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Article Information
1 Description
Content source: SKYbrary
2 Loading Procedures
3 Load and Trim Sheets
4 Departure Control Systems (DCS) Content control: EUROCONTROL
5 Manual Load sheets
6 Aircraft Commanders' Acceptance of Load and
RE
Trim Sheets
Overrun on Take Off
7 Electronic Flight Bag generation of Load and Tag(s)
Overrun on Landing
Trim data
8 Provisional and Final Load Sheets
9 Risks arising from aircraft loading
10 Consequences of actual misloading or incorrect
input of load-related data
11 Related Articles
12 Further Reading
Description
It is crucial to aircraft safety in flight that it is loaded in such a way that the specified maximum allowable weights are
not exceeded and that the centre of gravity as loaded will be and remain within the permitted flight envelope for all
stages of the intended flight. Once these conditions have been satisfied, it is equally crucial that the flight crew are
aware of the prevailing weight and centre of gravity so that they can set appropriate take off reference speeds,
trailing edge flap settings and pitch trim position so that rotation will be made at the right indicated airspeed and will
have the desired effect of initiating a successful transition from ground to airborne to meet any restrictions imposed
by the TORA and whilst full control of the aircraft is retained. It is very important that aircraft baggage and freight
load complies with the restrictions on carriage of dangerous goods.
Loading Procedures
It is essential that the Dispatcher or other official assigned responsibility for overseeing aircraft loading both specifies
the loading requirement correctly and has a reliable method by which they can be satisfied that their instructions
have been carried out as requested. Whilst modern methods are likely to use automated systems to determine the
seating options for passengers and the disposition of dead load between available loads, effective procedures and
compliance remain the only way of ensuring that what has been specified and passed to the aircraft commander as
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fact has actually been achieved. For Hold Loading, this is usually achieved by the completion of a Loading
Instruction Form (LIF) which is accepted by the designated loading supervisor and signed as complied with after
completion of the task and returned to the person who issued it as verification prior to that person presenting the
completed load and rim sheet to the aircraft commander. The human supervisory function must also have a reliable
means to satisfying themselves that the dangerous goods regulations and any special requirements for securing
unusual items in the holds or in the passenger cabin have been complied with.
The process with DCS is slightly different in that only the input data need be checked and the completed document
may not necessarily be signed by the agent presenting it as he/she may have had no part in its preparation.
In both cases, however, the acceptance of an apparently correct load and trim sheet does not by its existence
provide any assurance that the aircraft has necessarily been loaded as stated.
Whilst manual preparation of load and trim sheets used to be the main method, they are now often used so
infrequently that recalling the necessary method for their completion can be challenging to ground staff who rarely
do it and are then presented with preparing one as an unexpected often time-pressured challenge. Many younger
pilots have never been used to either preparing a manual load and trim sheet or checking one for acceptance, and
this unfamiliarity significantly increases the risk of undetected errors with significant consequences.
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The aircraft is not loaded in the way stated on the accepted load and trim sheet (any load sheet type)
The aircraft load and trim sheet uses correct input data but the output data is wrong (manual load sheets)
The flight crew apply the (correct) load and trim data incorrectly when using it to calculate pitch trim, or
reference speed data.
The hold load is not properly secured or contains prohibited or incorrectly packed items.
an attempt (usually inadvertent) is being made to operate the aircraft outside of the AFM limits, or
the actions of the flight crew to control the aircraft are ineffective because the aircraft is not in the condition of
load and or trim which is believed to prevail and/or has been used to set up key aircraft control parameters,
whether manually interpreted e.g Vr on the ASI or automatically taken from erroneous FMS inputs.
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Runway Excursion has been a regular result of errors of both these types in the past, whether or not an RTO has
been attempted.
Related Articles
For a more detailed discussion of the issues arising with hold and cabin loading, see Hold Loading and Passenger
Cabin Loading which also have links to reports of investigations into specific outcomes consequent upon hold or
cabin loading data being incorrectly calculated or applied.
Further Reading
Analysis of aircraft weight and balance related safety occurrences
(http://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/1149.pdf) - NLR, 2007.
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