning the development
and direction of higher education in Malaysia.
http://portal.acm.org.neptune.wou.edu.my/dl.cfm?coll=portal&dl=ACM&C
FID=8060441&CFTOKEN=11556764. (accessed July 19, 2006).

Malaysia. Ministry of Human Resources. 2003. Combating unemployment:

the Malaysian experience. http://www.mohr.gov.my/mygoveg/.
(accessed October 18, 2006).

Matthew, H. ed. 2006. Introducing information management: the business

approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Ebrary e-book.

Miller, C. M. 1994. Mobilize your business. In PC Magazine. Microfiche.

Tokyo: Comp Communications.

Neuman, W. L. 2006. Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative

approaches. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson.

Rasiah, R.2004. Explaining growth, poverty and distribution in Indonesia,

Malaysia and Thailand. In Globalisation culture & inequalities, edited by
Abdul Rahman Embong, 145-166. Bangi: UKM Press.

Sahibin Abdul Rahim. 2002. Rational soil management in the humid tropics.
In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Asian Society of
Soil Scientists, 2002, 15-21, edited by Santokh Singh and Johann
Singhaseri. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk.

Sanchez, J. and M. P. Canton. 2002. Java programming for engineers.

Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. Netlibrary e- book.

Sario, R. 2006. Sabah tourism players not happy with sales tax plan. The
Star, Dec 1. http://biz.thestar.com.my/news. (accessed December1,
2006).

10
 Selvarajan, T. T. 2006. A cognitive processing model for assessing ethical
behaviour of employees. Journal of American Academy of Business
9(1): 86-92. EbscoHost. http://web.ebscohost.com.neptune. (accessed
December 1, 2006.

Shui, C. T. 1973. Li Po and Tu Fu: poems selected and translated with an

introduction and notes. Trans. M. Malcolm. Harmondsworth, Eng. :
Penguin Books.

Stewart, M. and D. B. Williams. 1987. Urbanism and urbanization. 4 vols.

New York: Cambridge.

Syn, S. C. 1999. The progress of education in Malaysia after independence,

Ph. D diss., Universiti Malaya.

Telekom Malaysia Berhad. 2003. Laporan tahunan 2001. Kuala Lumpur:

Telekom Malaysia Berhad.

Terry, A. and D. Giugni. Business & the law. 2006. 4th ed. CD-ROM.
Melbourne: Thomson.

Tutor and tutorial support. 2006. Wawasan Open University Registry.

http://www.wou.edu.my/study_ls_tutor.aspx (assessed November 28,
2006).

Wawasan Open University. 2006. Increasing access to higher learning.

Videorecording. Produced by Allan Poong. Penang: WOU.

Zamri Ahmad. 2006. Learning made easier. Television programme. Kuala

Lumpur: TV 2, 15 December.

5. Abbreviations

You may used the standard abbreviations listed below in your citations.
Refer to the Chicago Manual, pages 571-577 for more examples.

Abbreviations Terms
abbr. abbreviated, -ion
act. active
app. appendix
bibliog. bibliography, -er, -ical
biog. biography, -er, -ical
bk. book
chap. chapter
comp. compiler

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 dept. department
div. division
ed. editor (pl. eds.), edition, edited by
et al. et alii, and others
fol. folio
ibid Ibidem, in the same place
id Idem, the same
inst. institute, institution
irreg. irregular
loc. cit loco citato, in the place cited
mimeo mimeograph, -ed
n.d. no date
no. number
n.p. no place; no publisher; no page
p. page
pt. part
quar., quart quarter, quarterly
repr. reprint
rev. review, revised, revision
s.a. sine anno, without year
ser. series
supp. or suppl. supplement
s.v. sub verbo, sub voce, under the word
trans. translated by, translator (s)
vol. volume
yr year

6. Writing and Research Guides

Beside the Chicago Manual of Style, you may also consult the following
writing and research guides available at the Main Library.

i. American Psychological Association. 2005. Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington: American
Psychological Association. (Call number BF76.7. P976 2001 Reference))

ii. Fisher, C. 2004. Researching and writing a dissertation for business

students. Essex: Pearson Education. (Call number LB2369. F 528 2004)

iii. Gibaldi, J. 2003. MLA handbook for writers of research papers. 6th ed.
New York: Modern Language Association of America. (Call number
LB2369. G437 2003)

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 iv. Houghton, P. M., T. J. Houghton and M. F. Peters. 2005. APA: the easy
way! A quick and simplified guide to the APA writing style. Flint, Mich.:
Baker College, 2005. (Call number BF76.7. H835 2005)

v. Turabian, K. L. 1996. A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and

dissertations. 6th ed. Revised by John Grossman and Alice Bennett.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Call number LB2369.T929 1996)

7. Bibliographic Management Software

There are a number of software available in the market that you can use for
storing and cross linking your references and notes, and for generating
specific bibliographies. The software varies in terms of costs, features and
platform used. The University has no preference for any particular software
but some of the popular ones are:-

i. EndNote

ii. ProCite for Windows and Macintosh – The latest version i.e. version 5 is
available at the WOU Main Library. See the Reference Librarian if you need
to use the software.

iii. Reference Manager

iv. LibraryMaster

v. Papyrus – Free download at http://www.researchsoftwaredesign.com/

Ask the Library for help when in doubt and in need. Assistance can be
provided both in-person or online.

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