Lecturer :

PN. SHARIFAH AZNEE BT SAID ALI @ SYED ALI

LECTURER ROOM (PENTAGON) FIRST LEVEL
Contact number :
06-6622000 ext 2044 or 0166463478
Email :
sharifah_aznee@polipd.edu.my
 Course planner

Week Chapter Topic Note

W2 – W5 1 Deflection of beam Assignment 1 , quiz 1

W6 – W9 2 Two-Dimensional stress and strain Assignment 2 , quiz 2

W10 Semester break

W11 1 &2 Test 1

W12 – W14 3 Buckling of struts Assignment 3 , quiz 3

W15 – W17 4 Thin Cylinder Assignment 4 , quiz 4

W18 3 &4 Test 2

W19 – W20 Final Examination

 Course evaluation & references
Continuous Assessment - 60 %
Quiz - 4 (20%)
Assignment - 4 (20%)
Test - 2 (40%)
Practical - 4 (20%)
Final Examination - 40 %

REFERENCES

Ahmad Zafri Zainuddin, Muhammad Her Jantan & Yahya Ramli, Mekanik Bahan.

UTM Skudai, 1997.

Ahmad Zafri Zainuddin & Yahya Ramli, Modul Mekanik Pepejal. UTM Skudai,

1998.

P. Ferdinand Beers, Mechanics of Materials. Mc Graw Hill, 1992.

Roy R., Craig, Jr. , Mechanics of Materials. John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
Chapter 1:
Two-Dimensional stress and strain

 Introduction
P (N)
= P
A
P (N) = Mc

M = Pl
l c = d/2
I = d4
64
T(N/m) = Tr
J

r = d/2
J = d4
32
differential (deviatoric) stress:
In many cases, rock may experience an additional,
unequal stress due to tectonic forces. There are three
basic kinds.

tensional stress (stretching)

compressional stress (squeezing)
shearing stress (side to side shearing)
Element of Stress

Satu kaedah mudah bagi menunjukkan keadaan-keadaan

tegasan yang bertindak pada mana-mana titik pada satu
badan yang terbeban adalah dengan mengasingkan satu
unsur kecil yang diambil pada titik tertentu seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 3.1

Element

P
P x

z Figure 3.1 : Structure element

 y
Y plane

X plane
x
Z plane

Figure : Element surface

In considering plane stress i.e. stress in Shear Stress
the x-y plane the z plane is assumed to – xy plane
be stress free. Three dimensional
stress analysis is similar in principle but
a bit more complicated. The diagram
below represents a small point in a solid
which is under stress in the x and the y
direction. The point is in equilibrium so
forces in the x direction are balanced as
are forces in the y direction. Also
clockwise (cw) moments balance
counter clockwise Tensile Stress
moments(ccw). Therefore τ xy = τ yx – x direction
The figure below represents a two
dimensional loading regime with a
tensile stress (+ ve) σx in the x direction
and a tensile stress (+ve) σyin the y
direction. A counterclockwise (-
ve)shear stress τ xy on the x surface and
Tensile Stress
a balancing clockwise shear stress
(+ve)shear stress τ xy on the y surface..
- y direction
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Coordinate Transformations
The coordinate directions chosen to analyze a structure are usually based
on the shape of the structure. As a result, the direct and shear stress
components are associated with these directions.

Stress transformation formulas are required to analyze these stresses.

The transformation of stresses with respect to the {x,y,z} coordinates to

the stresses with respect to {x',y',z'} is performed via the equations, where
is the rotation angle between the two coordinate sets (positive in the
counterclockwise direction). This angle along with the stresses for the
{x',y',z'} coordinates are shown in the figure below,
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Coordinate Transformations
Transformations Equation
Example 1:
Unsur dalam tegasan satah rajah di bawah ditindakan kepada σx
= 16000psi , σy = 6000psi dan xy = yx = 4000psi. Tentukan tegasan
normal yang bertindak ke atas unsur condong pada sudut = 450.

xy = 4000psi

σx = 16000psi

σy = 6000psi
Solution 1:

x’ = =½( x + y) +½( x - y) cos 2 + xy sin 2

= ½ (16000 + 6000) + ½ (16000 – 6000) cos 2(45) +
4000 sin 2(45)
= 15000psi

y’ = +90 = ½( x + y) - ½( x - y) cos 2 - xy sin 2

= ½ (16000 + 6000) - ½ (16000 – 6000) cos 2(45) -
4000 sin 2(45)
= 7000psi

x’y’ = =-½( x - y) sin 2 + xy kos 2

= - ½ (16000 – 6000) sin 2(45) + 40000 cos 2(45)
= - 5000psi
Example 2:
Tegasan- tegasan mempunyai magnitud dan arah yang ditunjukkan di
atas unsur tegasan seperti rajah di bawah. Kira tegasan – tegasan yang
bertindak di atas satah yang diperolehi dengan memutarkan paksi ikut
jam melalui sudut 150.

46Mpa

19Mpa

12 Mpa
Solution 2:

x’ = =½( x + y) +½( x - y) cos 2 + xy sin 2

= ½ (- 46 + 12) + ½ (- 46 – 12) cos 2(-15) + ( - 19) sin 2(-15)
= - 32.6Mpa

y’ = +90 = ½( x + y) - ½( x - y) cos 2 - xy sin 2

= ½ (- 46+ 12) - ½ (- 46– 12) cos 2(-15) – (-19) sin 2(-15)
= -1.38Mpa

x’y’ = =-½( x - y) sin 2 + xy kos 2

= - ½ (- 46– 12) sin 2(-15) + (-19) cos 2(-15)
= - 30.95Mpa
Principal Directions, Principal
Stress
The normal stresses (σx' and σy') and the shear stress ( x'y') vary smoothly
with respect to the rotation angle , in accordance with the coordinate
transformation equations. There exist a couple of particular angles where
the stresses take on special values.

First, there exists an angle p where the shear stress x'y' becomes zero.
That angle is found by setting x'y' to zero in the above shear
transformation equation and solving for (set equal to p). The result is,

p1 = ½ tan-1 [ 2 xy /( x - y )]

p2 = p1 + 90
The angle p defines the principal directions where the only
stresses are normal stresses. These stresses are called principal
stresses and are found from the original stresses (expressed in
the x,y,z directions) via,

= ½ ( 2+4 2
12 x+ y) + ½ ( x- y) xy

1 = max 2 = min
The transformation to the principal directions
can be illustrated as:
 Maximum Shear Stress
Direction
Another important angle, s, is cthe
maximum shear stress occurs. This is
found by finding the maximum of the
shear stress transformation equation,
and solving for . The result is,

The maximum shear

stress is equal to one-
half the difference
between the two
principal stresses,

The average stress is equal to one-half the

summarize of the two principal stresses,

avg = ( x+ y)/2 =( 1 + 2)/2

The transformation to the maximum shear stress
direction can be illustrated as:
Example 3:
Unsur tegasan satah ditindaki tegasan-tegasan σx = 12300psi ,
σy = - 4200psi dan xy = yx = - 4700psi. Tentukan
a) Tegasan- tegasan utama dan arahnya
b) Tegasan ricih max dan tegasan purata dan arahnya
c) Lakarkan (a) dan (b)

12300psi

4700psi

4200psi
 Solution 3:
a) 12 = ½ ( x + y) + ½ ( x - y)
2 +4 xy
2

= ½ (12300 - 4200) + ½ (12300 + 4200)2 + 4(-4700)2

= 4050 + 9494

1 = 13544 psi , 2 = - 5444psi

For angle :

p1 = ½ tan-1 [ 2 xy / ( x - y )]
= ½ tan-1 [ 2(-4700)/ (12300 + 4200)]
p1 = -14.8

p2 = p1 + 90
= -14.8 + 90
p2 = 75.2
Solution 3:

b) ave = ( x + y)/2 = ( 1 + 2)/2

= (13544 - 5444psi )/2
avg = 4050psi

max = ( 1 - 2)/2
= (13544 + 5444psi )/2
max = 9494psi

For angle :
tan 2 s = -( x - y) / (2 xy)

s1 = ½ tan-1 [-( x - y )/2 xy ]

= ½ tan-1 [ -(12300 + 4200)/ 2(-4700)]
s1 = 30.2

s2 = s1 + 90
s2 = 120.2
c ) principle stresses diagram

14.8
2 = 5444psi

1 = 13544 psi
c ) shear stress and average stress diagram

y ave = 4050psi

max = 9494psi

ave = 4050psi

30.2
x
Engineering Shear Strain
Consider a rod with initial length L which is stretched to a length L'.
The strain measure e, a dimensionless ratio, is defined as the ratio
of elongation with respect to the original length,
Normal Strain
=½( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2 + ½ xy sin2

Principal Directions, Principal Strain

The associated principal strains are given by,

1, 2 =½( x + y) ½ ( x - y)
2 +( xy )2

The normal strains ( x' and y') and the shear strain ( x'y') vary
smoothly with respect to the rotation angle , in accordance with
the transformation equations given above. There exist a couple of
particular angles where the strains take on special values.

First, there exists an angle p where the shear strain x'y' vanishes.
That angle is given by,

tan 2 p = xy /( x - y)

p1 = ½ tan-1 [ xy /( x - y) ]

p2 = p1 + 90
Shear strain Directions, Shear Strain Max

max = 1 - 2 = ( x - y)
2 +( xy )2

avg =½( 1 - 2 )=½( x - y)

For the angle;

tan 2 s = -( x - y) / xy

s1 = ½ tan-1 [-( x - y) / xy]

s2 = s1 + 90
Example 4:
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to a
state of plane strain defined by x = -350x10-6 , y= 200x10-6 ,
xy = 80x10-6 . Determine :
a) The principle strains and the associated orientation of the
element.
b) The maximum in-plane shear strain and the associated
orientation of the element.
c) The normal strain at the p1
Solution 4 :

a) The principle strains and the associated orientation of the

element.

1, 2 = ½ ( x + y) ½ ( x - y)2 + ( xy )2
= ½ (-350 + 200 ) ½ (-350 - 200 )2 + (80 )2

1, 2 = -75 277.9
1 = 203 , 2 = - 353

For orientation :
tan 2 p = xy /( x - y)
p1 = ½ tan-1 [80 /(-350 - 200 ) ]
p1 = - 4.14

p2 = p1 + 90
= - 4.14 + 90
p2 = 85.9
b) The maximum in-plane shear strain and the associated
orientation of the element.

1 = 203 , 2 = - 353

max = 1 - 2 = ( x - y)
2 +( xy )2
= 203 - ( - 353 )
max = 556

avg =½( 1 + 2 )=½( x + y)

= ½ [203 + ( - 353 )]

avg = - 75

For orientation : tan 2 = -( -

s x y) / xy

s1 = ½ tan-1 [-( x - y) / xy]

= ½ tan-1 [-(-350 - 200 ) / 80 ]
s1 = 40.9

s2 = s1 + 90
= 40.9 + 90
s2 = 131
c) The normal strain at the p1

p1 = - 4.14

=½( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2 + ½ xy sin2

= ½ (-350 + 200 ) + ½ (-350 - 200 ) cos 2(- 4.14 ) +

½(80 ) sin 2(- 4.14 )

= -75 -272.13 – 5.76

=- 4.14 = -352.89
Strain Rosettes

45 strain rosette 60 strain rosette

Star rosette Delta rosette

Example 5:
According to the strain value shown in rosette figure below, determine the :
a) Shear strain
b) Principle strains

45

30

450
105
Solution 5:
=½( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2 + ½ xy sin2

= 0 , = 105

=½( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2 + ½ xy sin2

105 = ½ ( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2(0 ) + ½ xy sin2(0 )
105 = ½ ( x + y) +½( x - y) + (0)
(2)105 = ( x + y) +( x - y)

210 = x + y + x - y

210 = 2 x

x = 105 …..eq. 1
= 45 , = 30

=½( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2 + ½ xy sin2

30 = ½ ( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2(45 ) + ½ xy sin2(45 )

60 = ( x + y) + (0) + xy

from eq. 1 , x = 105 …..

60 = 105 + y + xy

-45 = y + xy ...... eq. 2

 = 90 , = 45

=½( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2 + ½ xy sin2

45 = ½ ( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2(90 ) + ½ xy sin2(90 )
90 = ( x + y) +( x - y) (-1)
90 = 2 y

y = 45 ...... eq. 3

From eq. 2
-45 = y + xy

xy + y= -45

xy = - 45 - 45

xy = - 90
principle strains equation:

1, 2 =½( x + y) ½ ( x - y)
2 +( xy )2

= ½ (105 + 45 ) ½ (105 - 45)2 + (-90 )2

1, 2 = 75 54.08

1 = 129.08 , 2 = 20.92
Relationship between Stress and Strain

From strain to stress :

1 = E ( 1 + 2)
(1 - 2)

2 = E ( 2 + 1)
(1 - 2)

From stress to strain :

1 = 1 - 2
______________
E

2 = 2 - 1
________________________________

E
Example 6:

Given principle stresses 1 = 61.1 MN/m2 and 2 = -94.1

MN/m2. Determine the principle strains of rod when E = 200
GN/m2 and Poisson ratio , = 0.3.
Solution 6:

1 = ( 1 - 2 )/ E
= [61.1 x 106 – 0.3 (-94.1 x 106)]/ 200 x 109
= 89.33 x 106 / 200 x 109
= 4.47 x 10-4
= 447 x 10-6

1 = 447

2 = ( 2 - 1 )/ E
= [ 94.1 x 106 – 0.3 (61.1 x 106)]/ 200 x 109
= -112.43 x 106 / 200 x 109
= -5.62 x 10-4
= -562 x 10-6

2 = -562
Example 7:

Principle strains value for steel material are 1 = 130 and

2 = 20 . Calculate the principle stresses when value of E

is 200 GN/m2 and Poisson ratio is = 0.3.
Solution 7:

1 = E( 1 + 2) / (1 - 2)

= 200 x 109 [130 x 10 -6 + 0.3 (20 x 10 -6)] / 1 – (0.3)2

= 27.2 x 106 / 0.91

1 = 29.89 MN/m2

2 = E( 2 + 1) / (1 - 2)

= 200 x 109 (20 x 10 -6) + 0.3 (130 x 10 -6) / 1 – (0.3)2

= 11.8 x 106 / 0.91

2 = 12.97 MN/m2
 Summarize
Stress
Normal x’ = = ½ ( x + y ) + ½ ( x - y ) cos 2 + xy sin 2
y’ = +90 = ½ ( x + y ) - ½ ( x - y ) cos 2 - xy sin 2
x’y’ = = - ½ ( x - y) sin 2 + xy kos 2
Principle 12 = ½ ( x+ y) + ½ ( x - y)
2 +4 xy
2 :
1 = max , 2 = min
Orientation tan2 p = [ 2 xy / ( x - y )]
p1 = ½ tan-1 [ 2 xy / ( x - y )]
p2 = p1 + 90
Shear max = ( 1- 2)/2 @ max = ½ ( x - y)
2 +4 xy
2

Average avg = ( x + y)/2 =( 1 + 2)/2

Orientation tan 2 s = - ( x - y) / (2 xy)

s1 = ½ tan-1 [-( x - y )/2 xy ]
s2 = s1 + 90
Relationship 1 = E ( 1 + 2)
(1 - 2)
2 = E ( 2 + 1)
(1 - 2)
 Summarize

Strain
Normal =½( x + y) +½( x - y) cos2 + ½ xy sin2
Principle 1, 2 =½( x + y) ½ ( x - y)
2 +( xy )2 ;
1 = max , 2 = min
Orientati tan 2 p = xy /( x - y)
on p1 = ½ tan-1 [ xy /( x - y)]
p2 = p1 + 90
Shear max = 1 - 2 = ( x - y)
2 +( xy )2
Average avg =½( 1 - 2 )=½( x - y)
Orientati tan 2 s = -( x - y) / xy
on s1 = ½ tan-1 [-( x - y) / xy]
s2 = s1 + 90
Relations 1 =( 1 - )/ E
2
hip 2 = ( 2 - 1 )/ E