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Primary Function:
Is to maintain Homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood
Organs:
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Urethra
KIDNEYS
Paired
Retroperitoneal organs (behind the peritoneum)
Surrounded by 3 layers
Renal Capsule (innermost)
Adipose Capsule
Renal Fascia
Hilus-a vertical fissure found near the center of the concave medial border of the kidney
Which the ureter leaves & blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves enter & Exit
Nephron-
Functional unit of the kidney the # is constant from birth, any injured/dead ones are not replaced
but the remaining will increase their filtering capacity to partially compensate for those lost
Blood Enters through the Renal Artery ---Exits through the Renal Vein
Nephron
Consists of
Renal Capsule-where fluid is filtered
2 components
Glomerulus- Surrounded by a double-walled epithelial cup known as a
glomerular (Bowman’s capsule)
Cortical Nephron
Usually has its glomerulus in the outer portion of the cortex and a short loop of Henle
that penetrates only into the outer region of the medulla
Juxtamedullary Nephron
Usually has its glomerulus deep in the cortex close to the medulla, its long loop of Henle
stretches through the medulla and almost reaches the renal papilla
-glomerular filtration
-tubular reabsorption
-tubular secreation
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
Glomerular filtration
The forcing of fluids and dissolved substances through a membrane by pressure, occurs in the renal
corpuscle of the kidneys across the endothelial capular membrane.
When blood enters the glomerulus, the Blood pressure (Glomerular blood rough &
dissolved bllod componetshydrostatic pressure) forces water though the endothelial fenestrations
(pores) of the capillaries, basement membrane, and on through the filtration slits of the adjoining
visceral wall of the glomerular capsule. Fluid is known as GLOMERULAR FILTRATE
Filtration fraction is the % of plasma entering the kidneys that becomes glomerular filtrate.
Most Solutes in blood plasma (Except PROTIENS) enter glomerular filtrates normally blood cells
and proteins are not filtered.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is amount of filtrate formed in both kidney’s per min. In a adult
125/min about 180 liters in a day
If glomerular blood hudrostatic pressure falls to 45mm Hg (Normal 55 mm Hg) filtration stops
because glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure = opposing pressures. Causing: ANURIA
production of less than 50ml/day of urine.
Reabsorption of sodium ions is especially important because more of them pass in the glomerular
filter than any other substance except water. The Na + ions are reabsorbed in each portion of the
renal tube by several transport systems
Active transport of Na+ promotes reabsorption of water by osmosis. 65% of the filtered water is
reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tube.
The loss of H20 from the filtrate creates a concentration gradient for some substances such as K=
Cl- HCO3- and urea, their reabsortion is due to passive diffusion.
Transport Maximum (Tm) which is the limit on how fast a symporter can work.
GLUCOSURIA- the condition in which the blood concentration of glucose is above normal/ or
there is a malfunction in the tubular carrier mechanism where the glucose cant be reabsorbed.
THE LOOP OF HALENE reabsorbs 30% of the filtered K+ 20% Na+ 35% Cl- and 15% of H20
2 Hormones Aldosterone and ADH regulate reabsorption in the final portion of the DCT and the
collecting ducts.
90% of total h20 reabsorption occurs via Osmosis accompanying reabsorption of solutes such as
Sodium and glucose known as Obligatory Water Reabsorption. The 10% remaining is Facultative
Wter Reabsorption and is regulated by ADH.
The rate at which water is lost from the body depends mainly on ADH which controls water permeability of
principal cells in the collecting duct known as “Counter Controlled Mechanism”
Low ADH = kidneys produce dilute urine and excrete excess water
HEMODIALISIS THERAPY
Is a filtering of blood though a artificial kidney machine which filters blood of wastes and adds nutrients. A
portable version is known as CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
URETERS
Are retroperitoneal & consist of mucosa, mucosa, muscularis, and fibrous coat.
Transport urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder by peristalsis but hydrostatic pressure and gravity
also contribute to this transport.
Renal Caliculi- are kidney stores which are insoluble stones formed by crystal of salts present in urine.
URINARY BLADDER
Is located in the pelvic cavity and it functions to store urine before micturition (how urine is expelled from the body)
Internal Urethral sphincter- is the opening of the urethra which consists of cirucular fibers of the muscularis
Micturition Reflex- is the volume of urine in the bladder reaches a certain amount (200-400ml) stretch
receptors in the urinary bladder wall transmit impulses that initiate micturition.
URETHRA
Tube leading from the floor of the urinary badder to the exterior
3 coats in females and 2 coats in males
URINALYSIS
Under certain pathological conditions, the characteristics of urine may change drastically.
Volume color turbidity odor pH and specific gravity are physical characteristics that are looked at
when analyzing urine
UTI-
used to describe either infection of a part of the urinary system or presence of large numbers of
microbes in the urine.
Significant bacteriuria-presence of bacteria
Asymptomatic bacteriuria-multiplication of large # of bacteria w/o symptoms
Urethritis-inflammation of the urethra
Cystitis-inflammation of the urinary bladder
Pyelonephritis- inflammation of the kidney’s
Diabetes insipidus