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Plate Girders
A girder is a flexural member which is required
to carr
carry hea
heavy loads on relati
relatively
el long spans
y Alternatively,
y higher
g g
grade steel might
g be
employed for zones of high applied moment
and shear, while standard grade would be
usedd elsewhere.
l h S
So-called
ll d "hybrid"
"h b id" girders
id
with different strength material in the flanges
and the web offer another possible means of
more closely matching resistance to
requirements.
requirements
y If bending
g strain increases after Fcr,, the upper
pp
edge of panels shortens and bottom edge
lengthens.
y If web were to remain flat there will be increase in
stress.
y Because the web has buckled, the increase in
stress is non
non-linear.
linear
Considering the
post buckling A B
strength, the 0.94
0 82
0.82
point where M/My
reduction in web 0.4
effectiveness 0 18
0.18
begins s taken to
154 315 360
be 980/√Fy=170.
980/√Fy 170.
h/t
CE-409: Lecture 13 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 30
Post buckling bending
strength
y Equation connecting the revised point A
with
ith points
i t corresponding
di tto h/t
h/t=360
360 iis
Where
AISC ASD/LRFD li
limits
it the
th h/t by
b the
th given
i equation
ti with
ith
Aw/Af =0.5
Figure
g 2
Fi
Figure 1
CE-409: Lecture 13 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 39
Transverse Stiffeners
y In Figure
g 1 the stiffeners have remained straight.
g
y In Figure 2 the stiffener has failed and has been
unable to limit the buckling to the adjacent sub-
sub
panels of the girder; instead, the buckle has run
through
g the stiffener p position extending
g over
both panels. Consequently, significant reduction
in the failure load of the girder occurred.
y In Figure 1 One can also see the effect of aspect
at o, e greater
ratio,i.e g eate a/
a/h less
ess k a
and
d ssmall
a Fcr.
c
where
y In this post
post-buckling
b ckling range
range, a ne
new load
load-carrying
carr ing
mechanism is developed, whereby any additional
shear load is carried by an inclined tensile
membrane stress field. This tension field anchors
against the top and bottom flanges and against the
transverse stiffeners on either side of the web
panel. The load-carrying action of the plate girder
than becomes similar to that of the N-truss
y In the post-buckling range, the resistance offered by
the web plates is analogous to that of the diagonal
tie bars in the truss.
y The load-carrying
load carrying action of the plate girder
than becomes similar to that of the N-truss
y In the post-buckling range, the resistance
offered by the web plates is analogous to
that of the diagonal tie bars in the truss.
ft V
V
Vt=Tsinφ
Vt = ft ht cosφ sinφ T=ft ht cosφ
Vt = (1/2)ft ht sin2φ φ
Vt =(1/2) ft ht φ=45
Vty=(1/2) Fy ht………….(1)
CE-409: Lecture 13 Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan 51
Tension Field Action
Vty =(1/2) Fy ht = Fy
Vy Fvy ht 2Fvy
Vty = √3 Vy = 0.87 Vy
2
Where
(1)
(2)
(3)
y AISC/LRFD
a/h
B B C D
V/(FvyAw)
V
E 1/√3
Mu/φMn
0.8
0.6
LRFD Interaction
I t ti Curve
C
0.4
0.2
y Flange:
g
4. Flange Design
1. Find Af
2. Select suitable tf and bf
3
3. Flange slenderness
1. bf/ 2tf < 65/√Fy …………….Compact
4. .
5. φMn≥ Mu
4. .
5.
CE-409: Lecture 13
φMn≥ Mu Prof. Dr Akhtar Naeem Khan