ContentA

1.ÚIntroduction to Chandrayaan-1Ú3Ú
2.ÚScientific ObjectivesÚ5Ú
3.ÚAbout MoonÚ6Ú
4.ÚOrigin of MoonÚ14Ú
5.ÚEarly InterestÚ15Ú
6.ÚRecent Lunar ExplorationsÚ16Ú
7.ÚRenewal of InterestÚ19Ú
8.ÚForthcoming Lunar ExplorationsÚ21Ú
9.ÚIndian MissionÚ22Ú
10.ÚScientific Instruments for Chandrayaan-1Ú23Ú
11.ÚLaunch Vehicle and SpacecraftÚ25Ú
12.ÚGround FacilitiesÚ27Ú
ReferencesÚ28Ú
Chronology of Lunar ExplorationÚ29Ú
Chandrayaan-1RIndia.s First Scientific Mission to MoonR
1.RIntroduction to Chandrayaan-1R
Chandrayaan-1, India.s first scientific mission to Moon is slatedÚ
for launch during 2007. The primary objectives of the missionÚ
are to expand the scientific knowledge about the origin andÚ
evolution of moon, upgrade India.s technological capabilities andÚ
provide chalenging opportunities to the young scientists workingÚ
in planetary sciences.Ú
Pursuit of space science is one of the important objectives of theÚ
Indian Space Programme. The Thumba Equatorial RocketÚ
Launching Station (TERLS) was established nearÚ
Thiruvananthapuram in 1963 for studying the ionosphericÚ
electrojet and related phenomenon, which paved the way for spaceÚ
research activities in the country. Aso, the first Indian satellite,Ú
Aryabhata, launched in 1975, carried scientific experiments toÚ
investigate X-ray astronomy, Solar neutrons and supra thermalelectron density. S
ince then, several instruments for scientificÚ
research have been fown on board high altitude balloons, soundingÚ
rockets and satellites. Several ground based facilities have alsoÚ
been set up for conducting research by scientists from universitiesÚ
and research institutions in astrophysical, solar and atmosphericÚ
research programmes.Ú
India has vast experience in developing and launching operational
ì
spacecraft systems for survey and management of naturalresources, meteorological
services and satellite communication.Ú
The technologies developed and available now at ISRO can beÚ
fuly exploited for embarking on planetary missions with welthought out scientifi
c objectives. The Polar Satellite LaunchÚ
Vehicle (PSLV) is capable of undertaking missions to moon andÚ
other terrestrial planets.Ú
The idea of undertaking a scientific mission to Moon was mootedÚ
by the Indian Academy of Sciences. It was further discussed byÚ
the Astronautical Society of India. Based on recommendationsÚ
of the scientific community and as a first major initiative, aÚ
National Lunar Mission Task Force was constituted by ISRO with
leading scientists and technologists from al over the country forÚ
considering and making an assessment of the possibleÚ
configuration and feasibility of taking up an Indian MoonÚ
Mission. The task team conducted a feasibility study andÚ
recommended the Indian lunar mission detailing scientificÚ
objectives, instruments to be flown, launch and spacecraftÚ
technologies that are available and those to be developed, settingÚ
up of a Deep Space Network (DSN) station for communicationÚ
between lunar craft and earth and budgetary aspects.Ú
The Study Report of the Task Team was reviewed inÚ
April 2003 by a peer group of about 100 eminent scientistsÚ
from various relevant fields of planetary & space physics,Ú
earth sciences, geology, physics, astronomy and cosmology.Ú
After detailed discussions, the participants unanimouslyÚ
recommended that India should undertake the Moon Mission.Ú
.
The recommendations are summarized as folows:Ú
1
The Indian Moon Mission assumes significance in the contextÚ
of the international scientific community considering severalexciting missions i
n planetary exploration, in the newÚ
milennium.Ú
1
ISRO has the necessary expertise to develop and launch theÚ
Moon Mission with imaginative features and it would beÚ
different from the past missions. Hence ISRO should go aheadÚ
with the project approval and implementation.Ú
1
Apart from technological and scientific gains, it would provideÚ
the needed thrust to basic science and engineering research inÚ
the country. The project would help return of young talentsÚ
to the arena of fundamental research.Ú
1
The Academia, in particular, the university scientistsÚ
would find participation in such a project intelectualyÚ
rewarding. In this context, the scientific objectives wouldÚ
need further refinement to include other innovative ideas fromÚ
a broader scientific community through Announcement ofÚ
Opportunity, etc.Ú
Subsequently, Government of India has approved ISRO.s proposalfor the first Indi
an Moon Mission, caled Chandrayaan-1.Ú
2.RScientific ObjectivesR
Chandrayaan-1 is aimed at chemical, mineralogical andÚ
photo-geologic mapping of the moon in visible, near infrared,Ú
.
low energy and high energy X-rays with high spatial resolution.Ú
Specificaly, the objectives will be to carry out high-resolutionÚ
three-dimensional mapping of topographic features along withÚ
the simultaneous mapping of distribution of minerals such asÚ
Si, Al, Mg, Ca, Ilmenites (FeTiO3, which may retain 3He) andÚ
elemental chemical species including radioactive nuclides.Ú
This mapping could unravel the mysteries about the origin andÚ
evolution of the planetary system in general and moon-earthÚ
system in particular. The instruments that will be used for theÚ
mapping are:Ú
¨ Terrain Mapping stereo Camera (TMC)Ú
¨ Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI)Ú
¨ Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI)Ú
¨ Colimated Low Energy X-ray spectrometer (LEX)Ú
¨ Solar X-ray Monitor (SXM)Ú
¨ High Energy X-ray/g-ray spectrometer (HEX)Ú
In addition to the above Indian payloads, a provision of 10 kg isÚ
made for international/national proposals on new ideas andÚ
experiments.Ú
3.RAbout MoonR
Looming at about 384,400 km from the Earth, the Moon is theÚ
brightest object in the night sky and only second in brightness toÚ
that of the Sun. It has a diameter of 3,476 km and a mass ofÚ
7.35x1022 kg with a mean density of only 3.35 g/cc as comparedÚ
ï
to 5.52 g/cc of that of Earth. It has no atmosphere and degassingÚ
from the surface produces only trace gases. The gravitational forceÚ
on the Moon is only 1/6th of that of Earth, and is not able toÚ
retain its atmosphere. The Moon does not have a substantial coreÚ
of molten iron like Earth and hence has no magnetic field.Ú
The Moon undergoes extremes in temperature . it is scorchingÚ
heat at 110º C during the day and freezing cold at .180º CÚ
during night.Ú
Basic parameters of the Earth and the MoonR
ParametersRMoonREarthRatioRMass (1024 kg)Ú0.07349Ú5.9736Ú0.0123Ú
Volume (1010 km3)Ú2.1958Ú108.321Ú0.0203Ú
Equatorial radius (km)Ú1738.1Ú6378.1Ú0.2725Ú
Polar radius (km)Ú1736.0Ú6356.8Ú0.2731Ú
Volumetric meanÚ
radius (km)Ú
1737.1Ú6371.0Ú0.2727Ú
ElipticityÚ0.0012Ú0.00335Ú0.36Ú
Mean density (kg/m3)Ú3350Ú5515Ú0. 607Ú
Surface gravity (m/s2)Ú1.62Ú9.78Ú0.166Ú
Escape velocity (km/s)Ú2.38Ú11.2Ú0.213Ú
Obliquity (deg)Ú6.7Ú23.4Ú0.286Ú
Rotational periodÚ27.32 daysÚ23 hr 56 min 4.09sÚ1.138Ú
Revolution periodÚ27.32 daysÚ365.26 daysÚ0.0748Ú
EccentricityÚ0.055Ú0.017Ú3.235Ú
.
An eclipse occurs at those times when the Moon moves into ¶
position of direct alignment with the Sun and the Earth. A solaè
eclipse can occur only at New Moon when the Moon passeQ

The geometry of Solar Eclipses: Total solar eclipse occurs when umbra ofRMoon.s
shadow touches a region on the surface of the Earth, Partial solarReclipse occur
s when penumbra of the Moon.s shadow passes over a region onRthe Earth.s surface
, Annular solar eclipse occurs when a region on the Earth.sRsurface is in line w
ith the umbra, but the distances are such that the tip of theRumbra does not rea
ch the Earth.s surface. (.Eclipse. by Bryan Brewer.)R
between Earth and Sun. If the Moon.s shadow happens to fallupon Earth.sÚ
surface at thatÚ
time, we seeÚ
some portion ofÚ
the Sun.s diskÚ
covered orÚ
.eclipsed. by theÚ
Moon. Whereas
lunar eclipse occurs when the Sun and the Moon are on oppositeÚ
sides of the Earth and the ful Moon passes through the shadowÚ
of the Earth. The solar and lunar eclipses are truly spectacularÚ
celestial phenomenon.Ú
The low and high tides due to the gravitational effects of Sun andÚ
A total lunar eclipse with the Moon lying in the umbraRof the Earth.s shadow (ht
tp://csep10.phys.utk.edu)R

Y
the Moon are well known phenomena affecting day-to-day life.Ú
An interesting fact is that the Moon.s rotation period around itsÚ
axis and revolution period around the Earth takes the same timeÚ
of about 27 days and hence the same side of Moon is permanentlyÚ
facing the Earth. The time taken from one new Moon to anotherÚ
new Moon (synodic period) is about 29 days.Ú
So far there has been no indication of life existing on Moon.Ú

Tides are periodic rise and fall of large bodies of water, caused byRthe gravita
tional interaction between Sun, Moon and Earth. LargeRtides are experienced in E
arth.s oceans when Sun and Moon areRlined up with the Earth at new or full phase
s of the Moon. TheseRare called spring tides. Conversely when the Moon is locate
d atRright angles to the Sun-Earth line, the Sun and Moon interfereRwith each ot
her in producing tidal bulges and tides are generallyRweaker- these are called n
eap tides. (http://csep10.phys.utk.edu)R
The Moon.s surface is generally dry, dusty and rocky. The rockyÚ
crust is about 60 km thick on the near side that faces the EarthÚ
and about 107 km on the far side. Moon.s terrain is divided intoÚ
two sharply contrasting areas . the rugged and very ancientÚ
.
mountainous .Highlands. regions and smooth younger lowlandÚ
.Maria. regions. While Earth.s mountain ranges are formed byÚ
movements and coming closer of crust sections pushing againstÚ
each other (known as plate tectonics), the lunar highlands did notÚ
result from an active uplifting process due to crustal dynamics.Ú
But its surface has been periodicaly bombarded with differentÚ
sizes of meteorites and asteroids. During the initial period of lunarÚ
evolution, such giant meteor impacts resulted in the creation ofÚ
flatlands or lunar basins. The regions not affected by these giantÚ
impacts are the lunar highlands.Ú

NEAR SIDEÚFAR SIDEÚ

The near face of the Moon, face turned towards the Earth, shows a number ofRMare
(dark), whereas largely highland terrain (bright) are seen on the far side,Rsid
e of the Moon unseen from the Earth. (Astronomy: Journey to the CosmicRFrontier
by John D Fix.)R
Ancient observers thought that the round and dark areas on theÚ
face of the Moon are seas, which they called Maria (Latin wordÚ
for seas). Maria are not seas at al but relatively flat areas producedÚ
by massive fow of lava from earlier period of lunar volcanism.Ú
1r
Maria comprises 16 percent of the Moon.s surface and has hugeÚ
impact basins. They are concentrated in the near side of the Moon.Ú
Associated with the Lunar Maria are gravity anomalies calledÚ
.mascons. (mass concentrations). A spacecraft would accelerateÚ
as it nears the Maria region and decelerate as it move away due toÚ
such gravitational anomalies.Ú
The Moon is covered with a gently roling layer of powdery soil
and rock fragments caled the .regolith., which is made of debrisÚ
created by the meteorÚ
impacts forming theÚ
craters. Such craters areÚ
the remains of colisionsÚ
between an asteroid,Ú
comet or meteorite andÚ
the Moon. The size,Ú
mass, speed and angle ofÚ
the faling objectÚ
determine the size, shapeÚ
and complexity of resulting craters. Surface of the Moon is scarredÚ
with milions of impact craters and the record has been retainedÚ
on Moon.s surface.Ú
One striking difference between the lunar surface material andÚ
that of Earth concerns the most common kinds of rocks. On theÚ
Earth the most common rocks are sedimentary because ofÚ
atmospheric and water erosion of the surface. On the Moon thereÚ
is no atmosphere and little or no water, and the most commonÚ
kind of rock is igneous (.fire-formed-rocks.). According to studies,Ú
North Polar Region (Courtesy: NASA)R

1s
the lunar surface material has the folowing geologicalcharacteristics:Ú
1
The Maria are mostly composed of dark .basalts. which areÚ
formed from rapid cooling of molten rocks from massivelava flows.Ú
1
The Highlands rocks are largely .Anorthosite., which is a kindÚ
of igneous rock that forms when lava cools more slowy thanÚ
in the case of basalts.Ú
1
.Breccias. are fragments of different rocks compactedÚ
and welded together by meteoric impacts and are found inÚ
Maria and Highlands.Ú
1
The Moon has either a very smal core rich in iron ore or noÚ
core at al.Ú
Analysis of lunar rock samples indicate thatÚ
1
The rocks are rich in Calcium (Ca), Aluminium (Al) andÚ
Titanium (Ti)Ú
1
There is high abundance of Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)Ú
1
There is a relative abundance of 3He on the Moon, comparedÚ
with Earth. This may be due to the fact that over the fourÚ
bilion year history of the Moon, several hundred milion tonsÚ
of solar 3He have impacted directly onto the surface of theÚ
Moon and got trapped in minerals such as IlmeniteÚ
(a compound of iron and titanium; FeTiO3).Ú
12Ú
The figure shows current understanding of the layered interior structure of Moon
.RThe inferred lithosphere of Moon extends up to 1000 km. Orthopyroxene (opx),R
Olivine are Fe-Mg rich silicate mineral, Clinopyroxene (cpx) - Ca rich silicateR
mineral with Fe and Mg, Plagioclase (plag)-a type of feldspar (Al rich mineral).
RQuakes inside Moon occur in the band around 800-1000 km in depth, a level thatR
is interpreted as the base of lunar lithosphere. (Courtesy: American Scientist)R
The abundance of radioactive elements in rock samples can beÚ
used to determine the age of the rocks in a process caledÚ
.Radioactive dating.. Using such techniques on lunar samplesÚ
brought back by the Apollo missions, it has been found that theÚ
oldest material from the surface of the Moon is almost as old asÚ
we believe the Solar system to be that is 5 bilion years. Thus theÚ
material brought back from the Moon by Apolo missions providesÚ
a window on the very early history of our Solar system that wouldÚ
be difficult to find on the Earth, which is geologicaly active andÚ
has consequenty obliterated its early geological features.Ú
1ì
Seismic S waves apparently do not traverse the region below theÚ
zone of Moonquakes, suggesting that this material has very lowÚ
shear strength, possibly containing some liquid.Ú
4.ROrigin of MoonR
The origin of the Moon is stil not clearly understood and thereÚ
have been speculations about its origin . how it was formed andÚ
how it acquired its present orbit around the Earth. Studies usingÚ
the chemical, mineralogical, isotopic and chronological data ledÚ
to postulation of five major theories on the origin of the Moon:Ú
1
The Fission Theory:Ú
At some time in theÚ
distant past, theÚ
Moon had separatedÚ
from the Earth.Ú
Perhaps the EarthÚ
was not as round thenÚ
as it is today and thatÚ
imbalance caused itÚ
to split in two.Ú
1
The Capture Theory:Ú
The Moon wasÚ
formed somewhere in the solar system and was later capturedÚ
by the gravitational field of the Earth.Ú
1
The Co-accretion Theory: The Earth and Moon may have beenÚ
formed at the same time from solar nebula by co-accretion.Ú
Picture of giant impact that threw the materialRfor the Moon into Earth.s orbit.
(Courtesy:RScientific American)R

1.
1
The Coliding Planetesimal Theory: Moon condensed fromÚ
the debris of the interaction of Earth-orbiting and Sun-orbitingÚ
planetesimals (very large chunks of rocks like asteroids) earlyÚ
in the history of the solar system.Ú
1
The Giant Impact Theory: A planetesimal of Mars size hadÚ
impact with the Earth, eary in its history, ejecting large volumeÚ
of matter from the evolving Earth, which aggregated andÚ
formed the Moon.Ú
5.REarly InterestR
Through the ages Moon has been the heavenly body, which sparkedÚ
the imagination of mankind more than the planets in our solarÚ
system. In the distant past our ancestors looked up to the skyÚ
with awe and wonder. At the beginning of recorded history, theÚ
passage of time was decided by observing the positions and phasesÚ
of the Moon. The idea that the Moon was not perfectly smoothÚ
can be traced back to 450 B.C. At approximately the same timeÚ
the Greek astronomer, Hipparchus, using observations andÚ
mathematical formulae measured the distance to the Moon asÚ
well as the Sun with surprising accuracies. In the Vedic periodÚ
(1500-500 B.C.), Indian astronomers had determined the orbit ofÚ
the Moon precisely and based on the phases of the Moon,Ú
developed the lunar calendar which is used even now. The IndianÚ
astronomer Aryabhata (~500 A.D), after whom the first IndianÚ
satelite was named, was one of the early scholars who determinedÚ
the Moon.s size and distance accurately.Ú
15Ú
The end of fifteenth century was apparently the period whenÚ
serious study of the Moon began. Around 1603, the first lunarÚ
drawing based on naked eye observation was compiled.Ú

Sketches of the Moon by Scheiner (1614), Biancani (1620) and Malapert (1619)RSch
einer: Disquisitiones Mathematicae (Ingolstadt, 1614).RBiancani: Spaera Mundi (B
ologna, 1620).RMalapert: Oratio (Douai, 1619). (Courtesy: Albert Van Helden)R
Later the telescope was used to explain the Moon.s spots. At theÚ
beginning of seventeenth century, a coser look at the Moon byÚ
Galileo using his telescope, showed that its surface is unevenÚ
demarcating the dark areas (lowlands) and bright ones (highlands).Ú
Selenography, the study of the physical features of the MoonÚ
systematicaly began in 1799 when observations and measurementsÚ
were made on lunar features. In 1840 a five-inch reflector telescopeÚ
was used to produce a picture of the Moon. By 1890 lunarÚ
photography became a recognized branch of astronomical research.Ú
The twentieth century brought more advances to the study of theÚ
Moon. In 1946 scientists turned a radar dish to the Moon and forÚ
the first time received a return signal.Ú
6.Recent Lunar ExplorationsR
The ushering in of the space era with the launch of the first artificialsatellit
e, Sputnik in 1957, opened up the prospects of realizingÚ
1ï
the man.s long cherished dream to reach Moon. The spaceÚ
programme was undertaken for lunar exploration as early as 1959.Ú
Since then, more than 50 lunar exploratory missions have beenÚ
conducted. Erstwhile Soviet Union.s LUNA spacecraft missionsÚ
were folowed byÚ
United States RANGERÚ
and SURVEYORÚ
missions, going throughÚ
the Lunar OrbitersÚ
culminating into theÚ
APOLLO Moon landingÚ
missions. Trips to theÚ
Moon moved out ofÚ
science fiction into realityÚ
on July 20, 1969, whenÚ
Neil Armstrong becameÚ
the first man to set his footÚ
on the lunar surface (SeaÚ
of Tranquillity). Over aÚ
dozen astronauts have since explored the surface of the Moon andÚ
brought back about 400 kg of lunar material. The instruments leftÚ
behind on the Moon by APOLLO astronauts provided newÚ
information on the Moonquakes, heat fow, meteorite impacts, etc.Ú
Interest in lunar science was renewed when the imaging systemÚ
on board NASA.s .Galileo. spacecraft sent pictures of some ofÚ
the previously unexplored regions of the Moon during 1990.Ú
Galileo identified a large impact basin, about 2500 km in diameterÚ
This false colour image of Moon has beenRcreated by combining 53 images taken fr
omRthree different filters on Galileo during the 1992Rflyby. Pink represents hig
hlands, blue to orangeRdenote volcanic flows. (Courtesy: NASA)R

1.
Southern topography view of the South Pole-Aitken Basin,Ron the Lunar far side,
currently the largest known impactRbasin in the solar system. It was excavated b
y a large impact.R(Courtesy: Science)R

and 10 to 12Ú
km deep in theÚ
South PoleÚ
Aitken RegionÚ
(SPAR) on theÚ
far side of theÚ
Moon, whichÚ
could not beÚ
recognized byÚ
the earlierÚ
missions. ThusÚ
a long gap ofÚ
about 20 yearsÚ
since theÚ
ApoloÚ
mission was broken by the Galileo mission and others to folowÚ
mainly due to unprecedented growth of advanced technology inÚ
the area of remote sensing, imaging devices and digital electronics.Ú
With the development of new technology, a new era of lunarÚ
exploration by many countries have now begun and lunarÚ
exploration is continuing, using the advanced instruments andÚ
computer technologies. The Japanese mission, HITEN (formeryÚ
caled MUSES-A) was successfuly launched in 1990, to performÚ
a sophisticated Earth-Moon circumnavigation and was finallyÚ
directed to impact on lunar far side. Between February andÚ
May 1994, the joint European-American CLEMENTINE mission,Ú
equipped with a laser image detection and ranging system (LIDAR)Ú
1Y
and high resolution cameras (HIRES) photographed nearly theÚ
whole lunar surface in ultra violet, visibÚe, nearÚ
IR and long wave IR bands from a lunar orbit of about 425 km.Ú
It provided the first global data sets for lunar gravity, topographyÚ
and multi spectral imaging with about 200 m resolution. LUNARÚ
PROSPECTOR launched in January 1998 carried remote sensingÚ
instruments such as gamma-ray spectrometer, neutronÚ
spectrometer, alpha particle spectrometer, etc. This mission wasÚ
designed to provide answers to longstanding questions about theÚ
Moon, its resources, structure and origin and provided valuableÚ
scientific data on the distribution of Thorium, Potassium, otherÚ
radioactive and stable elements eg., Fe, Ti, etc.Ú
A common objective of both Clementine and Lunar ProspectorÚ
was to search for lunar water/ice deposits. Radar reflectivityÚ
experiments performed by Clementine hinted at the possibilityÚ
of existence of large amounts of water frozen on the permanentlyÚ
shadowed polar regions of the Moon. Lunar Prospector.s neutronÚ
spectrometer detected bursts of slow neutrons over the Moon.sÚ
poles, suggesting presence of hydrogen atoms and hence possibeÚ
presence of water/ice. However, these experiments could notÚ
decisively confirm the presence of water/ice on Moon, whichÚ
stil remains a mystery.Ú
7.Renewal of InterestR
Telescopes have been trained on the Moon since Galileo.s daysÚ
and dozens of spacecraft have fown by, orbited around and landedÚ
on the Moon. A few astronauts have brought back rock and soilsamples from Moon.
Much has been learnt about the astronomical,Ú
1.
physical, chemical, isotopic, geological and chronological aspectsÚ
of the Moon. Despite a wealth of data, critical and fundamentalquestions stil re
main about the Moon.s origin and formation andÚ
its chemical composition. Particularly question related to existenceÚ
of water/ice and life is stil unresolved. Hence even after threeÚ
decades of Apollo, our knowledge about the Moon is stillincomplete.Ú
The advancements in sensor, detector and miniaturizationÚ
technologies have now prompted renewed scientific interest on
lunar exploration.Ú
Apart from the scientific interest, the Moon could have economicÚ
benefits to mankind. This includes exploitation of the resourceÚ
potential of the Moon including habitation of the Moon to reapÚ
the benefits on a continuous basis. The Moon has abundantÚ
resources of oxygen, hydrogen and other solar wind gases trappedÚ
in its regolith. Understanding the availability of such resourcesÚ
from the perspective of mineraogy, lithology and regional geologyÚ
is a prerequisite for efficient human presence on the Moon. EarlyÚ
studies of the lunar regolith showed that there is a relativeÚ
abundance of Helium-3 (3He) isotope on the Moon compared toÚ
that of Earth. 3He can be used as a fusion element and is thusÚ
considered as one of the important fuels for power generation inÚ
the future. Since 3He has high diffusivity, it normally gets lost fromlunar grai
ns. However, the mineral Ilmenite (FeTiO3) is abundantÚ
on the Moon and has high retentivity for 3He. The distribution ofÚ
3He associated with Fe and Ti can be determined by geochemicalmapping since it w
ould have the same distribution as (Fe + Ti).Ú
Over the four bilion-year history of the Moon, several hundredÚ
2r
milion tonnes of 3He have impacted the surface of the MoonÚ
from the solar wind. The analyses of Apolo and Luna samplesÚ
showed that over 1 milion tonnes of 3He stil remain embeddedÚ
in the surface of the Moon. Even a smal fraction of this couldÚ
provide the world.s electricity for centuries to come. A largeÚ
number of studies are being carried out to determine the technicalfeasibility of
having a human outpost on the Moon.Ú
The twenty-first century wil mark a significant milestone in theÚ
history of human development: the colonisation of the Moon!Ú
The Moon being the nearest neighbour of Earth and with 1/6 thÚ
of the Earth.s gravity offers a unique outpost for planetaryÚ
exploration. The conditions may be adapted to generate lunarÚ
self-sustaining bases for such endeavours. Moon.s far side wouldÚ
provide an excelent site for establishing an astronomicalobservatory because of
the absence of atmosphere and the absenceÚ
of Earth.s reflected radiation on the far side of Moon.Ú
8.RForthcoming Lunar ExplorationsR
A number of missions to the Moon are planned during currentÚ
decade by Japan and European Space Agency (ESA) and someÚ
missions are being discussed by United States (NASA) and otherÚ
countries. These include orbiter, lander and sample return missions.Ú
Important missions currently launched and planned in the nextÚ
one or two years are SMART-1 (ESA), Lunar A (Japan), SELENEÚ
(Japan). The mission configurations and their scientific objectivesÚ
are briefly described below.Ú
The primary objective of SMART-1 (Small Mission forÚ
Advance Research and Technology) launched by Ariane-5Ú
2s
rocket during September 2003 is to test solar-electric propulsionÚ
with several technology goals. The scientific payload ofÚ
SMART-1 includes a high-resolution camera, a near infraredÚ
spectrometer and a compact X-ray spectrometer with a newÚ
type of swept charge detector and micro collimator.Ú
1
The Lunar A mission of Japan expected for launch in 2005 isÚ
primarily meant for studying Moon.s seismic and heat fowÚ
phenomena. The objective of the mission is to determineÚ
whether the Moon has a core and if so, its size and physicalproperties using two
penetrators.Ú
1
SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) is aÚ
Japanese mission to be launched during 2005. The missionÚ
wil consist of a main orbiting satelite at about 100 km altitudeÚ
in polar circular orbit and two sub-satelites in eliptical orbitÚ
with apolune at 2400 and 800 km. The scientific objectivesÚ
include mapping of lunar topography, surface composition,Ú
magnetic field and study of lunar and solar terrestrialenvironment.Ú
9.RIndian MissionR
The Indian Space Programme has the primary goal of promotingÚ
and establishing a vibrant space science, application and technologyÚ
programme to assist in al-round development of the nation.Ú
Keeping in mind the goal, the capabilities that India has acquiredÚ
can be fruitfuly exploited to undertake outer space explorationsÚ
and contribute to answering some of the fundamental questionsÚ
2t
regarding the origin and evolution of Moon, which stil remainÚ
unanswered.Ú
The photo geological, mineralogical and chemical mapping throughÚ
Chandrayaan-1 mission wil enable to identify different geologicalunits, which wi
ll test the eary evolutionary history of the Moon.Ú
The chemical mapping wil enable to determine the heterogeneousÚ
nature and depth stratigraphy of the Moon.s crust and therebyÚ
test certain aspects of magma ocean hypothesis and may alow toÚ
determine the compositions of impactors, which are also relevantÚ
to the formation of the Earth.Ú
Apart from technological and scientific gains, Chandrayaan-1 wiÚ
provide thrust to basic science and engineering research in theÚ
country. The mission will be an important catalyst for theÚ
youngsters to pursue fundamental research. The academia, inÚ
particular the university scientists, would find Chandrayaan-1,Ú
highly rewarding.Ú
10.RScientific Instruments for Chandrayaan-1R
Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC): This Camera will generateÚ
high-resolution 3-D cartographic map of the Moon usingÚ
stereoscopic cameras. The broad specifications of TMC areÚ
given below:Ú
Ground resolutionÚ5 mÚ
SwathÚ40 kmÚ
Spectral BandÚPanchromaticÚ
2ì
Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI): This instrument uses a wedgeÚ
filter and an area array detector to obtain the fulspectrum information of the t
arget by acquiring image data forÚ
mineralogical mapping. The broad specification of HySI areÚ
given below:Ú
Ground resolutionÚ80 mÚ
SwathÚ40 kmÚ
Spectral rangeÚ400-900 nmÚ
No of spectral bandsÚ32Ú
Spectral resolutionÚ15 nmÚ
Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI): This instrument is usedÚ
for providing ranging data for determining the accurate altitudeÚ
of the spacecraft above the lunar surface. The broad specificationÚ
of LLRI are given below:Ú
Pulse repetition rateÚ1 HzÚ
TelescopeÚ15 cm dia, reflectiveÚ
Pulse-widthÚ10 nsÚ
Vertical resolutionÚ10 mÚ
X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometers: This instrument consists ofÚ
three parts: (a) Low Energy X-ray detector (LEX) to map theÚ
abundance of light elements like Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti and FeÚ
(b) High Energy X-ray/g-ray detector (HEX) to map theÚ
distribution of high atomic number elements over the lunarÚ
surface such as U, Th, etc. and (c) Solar X-ray Monitor (SXM) toÚ
continuously measure the flux of solar X-rays. The characteristicsÚ
2.
of X-ray payloads are given below

LEXRHEXRSXMREnergy rangeÚ0.5 . 10 keVÚ10 . 200 keVÚ2 . 10 keVÚ

Energy resolutionÚ
(FWHM)Ú
8% at 1.5 keVÚ
4% at 6 keVÚ
5% at 60 keVÚ5% at 6 keVÚ
Field of View (FOV)Ú50 x 50Ú100 x 100Ú900Ú
Spatial resolutionÚ9 kmÚ18 kmÚ.Ú
11.RLaunch Vehicle and SpacecraftR
Polar Satellite Launch Vehice (PSLV) of ISRO, which has alreadyÚ
flown seven times successfuly and placed Indian remote sensingÚ
satellites in polar orbit and also a meteorological satellite,Ú
KALPANA-1, into Geosynchronous transfer orbit, will be usedÚ
for Chandrayaan-1 mission.Ú
In the Chandrayaan-1 mission, the spacecraft wil be placed in aÚ
polar orbit at an altitude of about 100 km above the Moon.sÚ
surface. The spacecraft, initially weighing 1050 kg, will be launchedÚ
by PSLV into an Elliptical Parking Orbit (EPO) of 240 km perigeeÚ
and 36,000 km apogee which is very similar to the GeosynchronousÚ
Transfer Orbit (GTO) into which Kalpana-1 was placed. TheÚ
spacecraft wil then use its own Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) toÚ
take it to a Trans Lunar Injection (TLI) orbit and finally for LunarÚ
Orbit Insertion (LOI). In its final orbit of 100 km above the Moon,Ú
the spacecraft wil weigh 525 kg (including liquid fuel and microÚ
thrusters required for a life period of 2 years). It wil take aboutÚ
5 ½ days for the spacecraft to attain the lunar orbit.Ú
25Ú
Nominal PSLV Mission to MooF

.ÚMission StrategyÚEPO- TLI- LOIÚ

.ÚEPO~GTOÚ240X36000 kmÚ
.ÚInclinationÚ18°Ú
.ÚArgument of perigeeÚ179°Ú
.ÚEPO/GTO massÚ1050 kgÚ
.ÚLAM First BurnÚ239 kgÚ
.ÚTLI MassÚ811 kgÚ
.ÚLAM Subsequent BurnsÚ287 kgÚ
.ÚLAM Total LoadingÚ526 kgÚ
.ÚMass in 100 X 100 kmÚ
Lunar OrbitÚ523 kgÚ
.ÚPropellant for 2-yearÚ
Orbit MaintenanceÚ83 kgÚ
.ÚDry mass of LunarÚ
SpacecraftÚ440 kgÚ
PSLVR

The spacecraft for Chandrayaan-1 has the shape of a cuboidÚ

measuring 1.5 m. It will have canted solar array generating 630 WÚ
of power backed up by Lithium Ion battery.It will beÚ
3-axis stabilised and use fibre optic gyro for accurate attitudeÚ
control. It will have gimballed steerable high gain antennaÚ
2ï
system for transmitting the scientific data. The Telemetryn
Tracking and Command (TTC) would be in S-band frequenc6
while the scientific payload data transmission wil be in X-bandp

Artist.s impression of the Chandrayaan-1 SpacecraftR

12.RGround FacilitiesR
To provide continuous radio link with the Chandrayaan-1Ú
spacecraft, a Deep Space Network (DSN) station wil be set upÚ
near Bangalore. This station will track the spacecraft which willbe about 4,00,0
00 km away, communicate with it and sendÚ
commands as wel as receive the scientific data from itsÚ
instruments. The DSN station will have a fully steerable,Ú
dual feed 34 m-diameter antenna. Once established, DSN wilnot only support the C
handrayaan-1 mission but also form anÚ
important asset to serve future planetary missions. The MissionÚ
Control Centre (MCC) situated at Bangalore wil carry out alspacecraft operations
, raw data reception and archival. A NationalScience Data Centre (NSDC) wil act
as a repository of scientificÚ
data from experiments conducted on-board Chandrayaan-1.Ú
The data wil be processed and archived in user-friendly formatÚ
for distribution to interested scientists.Ú
27Ú
References:R
1.ÚEclipse . Bryan Brewer, Earth View Inc.Ú
2.ÚAstronomy: Journey to the Cosmic Frontier . John. D. Fix,Ú
McGraw Hill Companies.Ú
3.ÚTaylor, G.J., The Scientific Legacy of Apollo, ScientificÚ
American, vol 271, No.1, pp. 40-47, 1994.Ú
4.ÚSpudis, P.D, Riesse, R.A. and Gills, J.J., Ancient multi ringÚ
basins on the Moon revealed by Clementine laser altimetry,Ú
Science, vol 226, pp. 1848-1851, 1994.Ú
5.ÚBasilevsky, A.T., Historical Perspective of Lunar Exploration,Ú
Proceedings of the fourth International Conference onÚ
Exploration and Utilization of the Moon, ICEUM 4, 2000,Ú
The Netherlands, ESA SP-462, pp. 65-67, 2000.Ú
6.ÚTaylor T.J., The origin of the Moon, American Scientist,Ú
Vol 75, pp. 469-477, 1987.Ú
2Y
CHRONOLOGY OF LUNAR EXPLORATIO0

NoRLaunch dateRMissionRCountryRAccomplishmentR1.Ú2 Jan 1959ÚLuna 1ÚUSSRÚFirst lunar fyby

,Ú
magnetic fieldÚ
2.Ú3 Mar 1959ÚPioneer 4ÚUSAÚLunar flyby byÚ
60,000 km, radiationÚ
3.Ú12 Sept 1959ÚLuna 2ÚUSSRÚFirst hard landing,Ú
magnetic fieldÚ
4.Ú4 Oct 1959ÚLuna 3ÚUSSRÚFirst photos of lunarÚ
farsideÚ
5.Ú23 Aug 1961ÚRanger 1ÚUSAÚAttempted test flightÚ
6.Ú18 Nov 1961ÚRanger 2ÚUSAÚAttempted test flightÚ
7.Ú26 Jan 1962ÚRanger 3ÚUSAÚMissed the MoonÚ
by 36,793 kmÚ
8.Ú23 Apr 1962ÚRanger 4ÚUSAÚCrashed on the lunar farsideÚ
9.Ú18 Oct 1962ÚRanger 5ÚUSAÚMissed the MoonÚ
by 724 kmÚ
10.Ú2 Apr 1963ÚLuna 4ÚUSSRÚMissed the MoonÚ
by 8,500 kmÚ
11.Ú30 Jan 1964ÚRanger 6ÚUSAÚHard landing,Ú
television failedÚ
12.Ú29 July 1964ÚRanger 7ÚUSAÚHard landing,Ú
First close-up TVÚ
13.Ú17 Feb 1965ÚRanger 8ÚUSAÚHard landing, close-up TVÚ
14.Ú21 Mar 1965ÚRanger 9ÚUSAÚHard landing, close-up TVÚ
15.Ú9 May 1965ÚLuna 5ÚUSSRÚCrashed on the MoonÚ
16.Ú8 June 1965ÚLuna 6ÚUSSRÚMissed the MoonÚ
by 1,60,000 kmÚ
17.Ú18 July 1965ÚZond 3ÚUSSRÚPhotographed lunar farsideÚ
18.Ú4 Oct 1965ÚLuna 7ÚUSSRÚCrashed on the MoonÚ
19.Ú3 Dec 1965ÚLuna 8ÚUSSRÚCrashed on the MoonÚ
20.Ú31 Jan 1966ÚLuna 9ÚUSSRÚFirst soft landing andÚ
TV panoramaÚ
21.Ú31 Mar 1966ÚLuna 10ÚUSSRÚFirst lunar satellite,Ú
gamma-spectra,Ú
magnetic and gravityÚ
measurementsÚ
22.Ú30 May 1966ÚSurveyor 1ÚUSAÚLander, on-surface TV,Ú
soil mechanicsÚ
23.Ú10 Aug 1966ÚLunar Orb1 USAÚTV imaging, radiation,Ú
micrometeoritesÚ
2.
24.Ú24 Aug 1966ÚLuna 11ÚUSSRÚOrbiter, gamma-andÚ
X-ray measurements,Ú
gravity, micrometeoritesÚ
25.Ú22 Oct 1966ÚLuna 12ÚUSSRÚOrbiter, TV imagingÚ
26.Ú6 Nov 1966ÚLunar Orb 2ÚUSAÚTV imaging, radiation,Ú
micrometeoritesÚ
27.Ú21 Dec 1966ÚLuna 13ÚUSSRÚLander, on-surface TV,Ú
soil mechanicsÚ
28.Ú5 Feb 1967ÚLunar Orb 3Ú USAÚTV imaging, radiation,Ú
micrometeoritesÚ
29.Ú17 Apr 1967ÚSurveyor 3ÚUSAÚLander, on-surface TV,Ú
soil mechanicsÚ
30.Ú4 May 1967ÚLunar Orb 4ÚUSAÚTV imaging, radiation,Ú
micrometeoritesÚ
31.Ú19 July 1967ÚExplorer 35ÚUSAÚOrbiter, Plasma, fieldsÚ
and particlesÚ
32.Ú1 Aug 1967ÚLunar Orb 5ÚUSAÚTV imaging, radiation,Ú
micrometeoritesÚ
33.Ú8 Sept 1967ÚSurveyor 5ÚUSAÚLander, on-surface TV,Ú
First chemistryÚ
34.Ú7 Nov 1967ÚSurveyor 6ÚUSAÚLander, on-surface TV,Ú
chemistryÚ
35.Ú7 Jan 1968ÚSurveyor 7ÚUSAÚLander, on-surface TV,Ú
chemistryÚ
36.Ú7 Apr 1968ÚLuna 14ÚUSSRÚOrbiter, gamma-spectra.,Ú
magnetic measurementsÚ
37.Ú14 Sept 1968ÚZond 5ÚUSSRÚFirst lunar flyby andÚ
Earth returnÚ
38.Ú10 Nov 1968ÚZond 6ÚUSSRÚLunar flyby and Earth returnÚ
39.Ú21 Dec 1968ÚApolo 8ÚUSAÚFirst humans to orbitÚ
the MoonÚ
40.Ú18 May 1969ÚApolo 10ÚUSAÚFirst docking inlunar orbitÚ
41.Ú13 July 1969ÚLuna 15ÚUSSRÚFailed robotic samplerÚ
42.Ú16 July 1969ÚApolo 11ÚUSAÚFirst humans on theÚ
Moon (20 July)Ú
43.Ú6 Aug 1969ÚZond 7ÚUSSRÚLunar flyby and Earth returnÚ
44.Ú14 Nov 1969ÚApolo 12ÚUSAÚHuman landing,Ú
Oceanus ProcelarumÚ
45.Ú11 Apr 1970ÚApolo 13ÚUSAÚAborted lunar landingÚ
46.Ú12 Sept 1970ÚLuna 16ÚUSSRÚFirst robotic sampleÚ
return, Mare FeccunditatisÚ
3r
47.Ú20 Oct 1970ÚZond 8ÚUSSRÚLunar flyby and Earth returnÚ
48.Ú10 Nov 1970ÚLuna 17ÚUSSRÚFirst robotic roverÚ
Lunokhod 1, Mare ImbriumÚ
49.Ú31 Jan 1971ÚApolo 14ÚUSAÚHuman landing, Fra MauroÚ
50.Ú26 July 1971ÚApolo 15ÚUSAÚHuman landing,Ú
Hadley-ApennineÚ
51.Ú2 Sept 1971ÚLuna 18ÚUSSRÚFailed robotic samplerÚ
52.Ú28 Sept 1971ÚLuna 19ÚUSSRÚOrbiter, lunar gravity,Ú
TV, micrometeoritesÚ
53.Ú14 Feb 1972ÚLuna 20ÚUSSRÚRobotic sample return,Ú
ApoloniusÚ
54.Ú16 Apr 1972ÚApolo 16ÚUSAÚHuman landing, DescartesÚ
55.Ú7 Dec 1972ÚApolo 17ÚUSAÚHuman landing, FIRSTÚ
geologist on the Moon,Ú
Taurus-LittrowÚ
56.Ú8 Jan 1973ÚLuna 21ÚUSSRÚRobotic roverÚ
Lunokhod 2, Le MonierÚ
57.Ú10 Jun 1973ÚExplorer 49ÚUSAÚNon-lunar radioÚ
astronomy from lunar orbitÚ
58.Ú29 May 1974ÚLuna 22ÚUSSRÚOrbiter, lunar gravity,Ú
TV, micrometeoritesÚ
59.Ú28 Oct 1974ÚLuna 23ÚUSSRÚFailed robotic samplerÚ
60.Ú9 Aug 1976ÚLuna 24ÚUSSRÚRobotic sampler return,Ú
Mare CrisiumÚ
61.Ú24 Jan 1990ÚHitenÚJapanÚFlyby and orbiter,Ú
technological experimentsÚ
62.Ú25 Jan 1994ÚClementineÚUSAÚOrbiter, imaging lunarÚ
surface in UV, VIS, IR,
laser altimetryÚ
63.Ú6 Jan 1998ÚLunarÚ
ProspectorÚ
USAÚGamma-neutron-alphaÚ
spectrometry,Ú
magnetometry, gravityÚ
64.ÚSept 2003ÚSMART-1ÚESAÚSolar electric propulsion,Ú
near IR and X-rayÚ
SpectrometerÚ
65.Ú2005ÚLunar-AÚJapanÚSeismic heat flowÚ
phenomenaÚ
66.Ú2005ÚSeleneÚJapanÚMapping of lunarÚ
topography, surfaceÚ
composition & magneticÚ
fieldÚ
3s
Chandrayaan-1, the first Indian missionÚ
to Moon, would play a major role inÚ
reinvigorating research in fundamentalscience, help in upgrading technologicalca
pabilities for future space systems,Ú
become a meaningful contender in theÚ
international space arena for explorationÚ
and commercial exploitation of resourcesÚ
in the immediate neighborhood of ourÚ
planet. Above al, the mission would helpÚ
the young talented scientists and engineersÚ
of the country to take up the chalengingÚ
high level of intelectual activities in basicÚ
sciences. Chandrayaan-1 mission wouldÚ
pass on the baton to sophisticated futurelunar and planetary missions with possi
ble
landing and sample return capability.Ú
3t
INDIA.S FIRST MISSION TO MOOu

Lunar Insertion4
To achieve 100 x 100 km Lunar Polar Orbit.y
Manoeuvre4PSLV to inject 1050 kg in GTO of 240 x 36000 km.yFinal Orbit4100 km Po
lar
Lunar Orbital mass of 523 kg with 2 year life time.yScientific payload 55 kg.y
Lunar Transfer4Trajectory4
Initial Orbit4ETO4~ 1000 km4
GTO4
Mid Course Correction4
Moon at Launch
Trans LunarInjection4
Expanding the scientific knowledge about the moon, upgradingy
India.s technological capability and providing challenging opportunitiesyfor pla
netary research for the younger generationy
Chandrayaan-1: Summar6

¨ Scientific Objectives:Ú¨ Simultaneous chemical, mineralogicaland photogeologic mappi

ng of theÚ
whole moon in visibe, near infrared,
low andhigh energy X-rays with highÚ
spatial resolutionÚ
¨ Scientific Payloads:Ú¨ Terrain Mapping Camera-TMCÚ
¨ Hyper Spectral Imager-HySIÚ
¨ Lunar Laser ranging Instrument-LLRIÚ
¨ Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer-LEX
¨ Solar X-ray Monitor- SXMÚ
¨ High Energy X-ray /g-rayÚ
Spectrometer-HEX
¨ Payload Weight:Ú¨ 55kg (Including 10kg AnnouncementÚ
of Opportunity payload)Ú
¨ Launcher:Ú¨ Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle-PSLVÚ
¨ Mission Strategy:Ú¨ Eliptic Parking Orbit . TransÚ
Lunar Injection . Lunar OrbitÚ
InsertionÚ
¨ Lunar Orbit:Ú¨ 100 X 100 km Circular PolarÚ
¨ Operational Life Time:Ú¨ Two YearsÚ
¨ Spacecraft:Ú¨ Cuboid shape, 1.5 m side, 3-axisÚ
stabilizedÚ
¨ Spacecraft Mass:Ú¨ Dry mass-440kg, Initial LunarÚ
Orbit Mass with propelant-524kgÚ
¨ Communication System:Ú¨ S-Band uplink for telecommand,Ú
S-Band downlink for telemetry,Ú
X-Band for Payload data receptionÚ
¨ Deep Space NetworkÚ
(DSN) Station:Ú
¨ Location: Bangalore, FullyÚ
steerable dual feed 34m-dia antennaÚ
¨ Mission Control CentreÚ¨ Location: Bangalore-responsible forÚ
al spacecraft operations, runningÚ
of ground infrastructureÚ
¨ National Science DataÚ
Centre (NSDC):Ú
¨ Act as repository of scientific dataÚ
from experiments conductedÚ
on-board Chandrayaan-1Ú