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  • 02b - Ch12-The Mongol Invasions

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    Anthony Valentin
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    The rapidity and extent of Mongol conquests was amazing. Clearly there must be an explanation for such military prowess, particularly from a people who traditionally lived in divided tribal groups. For our purposes, we will occupy ourselves with discussions centered on three pivotal topics as they relate to the focus question. First, the Mongols and the Central Asian nomads of the steppes were unified for the first time. Second, the Mongolian lifestyle consisted of many activities and skills that had direct military applications. Thirdly, opponents, like the Khwarezmid Empire and Europeans, failed to counter Mongol military tactics with innovative tactics of their own. Politically, these two targets of Mongol expansion were fragmenting at the time when Mongols were unifying. The unique circumstances of the birth and growth of the Mongol Empire did not preclude it, however, from suffering age-old afflictions. Local Mongol leaders increasingly reflected the culture and values of the peoples they ruled. Therefore, distinctions between Mongol controlled regions contributed to divisions within the empire. Like the Greco-Macedonian and Roman Empires, the Mongol Empire suffered from political intrigue, corruption and challenges to its central authority. Like its predecessors, the Mongol Empire shattered into smaller, independent Khanates.

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    02b_Ch12-The Mongol Invasions

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    The rapidity and extent of Mongol conquests was amazing. Clearly there must be an explanation for such military prowess, particularly from a people who traditionally lived in divided tribal groups. For our purposes, we will occupy ourselves with discussions centered on three pivotal topics as they relate to the focus question. First, the Mongols and the Central Asian nomads of the steppes were unified for the first time. Second, the Mongolian lifestyle consisted of many activities and skills that had direct military applications. Thirdly, opponents, like the Khwarezmid Empire and Europeans, failed to counter Mongol military tactics with innovative tactics of their own. Politically, these two targets of Mongol expansion were fragmenting at the time when Mongols were unifying. The unique circumstances of the birth and growth of the Mongol Empire did not preclude it, however, from suffering age-old afflictions. Local Mongol leaders increasingly reflected the culture and values of the peoples they ruled. Therefore, distinctions between Mongol controlled regions contributed to divisions within the empire. Like the Greco-Macedonian and Roman Empires, the Mongol Empire suffered from political intrigue, corruption and challenges to its central authority. Like its predecessors, the Mongol Empire shattered into smaller, independent Khanates.

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    8K Ansichten2 Seiten

    02b - Ch12-The Mongol Invasions

    Hochgeladen von

    Anthony Valentin
    The rapidity and extent of Mongol conquests was amazing. Clearly there must be an explanation for such military prowess, particularly from a people who traditionally lived in divided tribal groups. For our purposes, we will occupy ourselves with discussions centered on three pivotal topics as they relate to the focus question. First, the Mongols and the Central Asian nomads of the steppes were unified for the first time. Second, the Mongolian lifestyle consisted of many activities and skills that had direct military applications. Thirdly, opponents, like the Khwarezmid Empire and Europeans, failed to counter Mongol military tactics with innovative tactics of their own. Politically, these two targets of Mongol expansion were fragmenting at the time when Mongols were unifying. The unique circumstances of the birth and growth of the Mongol Empire did not preclude it, however, from suffering age-old afflictions. Local Mongol leaders increasingly reflected the culture and values of the peoples they ruled. Therefore, distinctions between Mongol controlled regions contributed to divisions within the empire. Like the Greco-Macedonian and Roman Empires, the Mongol Empire suffered from political intrigue, corruption and challenges to its central authority. Like its predecessors, the Mongol Empire shattered into smaller, independent Khanates.

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    02b_Ch12: The Mongol Conquests- Invasions Begin

    Timeline: 13
    th
    - 14
    th
    Century
    FQ: To what extent were conditions favorable for a Mongol invasion of Eurasia?

    Main Idea: The rapidity and extent of Mongol conquests was amazing. Clearly there must be an
    explanation for such military prowess, particularly from a people who traditionally lived in divided tribal
    groups. For our purposes, we will occupy ourselves with discussions centered on three pivotal topics as
    they relate to the focus question.
    ### First, the Mongols and the Central Asian nomads of the steppes were unied for the rst time. Second,
    the Mongolian lifestyle consisted of many activities and skills that had direct military applications. Thirdly,
    opponents, like the Khwarezmid Empire and Europeans, failed to counter Mongol military tactics with
    innovative tactics of their own. Politically, these two targets of Mongol expansion were fragmenting at the
    time when Mongols were unifying.

    CCSS...

    I. Mongol Lifestyle & Military Applications


    A. Horsemanship
    B. Herds provide all needs
    C. Constant & Rapid Travel
    D. Survival under Harsh Conditions

    II. The Great Hunt


    ### An annual exercise instituted by Chinggis Khan to be conducted during times of peace. It sharpened
    the daily skills of Mongolian nomads. Emphasis was placed on using those skills for military application.
    A. Strengthened Morale
    B. Reinforced the value of teamwork.
    C. Established discipline
    D. Developed and practiced ways to Communicate Silently
    E. Tested a Mongol's Horsemanship
    F. Learned to accomplish a mission with limited resources (Ex. Not permitted to use weapons)

    III. East Asia is Divided
    A. Xia vs. Jin
    B. Sung vs. Xia/ Jin

    IV. Europe is Caught Unprepared
    A. Military
    1. Lessons of the Crusades were not learned.
    2. Castles & burghs reects Europe's siege mentality.
    3. Heavily armored Knights reect Europe's limited cavalry use
    B. European Fragmentation (Disunity)
    1. Christian vs. Muslim (Crusades)
    2. Pope vs. Monarch (Frederick II, Holy Roman Empire)
    3. Monarch vs. Monarch (Frederick II of Holy Roman Empire & King Bela of Hungary)
    4. England vs. France
    5. Monarch vs. Aristocracy
    6. Western 'Catholic' Church vs. Eastern 'Orthodox' Church
    7. Turk vs. Byzantine Greeks
    8. The Reconquest (La Reconquista)

    V. Summary: Why it matters now.


    The Mongols built the largest unied land empire in world history.

    Materials/Sources:#Refer to the course calendar for additional materials, assignments and pertinent due dates.

    World History: Patterns of Interaction

    Slide Presentation

    Film: CNN's Millennium Series- The 13th C.: Century of the Stirrup

    Assorted Readings (Excerpts: The Devils Horsemen, by James Chambers)

    Lecture by Prof. Morris Rossabi, Columbia Univ. 28 Sept. '00 (Stuyvesant H.S.), Author of Khubilai Khan: His Life and
    Times

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