02 G-LII 300 Handover-20081022-A-2.1

Internal
Handover
ISSUE 2.0 www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Handover is key technology of Mobile
communication system and make
continued conversation possible.
Handover algorithm in Huawei product
is flexible and powerful
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Upon completion this course, you will be
able to:
Understand the type of handover.
Master handover judgment flow
Configure handover data
Master handover signaling flow

Chapter 1 Introduction of Handover
Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process
Chapter 3 HO Data Configuration
Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

Purposes of HO
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS

To improve network service performance
− To reduce the call drop rate
− To reduce the congestion rate

Classification by Reason
Quick Handover
Emergency
TA handover
Interference handover
Quick level drop handover
Bad quality handover
Quick handover
Enhanced dual-band network handover
Load handover
General handover
Edge handover
Fast-moving micro cell handover
Inter-layer (better cell) handover
PBGT handover
AMR handover
Better 3G cell handover
TIGHT BCCH handover algorithm

Classification by Synchronization
Synchronous handover: source

and target cell belong the same
BTS
Asynchronous handover: source and

target cell belong the different BTS


1.1 General HO process
1.2 Measurement reporting
1.3 Measurement processing
1.4 HO judgment

General Process of HO Algorithm
MS entering
connection state
Measurement and
production of MRs
MR processing
Algorithms making
handover decision
Handover execution
MS entering new
connection state

1.4 HO judgment

Measurement Report
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink
receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink
receiving levels from the neighbor cells.
Serving cell Neighbour cell

The downlink
measurement report of
the serving cell
The uplink measurement The downlink measurement report

report of MS
of the neighbor cell (BCCH)

Measurement Report

Period of measurement report
The downlink MR is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink

The interval is 480ms/per time when MS is on TCH
The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH
4 TCH multi-frames
480ms
12TCH 1SACCH 12TCH 1 Idle

1.4 HO judgment

MR interpolation
Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be an

update to the basic queuing of the cells.
BTS may fail to receive the measurement report from MS. Before the
rank-update, BSC needs to recover the lost measurement reports
according to Filter Table. If the lost MR amount is within the allowed
range, then recovers the lost MR according to the algorithm.

How to interpolate MR?
Continuous MR
flow
MR MR
MR MR MR
Measurement Measurement report

report No. n No. n+4

Filtering
Continuous MR flow
MR MR MR
MR MR
MR
Filter----Average several continuous MR.

1.4 HO judgment

Handover judgment
Penalty process
Basic queuing
16bits queuing
Handover judgment

Penalty Processing
The penalty scheme applies to the following situations:
1. An emergency handover caused by higher TA value succeeds;

2. An emergency handover caused by bad uplink quality succeeds;
3. An emergency handover caused by bad downlink quality succeeds;
4. Penalty after handover fails, including the handovers to 2G cells
and the handovers to 3G cells
5. Penalty on the microcell from which a fast-moving MS is handed
over to the macrocell;
6. A high-speed railway fast handover succeeds;
7. An overlaid-to-underlaid handover succeeds;
8. An overlaid-to-underlaid handover or underlaid-to-overlaid handover
fails;

For example: TA HO succeeds
Punish the original serving cell when an emergency TA HO

occurs.
Cell A
BTS
TA HO
BSC
Cell B

Procedure of Queuing
Basic queuing and secondary queuing of cells are major parts of the HO
judgment. Queuing is made through 16bits-algorithm. The serving cell
and the neighbor cells will be listed in a cell list according to their 16bits
value. The queuing processes include:
M criterion
K criterion
16-bit queuing

M criterion
Only the cells with received signal level satisfy the following conditions can be put
into the candidate cell list, otherwise will be removed.
Formula:
Downlink receive level of the cell RXLEV (the level after filtration and penalty)
>= Min DL Power on HO Candidate Cell + Min Access Level Offset
Uplink receive level of the cell RXLEV (the level after filtration and penalty)
>= Min DL Power on HO Candidate Cell + Min Access Level Offset
− For serving cell: Min Access Level Offset is always 0; For neighbor cells: Min
Access Level Offset is configured toward the neighbor cell
− The uplink level of neighbor cells can be estimated in BSC.
Formula: SS_UPn = MS_PWRn - Ln
Path loss: Ln = BSTXPWRn – SS_DOWNn = Transmit power of the BCCH TRX of
the neighbor cell – Downlink level in the neighbor cell after interpolation, filtration,
and level rectification
MS_PWRn is min(the maximum allowable power of MS, or the maximum allowable
transmission power of MS in this neighbor cell)

K criterion
After the M criterion , the serving cell and candidate neighbor cells are queued in
descending order according to the receiving level only.
The K value of the serving cell is 0.
For a neighbor 2G cell, K = BCCH signal level of the neighbor cell after filtering – TCH
signal level of the serving cell after filtering – KIAS;
Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own 16bits value. The
smaller the value is, the higher the priority and position the cell is in the cell list.
The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level and the
penalty process taking place beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell according to
the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell with the strongest signal
level is 000.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

16-bit queuing
15-16 RSVD Reserved
14 DL RXLEV higher than Inter- Set to 1 for a neighbor cell if RXLEV is lower than Inter-layer HO Threshold +
layer HO Threshold or not Inter-layer HO Hysteresis.
Set to 1 for the serving cell if RXLEV is lower than threshold - hysteresis.
13 Co-MSC or not Set to 1 in the case of not co-MSC
12 Co-BSC or not Set to 1 in the case of not co-BSC
11 Current load of the cell higher Set to 1 if the current load of serving cell is higher than Load HO Threshold.
than load handover threshold Set to 1 if the current load of neighbor cell is higher than Load Req. on
or not Candidate Cell.
10 HO Priority Hierarchy 6 Indicates the HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure) priority. There are 64 levels in total
(4 layers with 16 levels on each layer).
9 HO Priority Hierarchy 5
4 Serving cell preferred Set to 1 for a neighbor cell if RXLEV of the neighbor cell is lower than RXLEV of
the serving cell + Inter-cell HO Hysteresis.
Set to 0 for the serving cell.
3 DL RXLEV queuing Indicates the queuing result of seven cells (six neighbor cells + one serving cell)
based on RXLEV.
2 DL RXLEV queuing
1 DL RXLEV queuing

Hierarchical cell structure
4 Umbrella
Cell GSM 900
GSM900
3 Cell
GSM 900 GSM 900 GSM 900
GSM1800
2 Cell
GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800
GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM900

1 Micro Cell
GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800

Handover judgment
Each handover algorithm consists of two parts. One is to decide whether
the serving cell meets the triggering conditions, and the other is to select
the candidate cells.
Key handover criterion
Edge handover
Hierarchical handover
PBGT handover

Edge handover
If Fringe HO Allowed is set to Yes, the edge handover is allowed.
Measured value of signal strength on the uplink TCH after filtering < value of Edge
HO UL RX_LEV Threshold; Measured value of signal strength on the downlink TCH
after filtering < value of Edge HO DL RX_LEV Threshold
According to the P/N criterion, if P reports out of the latest N MRs meet the previous
formulas, the uplink/downlink edge handover is triggered and the candidate cells are
selected.
Remove the serving cell from the candidate cell list
Remove the neighbor cell whose 16-bit sequence number is greater than the 16-
bit sequence number of the serving cell. If the sequence number is small, the
priority of the cell is high.
Remove the neighbor cell whose BCCH receive level after filtering is less than
TCH receive level of serving cell after filtering + Inter-cell HO Hysteresis
The neighbor cells should meet the P/N (Edge HO Valid Time (s)/Edge HO
Watch Time (s) ) criterion.

Hierarchical handover
If Level HO Allowed is set to Yes, the inter-layer handover is allowed. To enable the
handover between different priorities of cells at the same layer, you also need to set
this parameter to Yes.
The priority level of the neighbor cell is higher than the serving cell.
The receive level of the BCCH in neighbor cell i after filtering meets the following
formula: SSi_f ≥ Tlayer＋H layer
Where,
SSi_f indicates the receive level of the BCCH in the neighbor cell after filtering and penalty.
Tlayer indicates Inter-layer HO Threshold.
Hlayer indicates Inter-layer HO Hysteresis.
The 16-bit sequence number of the neighbor cell is smaller than that of the serving
cell. If the sequence number is small, the priority of the cell is high.
If all these conditions are met during the period specified by Layer HO Valid
Time(s) within the latest Layer HO Watch Time(s), that is, if the P/N criterion is
met, then the hierarchical handover is triggered.

PBGT handover
The neighbor cell (not the serving cell) has the same hierarchy as the serving cell at
the same layer.
For the neighbor cell, the following formula is met within the period specified by PBGT
Valid Time(s) out of the period specified by PBGT Watch Time(s).
 SS _ DLi _ f − ( SS _ DLs _ f + Poff_DLs_f × 2 )  − ( Pms _ i − Pms _ s ) > Margin
 
− SS_DLs_f indicates the receive level of the downlink TCH in the serving cell after filtering.
− SS_DLi_f indicates the receive level of the BCCH in neighbor cell i after filtering and penalty.
− Poff_DLs_f indicates the offset of the transmit power of the BTS on the downlink after the filtering in the
serving cell to the maximum transmit power on the TCH. The step is 2 dB.
− Pms_i indicates the maximum transmit power of the MS in neighbor cell i. It is related to the frequency
band for neighbor cell i. Generally, GSM900/850, GSM1800, and GSM1900 correspond to different
transmit power.
− Pms_s indicates the maximum transmit power of the MS in the serving cell. It is related to the frequency
band for the serving cell. Generally, GSM900/850, GSM1800, and GSM1900 correspond to different
transmit power.
The PBGT handover is triggered if the previous conditions are met and if the number
of candidate 2G cells is not zero. The candidate cells are the neighbor cells with the
smallest 16-bit sequence number.


Handover data configuration
All data configurations are related to

handover.

HO data lookup process
BA2 table defines BCCH frequencies of all neighbor cells. It is sent to MS by

system message 5, 5-bis and 5ter on SACCH channel.
MS reports the serving cell and BCCH, BSIC and signal levels of 6 strongest
neighbor cells to BSS through MRs. This is done through SACCH uplink.
After MR pre-process is done, BSC gets all neighbor cells’ Cell Index and
CGI which are derived from Adjacent cell Relation Property table, and Cell
Common Data table (or 2G External Cell Data table) through BCCH and
BSIC in the MR.
BSC performs HO judgment process, such as basic queuing of cells
(completed in LAPD board). When BSC finds suitable target, It sends HO
request messages containing the target CGI to MPU of BSC.
MPU sends a HO command message to the target module and step up the
‘inter-cell/ intra-cell HO request’ counter by one.


For example: Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
MS BTS1 BSC BTS2 MS MSC

Measurement Report from MS
Channel_Active
Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
Handover Access
Handover_Detect
PHY INFO
PHY INFO
First SABM
UA Establish_IND
Handover Complete
Handover_Performed

Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
Attention
In asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH channel
after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to max times, the target
cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC with the reason: HO access
failure.
After the above message is received, BSC release the assigned TCH
channel in the target cell .
Max resend times of physical information*Radio link connection timer
> Time interval between EST IND and HO DETECT (120~180ms).
This is to make sure that the physical information reach MS.

Thank You
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Internal

ISSUE 2.0 www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

Chapter 3 HO Data Configuration

Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

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To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS

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Synchronous handover: source

Asynchronous handover: source and

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Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process

Chapter 3 HO Data Configuration

Chapter 4 HO Signaling process

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1.1 General HO process

1.2 Measurement reporting

1.3 Measurement processing

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1.1 General HO process

1.2 Measurement reporting

1.3 Measurement processing

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Serving cell Neighbour cell

The uplink measurement The downlink measurement report

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The downlink MR is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink

12TCH 1SACCH 12TCH 1 Idle

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1.1 General HO process

1.2 Measurement reporting

1.3 Measurement processing

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Every time BSC receives a measurement report, there will be an

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Measurement Measurement report

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Filter----Average several continuous MR.

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1.1 General HO process

1.2 Measurement reporting

1.3 Measurement processing

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1. An emergency handover caused by higher TA value succeeds;

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Punish the original serving cell when an emergency TA HO

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GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM900

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