$1.

00
llFORNIA
•
OlOGY
APRIL
1990

Earthquake
Preparedness
Month

GEORGE OEUkMEJIAN. ~

D
CAUIORNIA
"""'KlM<NT
OFCQNS(RVATlON
Understanding California's Geology

Our Resources - Our Hazards

STAlE OF c.u-OtNIA

GOROON (. V~ VLECK. Sftn,'ory

THE RESOURCES AGENCY

RANDAll M. WARC. DQc;too

DivisIon of Mlrr,; .mel Geology DEPAIlIMENI Of CONSUVAllQN
 BEAT THE QUAKE 74
COASTAL LANDSLIDES CAUSED BY THE OCTOBER 17, 1989 EARTHQUAKE 75
ANNOUNCEMENTS 64
REGISTRATION AND CERTIFICATION EXAMINATIONS
MINING AND METALLURGICAL CONGRESS - 1990
GSA/SSA MEETING
NAGT SPRING CONFERENCE
GEOTECHNICAL EARTHOUAKE ENGINEERING
AND SOIL DYNAMICS CONFERENCE
CACTUS GOlD MINE ..•................................................... 85
EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS EDUCATION 89
BEAT THE OUAKE 90
BOOK REVIEWS 92
MAIL ORDER FORM 95
DMG RELEASE - OMG OFR 89-14, A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
VOLCANIC TREMOR AND RELATED PHENOMENA.... . 96
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTION FORM......... . 96

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California Earthquake Preparedness :\!nnth

CALNUIAIIClLOlW. ._ .............
.....,.,. . ol'I COI_ _•• .,........"
. . . . . . . . . ,... 0-. ... ,"'. . .

...... _..._---_c..
. . . . . .IFIII.CA _ .
, . . . . . . . CA."II_ ,
7 ....... April 1990 is California Earthquake

......
...... ....",.W. 3IO . . .

......
Preparedness Month. The devastating

_.e:-.._
...- . .

s e 7
..CA-.. . . .

.... $CIlID',_......'''
J,_"-,,,~

en,s¢, ._ , 'II 1
magnitude 7.1 eanhquake that occurred
011 October 17. 1989 in the Santa Cruz
Mountains made Californians acutely
aware of the need to be: prepared for an
earthquake event. Approximately 80
_ I l I I X I P I F D I I I . ' FII ,_ percent of the people in California live
MnICUI_ WI,. AUnJClM
"AM IID1' IJIC .FIIMY IIJDClJISIEOOY THI in seismic hazard zones where damaging
.........osrccu_,.mD?J. earthquakes may occur.

The Deparlment of Conservalion. Divi-

Slon of Mines and Geology joins with
DES and other Slale, fedel'1ll, and local
groups 10 provide informalion 011 earlh-
quake preparedness to California citittns.
See page 90. Ihis issue, for procedures
and actions recommended by the Siale
Omce of Emergency Services (DES) 10
plan. pr3Ctice:. and proteci yourself. your
family. your home and workplace from
Ihe effecls of earthquake hazards. ~

" CALIFORNI.... ceOlOCY ....p"ll990

 Coastal Landslides Caused By
The October 17, 1989 Earthquake
Santa Cruz County, California
8y
NATHANIEL PLANT and GARY 8. GRIGGS
Departmenl of Earth Sciences
Uni... e~ity of California, Sonto Cruz

INTRODUCTION ,, ,,
,, , '*-L!vermore
T he Oc:tobcr 11. 198geunhquakc
(magnitude 7.1) ruptured a 24-milc
(40 km) long segment of the San Andreas
,,
,,
fault zooe in the Sanla Cruz Moumains,
about 54 miles (90 k111) south of San
Francisco (Figure I). The hypocenter wa~
at a depth of 11.5 miles (18 km), and
.
<p'
?,' ,
<a
...N
peak recorded horiwlIlal ground accclcr3- ~,
lions varied from 0.64 g11lvity (g) in Cor-
ralitos. 0.54 g in Capilola. and 0.47 g in
'l.'
-0'
~,
,
Santa Cruz (Shukal and others. 1989). ~,
This was Ihe largest earthquake in Cali-
fornia since the 7.7 magnitude event on "" ,
the White Wolf fault ncar Bakersfield in LOC4T10N "'41'
1952. and the Jargc.sl evcnl on the San
Andreas fault since: Ihe: 1906 earlhquakc \
(McNally and others. 1989). The \
earthquake caused damage and local \
emergencies in Alameda. Conlra Costa.
Marin. Monlerey, San Benito. San Fran-
\
cisco. San Mateo. Sama Clal"'oI, Santa
Cruz, and Solano counlies. At least $6
,,
billion in damage resulted from the earth-
quake: 62 people died and 3.757 were ",, Sanla
injured (Plafker and Galloway. 1989). \,
EJ:tensivc ground frolcturing and crack·
,
ing in the Santa Cruz Mountains resulted
from a combination of the severe shaking
and the reactivation of a number of very
large "anciem" landslide masses. lique- " ==
'-... ." ". ...;10 '" II ..
Monterey Bay
faction led to subsidence and formal ion of Landing
sand volcanoes (also called sand boils)
along the San Lorenzo, Salinas, and Pa-
jaTO rivers a.~ ....-ell as in the Moss Landing "Salinas
area. Widespread failure of the sea cliffs
also took place between San Fr:mcisco
and Monterey.
. . Monterey
HISTORY OF SEA CLIFF EROSION

Landsliding in marine teTmc,;: terroiin

has been rccogni7.cd as a geologic hazard
along much of the California coastline
(Cleveland, 1975). The Sleep. often
unvegetated sea cliffs bordering northern
Monlerey Bay clearly reflecllhe effects of
active erosional processes. Erosion rates
here. due 10 both marine :md nonmarine
P'"ocesses. vary from severoil inches to
several feel per year and arc controlled
pnmarily by lilhology. structure. ~lratig­
...
figo.or. 1. Son fronci1CO Boy oreo. $howin.g the
raphy. and eJ:posuTC to wa\'c energy epicenrer of the October 17. 1989Lomo p".to
(Griggs and Johnson. 1979: Griggs and eorthquoke in rhe Sonto Cruz Mounroin$, of,-<.
Savoy, 1985). These proces~s include .hock zone. mo,n trOCI of rhe Son AndreO$ Foull,
bolh hydraulic imlKlct and scour from ond other nearby foults..
winter Slorms. as well as ma..s movements
associated with imense rainfall. and, Icss
frequently. IIm..5 mo\,cments associated
wilh earlhquake~. Although construction

CALIFORNI4 GEOLOGY Ap,i11'l'9O

"

of coo),lal proccclioo l>lruclurcs ha.~
~Iowcd cm.ion of the coastline by marine
prOCC1>~ in some arca.~, mass failure
conlinuc." 10 take place along both pro-
tected and unprorcclcd bluffs. Thus. sci-
cnli.~IS. planners. and developers find thaI
recent events continue 10 push the limits
of coa~lal crO!>iOll landward.
lIyt1rJ.ulic impact and scour arc respon-
sible for cTO!>ion al lhe base of the sea
diffs wherever cO:I...I..1protection 1>1 rue-
lures or wide protective beaches arc
absent. Typically, the cliffs arc undercut
over lime Wilh subsequent failure of lhe
overlying material. As this material falls
into the surf ~.onc. it is broken down by
continued wave aclion lind carried away
(Griggs and Johnson. 1979).
Sea cliffs over-steepened by WdVC
induced erosion al their base arc also
SUM:cpliblc 10 mass failure during hc:lVy
minfatl as a result of eleV3led groundwa-
ler condilions. Such failures are common
in bedrock along joints* or othcr wcak
plano. and within lhc overlying. less
consolid<ltcd marine lerracc deposilS. al-
luvium. or ...o ils. Sea cliffs protcctcd from
marinc crosional processes commonly de-
velop a lalus ...Iope at their base whereas
the upper portions remain steep. Ilcavy
f"Jinfall may induce failure in both lhe
talu......lopes and :llong the Cltposcd up!'Cr
portion of the dirr. Foreltample. inlen."C
r:lin...lOrms in Janu:lry 1982 cau."Cd wide-
~prcad failure along lhe cliffs of nonhero
Monlerey Bay between New Brighlon
Stale Beach and Rio Del Mar. These
...lOnns cndllngered cliff top slrueture~
:lIld danmged or de...troycd beach h(lu.'>C~
(Grigg.~. 1982).
76
... F,gllre 2. Pion view and
longil\ldinal1ecllon
,howlng the locolion and
d,menslons 01 sea e1,H
faIlures os well a, the ge-
ology between Seabright
Beo~h and N_ e"9hton
State &eoch.
I• =
\,
....
Sol•• -.I.....
_
Large e:lrthquakcs. such a, lhc October Thc.'>C new strong-motion dala for
17, 19119 evenl, arc liiso c:I[);lblc uf pro- coo...t:ll Santa Cruz CounlY arc ...urnma-
ducing ~ca dirf failurc. !'ilr ex:ullplc. In ri~cd on Table l. It b signific:llll for
lhe Ocluber II. 1865 (:lppro~'I1l:ltc 6 5 coastal bluff ~tability thai ""rI;mf gnH.lI1d
m:lgnilude) Sanl:l Cru~ Mount:lms carlll- mOllon of :lbout 0.40g 10 O.60g occurred
quake, lhe .'itllllfl C"'= SI'",i",,1 I 1l:\6S) along the coaStline in the ncar-field. It is
reported that ovcrh:lnging cliff, rctlmlO infcrred thalllQrbmwl ground motion
grnded HJad~. "below Soquclthe high was 1m the order of0.47g 10 O.64g for
diff~ crumbled into the "C:I," and "a l'on- nC:lr-ficld coa.~tal cliff.... The illlen...ity of
linuou... cloud of du...t rO.'oC along the cliff... ,haling W:IS VllI on lhe Modified Mer-
hctwecn CaSlro's Larnlmg (no....• called c:llIl scale. The durntion of ~trong mOl ion
Rio Del Mar):loo Sanla Crul." Durm!' .... hieh :lrrcclcd cliff silibility was on lhe
lhe gre:lt 1906. 8.3 nl:lgnitude carthquakc ordcrof 10 1015 second....
"much c;jrth fcll from bluffs ne:lr lhe
town" (Capilola)(Uwson. 19(8). It I'" On Novcmber l. 191:19. :I leam of gcolo-
3warenttllat I:lrge earthquakes can cause gi~IS videot:lped and phol<>gmllhed the
inst:ulIaneous clifT relrc:lt :md also coastline belween Oolinas and Monterey.
WC<lkcn .;e:l cliffs through seismic shak- C:llirornia from :m airplane and nOled
mg. forming cracks :lnd ris... ures, thcre!)y many land...lide ...car.... p:lrlicularly be-
1000re:J.'ing lhe suS(;eplibility of the cliffs twecn Capilol:l and MO.'>s Landing (Figure
to sub.'>Cqucnt failurc. I). The videotupc facilit:ltcd subM.-quent
mapping of individual ...!ides onto a ttlJlO-
EFFECTS OF THE OCTOBER 17. 1989 gmphic ba.'>C map (I inch = 100 fcCl).
EARTHQUAKE ON COASTAL BLUFFS
Three key ~tmng-rnOlion ...tmion... tI!'Cr-
aled by lhe Division of Mine... :lnd Geol-
ogy provided lhe fir~l quantilalive record~ TABLE 1. NEAR.FIElD STRONG MOTtON
for an e:lrlhquake which affcctcd cO:l...lal lorna Prieto Eor1hquok. of Qclober 17, 1989
bJuff~ (Slwkal :111(1 olhc...... 1989). Prior to
October 1989, enginecring geologiMs location of Epic.ntrol
Station Distance AcclerQllon
who ...ludicd C(>a... tlll bluff Mability wer\'
limitcd ttl dc.'>Criptivc interpretlilions of
Co<rol;t01 SMIP 4.4 mi 90" O.S09
...lrong molioll in the ncar-ricld. or h:ld 10
U, 0. 4 79
eltlr.lpol:lle in'lrument:ll dala ten, of 360" 0. 64 9
miles from:m cpicenler to lhe chff sIte. Copitolo SMIP S.6mi 90- 0.479
By fortuilou... circum'lluICc.... the cpi- U, 0.60g
CClllcr, thc ctla~t:ll c1irf.... :lnd lhe ~Irnng 360- 0.54g
motion inSlrUmenl... were all cIO\C 10 exh SonIa Cruz SMIP 9.9mi 90- 0.44g
other for the Loma l>riela carthquale. U, 0.40g
Thi"'l'rovides a new:loo unique dlll:l M't 360· 0. 47 9
which will he helpfUl for quanl Itam'e Dolo from Shokol and others. (1989).
:In:ll~is of eoa-'ital bluff... c1"Cwhcre.
CALIfORNIA GtOLOGY Ap"lt9<xl
More detailed !round observalions com-
pan:d lithologies. ltlruclllntl and slroli-
graJlhk weaknesses. and potenllal for
additional failure (such as bluff lOp crack!.
landward of the failure area). A review of
hisloric aerial slereo photogmphs and re-
lated Iiterniure. used 10 compare the Oc-
tober 17. 1989 even! 10 bolh prior hlsloric
earlhquakes and recent large storms, indi-
cated thatthe:.c observations Iypify Ihe
effttlS uf large earthquakes 011 sea cliffs
;ll\d that Ihese effects are compantble to
lhose resulting from heavy rninfall.
Coaslal bluff failurel> resull ing from
the Oclober 17, 1989 earthquake occurred
bo:tween San Francisco and Monlerey in
a \,:mety of lithologies and slope condi-
tions. In norlhern Monterey Bay. oclw,,:cn
Se:tbright Beach 10 Ihe norlh and Sunsel
Stale Beach 10 the ,Mluth. there arc excel-
lent c'\:tmples of lhe lithologic and mor-
phologic control over earthquake.induced
sc:t cliff failure. Three main differences
in lilhology along lhe coastline of north-
ern Monterey Bay result in three dl.slinet
types of earlhqu:tke induced failures.
Between Seabright Heaeh and New
Brighlon St:lle Beach (Figure 2). sca
cliffs are cui into a marine terrnee that is
up to 75 feel (25 m) high. This lerrace
consists of an uplifted w:tvc<ut bedrock
platform Ihat is overlain by several feCI of
terrace deposits (Figure 3). The wa\'C cut
platform il> in a Ihiekly bedded to massive
siltstone wilh prominent she1l1ags* (Pli-
ocene Purisima Formation). Even lhough
the Purisima Formation IS well indurated.
Photo 1. Jai,,1 conlrolled wedge foiture i" tho P1ionne PU"limo Formot'on. Mor'''' e.o,io" procoss.,
undercut the!O cliff•• which lOlled olong Inler.o<:l,n9 jo,,,t plo"e..
It is eXlcnsively JOinted ;lIId l>ul>Ceplible to
wedge failure along joint \urfaces (l'holO
I). The unconl>Olidaled lermce deposlt\
typically COlll>ist of marine cobble\ over-
lain by l>hallow marine to eolian l>ands.
aoo a fluvial conglom(Tdte that is capped
by a thin soil horizon. The nearly \erlical
SC;I cliffs in this arca are :tcllvcly crodmg
where they are not pr01ceted by revel-
mellls. SCllwalls. or a wide l>andy beach.
In generdl. where unprotecled. lhe
eoarse.grnined ;Ind ",,'CII-jointed Purisima
Formation erodcl> at a relatively rapid rate
(about 12 to 24 inches per year: 30-60 eml
yr) (Grii!gs and John'\On. 1(79).
Scbmic shaking inilialed numerous
rock faits and blod. falb :tlong this \Ce·
tion of coast. Undercut :tnd weakened
bedrock and frneturcd promontories col-
lapsed along with btufflOp lermce depus-
lb. Failure alongjointl>urfaces allowed
large blocls 10 l>Cpardtc from more Inl:tCI
rock. The si/.t ofthesc failures wa~ de-
pendenl on Jomt spacmg and ortentation.
- / -'
... Figur.3 810ck diogrom UlOw,
ing 'eo cMI"N"'ure ond IypICol
foitu.e .lyle ,n '00 cliffs unde.·
10,,, by well·to,nled P1iocone
Pu.is,mo fQlmohon .a"tono.
Nole tho 10.... 0" crock. in the
P1ei.tocene Ie.roco dopo"" ond
u..dereul .eo cliff
CAlifOIlNIA GEOLOGY Apfllt990
cliff heigh!. and t(l('* support. High eliffl>
"ith widct~ \paced. l>ub-\'enieal Joinh
and in:ldequ:tte toe \upportl>uq:tined the
largc\t ml>t"lllaneou~ and incipient fail-
ures in Iloeakened or undercut sedimentary
rock. Toe support in the form of a shore
platform. revetment. !>Cawal!. or wide
beach i!enerdlly inhibited failure. AI·
though the densily of failures diminished
away fronllhe cpicl.'ntral region. sc\'cral
large slides and rockfalls occurred as far
north as D:tly City (photo 2).
Dall1:tge to private property ;lnd public
struclurel> was minlm;ll ;llong the cllffl> of
thb area with the cxception of the diffs
1Il111ledi;ltc1)' eal>t of Capitola. In this area
bedrock :tnd lerraee dcposits loppled to
the beach below:too extenl>ive bluff lOp
fmt'lurmg abo occurred. This eauscd fur-
ther damage to walb and foundationl> of
an ;lpartmcnt eomple\( (already o\'erhang-
mg the \ca diff. PhotO 3) and additional
failure to an :tbandoned diff top public
rood in the Capitola area.
I'rom New Brighton State Beach 10
Aptos Creel (Figurc 4), an interbedded.
pebbly. eross-bo:dded. moderdtely indur-
ated. and weall) Jointed sand~lone mem-
ber replaces the JOinted sihl>lOne member
in the Purisima Formallon and underlies
9O-114-foot (30-38 m) high cliffs. TerrJee
deposits. conMsting of poorly conMJli·
daled s:tnds and inlerbedded pebbles.
poorly sorted fluvial conglomerate. and a
thin ~oil horizon. lire aboul 15 feet (5 rn)
n
 Photo 2. Lorge coo.tolland.lide near Daly City. Nore th.e pro.umlty of cliff
top hou1."" 10 Ihe head scarp.

F'tlolo 3. 81uHs eOSl 01 Capirolo. Collapoe of lerroce depo.il1 and ..mderlY"'9. ~

exlenSlyely JOInted ,il"Ione further uncHIrmlftfld the preYlau.ly eKpa.ed
foundallan of Ihil aparlmenl building

Ihid: and thin to the cast. Seawalls :lnd

rc\·clmcnts. which protcctlhc beach fronl
dcvelopment. isolatc the base of Ihe eliff
from marinc crosion: the upper portions
ofthc cliffs continuc to fail periodically.

Seismic \haking initialcd t.....o types of

failurc here. Trnnslation· (uniform move-
ment) along a joint or wcathcring \urfllce
produced many large slides up 101110 feel
wide (60 m .... ide) Ihal originated in Ihc
upper 36 fcct (12 01) of Ihc sca cliff
(photo 4). Thc scarps of Ihc'iC slides lcnd
to cut vcrticall) through thc Quatcrnary
tcrr.ICc deposit~ and thcn nauen as thcy
approach Ihc Purisim:l FOrm:lllOn (Figure
5). Decp ten~ion cnlcks cut through thc
terrace ueposit~ (Photo 5) :IOU wlh 3-18
feCI (1-6 m) lanuward of maoy of the
scarps: ucpth of cracks Icnds to increa!>C
wilh Ihe si/.c of the scarp (Figure 6).
Some intacl blocks and much l00:.c o;()ll
cascaded down lhe face of the cliff. form-
lOt; 60 foot (20 m) high coalescing talus
cones lhat partially buried somc auto-
rnoblles and blockcd access to homcs
(Photo 6). Pharo ... hrenl<ye leo cl,ff failure abe.... La. 0101 Doye. Failure occurred in the upper 36 f_ (12 m)
of Ihe c~ff and loose molenal cascaded down Ihe .I""p slope. Note the many hous"" both obeye and
below rloe land.llde thor are leopard,zed by >lope faIlure.

78 CALIFORNI .... GfOLOGY ....p"ll'1'90


Tp
In the lo\\.cr 30 fecI (10 ml of the cliff.
the sandstone was undercut by fr.telUring
along intersecting conjugate joint scts.
Blocks 3 feel (I m) thick and scvcr.l1 (eel
high broke up easily and formed small
lalus cones. Though fraclured and par-
tially detached from the cliff. many
blocks did not fall and !'Cmaln as unstable
areas.
Between Aptos Creek lind Rio del Mar.
semi-eonsolidalcd coli:1n and fluvial
sands (lfthe Plcbtoccnc Aromas Forma-
tion form 75-120 fOOl (25-40 Ill) high,
~ICCP cliffs (Figure 1). The upper 6-15
fect (2-5 rn) arc more cohesive than the
underl)ing p;lrtly consolid:llCd and
weakly cemented sands. Sea walb and
re\'Clm<:ntS thaI prOll:cIlhc back-beach
de\clopmcnl abo protccllhc cliff toe
from W:I\'C lIlducc<l erosion. However. lhe
bluffs continue to fail periodically. as
they did in the IOQ-year Slorm in January
1982 lhat caused eon~lderJble properly
"----,.
OU.'UH'~'
'Ul•..,.........
~''''.'',". "
"'., ' .. ', ~, 0
Q <l1li Figure 5. Siock diagram ,how.
""'., .......
,,
damage (PhOIO 7). The loose surficial
sand liquificd and flo\loed downslope over
a wealhered. Ic~s permeable surface and
into hom~ :lIthe base of lhe sea cliff
(Griggs. 1982).
Photo 5. Deep tension crock in terrace depows. These crocks oflen cut through house foundations
and ,ndicote the polenllOl extent of future fo,lure
ing structure and !ypt<:olioilurl
.tyle ,n .eo c1,ff. unodenain by
5Ondstone rnember of th.. Pli.
ocen" Pu,",,,na Formo~on. NOI"
thot th" f<Silure occurr..d ,n th"
uPfl'Or portion of the cliff ond
mot"riol cascaded down the
sleep slope
CAliFORNIA OfOlOGY "p"ll990
""" I
Crec:t
f,gure 4. Plan view and long,tvd'nolse<;lion
showing lhe location onod dimenllons of sea cliff
failures as well os the geology be_n New
Srighton Sklte Beach ond Apto. Creek. A 5Onod·
.to". member rlplous the siltstone rnember of
the Pliocene Pumimo Formation fTp)inthi.oreo.
Three type~ of earthquake-illdueed fail-
ures prevailed along this streich of coast.
The firsllype was a shallow dry SlInd
flow te~s than 3 feel (I m) deep. 15·30
feet (5-10 m) wide. and 30·60 feel 110-20
m) long. which origlllalcd well below the
bluff top (Figurc 8. Pholo 8). A vertical
scarp eUlthroogh a thin. cohesive soil
la)er 10 a failure surfaec lhat paralleled
lhe bluff face. LOOM: ~and or small blocks
of more eoheSI\"C malerial. often held to-
gelher by rOOlS. slid along lhis surface
arlCllhen ramped over the less Sleep lalus
dcposil~ allhe base of the slope.
"
Photo 6. Vi_ facing east along lo. Olos Drive. ..
Moteriallrom a foil,,'e in rhe "pper port of the
bluff cascaded down lhe slope and blocked
til. ,ood. Nole the relephone pole b'oken by
til. Iondolode

The !>Ccond I)pe of earthquale failure.

larger Iran~l:llional slides. scveml feCi
deep and up to 90 fecI wide_ occurred in
the upper 30-45 fcct (10-15 111) oflhe diff
face where ncar-\'Crtical cliff tops e,\;isled
before the earthquake. These f3ilures
were similar to the failures in Ihe sand-
slone member of lhe Purisima Formalion
(Figure 5). A 3-9 fOOl (1-3 m) \erlkal
scarp cullhrough Ihc morc eohcsi\c soils
Ihal were underCUI by dov. nslope failure
of underlying. less cohesivc soils. Large
inlaCl blocks, }·6 feet (1-2 Ill) lhick. and
loose sand from lhe upper portion of Ihe
cliff cascaded down the slope and lension
cracks up 10 30 fecI (10 01) rormed 13nd-
ll.':Ird of the ~carp~.

ll'.GENO
_ _ lension crath
A'1":JCs caT p
~lhilure surface
iI "'I'i.~dcbris
U--lalus
palh

o
stale
.
100 ft

COnlour interval = 5 feel

.. : ....
• •
'':'~
.~

Fig"re 6. Deloil. of 'eo d,H fo.I,,'es and len"on crack. Not. the prevolence Photo 7 Slope foilure In 1982t1lot de,troyed a house on ~h Drove. Thi.
of rens.on crocks near the lorge la,I",e. rype of ~o diH fail",e i. very "m.la. ro rhat cOU$ed by the October 17, 1989
eorthquoke

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY Ap"ll,90

.
""
'00

60
40
q OA '.:
:. : . "
:", '.
",;'-''''-----'''-'lll-l'---'-Jell-__-"'LJCCLL1-'L-l'---U.-'''--'''-__--''-__-l!o.l.L!L-.J1lJ-ll_--''
.
-----'

The lhmll)pc of c:trlhquakc f•• ilurc i:- failure III Ihl' :Irea IXcurred "hen ,h:ll- figure 7. Plan view and long'ludnal'IlCI,,,n
a Iran,I:oliul1al ~liuc. South of M;lI1rc~~1 10"- 'I:tb, ull ltl.l fCCllhtd., "cre dCI:let>ed show,ng the locol,on "nd dimen""", 01 leo cliH
Slale B.::ach (Figure 9). ".nds cOll1po~ing and lr:uhlalcll ,horl Ji'1l!nce\ UOWlhl\lf!C foilurel and lhe geology between Aplol Creek
the dirf, arc Ie" consolid,l[cd and the II'hOlo 9). Till' form of hluff relreat h:!, ond R,o Del Mar.
elirf, arc therefore Ie" l>lllbic. Thi, threalened -e\cr,tl horn.:, :Hld alka'l O'IC
mc[ch of elm, b fronted b)' a wille prn- will bcr;;:ll)('.':lted.
lcctlve "each. During the canhquakc. "
w.:ry large [mn,laltonal slide. 300 feet
(rOO m) wide and 6-9 feel (1-3 01) deer.
undermined 15·)0 fecI (S·IO m) of lhe
dirf'tJp above lhc PI:tcc de \1cr dcwlop-
menl (hgurc II. l>holo H), Large mt,lt'l
block, toppled frollllhc upper 15 feci (S
QI) ,If ,jope while inlact p,lh:hcl> of \nil
held IOgclhcr by rOOIS. and 100M- loOlIlU slid
down the slope 10:. ru."I"',l)'. One hllu'c
and iI' retaining wall S)'\IClll were Ur1ckr-
CUI by the slope "ollap!>C in this area: llle
hou\c had to he dl'moli~heu.

FlInhcr 10 Ihe 'OOlh. Ihe waslal bluff~

mlhe SUl1scl Slale Beach arta (Figurc 9)
con~i'l of weaUy eon~oliualed PICI'lo-
l'Cne dunes (WI'iConsin age; Dupre. 1975)
which havc hccn \Iahili7cd by \'<'~Wl:lli<m.
HOlllcl> ha\'e lx.'Cn buill 00 lhe eroding
edge of lhis :!ncienl dunc complex. Slope

Photo 8. Very lorge dry >and flaw above Place de Mer d.....elopmenl. HaUl.. at the top and bolt of this
10,lure _re 01 r;11t.

"
. "
.'- Thc lilhology of Ihe M:3 clifT maleri:lls
:..- 0;:"'- - - ,.."'.....
. -
..
c()fIlrottcd lhe mode of failure al mOSI
loealionl>. Promontorie~. headlands. and
narrow peninsulas Of ridges along lhe
1...··'- _ l·OO.,1 were consi~lclllly the siles of lhe
mO~1 extensivc failure (Pholo 10). On a
larger -.c:lle. SC1<:miSIS also noted Ihi\
e((crl in lhc 5ama Cruz MOUnlainl>. as
a !"el>ul1 of lhis earthquakc (pla",er and
"- Galloway. 191:19). and in Olher areas
where large earthquakcs havc occurred in
lhe pa~1 (ilarpallu olll<:n.. 1981). In lhese
Figure 8. alock diagrom 01 dry IOn<! flow in weakl, conlOlidaled dunel. non-coal>tal :lrC3_~, lhe ground surface
Notelhe lenlion crocks in lhe coOO;"e I","oce 10,.•. Iopo£r:lphy e:lused refleclion of s.::ismic

CIIllrORl'llll. GEOLOGY Apo,II990 81

 SunK' Sl)'e Dc..:"
Manrcua Slile Sneh

Q. * 00"",,,, A,,,,,,,, F.,...,...

LI_~lc·'_-,y·=' __ql:''---='Lj4__'':J' ~hk:o
,...
Qo 0-"""'" ._4,

.,
'00

.,"'
20
o'--''-----'LLL----''--"---'-----''-1U.''----"~-----=-"--....,--J~----'-----...J
",:1\0; cOIl-trul'Ii\c Interferem:.:-· Ihl.'ll
amplified the iocoming i>Cismic energy,
mcr.;~'I.'Cd Ihe <I) natuic ~trc~i>CS. alld
cUll,cd rock or ~oil failure. 1I0\\le\'er. the
,it.... of the ground \urfacc structure th"1
can refiecI incoming ~cisrnic wa\"cs mU~1
be on the '3mc order a~ the seismic wave-
length (Harp and mhen-. 1981). Thus.
variations of lhe topography with dimen-
\Ions of lens of miles will inlcrolct with
long seismic waves. On the OIhcr hand
\ca diff... ""hi{'h arc lens of feel high will
nOl respond to long w:l\'c1cnglh.... Ther,'-
fore. the fcpc;llcd failure along lhe
coast:ll promonlOrics and narrow ridllc\ i,
proffilbl) due 10 lhe bek of tiltcral support
durmg lhe imen"C shakin1: r..l lher lhan to
topo~r.lphic amplification.
place III lhe pa.!>l :md aid In rel:uing lhe'C
failures 10 enher ltChnnc or ramfall Cllcnh.
For cX;l!l1ple. lhe aenal photo~nlph, of
lhe norlhern MOlllerey Hay eoa,tltne e~­
lend back 10 1928 and,~ the changes
1),·er;1 pcriod uf 60 )·ears. These phOlo-
graphs e1eilrly s~ periodic shallow
failure or sloughing of lhe bluf" and
wide,pread bluff failures lhal occur after
heavy precipitation. MO!>I often. lhe fall·
ure, He miliated III lhe bluff top terrace
deposit, and may eXlend atllhe way 10
lhe baM: of the bluff. Where lhe lhiekness
nf lhe failed m:lterial l~ great enough. lhe
1>tt.o.ep slope, produce fJow~ lhat dallmge
ilnd deslroy the homc~ below. The inci·
figure 9. Plan ",ew and longitudinal secl,on
show'ng me locallon and d,menlion. 01_ cliff
foil"" .. and geology b<!tween R,o Del Mar and
SunSe! Slate Beach.
dell1~ of bluff failure ofthi, I) pc are
retallvcly common. occurrmg every
lO-t5 years on Ihc3VerJge.
If [ar1:t.' scale. de"p-,e,lted bluff failure
o,:curred dunng lhe t906 earthquake. or
in the t\\'o llmgnilUde 6.0 e'·ent~ lh31 oc-
curred on the off~hore San Gregorio f;lUlt
m 1926, it might be expecled lhat .'>Ome
e\idcnce WQuld be prc.\Cnt in the 1929
:Icri;ll pholognlphs. The poow~. hO\levcr.

IMPACT ON FUTURE LAND USE

DECISIONS
Seismically indu(·cd coastal bluff fail-
ure wa~ common up to 47 miles (75 km)
from the epicenter of the 7.1 magnitude
Oclober 17 carlhquilkc. The e1iff failure
1ll del/eloped arCilS of the coa.\l prn.cd
rhl.., to ~lrU'·lure~ on the bluff lOp a~
\lell a, the pril/ate and public structure,
on lhe beach below. One death oc,·urred
on a beach IlOrth of Santa Crul when
~l '>Cction of weak bedrock in a cliff
coJlajhCd onto a sunbathcr.

The lWO geologic hazanh eonsi'lenl I)

identified ill CO:ISlill ~Ite:. in con~ultin~~­
port.!> arc ltCi~mically induced slope fail-
u~ and slope failure induced by excess
waler. Soil properties and ,tope configu-
mtion arc commonly used in sile-'peeifie
,lope ,tilbility analy,b. S\IIdy Orhl'lOri·
cal ~tereo aerial phOl~raph~ can indi'"ale
"here and \lhcn slope failure has tilken
Pholo 9. large dry KInd flows ooo,..e Sun.et Stole Beoch, One of lh. bluff lap hOllles will b<! moved
foo1her bock Irom the edge 01 the c1,ff

" o.L1fO~NI'" GEOLOGY "'p,,1 19'10


Photo 10. hlens,ve slope failur. and ctocking on a narrow ridgil Th,s house w.11 be tom down or>d the
slope will be groded to 0 sofer angle. H.,.,.... below 'h'l foilur. wete evocuoted
show a bluIT configuration .... Uhoul e\i-
dence of any major or deep seated failure.
There are extensive areas along Ihe upper
bluff\ in lhe Rio Del Mar area lhal appear
dCVULd of \'egetalion in lhe 1928 phOlo:..
suggesting n:ccnt failure. [n general. the
aerial phot:o record Indicates that the lype
of coastal bluff failure expected In lhis
area during a map earthquake is similar
to that c'!.pected dunng intcnsc rainfall
C\"Cllh. namely <,hallO\\ surficial failures.
up to sc\Cral fCCllhld: al most. The (kto-
ber 17. 1989 earthquake provided an op-
portunily to check these interpret:nions
and hazard assessments.
The area" "here lhe e.xtensl\"e damage
occurred during the October 1989 earth-
quale. and \I here homes rcccncd the
Illlr.>t dama!!c..... cre those that failed most
frequently dunng past epl"'Odc<, of lnlen\C
ralllf:111 a\ ~hO\\n III aerial pholographs.
1\long northern Monlerey Bay. the area~
of mOSl frequent f:lilure arc the ~lcep
bluff\ CUI into the Pliocene l>unsim3 For-
mallon from the L3.. Olas Drl\"elSeachIT
StOlte Beach area to Aptos Creel. 3nd Inc
bluIT\ composed of the .....e aUy eon'Oli-
daled PleIstocene Arumas Fonu:nion.
\I hleh e'!.tend from Aptos Creel doY. n
coast 10 La SeI\~J Beach.
The lOp. slope. and ba.>e of coa\lal
bluff, an:: potentially endangered by
eartt!qu3ke-induccd \Iope failure. lIecc!>-
Sltatm!: costly mll1gatlon rnea~ure,. At
the top of bluffs. sc\"CrJI <,trueturcs \lerc
immedialely damaged \lhell c1iITf3ilure
lIndermllled the foundallons (PhOlO 3). In
nearly all ea~es of f:lilure. tension cracks
up 10 JO feel (10111) formed behind the
head of !>Carp~. and in .;ome cases cuI
through hou~ foundation~ (Phot<K 5 and
10). Crncking 3nd slope failure "ere <;()
eXlenSI\1:: at thn."'e bluIT top sites that the
homes had to be demoh~hed. Two of
Ihcse hOnles were bUIlt 011 vcry narrOl"
peninsulas (Pholo 10); the third wa~ at
the cre~t of a \'cry high. steep. narrow
seclion of bluff lOp (PhOIO !I). The~e bluff
top crael~ probably represenl incipienl
slidc.-. thaI may fail under winter con(h-
tions of increased plI1'l: pre!>SUre. The
depth and \I ldth of such cmcks can be
u.scd as a reas.onablc mdicator of polenllal
bluff top failure dunng \Ci,mic sh:dlllg.
Most of Ihe sea chff~ Included III thl\
~tlldy were 100 'leer lU support ~Iopc con-
Slruclion. and lhc h:Il.ard of building on
such tocallons IS verified by OO\Crvations.
In SC\·crallocation~. nlld-slopc slte~ re-
cei~'ed debris from upslope failuro:!>
(Photo 8),
l1a:urd~ 10 hou~ al beach !c\'c1 re-
!>ulted from failure of lhe cliffs behmd
lhem. Such failures led to the damage
and e'laCUallon of a number of hou~~ in
lhe Las Ola~ Drive and Beach Drh'e
areas. The hou\C~ bUill c1o"\l::Slto Ihe ba'C
of the bluff!> wcre mo:.t !>u'Ceplible to thl~
t}peofdamage.
CALIfORNIA GEOlOGY A""lt990
Glossary
co••,...............
___ EI ..... two
.-
.........
r t l O d t o ~ _
ioiIlt - 0 --. 01 ftadur. ow portillo '"'
... losinahel . . - .... ~ _
_
....... 01 ~ lISUOI, hon:I rod
h..yh...... "--'11 Oft a aurfoce
oftar fin., IIICIIarioI t - bNn blown
.
~ by wind ow wo.n.d OWO)' by
... - .... __ -vin ol
IlkJurbed ......... 01 0 IoftdaW" ow
• ',0 • • 1....
IDw. --t'" 01 a _
:I_C~~do=' hp.
cYf
'-abldllide
---
lI.pl
Oft 0
•• 00toiJ.fod .........
.....
~ poraIel to ....
MItigation and risl reducllon measures
began wilhm one week of the earthqu;U,.c
and included fellC"ing oIT d3ngerous Sites.
culting back o\whangs. and removing
lrees from the top and stope of the sea
cliff. At Silcs where bluff lOp houses had
10 be demolished due to lhe lhreallhey
IJOSCd 10 hou"Cs at beach le\1::1. eXlensive
grading was n.-qulred to rcmo\'c and
stabilize the cr.acked bluff top areas.
CONCLUSIONS
The October 11. 1989 earthquake
pro\'ided an opportunity 10 obsene lhe
effect~ of a large earthquake on ~Iope "Ia-
billlY. Sea cliff f:lilures :llong the e:tto:n-
~i\"Cly dc\"Clopcd oorthern MOnIeri:'} Ba}
coastline demonstrated bolh lhe hazard
II1duced by carthquales and the gcneral
lIl~tabllit} of coastal bluITs. FaIlures pr0-
duced b} the recent earthquake Otturred
In bluffs lhal were acth'CIy erodll1g (Photo
3) :lnd in bluff, thaI were protected from
marinc ero:.ion (PhOlO 4 j. Furthermore.
narrow ridgc~ ur pro11lontorie~ were 00·
!>Crved 10 be 1lllJ!lllilely 10 !>u~tain SC\'erc
damage (PholO 10). Allhough the earth-
quake caused masshe inSlantaneous fail·
ure. r~idual. .....e alencd bcdrocl and soils
ma} expenence IIlcreased erosIon and
failure rales as the typical cyt'1e of winler
\tonns ballet'> the coastline. Current and
fUlure dc\l:Ioprnenl proposals along the
coa~l !>hould consider lhe evidence and
experience gaillcd from lhi~ earlhquake
10 evaluale bolh building con~lrnims and
lhe feasibilily of hazard mitigation
measures.
"
 REFERENCES
Clevelond, G.B., 1975.londsM,ng ,n morine ter·
rOte terro,n ColifornlO D'~'l!on of M'nes ond
Geology Spe<:101 Report 119, 24 p
Dupr., WR. 1975, Mop lhowing ge-ology ond
liquefo",on potenhol 01 Quaternory depol,t.
in Sonto Cruz Counl)', Col,forn,o; U.S. Geo·
IogJ,oISu.... ey Mis<;e.loneous Field Stud,es
Mop MF·648.
Grog9', G.B., 1973. Eormquoke o,hy,ty between
Monlerey ond Holl Moon Boy, Col,forn.o:
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY, ~ 26, no. 5,
p.l03·ll0.
Gr,ggs, G B. 1982, Flood'r>g ond "ope fo,lure
du"n9 the Jonuary, 19B2 ,torm, Sonto Cruz
County. Col,lorn,o: CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY.
y. 35, no. 7, p.158-163,
Grig9S. G,8. ond Johnson, R.E., 1979, Erosionol
proce..es ond ,1,1f retreOl olong lhe northern
Sonto Cruz County coostline CALIFORNIA
GEOLOGY, y. 32, no 4. p, 67.76,
Gr'9gs. G 8. ond So~oy,l.E., 1985,l,~,n9 with
the CoMornlO 'oost: Duke Un.ye.... 'Y Press,
Durhom, NC. 393 p.
Horp, E.l. Wilson, R.C., ond Wieczorek, G.F.,
1981,londslode, from the February 4. 1976.
Guatemolo eorthquoke, U.S. Geo109,,01
Su","ey PrOfesSlOnol Poper 1294.A,
lowson, A.C~ ond others, 1908. The CoMorrno
eormquake 01 Ap,,118, 1906. report of the
Col,lornlO S'ole Eorthquake lr....e'I'901Ion
Comm'SSlon, Cornegle 'n.Mute, Publi,ohon
87, Y. I, Woshington, D.C., 451 p.
McNolly. K.C., loy, T~ P,otl,·Que,odo. M., Volen•
..e, G., Oronge, D. ond Anderson, R.5., 1989,
Sonto Cruz Mounto,nslloma Pne'o) eorth·
quake, EOS. TranSOC!lOns, ArnerKOn Geo·
ph)'Sl'ol Un,on,~. 70, no, 45. p, 1463·1467.
Plol1<er. G., ond Go/lowoy, J.P~ 1989,leuon.
learned Irom the loma Prieto, ColilornlO,
e<lrthquoke of Oc:tober 17, 19B9 U.S.
Geologi,ol Survey Circulor 1045. 48 p.
Shokol, A.. ReKhle. M.• Venluro, C. Coo, 1., She,'
burne, R., So~oge, M., Darrogh, R. ond Peter.
sen, C., 1989, CSMJP strong·mol'On ,eco.ds
from Ihe Sonto Cruz Mounto,ns (lomo Pnetol.
Col,lornio earthquake of 17 Oc:tober 1989,
Coliiornoo Strong Motion Inll'umentOllon Pro·
grom Report No. OSMS 89·06· D;Yl,"on of
M,ne. ond Geology. 195 p. ~
Announcements
Registration and
Certification Examinations NAGT Spring Conference
Eumm~hun\ by lhe S'a'e Iwart! of Rq~i~· The spring conference uf Nallonal A-'loOCi·
lr~lIun for Geulu~'~h and Geuphy"e"IS for al",n uf GeulCJgy Teach"r~. Far Weslern
19'Xl ~ re \l'heelulcd a, r"'l"",, Seellon .... 111 be held May 4-6. 1990 al C,'ru~
C"lIe~e In Af.U~a. CalifornIa. A lwo·d:.y
Ge"l.l~'" ~nd Gcoph)"ei'l field I"p will cowr lhe geologic ,nlerprela·
Seplember 14, 1990 lion uflhe Precambnan and P..lleOI.OlC
mela",d.,nenlary rud.~, Cello7"ic lecronlc
l,nj:'lneerlnj:' Geul,,~.~'
feal urc" anel ml n.er.lI re,ourcc, of lbe San
Seplember l:'l. 11)9()
lJernardlllo Mounlam,.
hlMI filmj:' elale f"r lhe Seplemlll:r 1990
,'X:lllunallon, May I, 1'J90 iP'U"rn:.rL .'/'IIe). For addlllonal mfOrmalion cuntaCI:
00. Trent. Geology Dcparlmen'
h.r appll,'allt'" fnrm\ c"nl....'l ,hc Boam
C,lru, Collcj:'e. Ho~ RRR
"fftel' al 1021 0 Str",,!. Rlll'l1l A·IOO. Sacrn·
Al.u,~. CA 91702.
","nl", C,\ lj~" 14 Phone (lJ Ill) 44~. I '1211
Second International
14th Congress - 1990 Conference - Geotechnical
Mining and Metallurgical Earthquake Engineering and
Institutions Soil Dynamics
The Fourleemb COllj:'re,s of Ihe C.luneil Tbe Second Inlernalional C"nference on
of M,n Inl.! and .\1clallurglcal [n~lll Ull(\n~. c.:Olechnical Earlhquake Engllleenng and
orl.!an"ed hy lhe In"nul'on of Milung and S",I l)ynanucs, organi/.ed by 'he Uni ......"ny
Melallurl.!), "",I be b"ld In I:dlllbur~h. of M"",uri·Rolla III e<>operallOn wllh nllle
Scotland. July 2-6. 19\K1 profes"onar cnglneermg and getJIeehlllcal
soc,elles, WIll be held m Sl. Lou'S, M"soull
on March 11·15. 1991
For full d"':lil, "f lhe Con~re", a"ocialed
plenu) and lecbnlcal ""s"on\, and leehnlcal
wu", ,'()nlaC' ror n>Ol"C mf..,rmallon COlnaCI
The Conference Off'''e Sbamsher I'rllhsh
[n\lllUllOll of r.-llnllll; and Me'allurgy Conference ChaIrman
44 l'or'land I'la"c OcpartmcnlofC,\,lll:.nglllecnng
Unlver~lly of Ml"ouri·Rolia
London WIN 4BR En~land
TelcphlJll" 01·580 3802 Rulla, MO 65401·0249 USA
hx: 01··06·5.188 'lclcphoOle J I4·3414411\1
Tt'lcfa.. 314·341-4729

GSA/SSA Meeting SSA Meeting

A JOInt llIeellnj:' of lhc CUrUlllcrJn S«'lon
of lhe GeoICJg"al Sueiely of AmerIca (GSA)
and lbe Sc"molu!:t,cal SOCJel) of AmCrlca
(SSAj ""II be held March 25-27. 19'JI In
San l-rJnel'co. CalofornJa
The ScNOlulogical Soe.e'y uf America .... ,11
bold ,he annu:t1mcrling Ma) 2·4. 1990 III
Sama Cru/, C"hfornla
I·"r mrormau"n eunl:"':

Fur Ill"re IIlformallon eunlaCI GSA heel l'ollowdl. 1.·205

CIl·ehair RJ) Sullo\'an, Departmenl or Geo· Lawrence Li\'ermore NallOnal Laborah.ry
,,'u:nCl.·~. SJn hal""""o Sla'e UIll.-.:r~lly, Box IlOll
San Franc.\Co, CA.(415) 3311·2061. "r SSA Llvcrmore. CA 94550
C,,·chalr. r.~" Wung, Wood"'·ard·Clyde
Ctln\UllJ1l1\. OaUand, CA.
HI~) 1174·.1014

.. CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY All'" 11"10


Photo 1. Aenol v,ew of
Cactus Gold Mine
Sonc. the discovery ond wc:ce"ful mln,ng of
bulk Iow.grade hydrothermal gold ar, depolitl
,n Ne'fOdo during the 1960., 0 number of .imila.
depoSIt> ho.... been Identified or>d m,ned In rhe
MOlove Delerl, BOl,n on<! Range, and COO,I
Range. prov,nce. of CalifornIa. thoulonds 01
ounce. of gold o,e produced e<Kh year from
well Colifornla depol,ls. Th, fine_grained gold In
these dlUomlnaled dopas'" con rarely be ......
""en under 0 mKroKop" ood must be assoyed
10 determ,"e rhe gold conrent. ... edItor
INTRODUQION
aC[I\C C;]CIU~ gold nunc h IOCMCd
T he
in the 1Oo'C,tcrn Moj:l\'c Dc'\Crt. about
60 mile, lIorth orlhe ('ily of LO!> Angclc,.
and :lh,lull) miles norlhcil,t of the llWon
of Mopvc (Figure I), The gold Illllllllg
opcrJlIon, arc;H Middle BUllc\. nn 1'0,
Moddt. Bultes, (OCM ""no oreo, K.," County.
Kern County, California
8y
JOHN l. BURNETT, Geologist
Division of Mines and Geology
cod
JAMES BRADY, Chief Mine Geologist
Cactus Mine
latcd peak of Miocene mle:mk rods and
Crewce()u, 1I1IrlN\1: I'QCl\ \urrounded by
Quatcrn:lr) ,llluvlal dCp<blt, (Pho!l) I:
hgure 2)
Gold W,l',lirM nuned nlMlddlc BUlle~
in 181)~ (Tro\el :md Morton. 1962) ;md a
j;rtlUp of ~l11all I11lne\ continued IJpcmtlng
lhere until 1910. 1\'11111111; activity :It Mid·
die Butte re!>umed during the Dcpre'\ion
:lI1d wa\ I:OntIl1UOIl\ from 19]1 to 1942
\\hen. during World War II. gold mining
\\":1-\ b:lnned by the fedeml government.
\V:lr Production Board Limitation Ordcr
L·208 h:llted Of)Cr:ttIOIl':lt Middle Bunes
and all olher gold mine, 111 the United
Slate\ !J.ccau\C gold nuning \\;1\ deemed
non·e,:-cntlalw lhe w:lr eflim.
CALIFORNIA OfOlOGY Ap,,119'90
---
-.
••
Photo courtesy of CoCo Mines. Inc.
In 1979thc C:lelu\ mine prOJk'rty was
:Icquired by CoCa Mine!> Incoqx)f";ucd of
Denver. Colomdo. Commcrcinl produc-
tion !>larted in August 1986. Gold produc-
tion reached 26.400 ouncc~ in 1987. and
the current annual outpul h aboul 60JXXI
ounce!> of gold. Total projected produc-
lion will be about 400.000 ounce!>.
GEOLOGIC SETTING
The we\tern Mojave [)e\Cn is a sHUc-
tuml blocl bounded on the southwest b)'
the San Andrea\ fault :tone and bounded
on the northwest by the Garlock f:lult
IUne (Figure I). Both fault lones arc
vertic:ll bre:lb in the earth'!> erustth:ll
have undergooe Mgnificant I:lteml offsct
"

,
",-"
CACTUS GOLD MINEG!!'O(,-"
\ "MOJAVE
• 0
o Mineralogy
c:::::l~::'-Troplr;;o HIli
*'
"Willows SlIdnll' HIli'
LANCASTER
. . LOS ANGElES
CDlbblcc. 1967). The G:lrJock f:lUh. the
c!o-.c,' of Ihc\C IWO region:!1 fault zone!>
to lhe mine. b '\Cvcr.. lmilcs north of the
Cacw, nUllc. Major geologic structures
.... ilhin Ihe mine area. ,ueh;t) nOnhC:lSI-
trending ore ,"crnl>. run parallel 10 the
Garlock fault lone and suggc'l a regional
rdalion~hip.
Although Cretaceous granitic rocks
and Miocene volcanic roch arc [he only
c.~poscd unlt~ \\ithilllhc mine area.
nearby outcrops Hlcludc S(:\"crnl tyJ>C' of
metamorphic rock,. Teniary ~cdimcnlar)
rocb. and Quaternary basal! flows and
sediments. These diverse rock I) pes indi-
cate thallhis region hll~ been tectonically
:Jctivc in the geologic past.
Structure ond lithology
Quam'. mon.wnne form~ the b:tSCmerll
rock beneath the mine site and is overlain
by la\'a~ and pyrocl3~lIe flows. The
quartz mon/onile formed between 85
IlIIlIian ycar~ ago and J 12 million years
ago and b a 8runite-like roc" containlllg
equal amoum~ of orthocla~ and plagio-
clase feldsp:ns. Imrusive igneou~ domes
form a M:lI1i-circular feature e:dending
from Middle BUlles and Soledad Mountain
on the north 10 Tropico lIill and Willow
Sprlng~ Hilh on the !>OUth (Figure 2).
Thl~ M:rt1i-circular fealOrc may represem
a ealde..... that formed when a scne~ of
concentric fracture~ resulted from a
collap,ing \'olcano (Figure 2).
. CA.LlfOIl:NIA GEOLOGY
... Figure 1. Generol Io<o~on ond regiorwl tedonlC
.enlng of the Codus gold mine. F>gIJnl' odapred
from CoCo M"'e", Inc,
cant anlOllnt, of ore arc found in fault
breccia along these norlhy.e,t-Irending
0 0 lOne~ .
0
Area~ of IlItcnse hydrolhermal alter..-
•
lion occur aoove and peripher..ally adJa.
cem to Mlme ore zone~. Hydrothermal
alteration occur, .... hell heated aqueous
N Mllutions rise up through joinl.\. fbsures.
or fau1l10ne~ and change I11lllerah ,'00
roch in the process. These altered lone~
"
J
Mil"
,lithe Caclus mine aid in identifying ore-
be,lring Mruclurcs. Alunitc (a hydrous
aluminul11 and pola~sillm ~ulfatc) is the
m<ht common mincral within this alte.....-
lion lone. Kaolinitc clay. illite clay. and
hematite (iron oxide) abo occur v.ithin
zoncs of hydrothermal alteration.
Free gold and sll\,eroccur:lS subnu-
croscopic grains and are as~ocialed with
Thc richest ore at Middle BUlles i~ quartz (silicon dioxide). pyrile (iron ox-
locailled along norlheasl-trending fault ide). ar.'>Cnopyrite (iron arsenic ~ulfide).
lOnes. One such ll11neratiled fault lOne and iron oltides. Some ore lone~ are quite
contains Ihe (aClO'i \t:1ll that was the fo- Jeep and cltlend below the decpe~1 explo-
cus of mmlllg aClivity m the 1930~ This .....tion holcs. All of the gold orc at the
p:lrticlliar fault lOne al.'iO hosls the Shu· mine site occurs in or ncar a coop..c-
make pit dCpo!litthat is currelltly bemg grarned rhyolite that forms 'oC\'cr-11 intru-
mmed (Figures) and 4). Other ore zones ,i\'c domes. I n ~ome arcas of thc minc.
at the I11l1le occur on parallel northeast- O. I ounce of gold ore per ton can be
trclldmg fault~. The.... mlne.....llled fault found 20 feet bcnealh the ,urface. al·
lones III lUrn arc inter!oCcled by north· Ihough no deleclable gold lIIay occur al
....esHrending cross-cuHmg faulls: ,ignifi- Ihc ,urface.
I
Middl' IkJtl••
(1''1' 1::.::::1' Mloc.n. Pvroclut1c.
I
Mloc.". VoIc.nlC\DonN••
FI_• •nd Plug. \
1 Cre/.,,,ou.
\ Willow
,Spring. I Ofl MonlOnif.
,\Hlla J
o /
--.
•
Willow. Spring.
~"
N , 'J'
! 11ofl1..
Figure 1. Geologv of Coctus gold mine. Middle Suite•• ond nearby I.olure•
 , •
, ,
. Figure J. POl'f1on of tl>e W,llow Sprl"9~ (7.5-

/ m,nute) q\lOdrongle thowing MIddle Bulle. and

V ,
,J'
-,'
.. Ioc:olioo. and nome, of hilla,ie m,ne_, Line A·A'
,nc!,cole,lcxollon of geologK cron-slKhon
.how. on Figure 4.

.
,"I
~

/
.-, ... \ MINING AND GOLD RECOVERY

-"
c
~ lmti... i..hmlnrc bodie_ .....ere idemified

_.,. • I" 10
and mapped u~ing Information derived
fmm a drilling program. Currem mine
\ development is b) open pil mClhod~ and

•
M!oohj BUTT~S IIlcludcs ~ucccssi\'c benches thai arc
pl:lccd at 20-fool ..eTlical inlcnals up the
pll wall. The 3VCr:LgC ore gr.wc allhe
• "
-
!JlInc b O.Q.l5 ounce of gold per Ion:

-
r
,,
,,
,
, <f'
-/ -1'
.
, .;;::.
f'=' -..,..-
.- j
varying amount." of ~ilvcr ore abo occur.
"or example. of the 6.168.000 tons of ore
milled from the Shurnale pit. the average
gr,llk of gold was 0.038 ounce per Ion
and Ih.: ;I\'cr:lge gr.ulc of silver wa~ 0.4

._-./""\",.
ounee pcr IOn .

y,- "
- t " Gold and si!\'er rreo"er) h aOOUI 71
percent of the tOlal amount of prceiou~
I Illcwb I!lCM;nt in Ihc ure. Mined ore i~
I cru\hed, rni.\ed "ilh lime and ccment.

.... , or,
I
'" 1 ---'
•
-- -
then mo\"Cd 10 th(" cyalllde heap

i/
leach pile via a con,eyor bclllhat i~

-
~

,
...(J'- ..). -
~ -r -- ~pr.l)"ed "'ith water. The 1Il0i~tCllCd cc-
-"".ii.. -
,
H ~::
-....:-, ... mem bind~ the fine ore parI ides and aids
I
I
I
1--
3000 tt ,
- •
I
~ ;
.
percolation of the lC;lching \olution.

" ftgu,e 4 Generalized geologIC cross-sedlon 01

lhe (OCIvI gold m,ne a'e deposl"- Middle 8ulln.
Kern Counly See f,gu'e 310' loea~on 01 ero..
•ecllon A-A'.

laoklng Norll\eut A'

A

Trent
3200· ... Tlbr

2600·...

C... lIFOI1N .... GEOLOGY ...""lt99ll 87

Cru,hed limestone is used to prevent actd
Conlpound' from forming and combming
wIth the c)"antdc to produce harmrul
gasc:..

After placement of the ore pile on the

lc:ach pad. dilute sodIum C)-anldc: I~
~pr11) .... d 0''Cr the: top. The solulton perco-
lates through the heap and dl'wh.... ~ the
rokl and sih-er. The resultmg .;olullon
(callc:d 3 "pregnant solution") I' then
chcnlleally processed 10 renlO'"e the dls-
\Oh....d gold and sil'·er. The lcX"hmg ....-ater
I) l\.'q'C]cd b:lck Into the s)'Stem The
]c;tchmg ;llld rccon:ry opcrallOfls :lrc
IlMJIHtoll:d to CIl~Urc lhat no Wlullon C~­
C;IPC~ lhe 'y'tem execpl by e'~oIporoltton.

REClAMATION
When mmlng opcratlQll) arc com-
pleted. the slIe will be stablhlcd and re·
scc-dcd '0\ IIh grasSt:s and shruh~ adal'tcd to
lhe hIgh deserl climate. The quarr)
~ arc graded so thaI nunfall .... "11
dnun 'o\hlle: mining proccSSCj; arc on-
~mg Roc" heaps .... iIl be neulrahzed.
nnsed. and contoured. Ponds '0\ 111 be
C\-apor:ncd. neutralized. and bad.·lilkd
so that preclpltatlOll .... ill draIn n:atul'lllll)
onto the desert floor No former under·
ground .... orianp:an: open to the .wrf;acc SeismIc Intensity
and an"", surfa« worlmgs are: enclosed DIstribution Maps
by fencing and euth berrm.

Usc permIts and reclamatton plans
were: appru'....d m t'o\O siages: (I) on Sep-
lember 5. 1985 the Middle BUlle opera-
lIons (includmg the Winkler, Ella, Trent.
and Cresenl-Alunite dcposib) were ap-
prO\'Cd. and (2) 011 February II, 1988 the
Shurnnke deposit was appro\"Cd (l-igurc
4). All operalions al the minc are ap-
proved by Kern County and conforll\ to
Due !tllbe: O\'Cr'#Iobc:lmlo,; dem&nd for
~M: and \CI mte .... rety tnfonnaliuo
afIC1" tbe: L.1ft1a Prlda canhquakc of Ot:to-
beT 17. 19IW. !he: Di'rl\I(lO of MIM'S and
Geology (DMGII" malin,; a'rallaNe \Pt'-
cial black-hoc prlot\ of the ..cumic imco·
~ily distribulion map" fnlm lhe:: four DMG
C'anhquake pl.nnin,; ","C'norio!l: Special
Publicallon 60. f..llrlhquake planntng
The ~ illlmiity cbsIribulion rrwp8
'\how the upecIed dislribulion and inlcn·
""I)' of \CUmM: .aILlIII and the areu wllh
a potCftfial for liquefaction. The ~
f nJftl SP60 and SP99 CO\Ief lhe 8ra1ft'
~ Anaeb area: !he maps from SP61
and SP78 cOYer the San Francisco Bay
afta. Plebe mle the Special Pubhcalion
number for eaiI seismic illteftldy dilui·
i:he

_.
Slale gUldelmes. \Cenano for a f1'IAJnlludC' 8..1 cUlhquake bulion map you order. mapa areS2.00
on lhe Sao A~ faull In ....lUthC'nl each: P')'ftlCtllIIIUIC &401.....,. order.
California; SpC'CiaI PublM:alKJII6I, Earth-
REFER.ENCES SeDd ,... order 10:
quae planni.., scenario f« a magnilude
CoCa MInet. ttlC., 1989, Minong operotlOn •• porl, 1.3 c:U1hquale: 011 lhe San Andrea f..tt DiY. . of MiIta GcoIop
nl the San Fnncnco Bay area; Special
GerMP: I and NJlicalioal
OibbIM, n-..a.. w~ Jr~ 1967, Areal ~01 Pubbcallon 78. Earthquake planllln, Au.:. Dale Sticbcy
the ..,...... Moto"e Oflert. CoIifomIo: U.s. lCftWMt for a mq:nlludC' 1. S earthquake
......... on..
G-%vocol Survey Prol...-....l Poper 512, Oft the tbywaIrd fMdt in ItIC' So fnDctKo
IS3 p. SaJdklllo, CA. 95814-0131
Bay amt; and SpttiaJ Pubbcal~ 99.
1roael.I.W~ and MortotI. P.lt, 1961, ""'- and
........,.,;ol _ _c... 01 1(..... CounIy, Coifornoo, EartbqatC' p1aDni., ~ for.-...
eat1hquake on lhe Ncwpon·I-.kwood
PrICft ....Iade' sab tu. a.t ........
Ptea.t allow IWO 10 tIIrce weds for
Co5fornIO o..r.- of Mone.. one! CHoolo9Y.
County R*pGf11, 170 p. ~ fauh zone: dehwcry, ~

. CALIFORNIA C£OlOCY Ap<,lt990

A Page for Teachers
Earthquake Preparedness Education
anhquake preparcdne~s education is
E important for gmde school ,Iudcllts
in earthquake-prone areas bccau'>C a ma-
JOr carthqu;lke can be a trJunmtic experi-
ence for C\'cryonc and especially for
children, The tmuma and. of cour!;C. the
loss of life and property can be signifi-
cantly rcduced by prep;lring for an earth-
quale disaster, SewrJI tools thllt are
aY.litablc to aid teachers in Ihi!. proce~s
are described here,
£{lrrhqu(l4t'~: A r..ucht'r" /'/It'4I1gt' for K-6
Grallt'$. a CUrriculum gu,(1c (1c\'Clope(1 by Ih..
Nal100al SClencc Tcachcr~ A,~ociallon
(NSTAI for Ih .. Federal EmerJ!enc) Manage·
ment Agcnt') (FEMA). Thi) pactalle ,n('\u(1..•
malerials aboul both lhe ph)'slcal phenomena
of ear1hquah-§ an(1 s:afel) mea,urc~ a chil(1
can lake bi:fore. dUTlng. and afrer a quale
The gu,de reeognru. Ihal yOilng .lll(1cnl~
learn bcM when Ihe)' arc acm... I}. ph)'lull)
,n\'oh'cd and therefore ,ncludes §uggt.l'Olb
for many hand§-on c1a~.room acll\l!leS, The
280-page paclaj!" conta,ns ~,~ un 11'. di, ided
inlO lhree !lra(1e le"c1~ (K-2. 3-4. S-M. All
unll.' lIIc1ude background maIer ,a I for Ihe
leacher: a >-cope amI ~eljuencc chart; maMer,
for producing lran)parCnclc,. hanlloub. a"d
",orhhccI~:.tnd hM~ or malcTlal~ and
rc-.ourcc,.
FEMA dl~ITlbu!lon I. l,m,l..d 10 onc frel"
COP) per ~h"",l "h,le Ihe 'uppl)' lasts,
Requ~'b from Icacher,. wrlllen on ~houJ
lellcrhcad. should be d,recled 10 MaTlI)n
Mceab<'. Earlhqualt b!ucallon l'lannmg
"'oJec!. FEMA. 500 C SUCCI. 5 W. Wa,h-
,nglon. OC 20472 Smgle and mulhple ."Opy
reque~ts from uther ~r,!up~ :lt1d lIId"'lduah
)hould be ,enll" NSTA.I'uhltcallon~Ocparl.
ment. J742 ConneCllcut A\"Cnue. N W .
WJ~hlll~lon. DC 20009 Cop,c, from NSTA
coo;t SI5.00 eal'h
f;"rtltq","':r Pft'p<u<"h,t'ss Aon'l/Ir, fur
ChIld Curt' 1'r<JlId<,n. publl,hcd b) Ihe Bay
Area RCII-Ional I:.arlhqu~le I'rcparedne"
ProJecll8AREPP) and d"lrlbuled b} Ihc A~­
WC,~t,on of Bay Area Go\,crnmcms IA BAG).
"a plannmg guide 10 a,d eh,ld e~fC pro-
v,ders ,n (1eH'loplllg an eanhquale pl:ln Ihal
meet' an lnd"'ldual cemer\ unique needs
The gUIde l·on,')l. of ~ilu:I1,on card, Ihal de-
,eflb<" whal nllt:hl occur ~I a chIld care ccmer
durIng and arter an l"arlhquale. aell' 11)
,heet, Ihal conlain Informal Ion nccc"ar)' 10
conducl V:lT1OU~ at'll"llles. ""or~ ,heel, 1<1 b<'
photocop'cd for lhe :Kl"llic,. and a re""urce
h~1 <If ":lnhquulc plann,nj! lnf"nnal'<ln
""ure..' The pl"t1tllng acli\llJe~ ll1cJudc ldcn-
l,fyll1l! thc nced 10 plan. IdellllfYll1! :lctual
lel·lOnic~. Curncula. softwarc. and supple-
memal informauonal malcriall"ls arc pro-
Vided for lcuchers and parenls for usc III
carthquale h..urd,. de\'clup,n!! roln and klll<krgartcn Ihmugh nmlh gradc clas'ie'.
procedure,. and documenllng lhe plan Th,' Many hlbhogrnphlC Cllallon, HlClu-dc read,ng
p!ann,n!! pnlCc" rehc, on aCIl,'c ~taff parl,c- Ie"el, and length of boob. TellCher~ may
IpallOn Ilowcver. thc proce" remaIn, "mplc obla'n a free copy by wrlllllg to Ihe NallOnal
and erreCl'''' all(1 any ll1~I,lu..on "rovid,"g Ccnler for Earlhquale Enginccrlng Re:.earch.
,heller and C~fe for chIldren "'III b<"nerll Slale UnIVCf'lly of New York al Buffalo. Red
fWIll u""g Ihe.... malcrial, Jadet Quadrangle. Buffalo. NY 14261 f(e·
quc~l T~chnleal Repor1 NCEER-89-Rolo; u\c
A copy "f 1:./lrthqullkt Prrf><jrt'd"'·H. cata- school leHerhead.
10j! llem no 1'1l9002IlAR. I ' S700 plu, SI50
for p,,'lagl' and han(1It"g Send or<kr lU L"m<t Pr'ew. C<tIt/QrllW. Ear/hqlwAr: A
AIl,\G.I'.O Bo, 2050. Oalland. CA Col/retwll 01 Vitlro Imagrs. produced by lhe
9-l6O.\-~050. (4151.\64-7900. US <kologlcal Survey. I' a 53-mlnUle
vidcOlape rdea.cd:L'o U.S. GeologICal Sur~
NCEEH fllbfiogrj,pl,,' of /:-"rthq,wkr £11,,-
Open-Fde RCpofl90-12-H. CopIes may be
cIII"mMIJ/l'rl<lh. b} Kalherlne E.K Ross.
obtalncd by ... rlling 10 Vidcotransform Inc:..
publ1'hed by the Nalional Cenlcr for Earth-
245(1 F.mbarcadero Way. 1'.1.10 AllO. CA
quake E;:n~lnecrlng Re'iearch (NCI:;I:.Rl, Itsl'
94303, For further ,nformal'oo contxll)Qug
re,ource malenal, fur leacher, and adm,n,,-
l'm-e. U.S. Geolog,cal Suney. 345 Mlddlc-
tr..lor. to starl an earthquake educallon
f,eld Road. Mail SlOp 225. Menlo I':Irl. CA
proJ!rnm or leach a Illore detailed Ic',on on
9.\025.(415) 329-4164
eaTlhqualc'. ,,,Ic..
noc,. hunanll'. a"d plalc
I~~~f!,(~}.....~r .
I Plans to Make
SCHOOL PLANNER
Sr"'~"', 11>. r~,,, C1<n'or,.nd coll<"" ..... d h' ",er.,e'<If. ""',.,. I!am;,o"nl "'J1hq""u la >UCh 0" "",n,. "'_
"d""",,,,.,,,,,""" ,,,»<1><,, .,ll h••" I" ... ",jf·",U.,,,,n, ,ell·'"1 .... the" nwa ,,,,,'u'tt> ,n proItcl .n<l <lO'" f", ,II<
""okn' P''I'"~'.''' on<! ,I>< ,mmed",. ,."""'n<l,"I rommum'"" u",,1 ~ _ ....nee" ....... bI<
Ik C"l,I,,,n,. hi....""" t·O<I< rr~""n 1"'1>10< on<! """'e """'....... " 12. Iv <kvo:1op <""'.......,. ......n<! '"
et>n<lU<1 ··dl<1" .0'''' .noll>oW·' d"l[,
II,,,,,,.,,., ou, """'",Id"hl."n .n<l ,1><" '.m,I"" ......, -ne ."f."",,,,,,,,, on<! ed...."o" '''' ".f1hq... k loOl'<ty_
",<!,'''ed''''" ,"".,n,,,,
,;"', "."'.... <>on l>~. 1"''' '" ,~" """I"< .nol,m!",",",
I'"~h< .d...."o" ..mp.o'l" 'n Ap"l anol '~'o"s"''''' lhe
"'"' ~l
• <,·,JI'Idu<:'m~ • "'....... d"lI.o k>l .""",<11<) rla ....n<! • 1>W""'Io"t • 'f'U".1 _ '" ",h<:><~ """,mhly Iv llot
",oa:<lurr. M.. ~< ..... ~ ...... """'"'u......""",y,,...... ell""", of •• nhq...k> an<! the ,ml""lOnce of , . . .
"'_I.... ""'"•. ",af<h .nd ''''''''''' .""''''' .nd II.>! 1"<'J'N""'"
a,d l<clln..,...... (h>I pl."",n, _ . _ ....... ,ar1 l·'ou,
<OIl ,... """".. Of~ of 1''''''8''11<) Set,,,,,,,
I • IMpb"", ",<po.<d""", ,,,''''....._.' h,p t..lll< OJ<'"
,n )tN. ",,1o<>‫ס‬I
• ~"""t ond_h<J<,.., "''''''~ ''1'''p'''.". """ I",,,,,",,,
,,,,·I""',,g h<J<,h""I....... e,,"''''''''. <""'I""." ""'" 'Ul<"- • t·''''d........., 0 loRa.cl hu", '" <I",,,,,,,,,,,.I>ll o>ffia:o
....,,<.. - 'b""", "'......1• Ilw.., d"""1 on •• " .......l« • """,mbhng ".....'F...,. ~,.... /uclI ,,,,,Iu<k ,m"",WI<
"".'Y ,n',>tm.,_.n<l fin-t 1M! ",pp1,.,.
• I"""""",..,,.ll "'Ik.......off an<! ........"" I" P'''I'''''' 0"
.a"lIq.... u ".....,.<"q pI>" I", ''''''' bm,I"" • ""'"....... ~lI<k1 "'p-I" ....."hqUIl« I""PO~
".hohl ..... )'tou. "'h<><~
• Son<l'''1 ."k"_,,,,,, "",,'" ,'" po.<"1> 011 ''''' ",,,,.. II'>
<"""""'1' pol"""""n<! I""",,du,n • C,,,,,,,,,,,'.. ,.._.., "''''''''' ,<> ...... - . . . ", 1""
<h.", .'''''''''''l« "".poI«1""'" ",pp1"", _ ....... pm<'"
• l'p.L"".,"I,.."",.... "" ".""'.p'''''y ..... ,h<o,''''' ......
• (.""".....,,,g ,n·",,,,,,,, I...""" ...... ~,"''I'' "" II"" IM!.
""'I... II\;O".I\<m.,,', dom.,. ......"mc:n' .."d "''''"
GlI,I"",," l.",..... . . "'.poredness Monlh ...........
.. Of'P'"'"""Y 101 In<he,,,. I""""'poh. ".ff...""""...
,,,bl<d lopon I", "" ..... " ..If 1"'"''''', .n<l rommun,'y ,..d.", 10 "BEATlll1 OlJAKE.-
CALIFORNIA CEOlOCY Ap"i 1990
INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY, HOME
AND COMMUNITY PLANNER J

l"d;"idulillolnd Family P",plredne!ill

• tk.k,
"now 1Map'nsI ,nsod<,n ":o<h
Of
"",f~l{tO'> ruom-undc. ,"udy .abIo.
-.nll$.
• Know .he dionl'" $pOI$-Wln""","s. "''''on. """"'''1
ob,ert'. fi,q>l:l«s, tan furn,'o,,,
• Olndl,l('l 1"'""otC d.. II•. l'h)"'C"'lly pl""", yourself and
Practice
I
you. chlld'en in ..Ie loca,OOftS,
• I...,.,n Ii'" oK! and erM (audlOplll""",.ry """"'01.0">11) I Prepare Home and workplace
earthquake drills.
from yOUl 10<:>, Red CrouCh.p''' 0' othe. rommun,'Y
o'Ban"'''''''''
• l><:ado: "'here )'QU' famoly ... ,11 fCUM" If SCJ"'l.",,,d If. ,uJOf cal1hqu.ke ...uel 'n)'OU•• ,oa .oda}. f"U ''''Ih, be ",·"hou, d"«l a""st.nc:c: for ap 10 12 hou",. A'e
y.... prcpa,ed to be ",If-suffo<>on" I. ).... , f.m,ly? v...., ""'Ihbuf!w.<od·'
• "up. I'" of "mc'lIeney phone numbers
• Ch<>o:»o: an ""'-ul.,,.,o r""nd ..,1.,,,.., ...
Of 1Iom r,,,,,ly
mcmbe:'" .an •• 11 ,,',et ,he q.. ate 10 .cpOft "''''''.'0001,
and oondllion. STORE EMERGENCY SUPPLIES
Afle •• major earthqua"". ekct''''''y, ......'c,.•"oJ p. ma} be ou, of "',,"'ICC. Eme,gell<)"Oll ma} """ readl)'QU
lIome I',tparrdness for "''''' ..., daY". Make Si"")'OU h."" 'hoc follo"""1 "".... ,n)'QUI horrlC," YOY, oftice. Of ,n)'Oll' ca.
• tum """,. 10 "'u. off p •. ,...~lcr and c!«l,"',ty on ca.c
11M; lines arc dama",d
• Cb<'<t .... 'm""ys. roor, and ...,,11 fo.""b""",!of ".t-,l"l
MA" ,ure )">u. horne" boiled ,I> n, found."on COlli
.. llCCn",d ronl .." "",. ,f '''''re ale any '10c.non,
• S«urc ....,". !Kale. and .ppI.""..... .hat ""uld .........,
enough '" ruplu,~ u"~'y It~_
.. K~~p b.uk~ble ~nd hu"y <:>Ill"o" on klw<• ....,I~,
.. S«u.~ hanllnl plan" ~nd kuvy
011"'' ' ' (e>-JI«'ally ,k~ kanyng 0"'"
I"".u,~
boodlol
.. Pu' lo'ol>c< on oab",o' <lotJ<>. .0 l""p 'hem o"""'d du.mg
f...."n or
fi.e ... ,Ioopi>lle.
">u.' iii" e't>nluoshc. 'hould boo Sy,,·
iNaicf ~;,
lOu. 6r:<l alll k" """uld hoc ,n a .,.,<1.
...... 'Q
lla"" ",,,,,,,,n' Of p'pe: "',e""h 'urn
.ble fOf all 'ypn of fi,,,s and *'ould ,... Io<:;o1lon and 'hou,,1d ,,,,,Iud< cme,_ off ..... nd .... 'e. ""I"", 'f """"""'}
\/Iak,ng
be n.ll} ".,.,....,blc "'II<)' ,nS'ruc1l0"S
.. K"op Ham",.bk Of 1';IL"'<luu> l,qu,ds ,uok al plI,n!>,
PC" ,pr.),."
"k.n,ng l'fO\lu"h ,n ...b",,,,, Of """".ed
'm klwc. ""'I>'n.
• ,\b""a'" e..... '&<,"'1' f<J<J<l. w".. ,c, and Ofhe' ... ppl",•.
,nc:lud'''1 ""'d"" .... fi"" .,d l,' and do,h,n, 1'\\
,
Community I'r"pllredn~

.. ~u"c" 'ha' k>c-.. I orp"".,oonl of ",IIl"h you .,,, •

men,"", unlk-nake alopC<1lic pr"l"'.edne>s p,ol,a'" or
l<'Iu"" "1"""'" tr.,n,n,'0 be of ."'"••""" ,n.be """n'
of. d......lln' ear1hqua~" fla."'li~h'...t e,t.. """erie:> ..lI'U .... di>iafed-O..'
Kcep 8MI,,,,ll. ,n ",,,,, ...1 Io<:;o'",n, S'ore ..,,,,,raJ
....io ...t nl....
pi...... ofw".'e, 10' eadl T,...... 'or """'ies
.:td>oll "'ill be Y,dYI for
.. 0.1"""'" a nc:'gbborlM)Ol! ea,'hqu.k" pRpa.ednc:"
F""· in <It''' of a POW'" fa,lu.e. E'lra pc
!>ane""" Lnr kIn&<,' 'f)'QU ~""P .hocm alo
Also keep a d",nfe"'.n'"""" '''''''''''''I cme.BCIlC)' btoad<a~s and
,.... lable'S 0' chlo"ne bleadl alfTent dlsas'e' ,nfo,m.'1OfI
.. C.-lu<'l ""'"'"1 fOf nc:,ghbofhood .."ukn.. ,n p'~.
I'."~d,,,,"'. fi,., al<l, fi,e wppr""""'.
dam,1I" .'....'nlCn'
,<I 'hoc fl«-"" '0 I"'"fy "'. . 'e.
'f ... ~.}.
.nd ",.roh .nd .~""""
.. Develop ""If.help ""''''Ofk, he."'een fa... ,loo and
""'Ih_hood 'h.ou"'. ,l'lh .nd '~>ou.~ !>anl "'hoch
,nollMb a l"lIn, <If '001,.
e'lu'pmen' .......c"... and
"",,,,_hood .... ",be", "''''' ha"" """",al ,k,I" .nd
'CW<lfttS to ,ha",

.. Ilk-n"f} "",ghbon ",."" h""" """"al "",,<I> O' ",',II

,e<l""~ '1""',.1 ...,,,,.,,,,,

.. Ibw ""'gh""',
"1''''''0 ha"" ",h,'e nIl 0'" .f,,,, ,he
<l"alo 'f e'",)"OM and e''''J'h'''I'' OK dry 0< ...... nd llfO<I al'",u'e ...... looI-,.,., ",."Uf>. ctorlll'"ll' ..... !Ilooa-
Callf,,,n,,, u".hq"nlc Ptepn.cd""", Mon.h pro",lel; S'ore a """ ""'ek suppl} of lood 10' S,o.e ba,"""""'. eh..coal. .,a"••• "d 1:JI".
"'ank"f> and dOlh,nl m~y boo
.n oppor,unuy fo, ,nd",d".ls. fa... ,l.<>.•nd rommun,''''' each pe: ...... It .. preferable '0 .'",e m.'d>cs '01 rook'''1 '" <;a$C ""1",,,,, ,eq"ucd '0 keep """OIl II."" .......
1<I"REATTltEOUAKI" f<J<J<l 'hat doc> ..... ""'l""e (OlI\,ml a'e out 01' "''''''''' ...,'able IOf walk,nl 'h,ou&" deb'"

90 CAliFORN'A GEOLOGY Ap,,11990

 Protect
SECURE FURNITURE
To prevenl Illjury 10 your family :Illd minimize damage.

iT
~bl~iaI> N_cI
Cabt""l .... 'c~ "bod Ttl'"
8.-ackc1$ Small Nalls Of II"",
'..:oS sac,",) s.c.....
/toob

-Wir 1~"llt.adSc ........

Dr'-'""
lOOk Nudd

• -- "..
SC' ·d"""
Ila"' .

C,esant .....,.""h

C.bindS Opt'n Sh~lns

Install p<><.I''''' C8lebln& blelle. Many ""....,oons arc lallall Bua,d I(T_ ~lf. Of 'Mull ..,GOd lrIm '"' front
.....labk a, hard...".c 51'"'''' of .helr l'l:ace be.~y obJcct> "" lowe. ""","'\

Tall t'umitun' lI.nginx Piflur~

In.tall IMW ~l.~ b,ac~." bt...... n ("m,I,,'" and .....11 SeT...., hooh ,nil' wood "",mben only (.Il.d 01 cellIni
.rud .110f' (Tht -I.. bracket .an hc ,"".lk<l "''''''cd JO"I.J. <:Iooe hoob """" for hanl'"& poet..."" '0 pre_
,;(I ,t ",II he hodd<n f.om ....... J venl the" b1hni

_~""' E. " ....., 101 ' _..._ 1 0 0 . , _ , ( "

PRACTICE EARTHQUAKE PROCEDURES

Ear1hquakr ')rill
Enroll"S" yoo. famIly and co-.. o.kcn 10 p"rtl<,parc ,n
eart"'tuak" linn. I:."""IC"'Y p<OCflIu,r. ,lIQuid b<: 'c·
_ d and ptK'~ pcrW)docally.
PTKlICC ,akin. co",r:
Prxh"" '.~,ns a)"'" . . ,f In n"hqul~ ";crc
pI_ n.t> .... 'II makc 1"'0f'lc: .......'e of !he: ""Ies'
'01 ,h.", ,mmedi.,e en"ronmenl
I'B<:IICC nllm.,
""'alk ,h"""Jb ,"" poosible est.pt ro....,. from )'QU'
IM:Nnt Ind "OIk pI_ Ch«~ 'O"'e ,f 'he pl.nned e",U
3re e"'"'. Ind ,f ,hey _kl b«ome blocked In .n
nnhquake
1'n<:1,,,,, .h~",ff,
I'n<:,,,,,, 'u,n,n. off el«t"a'y and ..... 'e... YOU' ""me
Ind office lie 'u.e e""ryor>e <:In do ,lot> quoekly.
""'"' '0 'u.n off II' bu' t:Io no, """"ICC ,10.. s'ep (Once
11''' off. fen ..fe'y ,ea"""•. only)'OU. ulllny <:Ompany
""""kl,u", II bac:k on.)
Re.-i_ PDlil-Enlhquake Plans
Check and .cnew I" ..... "io;>ns
Chtt~ IUJ'I'ly of eme,seney r""" Ind .... Ie' Chttk
medoca",,". lint .od m"Cflals. for .11 memb<:... of ,""
hou;ch<>1d ,ncllHhnc ,be ch,ld.cn. handoe.l'f'«llnd
e1de,ly. Rcpkn,sh upm,d SIlpplH:' of food. ""e•.
,~k,nl!
n>e•.h e,ne. fi,e .,."..... rshtfS.1f>d !>;olle"",
1'1""'"
II"""",," f.m,ly plan'
lie_leW 'M '....,.,..,..btluoesofe.h fam,.y member ahe,
In urlhq... ke. Call 'M desoVt.,ed «>nun pefWll OUl·
lOde of 'M a'ea '0 .cm,nd IlM:m of ,""" tolt. lie.....,...
plans '<> I""k "I' child,e" and ekttk 'n,h sehools '"
dlty (:I'e ""mefS ,<> en... ,e lhe f.m,ly plln .. ",II
"PP'optllle
II""..".. rommunny pla'"
en .....el you. counl)' orcil)' office of Eme'l(e.. cy
s",n-;"'... or 'he Amerlean Ito:<l C....... for mo...
"'now ConlXl )'OW ""'P'-' pe'lOdoeally H) ,e""'"" earlh.
quake pll'" C"",.." )'OIlI' I<ocal Office of """"IC"'"
i..lonnat'o.. on how you "".. MREAT Tilt: QUAlit:,
Doi'n.,..·!
5<:",'''''''' fo, In upda'e on ,"" 10<:11 eme,.oney pl.n

OlifORNlA CfOlOGY 91
 Book Reviews
.... "',....."'\""':',
., '",.
,

II.ooh revIewed lit thl~ leetlon 0'" nol availoble fa. pUf<ho~e From OMG

MAMMOTH LAKI:.S SIERRA. A Ibnd-

hnu~ fur R()ad~,tk and Tr~1I bfth b.hllun
/I) Ue~n Rmehart. Uden Ve'I"I, and BeHit
10 Willard; "d'led by Genn) Smllh 1989
Genn) Snuth H",,~,. A"a,lahle from Fro"nd,
ufthe Llbrar), Maml1lolh Chapter. I' O. Bo~
1-1611, M:lIllmuth La~e'. CA 935-16 Jill P
51195 !Induoc, la~ and flO'ta~l."I, papcrhad;

The ~ulde: co"e:r~ Ihe: fIfty-mIle pumon uf

the ea'tern ,Iopi' of the S,crra Ne'"dda Ihat
~traddle, 1111!hway 395 bct"cen Sher"lQ
Summ,t and Cunway SummIt MO)l of the
area de'>Crlbcd III thl~ ham.lbot,~ I ' wnh", lhe
In)o Nat",nal h,re,t
In the Road~lde~ !>Cclion. poInt' of imere:.1
alon!! H,!!hway 395 and alon!! "de road,
hr.iIIM:h"'8 e:a\l and "e:~1 melude .lune Lake:,
Lee V,non8. Mono Cmler,. Red Mealio", the
Mmare:b. l>C:vll, l'mllllle, Convict Lale.
McGee: Creek Canyon. In)" Crall."rs. and
Llltle: Lake~ Valley. The Trail. ,\.Cellon fo-
cusc~ on lhe Illgh SIerra. an area lhat i~ read·
ilyacce."hlc Tip\ are g,,'("n for wildcrne"
hike•. induding mformallon about flI:',mlls, Aenol view 01 Green Creek mO'Oln,,~. These lateral moralnt'!;, on the eo,1 slop" of the S,erra Nevada a
map•. lrall<. and "'mountaln·wl""'" s;ofcI) few mil"s north of Conway Summll, outline Ihe poth of the lowe, end 01 the ancient 910<1e,.
mea.ur('~. P/lo'o by Joitn S. Shellon.

Addlllonal (calllre. oflhe boo~ ,ncluOc

chllplns on the g"ology (completely revl<cdl.
clImate. fore<1 communllle:" ptam and anI'
I11all1f". and hl~tory. all "H,llen In layman'~
languagc Beautiful photos lllu_lrate chapr",..
"n "olcanoc, lfire:). ,Iacle'" (iccl. and m",-
mg bll"cr), Maps oflhe arclI are found on
lhe ,nside front and bac~ covcrs
Th... chapter on gcology ~umrnUII_e, the
paSI hIstory and pn>\"de' dues lIOOll1 th"
future Th... folio",,,,! cxcerpl ,~ from
'"The land~~'ape loda)" (p. 11-1-116)

While relentle~1 blfl ",ow uplift and 91ocIoIlOn

we." dromolo<olly chong,ng the 10ndKOpe,
dromo 01 a more colo.l.ophic: k,nd WO~ 0['0 con-
rribuhng 10 Ihe changing Kenery. All along the
S,erro I.on!, and e~pe'lOlly in rhe Mammoth-
Mono .egion. volcanic erupllons - many violent
- occompan,ed the foultlng along the .onie
I.onl. Although .perado< volconilm along lh. en·
hr. Sierro Nevado hod been going on 10' a long
lome, local voIconK: actIvIty ,,~coloted ."markobly
dun"" the ke Age. P.ec,,",o,", 10 lho mo'" ....ent
_re orvplionl north and we,1 of long Volley 01
Glon and Bold mountains ond 01 Son Joaquin
Mounloin .;dge - eruption, of loghl·colored
Iova, pvmice, and ofh (rhyolite and closely 'e·
Ioled rocks). Ev,denrly the ~ublerroneon magma
Mammoth Mounroin, Thi~ mounloln WOl bu,lt up by len or mO.e mojO!' volcanIC e.uptions rhot occurred that fed tho~e erupl10rti grew in lize and en"rgy
d"n"il the pe.iod f.om about 200.000 yeol'$ ago 10 o.ound 50,000 yeo.. ago. Pharo by 8ev 51.......011 10 Ihe poinr tho! ,I could no longe' be conlo,n.d,

" CAllfORNIA CEOlOCY Ap"II990

 O_I~ Postpile. Thil bowl' flow e'upted about 100,000 yeol'$ ago in Ihe vol.
~olley '0 a deplh
ley 01 tI>e Middle Fork of the Son Joaquin IIi...... " filled 'he
01300 Ie.! fa. a di~Ionce of at leo~t th'ee mil.". A$ tI>e boselt cooled and
,h,ank, ~ lo,med a network 01 cmcl. which p,adtKed the Ii.... and si.·.K:led
columnl. lote' glociel'$ quottied owoy """,h of 'he flow and planed aH and Mono Craters. The c,aters fonn a cha,n 01 rhyolite d..-,
poI.. hed the kip 01 the flow. Photo by 8ev ShM!wn. PItoto by Jlober1 C. Frompton.

About 730,000 y&O,~ ago an e.-mauS e",ption
cen'ered neor little Antelope Volley ..p1oded
through o~erlY'ng rock, ~pewing glowing lava
and blad. cloud. 01 enh high into the atmoophere.
The ,"';mated volume 01 glowing pumice and o,h
disgorged il a ,IOgg...ng 150 cubic miles. (Mounl
St. Helen~ disgorged Ie.. lhan one cub'c mile.) AI
!he Ittupt>an continu.d and intellSi/i.d, ~uppor1
wOI progrelSivfIly remo~ed lrom the rool Over
Ihe enlir. magmo chamber, and il collopsed,
Ieo~ing lhe .lIiplicol deprelSlon now .nown o~
long Volley (old••o. The coldero e.tend~ we.,·
.....rd from Ihe eo,t ~ide 01 long Volley 10 M,no.el
Summit and lOulhword 'rom Bold Maunlain 10
Crowl.,. Oom.
Geophysicol meo,u.ement>, wppor1ed by
.ecenl drilling. indiCOle lhat the originol calclero
Roo. IOnk at leo,l 0 mIle, bul ,he colclera filled
ropodly will. e",pllng pumic. ond olh. Erosion
and wbsequ.nl ~olconic ..tnnion. ho~e bIon·
• eled tI>e pr.Knl floor 01 lhe colelero so com-
p1.tely tho! not .~.n a remnonl 0/ lhe malerial
Irom thaI ,"11'iOI cotody.m it e.po>ed inside Ih.
caldera loday.lI it admi.obly uposed. haweve"
soulheo~1 01 tong VoUey where it lor"" lhe brood
..ponK 01 the VOlcanIC lab/eland. I'" w./oc:e has
_he,ed 10 a .o~y ton color. hcellen' e.po-
Ill''" 01 til. $Ofl. porOUJ, pumiceout, IOlmon_
colored hiH can be .een in lhe roodc:ut> along US
395 berw..n TOIns Place and ai~hop. further e~i­
denee 01 Ihe mognilucie 01 Ihe long Volley erup'
rion come, f,om Kon$Ol and Nebmlko whe••, 01
....erol Iocolili... o~h from Ihe long VolI.y event
ho~ been po,,',,'ely idenlified. lAs" ;. a geologic
term 10' dull·siz. po<1ide~ 01 vakonic ,oc:l.lln-
te.mi"enl eruption, within th.e colelero, but on a
va.rty reduced 1C01e, IlIblequenlly filled much 0/
the _,'ern hall 01 Ihe colelero with ....Iconic
dome~ ond lava flow, o~e' the ne.1 600,000
y.oo.
o...rIapping tile 'fO""'9"r erup'ion' within th.e
caldera, a chain 0' n_ ~oIcanoe. began 10
propogote along a north-KIUI/lline ""ending
from Mommath Mounlain fa< 30 m~e~, Ih.ough
Ih. Mono (raters 10 Mana lok •. The oId.sl and
Io.ge" 01 the.e young ....Iconee. it Mammoth
Maunlo'n, 0 compooile dome buill piecemeol by
recurring ~ilCau, e.lrvtions 01 gray 0. rec\disll
kr.oa during an inl.rvol of 180,000 yeol'$, begin-
ning oraund 200,000 years ago and ending
50,000 yeal'$:r.;. The Iova iI oprin~ wilh ',ny
cleo' 10 whitish elelspo. cryltol~ and sh,ny bloc.
110••• 01 mica.
Ileginning '-0,000 yeo" ago in lhe north at
Mono (<01.1'$ and occurring rno,e Or less ran-
domly therealte, 01 varioul pIoce~ along Ihe
.nlire north-south line. tile choin 01 young
volcanoes erupted spo.adico.y. Unl,.e lhe long
Volley eruption. which left a gill"'nl>c depr..sion
O' it> ~ignohJ'., "'" \'OUng ~olcon"," buill con-
'Pic_s do..... '0 cOlnmemo.o'e 'heir <>clivi..,.
The domet repres.nl th.e!ole.. and mo.' po~si ...
phcne of th.e volcanic proces•. They we,e pr••
ceded by ..pIosi~e "rupllon~ tt.os propelled
cloud. 0/ pumice and o~h high in'o th.e prevailing
winds lhot di~lribuled lhe d.b," widely in 0)1
di,ectiont, bullelt the Ih'ck••t occumulotion,
"""",by. AU. Irom one of 'he~e e'uplions hos been
identilied in meadows as 10. away o. the ~oll.,.
0/ the linle Ke,n, 110 milet $Outh. Th'ee 01 th.e
younge~1 dom.s, which ore well.~pos.d and
reodily accessible, 0'. a! Glo.. ond D&Odman
c,ee"; all th."" or. about 550 years aiel.
llecenl ...idenc. serve. 10 ,emlnd u. lha, Ih.. "
earthquok. one! volcano counlry. Thot evidence,
gathe,ed .ine. the ~igorou~ &orthqua.e ~worm~
in 1980 and 1983, it bosed on: Ihe og.s 01 tI>e
mall r.cen! .fUption~ 01 Negil 1~lond and Ihe
Deadman do"",,; geophysical do'o lha' can be
inle'Preted to indicol. Ih. pe....tence 01 a ,.,id·
uol magmo chamber beneolh Ihe caldera and Ih.
po~lible m()Y.menl 01 new magma 10 depth. 0'
.hallow o. 3 .ilomele.., a SO cm uplih 01 th.e
ground ~urfoc.; and th.lfl'Otrnodic "emol'$ from
1980-83,0 peculiar pallern On a •• i~mog.aph
thol iI beli""ed 10 indicot. th.e movem.nl of
magma. There it no reason to bel...... thol thi. ,,,.
gion'llong hitlory 01 eorthqua.e~ ond....lconi~m,
•• Iending bock inlO onliquity '00 remale '0 com·
prehend. has abruptly end.d. FOr1unol.ly, during
"'" pres.n' period 01 ,eloti_I,onquility, we can
.njoy and r"...1in the beauty crealed Ih,oughout
'hat violenl hi~lory. And w. con /",,1 secure 'n lhe
eden..... nelwon 01 de~ices lhol continually
monilor chonge. rho, could indicate tI>e begin.
ning~ 01 ,enewed oc:livity. AI lhe some lime......
will do well 10 .emembe. thaI Ihi~ it but on inl.r·
.....sion In Ihe ongoing production 01 high dromal

CALifOIlNIA GEOLOGY Aprol 1990

"
 More Book Reviews
Eonhquak.
FIFl'EEN SECONDS, Tile Grellt Cal.for-
nia Earlhquak.c of 1989, A I~ to Ikncfil
Eanhquake Victims. 1989. The Tides Foun.
dalion. 15 Seconds ProjccL 1388 SUller
Sheet, 10th Floor. San Francisco. CA 94109.
120 p. $19.95, paptr coyer.
People wllo lived through lhe October 11.
1989 '-"rna Prieta earthquake arc: tne focus of
1his book. II is a collection of full·p:.gc pllo-
togr.tphs. both in black-and-.... hiIC and full-
color. which rc:('ord tile agony, pain. and Ulll'
male strength of the people who endured .hc
quake. The dc....Slalion - lhe 6a)' Bridge,
the damaged homes, and the: raging fire-
is also recorded wilhin these pholugr.aphs.
QUOIes from primary sources (rircfighlcrs.
r('$idenls, civic leaders) accomp:lny the
photos.
All proceeds from the: sale of 15 Seconds
are 10 be donated 10 charities dedicated C'.t-
clusively to the immediate or Ions-term relief
of victims of the quake.
Earthquak.
TIlE QUAKE OF '89. Edited by the News
St.ff of the San Frnocisco Chronicle. 1989.
Chronicle 8ooks. 275 Fifth Street, San Fran-
cisco. CA 94103. 114 p. $9.95. soft cover.
Stories or the October 17. 1989. earthquake
in northern California are recorded in this
phoIo-essay. The book IS orsanized into
SCW'n chapters ~ shock, confusion. horror.
rescue. angUish. regrouping. and hope. Over
100 photos. all in black-and-white and many
page-sile, convey the dT1lma of the event.
The accompanying narrative further adds to
the drnma of the evenl.
<III
1"l1IrnOllo"ol Jouf",,1
AMBIO, A Journal of the Human Envi-
ronment. Royal S""ed,sh Academy of SCI-
coccs. 80... 50005. S·IOJ Stoclholm.
S.....tdcn Copies a..allable H' U.S. from l'erga-
mon Prcss Ltd. Falr.. ie.... l·ark. Elmsford.
New York 10523. S43.oo per year U.S .. on-
eluding airma,l postage. $ 125.00 per year In-
stitutIonal SUbSCrlptlOIl ($237 ,50It"'·o )"Cal"l;).
II I~Sl>CS per year
PUbliC awareness of and IntereM III envlr<m·
mental llrOlection and planned usc of nalUrdl
resourcts havc dra.... n tncr..a'lng allcntlon
during the lasl dccades. The environment I~
no..... an IIrea of general conctrn Major tllvi-
ronmtntal concerns. such as shifts l1l ,tralo-
splteric 01.one, grecnhouse .....armlng of thc
planet. acidificallon and defore,tatlon. arc
now issues of nll1l0nal and world polll'CS,
AMIJIO publishcs rccent won tn the Inter-
related fields of cn.. ironmental management.
techoology, and the natun>! sclCoces. II
focuses on Significant developmcnts in thc
fields of cnvirllnmemal research, policy. Icg-
i_lation. and rdated aCll\"CS. to bring Impor-
tant ,nformatlon to the allcntlon ofthc
intcrnallonal public.
A r..cent issue (volume 18, number 5.
1989) contained articles on a wide vartety of
envlronrnemaJly related tOpiCS. Coverdge was
intcrnallonal. Among thc topics iocluded
werc the mas~ death of harbor .\eals In Eu·
rope; t011C algal bloom in Nor",ay; catchment
monlloring In Czechoslovakia; drought In
Ind,a. woodfuel "tuaIlOO. Zambia: de\ilting
Lalc Chilika. India: and environmenlal con-
tanlln:ltlon. Costa Rica.
One of the biggcSI ehalknges facmg man·
kind is Ihe growing world population. Althe
pre.>e:nt roll .. of growth. ",orld populatIOn will
double from thc preSCnl fi\'C billion to teO
b,lIiun within 50 years. Of the.\\: pe()ple.
ne:lrly 90 percent "",11 be living In cltle~ In
Third World coumrle~. If the Third World is
to consume energy al the rdte of developed
countnc, tuday. a fi\'efold trtC"re3SC m gh>bal
energy U'\C will be needed In Just 35 >'ears.
Lack of energy. food and walcr. and o\"(:r·
crowding. and the lrtC"reascd threDt ofepl-
demic dlscaSe'S art socio-eeonomlC fKtor\
.... pected to he,ghten the stress on the envi-
ronment. AM 1110 comhtnes the diSCiplines
ofengtncer,. SClcntl_h. social planners. poll-
IIClans. and ~onormst_ to Inform :tnd to help
awn future cnvironmcntal dilemma,
AMBIO I~ a IIOlc.....orlhy Journal ""hlch
dCM"n-es "',.... rec~nnlun and readc~hlp
Damoged I>ou... in Oo!;Ia"d cou.ed by th. mag.
nitude 7.1 October 17, 1989 lama Priela eorth_
quo!;e. Pfloro by Glenn 8o<cflo,d,
CAliFORNIA GEOLOGY Ap.. t 1990
Journol
ROCKS & MINERALS. Hcldref l"ublica-
tiom. 4000 Albemarle Street. NW, Wa~hing­
ton, D.C. 20016. Annual subscription:
S23.00 for individuals and $38.00 for institu-
tions. Add $7.00 for subscriptions outside the
United Slates. Published bimornhly.
General Interest in mineralogy is the focus
of this magnine. thc official publication of
bOlh the Eastern Federation or Mincrulogical
and Lapidary Societies and the Midwe~l
Federation of Mineralogical and GeologICal
Societies. Feature articles on minel'1lllogy.
geology. and paleontology are iocludcd, as
well as boo~ revie.....s. announcements. and
classified advertiliCments.
The No\'CmberfOecember 19119 (Volume
64. Number 6) issue of the magazine in-
cluded articles on "Amethyst sccpters.
Salem. New London County, Connecticut,"
"Mass ulinclions: astronomical influence or
earthly causes?", "16th Rochester Minel'lll-
ogical Symposium. contributcd papers In
specimen mineralogy. " "Of mines and mto:
a look lit art Ihat depiCl.s mining." "Through
the 'scope; interview with Arnold Hamp-
son." "World news of minel'1ll1 occurrences."
"Rock chips: some miscellany, p.~rt II." and
"Spotlight on juniors: yesterday's juniors.
tuday'S profl'Ssiooal."
Son A"d'eo$ foull, Sout"',n Calolor",o
SAN ANDREAS FAULT. Cajon Pass to
Wallace Creek. Volumes I and II. Edl1ed by
E, Joan 8aldwin. John II. FOSler. W. Lavon
Le.... is. J. Kirk Hardy. Michael L. Raub, and
Michael Rendina. 1989. South Coast Geolog-
Ical Society.loc .. P.O. Bo.. 10244. Santa
Ana. California 92711-0244. S40.00 per SCt.
sort cover.
A set of two volumes ....as published in
conjunction with the South Coast ecolog,ul
Society's October 1989 ficld lrip.
Volume I consists of a series of papers on
various aspects of the San Andreas fault and
Includes diSCUSSions on the hIstory of coo-
cepts and studics along the faull. the ~truc­
tUT1l1 features and problems associated wllh
the fault. palcOlectonlcs. neoteclonic, and
detcrmination of recurrence inlerVllls of large
earthquakes. and stress. snam. seismiCity.
and prediction along the fault. Two blblio.
gl'1llplties conclude lhis volume
f,om the forward'
"No oth.... geologic feature in Cal,/Of"'" hal
been vn,ted a. much, studied 0$ inten.... eIy. nor
raised 0$ m..... h controve,." O. l+ofI Son Ar>dreos
louh. for a complete and In depth cOWl'age 01
 the growlh ond development 01 knowledge about
the fault, ... feed Mason HiW. 1981 art;d. which
is reprinted in this volume,
It was MalOn Hill and Tom Dibble. who, in
1953, _,.the finllO propose in print t"of some
roc.k unih hod been broken Dnd alhe' more thon
300 miles in 0 tighlloIeroJ sense by th. Son A,,-
d,eo. foull. Thi•• torte<! a con'rove"y among
ColilOtnio geologists, j,()ftI<l agreeing wilh Hill
• and Dibblee, and some mointoining thot verticol
movement on the foull could e..plain the off..,
rod ..nils.
Research", at un...."i'i••, omonglhem Jolin
Crow&ll and Perry Eh!ig. IInd"OVOflld, indivjd-
won
\lOlly. 10 oul this problem and also many 0/
their lIudenn .rudittd the Son AndreQS 10...11 o. 0
part of!Mi, M-S. and Ph.D. th,,, ••. Grodvolly,
will> occumulofiot, of dolo, fII01lgllologilts be-
come convinced thot o. MuCh as 200 milliS of
right lotllra! ofhel hod <><;curred. In tM lot. 1960.
rhe theory of p10te ,,,daniel was developed or\Cl
J. 'uzo Wil..," propooed thot rhe San Andrea. i.
a lro",fonTl foull forming a part of the boundary
between the Pacific and North American Plot,",
1n the 196(h ol\d 1970. Robert Wollac. ol\d
orhen of the U.S. Geological Survey mode oignjf.
icont conlribution.1O the study of geomo<phic
fe.olu"" creal&d by recent .tipi along the Son
AfIdreOi loult. The.. are particulorly well pre·
.......&d on the Carma PIoi... ln lhe 1970. and
1980. Kerry Sieh 01 California IMlilute of Tech-
nology ""Os the leading reHlOrch.r in eorthquoke
chronology, recurrence intervol" ol\d slip role1o
oIong the southern Son AI\dre<n foult Oi a rewlt
of hi. inmol srudies at Pollett Cr~k. Roy Weldon
added to knowfedge of slip rotes by hi. srudie. in
Cajon Volley. At the so.... ~me. geol09i'l1 ollhe
Colifomia Dnrision of Mines and Geology (in.
duding Al60rrows, Jim Kohl., David B.eeby. Hal
Weber. or>d othenl dicI delailed mopping along
the HlCtion of the fault in Los Angelti County.
Stre... slroin, and Jeiirnicity along the foult
hove been ,tudi&d by a number of r......rch.n
and _mpl1 ore being mode 10 predict earth·
quol<es. The Port.Jielc:l Earthquake Prediction Ex-
periment;' deocribed in officles in this vokome.H
Volume II is a field nip road log for the
San Andrus fault from Cajon Pass 10 Wal-
lace Creek. Twenty plale5 al various scales
are inclUded. Aerial pho(os by John S. Shd-
don enhance the fidd Irip volume.
1906 Son fronc,sco Earthquake
DENIAL OF DISASTER. TIle Untold
Story and Phologr.aphs of Ihe San Francisco
Eanhquake and Fire of 1906. 1989. By
Gladys Hansen and EmlMt Cundon ....ith
David Fo... ler. edilor. and Richard Hansen.
Pholo Researchcr. ClImeron and COmpan).
S4) Howard Street. San Francisco. CA
9410~. 160 p. $29.9~. hard cover.
At ~:12:0~a.m. on Wednesday. April 18.
1906. a diuMer struck in northern Califor-
nia. The PxiflC and North American plat.:s.
responding to the geologit tension on Ihem.
lurchcd pa't eactl other for a dlSlance of ulltu Fear thai San Francisco would lose its p0-
t"·cnty·onc fcet along Ihe Callforn.a COlI.t sition as lhe commercial hub of the wcst led
The resulting break slretehed about 290 mtles 10 the deternllnation of financial. industrial.
from MendOCino to Monlerey eounlles. San and commercIal institutions and entitles to
Fruncl"Co at this lime 1"11' a city of410.000. suppres. informalion about thts 1906eanh-
One-"~Ih of the CIty was bu,lt on "made ...... quake dilaSler AI the same time l'Tofessor
f.lled land" John C. 8ranner. Geology Oeparlment at
Stanford University. and l'rofeswr Andrtw
Ttll~ ne .... history oflhe San Francisco
C. Lawson. Geology Department al Univer-
earthquake cuns."\ of Ihe follow,ng 'ecliuns·
Introducllon: The Great l:arlhquake: The
suy of California (Berkeley). were trying to
providt scienliflC informal ion aooul the
Great Fire: The I'ohllcs of D.saster: and all
eal1hquake.
epIlogue. The Future of San Francisco.
whIch includes a b"ef reporl on Ihe crfeeb of
Tile authors researched U.S. Army and
Navy records in Ihe Nalional Archi\"ts. death
the OcHlbcr 17. 19119 earthqua~e. There l~
also an cxten~iV<' bibliography.
nOliccs in Ihe daily newspapers of Ihe time.
Ihe deaths rcgistered in the coroner's records.
Many eye-witness accounts by people "ho and made a public appeal 10 conlacl rdatives.
Ii\"td through the quake - police officers. dcscendants. and friends or those woo died in
rePOrlers. a thlrleen-ycar old boy. rabhis. lhe 1906 dlsasler to determine the e~ltnt of
and nllnlSlers - arc given. The book rclales the loss of life
delails of Ihe dtsaster - lrapped viclims The book has 333 phOlographs. 321 never
dying in Ihe rubble of shabby lOOlh-Qf-Man.:et published before. which lel1lhe Slory of the
rooming houses when fin: s"<ecps through earthquake and fire. Reproductions of col-
thc area: thc eataslrophic fat lure of San Fran- ored postcards and paintings are included.
cisco's watcr supply: lQOllng: people camped This book is a valuable addilion 10 lbc
in oUllYlOg arells. hislorical record of San Francisco. ~
MAIL ORDER FORM
Compl.te oddreSl form on n...t page
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posloge and IOle. tax
•
BULLETINS
_ _ IU89 Mineral. of California. 1966 .•.•.•••.••..•..•••..••••.•.••...•... S 7.00
_ _ 8'206 Geology and are deposits 01 the Bodi. mining district, Mono COf,Hlty,
California. 1987 . S 18.00
_ _ 6'208 2eo1ites in Colifornio. 1988 (new) . S 9.00
SPECIAL REPORTS
_ _ SR70 Sond and grovelresourc.s of the Kern RiVe<" r>eot Bokersf..ld.
K.rn COf,Hlty. 1961 •...•.... S 1.00
_ _ SR1l9 lol\dsliding in..-ine terroce telroin. California. 1975 ..••...•••. S 1.00
SPECIAL PU8t1CATlONS
_ _ SPJ3 Minerols and rocU. 196'2 . •• . . .• . .•• . . •• . •. . ......•..•••...• t 1.00
_ _ SP60 Earthquake planning scenario lor 0 Magnitude 8.3 eonhquake on the
Son Ar>dreo. fault in JOUIh.em California. 198'2 .. t 8.00
_ _ SP61 Eorthquak. planning scenario for a magnitude 8.3 eorthquol<e on the
Son Andr..cn fault in Ihe Son francn.co Soy Oreo. 198'2 ..... t 8.00
_ _ SP78 Eorthquak. planning scenario for a magnitude 7.5 eorthquoke on the
Hayward fouIt in the Son francisco Soy oreo. 1987 •••.•..•........•. t3O.oo
_ _ Sf'99 Planning sc_rio lor a mojor eorthquah On the
Newporl-Inglewood fault Zonol. 1988 .•..•....••...••••.•••••.•..... t'2'2.00
_ _ SP101 Technicol ar>d economic fecn.ib;!ily of on earthquake ""Orning system
in Colifornia. 1988 .•.•.••..••..•........•..•....••...••••. t 13.00
COUNTY REPORTS
_ _ Cll Mines and mineral reSOUrC.s al K.rn County. 196'2 $ 8.SO
_ _ CR<4 Mines ol\d mineral r.sources 01 Trinity County. 1965 •..•.•...••.....•• S 10.00
CAUfOllNlA GEOLOGY
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DMG OFR 89-14

DMGRELEASE
A BIIlUOORAI>I!Y OF VOLCANIC This is the: first eOfllprchcnslYC bIbliog- gl..IS haw bccnl>ludying volcanic lrelllO(
TRI:.MOR AND RELATED !>IIENOM- raphy 00 volcanIC tremor. it Iypc of seis- to learn aboutlhc movemenl of magma
ENA Ily Stcphen R. McNutt. 1989. mic activily recorded al :.cllYe volcanoc:s. beneath volcanoes. Evcntually. the '>Iud)
130 p. 510,00 Recenlly_ selSmologl.'>lS and vokanolo- of volcanic lremor may provide adcqualc
"",Hnmg of Immlnenl cruptions. The: bib-
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The bibliography eorllau!S 6061111<:...
CITY _ reprc'>Cntlllg lhe: Ilo'Ofi of 521 authors
Most of lhe: enlrle'> arc JOUrnal artICle...
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" C"UFOIlNr" G[OLOGY "",.1 t990