Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1

Jallianwala Bagh massacre

The Amritsar massacre, known alternately as the Jallianwala Bagh
massacre (Punjabi: ਜਲ੍ਹਿਆਂਵਾਲਾ ਬਾਗ਼ ਹਤਿਆਕਾਂਡ, Hindi: जलियांवाला बाग़
हत्याकांड ‫ ڈناکايتہ غاب ہلاونايلج‬Jallianwala Bāġa Hatyākāṇḍ) for after
the Jallianwala Bagh (Garden) in the northern Indian city of Amritsar
where, on April 13, 1919 (which happened to be 'Baisakhi' one of
Punjab's largest religious festivals) fifty British Indian Army soldiers,
commanded by Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, began shooting at an
unarmed gathering of men, women and children without warning. The
shooting lasted for ten to fifteen minutes, until ammunition ran out.
Narrow passage to Jalianwala Bagh Garden
Dyer ordered soldiers to reload their rifles several times and they were
through which the shooting was conducted
ordered to shoot to kill.[1] Official British Raj sources estimated the
fatalities at 379, and with 1,100 wounded.[2] Civil Surgeon Dr Smith
indicated that there were 1,526 casualties.[3] However, the casualty number quoted by the Indian National Congress
was more than 1,500, with roughly 1,000 killed.[4]

Background

India during World War I

World War I began with loyalty and goodwill towards the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from
mainstream politicians of India, contrary to initial British fears of a revolt while they were committed militarily to a
European war. British India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About
1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian
administration and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However, Bengal and Punjab
remained sources of anticolonial activities. Revolutionary attacks in Bengal, associated increasingly with
disturbances in Punjab, were significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration.[5] [6] Also from the
beginning of the war, the expatriate Indian population, notably in the United States, Canada, and Germany, managed
by the Berlin Committee and the Ghadar Party, attempted to initiate insurrections in India, with Irish republican,
German and Turkish help in a massive conspiracy that has since come to be termed the Hindu-German conspiracy[7]
[8] [9]
This conspiracy also attempted to rally Afghanistan against British India.[10] A number of failed attempts were
made at mutiny, of which the February mutiny plan and the Singapore mutiny are the most notable. This movement
was suppressed by means of a massive international counterintelligence operation and strict political acts (including
the Defence of India act 1915) that lasted nearly ten years.[11] [12]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2

After the war

During the aftermath of World War I, high casualty rates, increasing inflation compounded by heavy taxation, a
widespread influenza epidemic, and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India. The
costs of the protracted war in both money and manpower were great. In India, long the "jewel in the crown" of the
British Empire, Indians were restless for independence. More than 43,000 Indian soldiers had died fighting for
Britain.
Indian soldiers smuggled arms into India to fight British rule. The pre-war Indian nationalist sentiment revived as
moderate and extremist groups of the Indian National Congress ended their differences in order to unify. During
1916, the Congress succeeded in establishing the Lucknow Pact, a temporary alliance with the All-India Muslim
League.

Prelude to the massacre

The events that ensued after the passage of the Rowlatt Act during 1919 were also influenced by the events
associated with the Ghadar conspiracy. At the time, British Indian Army troops were returning from Europe and
Mesopotamia to an economic depression in India.[13] [14] The attempts at mutiny during 1915 and the Lahore
conspiracy trials were still in public attention. News of young Mohajirs who fought on behalf of the Turkish
Caliphate and later fought in the ranks of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War was also beginning to reach
India. The Russian Revolution had also begun to influence Indians.[15] It was at this time that Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi, until then relatively unknown to Indians, began to be known as a mass leader.
Ominously, during 1919, the third Anglo-Afghan war began after Amir Habibullah Khan's assassination and
institution of Amanullah Khan in a system influenced by the Kabul mission. In addition, in India, Gandhi's call for
protest against the Rowlatt act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests. The situation
especially in Punjab was deteriorating rapidly, with disruptions of rail, telegraph and communication systems.
In Amritsar, more than 5,000 people gathered at Jallianwala Bagh. This situation deteriorated perceptibly during the
next few days. Michael O'Dwyer is said to have believed that these were the early and ill-concealed signs of a
conspiracy for a coordinated revolt around May, at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for
the summer. The Amritsar massacre, as well as responses preceding and succeeding it, contrary to being an isolated
incident, was the end result of a concerted plan of response from the Punjab administration to suppress such a
conspiracy.[16] James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have ascribed a direct relationship between the fear of a
Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the
massacre.[17]
On April 10, 1919, there was a protest at the residence of the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar, a city in Punjab, a
large province in the northwestern part of the then unpartitioned India. The demonstration was to demand the release
of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, who had been
earlier arrested by the government and removed to a secret location. Both were proponents of the Satyagraha
movement directed by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The crowd was shot at by a military picket, killing several
protesters. The shooting set off a series of violent events. Later the same day, several banks and other government
buildings, including the Town Hall and the railway station were attacked and set afire. The violence continued to
escalate, culminating in the deaths of at least five Europeans, including government employees and civilians. There
was retaliatory shooting at crowds from the military several times during the day, and between eight and twenty
people were killed.
For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of the Punjab. Railway
lines were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans were murdered. By April
13, the British government had decided restrict most of the Punjab by martial law. The legislation restricted a
number of civil liberties, including freedom of assembly, banning gatherings of more than four people.[18]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 3

The massacre
On April 13, thousands of Sikh people along with few hindus and muslims gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh (garden)
near the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar, on Baisakhi. Baisakhi is a Sikh festival , it was on this day that Guru Gobind
Singh founded the Khalsa Panth in 1699 'Birth of Khalsa' during this time people celebrate by congregating in
religious and community fairs, and there may have been a large number who were unaware of the political meeting.
An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 4:30 pm,
Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer marched a group of sixty-five
Gurkha and twenty-five Baluchi soldiers into the Bagh, fifty of whom
were armed with rifles.[19] Dyer had also brought two armoured cars
armed with machine guns, however the vehicles were stationed outside
the main gate as they were unable to enter the Bagh through the narrow
entrance.

The Jallianwala Bagh was bounded on all sides by houses and

The Jallianwalla Bagh during 1919, months after
buildings and had few narrow entrances, most of which were kept
the massacre.
permanently locked. The main entrance was relatively wider, but was
guarded by the troops backed by the armoured vehicles. General Dyer
ordered troops to begin shooting without warning or any order to
disperse, and to direct shooting towards the densest sections of the
crowd. He continued the shooting, approximately 1,650 rounds in all,
until ammunition was almost exhausted.
Apart from the many deaths directly from the shooting, a number of
people died in stampedes at the narrow gates or by jumping into the
solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting. A plaque in the
monument at the site, set up after independence, says that 120 bodies
were pulled out of the well.
The wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen, as a
curfew had been declared - many more died during the night.
The number of deaths caused by the shooting is disputed. The official
figure given by the British inquiry into the massacre is 379 deaths,
however the method used by the inquiry is subject to criticism.
Officials were tasked with finding who had been killed during July "The Martyrs' Well" at Jallianwala Bagh.
1919, three months after the massacre, by inviting inhabitants of the
city to volunteer information about those who had died.[20] This information was likely incomplete due to fear that
those who participated would be identified as having been present at the meeting, and some of the dead may not have
had close relations in the area.[21] Additionally, a senior civil servant in the Punjab interviewed by the members of
the committee admitted that the actual figure could be higher.[22]

Since the official figures were likely flawed considering the size of the crowd (15,000-20,000), number of rounds
shot and period of shooting, the politically-interested Indian National Congress instituted a separate inquiry of its
own, with conclusions that
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 4

differed considerably from the Government's. The casualty

number quoted by the INC was more than 1,500, with
approximately 1,000 killed.[23] Despite the government's best
efforts to suppress information of the massacre, news spread
elsewhere in India and widespread outrage ensued; however, the
details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until
December 1919.

Back in his headquarters, General Dyer reported to his superiors

that he had been "confronted by a revolutionary army".
In a telegram sent to Dyer, British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab,
Sir Michael O'Dwyer wrote: "Your action is correct. Lieutenant
Governor approves."[24]
Cartoon in Punch 14 July 1920, on the occasion of
Montagu labelling as "frightful" General Dyer for his
role in the Amritsar massacre

O'Dwyer requested that martial law be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas; this was granted by the Viceroy,
Lord Chelmsford, after the massacre. The "crawling order" [25] was posted on Aug 19 under the auspices of martial
law.
Dyer was messaged to appear before the Hunter Commission, a commission of inquiry into the massacre that was
ordered to convene by Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, during late 1919. Dyer said before the
commission that he came to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12:40 hours that day but did not
attempt to prevent it. He stated that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found
a crowd assembled there.
"I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing but they would have come back
again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself." — Dyer's response to the
Hunter Commission Enquiry.[26] [27]
Dyer said he would have used his machine guns if he could have got them into the enclosure, but these were
mounted on armoured cars. He said he did not stop the shooting when the crowd began to disperse because he
thought it was his duty to keep shooting until the crowd dispersed, and that a little shooting would not do any good.
In fact he continued the shooting till the ammunition was almost exhausted.[28]
He stated that he did not make any effort to tend to the wounded after the shooting. "Certainly not. It was not my job.
Hospitals were open and they could have gone there," was his response.[26]
The Hunter Commission did not award any penal nor disciplinary action because Dyer's actions were condoned by
various superiors (later upheld by the Army Council).[29] However, he was finally found guilty of a mistaken notion
of duty and relieved of his command.
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 5

Demonstration at Gujranwala
Two days later on April 15, demonstrations occurred in Gujranwala protesting the killings at Amritsar. Police and
aircraft were used against the demonstrators, resulting in 12 deaths and 27 injuries. The Officer Commanding the
Royal Air Force in India, Brigadier General N D K MacEwen stated later that:
"I think we can fairly claim to have been of great use in the late riots, particularly at Gujranwala, where the
crowd when looking at its nastiest was absolutely dispersed by a machine using bombs and Lewis guns."[30]

Monument and legacy

A trust was formed later 1920 to build a memorial at the site after a
resolution passed by the Indian National Congress. During 1923, the
trust purchased land for the project. A memorial, designed by
American architect Benjamin Polk, was built on the site and
inaugurated by the President of India, Dr Rajendra Prasad on April 13,
1961, in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders. A flame
was later added to the site.

The bullet holes can be seen on the walls and adjoining buildings to
this day. The well into which many people jumped and drowned
attempting to save themselves from the bullets is also a protected
monument inside the park.

Formation of Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak

Committee
The most glaring incident followed the massacre. Shortly after, the Jallianwala Bagh memorial
official Sikh clergy of Golden Temple conferred upon General Dyer
the "Saropa" (the mark of distinguished service to the Sikh faith or, in
general, humanity), sending shock waves smong the Sikh masses.[31]
On October 12, 1920 students and faculty of the Amritsar Khalsa
College called a meeting to immediately liberate the Gurudwaras from
the control of corrupt Mahants. The natural result of this action was the
formation of Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee on
November 15, 1920 to manage and reform Sikh shrines.[32]

Artistic portrayals
Entrance to the present-day Jallianwala Bagh.
• 1982: The massacre is depicted in Richard Attenborough's film
Gandhi with the role of General Dyer played by Edward Fox. The
film depicts most of the details of the massacre as well as the subsequent inquiry by the Montague commission.
• 1984: The story of the massacre also occurs in the 7th episode of Granada TV's 1984 series The Jewel in the
Crown, recounted by the fictional widow of a British officer who is haunted by the inhumanity of it and who tells
how she came to be reviled because she defied the honoring of Dyer and instead donated money to the Indian
victims.
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 6

• 2002: In the Hindi movie The Legend of Bhagat Singh directed by

Rajkumar Santoshi, the massacre is reconstructed with the child
Bhagat Singh as a witness, eventually inspiring him to become a
revolutionary in the Indian independence movement.
• 2006: Portions of the Hindi movie Rang De Basanti nonlinearly
depict the massacre and the influence it had on the freedom fighters.

Prince Philip Controversy

During 1997, Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, participating with
an already controversial British visit to the Monument, provoked
Bullet marks, visible on a preserved wall, at
outrage in India with an offhand comment. Having observed a plaque
present-day Jallianwala Bagh.
claiming "This place is saturated with the blood of about two thousand
Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims who were martyred in a non-violent
struggle.", Prince Philip observed, "That's a bit exaggerated, it must include the wounded". (Official British Raj
sources estimated the fatalities at 379, and with 1,100 wounded.[2] Civil Surgeon Dr Smith indicated that there were
1,526 casualties,[3] which might account for the Prince's opinion.) When asked how he had concluded this, Prince
Philip said "I was told about the killings by General Dyer's son. I'd met him while I was in the Navy." [33]

Apology
Although she had not made any comments on the incident during her state visits later 1961 and 1983, Queen
Elizabeth II spoke about the events at a state banquet in India on October 13, 1997:[34]

“ It is no secret that there have been some difficult episodes in our past -- Jallianwala Bagh, which I shall visit tomorrow, is a distressing
example. But history cannot be rewritten, however much we might sometimes wish otherwise. It has its moments of sadness, as well as
gladness. We must learn from the sadness and build on the gladness.
[34]
”
On October 14, 1997 Queen Elizabeth II visited Jallianwala Bagh and paid her respects with a 30-second moment of
silence. During the visit, she wore a dress of a color described as pink apricot or saffron, which was of religious
significance to Hindus and Sikhs.[34] She removed her shoes while visiting the monument and laid a wreath at the
monument.[34]
While some Indians welcomed the expression of regret and sadness in the Queen's statement, others criticised it for
being less than an apology.[34] The then-Prime Minister of India Inder Kumar Gujral defended the Queen, stating
that the Queen herself had played no part in the events and should not be required to apologize.[34]
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 7

Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer

On March 13, 1940, at Caxton Hall in London, Udham Singh, an
Indian revolutionary from Sunam who had witnessed the events in
Amritsar and was himself wounded, shot and killed Michael O'Dwyer,
the British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre,
who had approved Dyer's action and was believed to be the main
planner. (Dyer himself had died in 1927.)

The action by Singh was condemned generally, but some press, like
nationalist newspaper Amrita Bazar Patrika, also made positive
statements. The common people and revolutionaries glorified the
action of Udham Singh. Much of the press worldwide recalled the
story of Jallianwala Bagh and alleged Michael O'Dwyer to have been
responsible for the massacre. Singh was termed a "fighter for freedom"
and his action was referred to in the Times newspaper as "an Sir Michael O'Dwyer ca. 1912

expression of the pent-up fury of the down-trodden Indian People".[35]

In Fascist countries, the incident was used for anti-British propaganda:
Bergeret, published in large scale from Rome at that time, while
commenting upon the Caxton Hall assassination, ascribed the greatest
significance to the circumstance and praised the action of Udham
Singh as courageous.[36] The Berliner Börsen Zeitung termed the event
"The torch of Indian freedom". German radio reportedly broadcast:
"The cry of tormented people spoke with shots."<ref name=

At a public meeting in Kanpur, a spokesman had stated that "at last an

insult and humiliation of the nation had been avenged". Similar
sentiments were expressed in numerous other places countrywide.[37]
Fortnightly reports of the political situation in Bihar mentioned: "It is
true that we had no love lost for Sir Michael. The indignities he heaped
upon our countrymen in Punjab have not been forgotten." In its March
Wide view of Jallianwala Bagh memorial
18, 1940 issue, Amrita Bazar Patrika wrote: "O'Dwyer's name is
connected with Punjab incidents which India will never forget." The
New Statesman observed: "British conservativism has not discovered how to deal with Ireland after two centuries of
rule. Similar comment may be made on British rule in India. Will the historians of the future have to record that it
was not the Nazis but the British ruling class which destroyed the British Empire?"

Singh had told the court at his trial:

"I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the
spirit of my people, so I have crushed him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to wreak vengeance. I am
happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people
starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty. What a greater honour
could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland?"[38]
Singh was hanged for the murder on July 31, 1940. At that time, many, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma
Gandhi, condemned the action of Udham as senseless but courageous. In 1952, Nehru (by then, Prime Minister)
honored Udham Singh with the following statement which had appeared in the daily Partap: "I salute
Shaheed-i-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free." Soon after this
recognition by the Prime Minister, Udham Singh received the title of Shaheed, a name given to someone who has
attained martyrdom or done something heroic on behalf of their country or religion.
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 8

References
[1] 1920 [Cmd. 681] East India (disturbances in the Punjab, etc.). "Report of the committee appointed by the government of India to investigate
the disturbances in the Punjab, etc." pp. 111-112. (Hereafter referred to as the "Hunter Report".)
[2] Home Political Deposit, September, 1920, No 23, National Archives of India, New Delhi; Report of Commissioners, Vol 1, New Delhi
[3] Report of Commissioners, Vol 1, New Delhi, p 105
[4] "Amritsar Massacre - ninemsn Encarta" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kwriIrvt). Archived from the original (http:/ / au. encarta. msn. com/
encyclopedia_761579959/ amritsar_massacre. html) on 2009-10-31. .
[5] Gupta 1997, p. 12
[6] Popplewell 1995, p. 201
[7] Strachan 2001, p. 798
[8] Hoover 1985, p. 252
[9] Brown 1948, p. 300
[10] Strachan 2001, p. 788
[11] Hopkirk 2001, p. 41
[12] Popplewell 1995, p. 234
[13] Sarkar 1983, pp. 169–172,176
[14] Swami P (November 1, 1997). "Jallianwala Bagh revisited" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ fline/ fl1422/ 14220500. htm). The Hindu. .
Retrieved 2007-10-07.
[15] Sarkar 1983, p. 177
[16] Cell 2002, p. 67
[17] Brown 1973, p. 523
[18] Townshend, Britains Civil Wars. p137
[19] Hunter Report, p29
[20] Hunter Report, p116-117.
[21] Nigel Collett (2007), The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer, Hambledon and London, p. 263
[22] Hunter Report, p117
[23] "Amritsar Massacre - ninemsn Encarta" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kwriIrvt). Archived from the original (http:/ / au. encarta. msn.
com/ encyclopedia_761579959/ amritsar_massacre. html) on 2009-10-31. .
[24] Disorder Inquiry Committee Report, Vol II, p 197
[25] "Reginald Dyer - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia" (http:/ / simple. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Reginald_Dyer#Crawling_Order).
Simple.wikipedia.org. . Retrieved 2011-02-01.
[26] Terence R. Blackburn (2007), A miscellany of mutinies and massacres in India (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=yQgt5SYepi8C&
pg=PA173) (illustrated ed.), APH Publishing, p. 173, ISBN 9788131301692,
[27] Benjamin Guy Horniman (1920), Amritsar and our duty to India (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=cNpOAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA119&
dq="without+ firing+ but+ they+ would+ have+ come+ back+ again"), T. F. Unwin, ltd., p. 119,
[28] Benjamin Guy Horniman (1920), Amritsar and our duty to India (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=cNpOAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA118&
dq="disperse+ the+ crowd"), T. F. Unwin, ltd., p. 118,
[29] Winston Churchill (8 July 1920), Winston Churchill's speech in the House of Commons (http:/ / lachlan. bluehaze. com. au/ churchill/
amritsar. htm), Retrieved on 14 Sep 2010.
[30] Royal Air Force Power Review (http:/ / www. raf. mod. uk/ rafcms/ mediafiles/ BC18F893_1143_EC82_2E16AC19F19FE2D2. pdf). 1.
spring 2008. . Retrieved 24 October 2010.
[31] Ajit Singh Sarhadi, "Punjabi Suba: The Story of the Struggle", Kapur Printing Press, Delhi, 1970, p.19
[32] Indian critiques of Gandhi - Google Books (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=GGGudMuE4PIC& pg=PA173& dq=sgpc+ saropa+
general+ dyer& hl=en& ei=IZQ8TbKwI4n0tgO88LCrAw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&
ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=sgpc saropa general dyer& f=false). Books.google.com. . Retrieved 2011-02-01.
[33] The Queen in Amritsar (http:/ / www. frontlineonnet. com/ fl1422/ 14220460. htm)
[34] "In India, Queen Bows Her Head Over a Massacre in 1919". New York Times. 1997-10-15.
[35] The Times, London, March 16, 1940
[36] Public and Judicial Department, File No L/P + J/7/3822, Caxton Hall outrage, India Office Library and Records, London, pp 13-14
[37] Government of India, Home Department, Political File No 18/3/1940, National Archives of India, New Delhi, p40
[38] CRIM 1/1177, Public Record Office, London, p 64

• Brown, Emily (1973), (in Book Reviews; South Asia). The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 32, No. 3. (May, 1973),
pp. 522-523, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, ISSN 0030851X.
• Brown, Giles (1948), The Hindu Conspiracy, 1914-1917.The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 17, No. 3. (Aug.,
1948), pp. 299-310, University of California Press, ISSN 0030-8684.
• Cell, John W (2002), Hailey: A Study in British Imperialism, 1872-1969, Cambridge University Press,
ISBN 0521521173.
Jallianwala Bagh massacre 9

• Gupta, Amit K (1997), Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897-1938.Social Scientist, Vol. 25,
No. 9/10. (Sep. - Oct., 1997), pp. 3-27, Social Scientist, ISSN: 09700293.
• Hoover, Karl. (1985), The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913-1918. German Studies Review, Vol. 8, No. 2.
(May, 1985), pp. 245-261, German Studies Association, ISBN 01497952.
• Hopkirk, Peter (1997), Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire., Kodansha Globe,
ISBN 1568361270.
• Popplewell, Richard J (1995), Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the
Indian Empire 1904-1924. (http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&
isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc=), Routledge, ISBN 071464580X.
• Sarkar, B.K. (1921), Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 1. (Mar., 1921), pp. 136-138, The Acedemy of
Political Science, ISSN: 00323195.
• Sarkar, Sumit (1983), Modern India, 1885-1947, Delhi:Macmillan, ISBN 9780333904251.
• Strachan, Hew (2001), The First World War. Volume I: To Arms, Oxford University Press. USA,
ISBN 0199261911.
• Tinker, Hugh (1968), India in the First World War and after. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 4,
1918-19: From War to Peace. (Oct., 1968), pp. 89-107, Sage Publications, ISSN: 00220094.

External links
• An NPR interview (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6687085) with Bapu Shingara
Singh - the last known surviving witness.
• Churchill's speech (http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm) after the incident.
• Amritsar Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh (http://www.amritsar.com/Jallian Wala Bagh.shtml) Listen to the
Shaheed song of the Amritsar Massacre at Jallian Wala Bagh.
• A description of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (http://kabira.freeservers.com/jallianwallabagh.html)
• Amritsar Massacre as a turning point in the British Raj (http://www.britishempirehistory.com/pages/7.html) -
Description and analysis of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and Contributors

Jallianwala Bagh massacre  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=415301735  Contributors: 6th Gurkha, A.Ou, Aatomic1, Aim Here, Ajraddatz, Alamandrax, Alexvincent2,
AlfaPiKapa, Ali@gwc.org.uk, Alren, Amitoj911, Amritsar, Andre Engels, AndrewHowse, Anilkumarav, Anthony Appleyard, AnthonySD, Anupam, Ardfern, ArglebargleIV, AshLin, Ashwino,
Atmamatma, Babbage, Balarishi, Bastin, Bluemoose, Bobblehead, Borisblue, Britannicus, Bryan Derksen, Burntsauce, Bystand, CJLL Wright, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Jalian Wala Bagh Memorial 311.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jalian_Wala_Bagh_Memorial_311.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Ppyoonus
Image:Jallianwallah.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jallianwallah.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Abhishekjoshi, Anne97432, Hermitage17, Herrick,
Patstuart, Roland zh
Image:'The Martyr's' well at Jallianwala Bagh.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:'The_Martyr's'_well_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: User:Amitoj911
File:Edwin Samuel Montagu - Punch cartoon - Project Gutenberg etext 16592.png  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edwin_Samuel_Montagu_-_Punch_cartoon_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_16592.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Albertomos,
Infrogmation, Man vyi, Mutter Erde, Rcbutcher, Tagishsimon
Image:JallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5
 Contributors: User:Soman
Image:Jallianwala Bagh Entrance.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jallianwala_Bagh_Entrance.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Vinoo202
Image:Jallianwala Bagh Bullet Marks.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
User:Vinoo202
Image:Sir-Michael-ODwyer.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sir-Michael-ODwyer.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Unknown
Image:Massacre memorial in Amritsar.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Massacre_memorial_in_Amritsar.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ChristianBier,
Giorgiomonteforti, Joanjoc, Olve Utne, 1 anonymous edits

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