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QUESTIONS:
What is / What’s...? + singular noun:
What is your address?
Whet's your name?
What are...? + plural noun:
What are your initials?
Possessive adjectives
Use possessive 's with names: This is Sarah's favourite film. This is the favorite film of
Sarah. David's eyes are blue. The eyes of David
are blue.
• Form:
l/You/We/They eat
He/She/lt eats
positive negative
Verbs + -ing
• Use verb + -ing or a noun after these verbs: like, love, hate and don't mind:
I like jogging.
He bates swimming.
We don't mind aerobics.
Does he like sports?
She loves tennis.
Do you like playing football?
They don’t like golf.
Asking for information in a shop
• Use how much to ask the price of something:
How much is that jumper?
How much are the shoes?
• Use Can I to ask permission to do something.
Can I try on the green jacket?
... and to offer lo do something for someone:
Can I help you?
• Use this, that, these, those to indicate things:
near far
singular this that
plural these those
There is/are
• Use there is/there's + singular noun:
There is a cinema.
There's a museum.
There isn't a theatre.
Is there a café? No, there isn't
• Use there are + plural nouns:
There are some cafés.
There aren't any cinemas.
Are there any schools? Yes, there are.
Adverbs of frequency
-To ask about frequency, use How often…?:
How often do you go to the cinema?
How often does Mary visit you?
-Use adverbs of frequency (never, sometimes, usually,
often, always) with the present simple to say how often
something happens:
I often work late.
She usually goes to a café.
Peter doesn't often watch TV.
We sometimes get a takeaway.
Do they always go out on Saturdays?
Note: Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb but after the verb be:
John often runs after work.
It's always noisy.
Prepositions of place
• Use prepositions of place (in, on, next to, opposite, in
front of, above, under) to say where things are:
There's a computer on the desk.
Is there a ball under the table?
The stereo isn't in front of the window.
positiv negative
Am I working? e
Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
Are you working? Yes, I am. No, l'm not.
Is he/she/it Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it
working? isn't.
Are we working? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
Are they working? Yes, they are. No, they
aren't.
• Spelling rules
- Add -ing to most verbs: I'm playing.
-Verbs ending in consonant + -e, take away e and add -ing: The sun's shining.
- Verbs ending in a consonant + a vowel + a consonant, double the consonant:
He's sitting down. It's rainning, I’m cleaning
Making requests
• Use will or can to ask for things in a café:
I’ll have a tea, please.
We'll have two chicken sandwiches.
Can I have a coffee, please?
Form:
Positive >subject + can + infinitive
Negative >subject + can't + infinitive
Question > Can + subject + infinitive
Short answer > Yes + subject + can
No + subject + can’t
Note: Can/Can't do not change in the third person singular:
He can sing. He cans sing
Form:
Positive: subject + past simple
Negative: subject + didn't + infinitive
Note: The irregular past simple form is only used in positive sentences. The negative and question forms use the
infinitive:
As with the present tense, you can use question words (who, when, where
etc.) with past simple questions, using the form:
-question word + did + subject + infinitive.
Positive Negative
I'm not going to have
I'm going to have a a party.
party.
He /She/It isn't going to
He /She /It's going to have a party.
have a party.
We/You/They aren't going
We/You/They're going to have a party.
to
a party.
Are we/you/they
going to have a Yes, you/ No, you/we/
party? we/ they they aren't.
are.
Prepositions of movement
• Use prepositions of movement (up, down, along, past, out of etc.) to describe where
people and things move: I went past the car park.
She's going down to the basement
• You can use prepositions of movement to ask for and give directions;
Come out of the lift and turn left.
Do I go along Market Street to get there?
It’s on the right.
Superlatives
• Use the definite article and the superlative form of
adjectives to compare three or more things:
This is the smallest restaurant in the world. It's the cheapest meal you can buy.
• Form:
-One syllable ending in a vowel: add -st:
large > largest
-One syllable ending ¡n a consonant: add -est:
cheap > cheapest
-One syllable ending in consonant + vowel +
consonant: double the consonant, add -est:
fat •+ fattest
-Two syllables ending in -y: change y to i, add -est:
heavy > heaviest
-Two or more syllables: use the most + adjective; the least + adjective
beautiful > the most beautiful
Form:
Positive: subject + should + infinitive
Negative: subject + shouldn't + infinitive
Question: Should + subject + infinitive?
Short answers: Yes + subject + should.
No + subject + shouldn't.
Suggestions
• Use let's, shall we? and how about? to make suggestions:
Let's go out for a meal. Shall we have a party? How about
having some champagne?
Form:
Let's + infinitive
Shall we + infinitive?
How about + verb + -ing?
• Use would like and would prefer to say what you want on a particular occasion:
I'd prefer the pepper sauce, please. Would you like a glass of water?
He'd prefer to go skiing than sailing. We'd like to watch a
really good film.
Notes: Using prefer indicates a choice between two things. Prefer is not usually used in negative
sentences. Would is usually shortened to 'd in positive sentences.
like/prefer + noun/verb + -ing
Positive
I like tomatoes.
He likes swimming.
I prefer vegetables to meat.
He prefers shopping to
working.
Negative
I don't like He tomatoes.
doesn't like swimming.
Questions coffee?
Do you like trying new
Does he like food?
Do you prefer tea to coffee?
Does he sitting near the
prefer window?
Positive
l'd like a new car.
We'd like to leave now.
l'd prefer a hot drink.
We'd prefer to eat out.
Negative
I wouldn't like
We wouldn't a new car.
like to leave now.
Questions
Would you like
Would they some olives?
like to order now?
Would you prefer some soup?
Would they to sit near the
prefer window?
• Use the present perfect to talk about your and other people's experiences. The time that the
experience happened is not important:
I've seen the Taj Mahal, (I've seen = I have seen)
(= at some time in my life. It doesn't matter when.)
John has never worked on a farm.
(= never at any time in his life up to now.)
Note: You often use the present perfect for experience with ever and never.
Have you ever met him? No, I’ve never met him.
Form:
Positive: subject + have / has+ participle
Negative: subject + haven't / hasn't + past participle
Question: Have / Has + subject + past participle?
Short answers: No + subject + haven't / hasn't.
Yes + subject + have / has.
Note: The verb go has two past participles: been and gone. Look at the difference:
Jackie’s been to México. ('s been = has been)
(In her life she has visited México.)
Form:
Positive: subject + have/has to + infinitive
Negative: subject + don't/doesn't + have to + infinitive
Question : Do/Does + subject + have to + infinitive?
Short answers Yes + subject + do/does
No + subject + don't/doesn't
Note: In short answers use the auxiliary verb do, do not use have.
Do you have to work late? Yes, I do. Yes, I have
No, I don’t. No, I haven’t
Making apologies
• Use the present continuous to talk about how you or others are feeling…
I'm sorry, but I'm not feeling very well. She's feeling a lot better today.
... and to make excuses:
I can't come to work today because I'm looking after
my baby brother.
Note: Use possessive adjectives with parts of the body: I've hurt my leg. I've hurt
the log.
-Use the present perfect to talk about actions or states that started in the past and continue
now: I've
lived here for a long time. (I came here a long time ago, and I still live here.)
We’ve known each other since 1992. (We met in 1992, and we still
know each other.)
Note: We often use the present perfect with how long, for and since: