WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA COMMUNICATION

THROUGH PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
M. Kalpana (07091A0429)
Y. Chandrachuda Sharma(07091A0419)
K. Aneesh (07091A0406)
M. Nishanth Babu (07091A0453)
K.V. Divya (07091A0423)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
Mr.M.RAMANA REDDY, M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D)

Assoc. Professor.

(ESTD-1995)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Affliated to J.N.T. University, Anantapur (Accredited by N.B.A. Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi
participating in World Bank TEQIP)
NANDYAL –518501, Kurnool Dist. A.P.
YEAR: 2007-2011
 WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA COMMUNICATION
THROUGH PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

M. Kalpana (07091A0429)

Y. Chandrachuda Sharma (07091A0418) K. Aneesh (07091A0406)

M. Nishanth Babu (07091A0453) K.V. Divya (07091A0423)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.M.RAMANA REDDY, M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D)

Assoc. Professor.

(ESTD-1995)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Affliated to J.N.T. University, Anantapur (Accredited by N.B.A. Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi
participating in World Bank TEQIP)
NANDYAL –518501, Kurnool Dist. A.P.
YEAR: 2007-2011
 WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA COMMUNICATION
THROUGH PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

Y. Chandrachuda Sharma (07091A0418)

M. Kalpana (07091A0429) K. Aneesh (07091A0406)

M. Nishanth Babu (07091A0453) ` K.V. Divya (07091A0423)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.M.RAMANA REDDY, M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D)

Assoc. Professor.

(ESTD-1995)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Affliated to J.N.T. University, Anantapur (Accredited by N.B.A. Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi
participating in World Bank TEQIP)
NANDYAL –518501, Kurnool Dist. A.P.
YEAR: 2007-2011
 WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA COMMUNICATION
THROUGH PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

K. Aneesh (07091A0406)

M. Kalpana (07091A0429) Y.ChandrachudaSarma(07091A0418)

M. Nishanth Babu(07091A0453) K.V. Divya (07091A0423)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.M.RAMANA REDDY, M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D)

Assoc. Professor.

(ESTD-1995)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Affliated to J.N.T. University, Anantapur (Accredited by N.B.A. Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi
participating in World Bank TEQIP)
NANDYAL –518501, Kurnool Dist. A.P.
YEAR: 2007-2011
 WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA COMMUNICATION
THROUGH PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

M. Nishanth Babu(07091A0453)

M. Kalpana (07091A0429) Y.ChandrachudaSarma(07091A0418)

K. Aneesh (07091A0406) K.V. Divya (07091A0423)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.M.RAMANA REDDY, M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D)

Assoc. Professor.

(ESTD-1995)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Affliated to J.N.T. University, Anantapur (Accredited by N.B.A. Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi
participating in World Bank TEQIP)
NANDYAL –518501, Kurnool Dist. A.P.
YEAR: 2007-2011
 WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA COMMUNICATION
THROUGH PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by

K.V. Divya (07091A0423)

M. Kalpana (07091A0429) Y.ChandrachudaSarma(07091A0418)

K. Aneesh (07091A0406) M. Nishanth Babu (07091A0453)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.M.RAMANA REDDY, M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D)

Assoc. Professor.

(ESTD-1995)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Affliated to J.N.T. University, Anantapur (Accredited by N.B.A. Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi
participating in World Bank TEQIP)
NANDYAL –518501, Kurnool Dist. A.P.
YEAR: 2007-2011
 RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Affiliated to JNT University, Anantapur) (Accredited by NBA,
New Delhi)

NANDYAL-518501

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA
TRANSMISSION USING PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION” that is being submitted by

M.KALPANA (07091A0429)

Y.CHANDRACHUDA SHARMA (07091A0418)

K.ANEESH (07091A0406)

M.NISHANTH BABU (07091A0453)

K.V.DIVYA (07091A0424)

under the guidance of Mr. M.RAMANA REDDY for Main project for the award of B. Tech
Degree in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING in the RAJEEV
GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, Nandyal
(Affiliated to J.N.T. University Anantapur) is a record of bonafied work carried out by them
under our guidance and supervision.

Head of the Department: Project Guide:

Dr. D.SATYANARAYANA Mr. M. RAMANA REDDY

M.Tech, Ph.D MISTE, FIETE,IEEEE., M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D),
Professor and HOD Of ECE Assoc. Professor

Signature of the External Examiner:

Date:
 RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Affiliated to JNT University, Anantapur) (Accredited by NBA,
New Delhi)

NANDYAL-518501

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA
TRANSMISSION USING PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION” that is being submitted by

M.KALPANA
Y.CHANDRACHUDA SHARMA K.ANEESH

M.NISHANTH BABU K.V.DIVYA

under the guidance of Mr. M.RAMANA REDDY for Main project for the award of B. Tech
Degree in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING in the RAJEEV
GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, Nandyal
(Affiliated to J.N.T. University Anantapur) is a record of bonafied work carried out by them
under our guidance and supervision.

Head of the Department: Project Guide:

Dr. D.SATYANARAYANA Mr. M. RAMANA REDDY

M.Tech, Ph.D MISTE, FIETE,IEEEE., M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D),
Professor and HOD Of ECE Assoc. Professor

Signature of the External Examiner:

Date:
 RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Affiliated to JNT University, Anantapur) (Accredited by NBA,
New Delhi)

NANDYAL-518501

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA
TRANSMISSION USING PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION” that is being submitted by

Y.CHANDRACHUDA SARMA
M. KALPANA K.ANEESH

M.NISHANTH BABU K.V.DIVYA

under the guidance of Mr. M.RAMANA REDDY for Main project for the award of B. Tech
Degree in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING in the RAJEEV
GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, Nandyal
(Affiliated to J.N.T. University Anantapur) is a record of bonafied work carried out by them
under our guidance and supervision.

Head of the Department: Project Guide:

Dr. D.SATYANARAYANA Mr. M. RAMANA REDDY

M.Tech, Ph.D MISTE, FIETE,IEEEE., M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D),
Professor and HOD Of ECE Assoc. Professor

Signature of the External Examiner:

Date:
 RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Affiliated to JNT University, Anantapur) (Accredited by NBA,
New Delhi)

NANDYAL-518501

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA
TRANSMISSION USING PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION” that is being submitted by

K.ANEESH
M. KALPANA Y.CHANDRACHUDA SHARMA

M.NISHANTH BABU K.V.DIVYA

under the guidance of Mr. M.RAMANA REDDY for Main project for the award of B. Tech
Degree in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING in the RAJEEV
GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, Nandyal
(Affiliated to J.N.T. University Anantapur) is a record of bonafied work carried out by them
under our guidance and supervision.

Head of the Department: Project Guide:

Dr. D.SATYANARAYANA Mr. M. RAMANA REDDY

M.Tech, Ph.D MISTE, FIETE,IEEEE., M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D),
Professor and HOD Of ECE Assoc. Professor

Signature of the External Examiner:

Date:
 RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Affiliated to JNT University, Anantapur) (Accredited by NBA,
New Delhi)

NANDYAL-518501

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA
TRANSMISSION USING PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION” that is being submitted by

M.NISHANTH BABU
M. KALPANA Y.CHANDRACHUDA SHARMA

K.ANEESH K.V.DIVYA

under the guidance of Mr. M.RAMANA REDDY for Main project for the award of B. Tech
Degree in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING in the RAJEEV
GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, Nandyal
(Affiliated to J.N.T. University Anantapur) is a record of bonafied work carried out by them
under our guidance and supervision.

Head of the Department: Project Guide:

Dr. D.SATYANARAYANA Mr. M. RAMANA REDDY

M.Tech, Ph.D MISTE, FIETE,IEEEE., M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D),
Professor and HOD Of ECE Assoc. Professor

Signature of the External Examiner:

Date:
 RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., New Delhi, Affiliated to JNT University, Anantapur) (Accredited by NBA,
New Delhi)

NANDYAL-518501

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “WIDE BAND NEAR FIELD DATA
TRANSMISSION USING PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION” that is being submitted by

K.V.DIVYA
M. KALPANA Y.CHANDRACHUDA SHARMA

K.ANEESH M.NISHANTH BABU

under the guidance of Mr. M.RAMANA REDDY for Main project for the award of B. Tech
Degree in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING in the RAJEEV
GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, Nandyal
(Affiliated to J.N.T. University Anantapur) is a record of bonafied work carried out by them
under our guidance and supervision.

Head of the Department: Project Guide:

Dr. D.SATYANARAYANA Mr. M. RAMANA REDDY

M.Tech, Ph.D MISTE, FIETE,IEEEE., M.Tech, MISTE, MIE, FIETE (Ph.D),
Professor and HOD Of ECE Assoc. Professor

Signature of the External Examiner:

Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All endeavors over a long period can be successful only with the advice and support of many
well wishers. we take this opportunity to express our gratitude and appreciation to all of
them.

We sincerely express our gratitude and veneration to our guide Mr. M. RAMANA
REDDY, Assoc professor Department of E.C.E for his valuable guidance and freedom he
gave us.

We also express our sincere thanks and veneration to Dr. D. SATHYANARAYANA,

Head of the department for his encouragement and support through the project.

We also express our gratitude to our principal Dr. T .JAYA CHANDRA PRASAD
GARU, M.E., Ph.D, and to our beloved chairman Dr. M. SANTHIRAMUDU garu for
providing the required facilities.

At the outset we thank our honorable managing director Sri M.SIVARAM garu and
administrative officer Sri R.THYAGARAJU garu for providing us with good faculty and
moral support throughout the course.

We express our heartfelt thanks to our advisers and lecturers, department of ECE,
RGMCET, NANDYAL, for their warm encouragement and valuable suggestions.

We extend our sincere thanks to our parents & colleagues who have always behind
every success of ours.

Project Associate

M. KALPANA

Y. CHANDRACHUDA SHARMA

K. ANEESH

M. NISHANTH BABU

K.V. DIVYA
 ABSTRACT

Through this project we are introducing a new modulation technique, called pulse
harmonic modulation (PHM), for wideband, low power data transmission across inductive
telemetry links that operate in the near-field domain. The use of sharp and narrow pulses,
similar to impulse-radio ultrawideband (IR-UWB) in the far-field domain, leads to significant
reduction in the transmitter power consumption. However unlike IR-UWB, where all pulses
are the same, in PHM each bit consists of a pattern of pulses with specific time delays and
amplitudes, which minimize the intersymbol interference (ISI) across the receiver coil. This
helps achieve a high data rate without reducing the inductive link quality factor and
selectivity, which are necessary to block interferers. The received signal consists of an
oscillation pattern that is amplitude modulated by the amplitude and timing of the
successively transmitted pulses to facilitate data demodulation with low bit-error rate (BER).
The main application of the PHM is expected to be in the neuroprostheses, such as brain-
computer interfaces (BCIs) or cochlear/retinal implants, which need to transfer large volumes
of data across the skin. It may also be used in short-range proximity-based digital
communications with high-throughput wireless devices. This project describes the PHM
theoretically.
 CONTENTS

SL NO TOPIC NAME PGNO

I. INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES 1

1.1 OVERVIEW 2
1.2 DIGITAL MODULATION 2
1.3 NOISE 2
1.4 PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS 2
1.5 ERROR HANDLING 3

II. MODULATION SCHEMES 4

2.1 COHERENT AND INCOHERENT SYSTEMS 5
2.2 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYED (FSK) 6
2.3 MINIMUM SHIFT KEYED (MSK) 7
2.4 GAUSSIAN MINIMUM SHIFT KEYED (GMSK) 7
2.5 PHASE SHIFT KEYED (PSK) 9
2.6 BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYED (BPSK) 9
2.7 QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYED (QPSK) 11
2.8 Π/4-QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYED (Π/4-QPSK) 11
2.9 OFFSET QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYED(O-QPSK) 12
2.10 COMMUNICATIONS LINK BER SIMULATIONS 13
2.11 BPSK 15

III. WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER 16

3.1 ELECTRIC ENERGY TRANSFER 17
3.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 19
3.2.1 ELECTRODYNAMIC INDUCTION METHOD 19
3.2.2 ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION METHOD 20
3.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION 21
3.4 BEAMED POWER, SIZE, DISTANCE, AND EFFICIENCY 22
3.5 MICROWAVE METHOD 22
3.6 LASER METHOD 23
3.7 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
3.8 DISTRIBUTED CHARGE OF GROUND AND AIR METHOD 24
3.9 TERRESTRIAL TRANSMISSION LINE WITH
ATMOSPHERIC RETURN
3.10 TERRESTRIAL SINGLE-CONDUCTOR SURFACE
3.11 WAVE TRANSMISSION LINE 26

IV. INDUCTIVE COUPLING 27

 4.1 INTRODUCTION 28
4.2 USES 29
4.3 LOW FREQUENCY INDUCTION 29

V. NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATIONS 30

5.1 ESSENTIAL SPECIFICATIONS 31
5.2 USES AND APPLICATION 32
5.3 COMPARISON WITH BLUETOOTH 33
5.4 IR UWB 34
5.5 LOAD SHIFT KEYING 35

VI. INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB 39

6.1 THE MATLAB SYSTEM 41
6.2 MATLAB BASICS 41
6.3 STRENGTHS OF MATLAB 42
6.4 DESKTOP TOOLS 42
6.4.1 MATLAB BASICS 42
6.4.2 STRENGTHS OF MATLAB 43
6.4.3 DEFINITION OF MATRICES 43
6.4.4 DESKTOP TOOLS 43
6.5 SYNTAX OF VARIOUS COMMANDS 44
6.6 USES OF MATLAB 52
6.7 ADVANTAGES OF MATLAB 52
6.8 DISADVANTAGES OF MATLAB 52

VII. VHDL 53
7.1 HARDWARE ABSTRACTION 55
7.2 CAPABILITIES 55
7.3 HISTORY 57
7.4 BASIC TERMINOLOGY 58
7.5 SYNTAX OF VARIOUS COMMANDS 60

VIII. FPGA 64
8.1 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 65
8.2 APPLICATIONS 67
8.3 ARCHITECTURE 68
8.4 FPGA DESIGN AND PROGRAMMING 71
8.5 DESIGN FLOWS 72
8.6 BASIC PROCESS TECHNOLOGY TYPES 73
8.7 MAJOR MANUFACTURERS 74

IX. PULSE HARMONIC MODULATION 75

9.1 PHM CONCEPT 76
9.2 PHM THEORY 78
 9.3 PHM SIMULATIONS 81

X. CODE 85
10.1 MATLAB CODE 86
10.2 VHDL CODE 92

XI. SIMULATION RESULTS

11.1 MATLAB WAVEFORMS 94
11.2 VHDL WAVEFORMS 100

XII. CONCLUSION 101

XIII. FUTURE SCOPE 102
XIV. REFERENCES
XV. BIBILOGRAPHY