Process Perspectives on Motivation (Vroom)

 Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory

 Motivation depends on how much we want something and how

likely we are to get it.

 Assumes that:

 Behavior is determined by personal and environmental

forces.

 People make decisions about their behavior in organizations.

 People have different types of needs, desires, and goals.

 People choose among alternatives of behaviors in selecting

 People choose among alternatives of behaviors in selecting

one that that leads to a desired outcome.

 Motivation leads to effort that, when combined with ability

and environmental factors, results in performance which
leads to various outcomes that have value (valence) to
employees.

 Vj =ƒj [Σ(VkIjk)] (j =1…n)

k=1


 ƒj’ > 0; i Ijj = 0

 Where: Vj = the valence of outcome j

 Ijk = the cognized instrumentality of j for

 n the attainment of outcome k

 Fi = fi [Σ(EijVj)] (i = n + 1…m)
j=1


 ƒj’ > 0; i 1 j = Φ, Φ is the null set

 Where: Fi = the force to perform act i

 Eij = the strength of the expectancy that

act i will be followed by outcome j

 Vj = the valence of outcome j

  P=ExIxV

 Where:

 P = Performance

 E = Expectancy

 I = Instrumentality

 V = Valence

 Expectancy - the belief that you can achieve the level of performance
expected in order to be eligible for a reward.

 Instrumentality - the belief that the level of expected performance will

be rewarded.

 Valence - how much importance you attach to the reward

 Elements of Expectancy Theory

 Effort-to-Performance Expectancy

 The employee’s perception of the probability that effort will

lead to a high level of performance.

 Performance-to-Outcome Expectancy

 The employee’s perception of the probability that

performance will lead to a specific outcome—the
consequence or reward
for behaviors in an organizational setting.

2nd project:
Expectancy Theory (Vroom)

• Vroom’s theory is a model that assumes that motivational strength is

determined by the perceived probabilities of success.

– Expectancy: One’s subjective belief or expectation that one thing

will lead to another

• A Basic Expectancy Model

– One’s motivational strength increases as one’s perceived effort-

performance and performance-reward probabilities increase the
likelihood of obtaining a valued reward.

Basic Expectancy Model

Relevance of Expectancy Theory to Managers

• Employee expectations can be influenced by managerial actions and

organizational experience.

• Training increases employee confidence in their efforts to perform.

• Listening provides managers with insights into employees’ perceived

performance-reward probabilities.

3rd

• The Vroom Expectancy Theory of Motivation

– The Vroom expectancy theory is a motivation theory that

hypothesizes that felt needs cause human behavior that motivation
strength depends on an individual’s degree of desire to perform a
behavior.
 • Expectancy Theory (Vroom)

– A model that assumes motivational strength is determined by

perceived probabilities of success.

– Expectancy: one’s subjective belief or expectation that one

thing will lead to another.

• A Basic Expectancy Model

One’s motivational strength increases as one’s perceived effort-performance and

performance-reward probabilities increase the likelihood of obtaining a valued
reward.

• Relevance of Expectancy Theory for Managers

– Employee expectations can be influenced by managerial actions

and organizational experience.

– Training increases employee confidence in their efforts to perform.

– Listening provides managers with insights into employees’

perceived performance-reward probabilities.