HOMEWORK NO: 1

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Homework Title / No: 1

Course Code: CSE 405

Student’s Roll No. RE1804A11

Section No. : E1804

Declaration:
I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not copied from any
other student’s work or from any other source except where due acknowledgment is
made explicitly in the text, nor has any part been written for me by another person.

Student’s Signature :

ISHANT SHARMA

10800728

Evaluator’s comments:
_____________________________________________________________________

Marks obtained : ___________ out of ______________________

Q1:- Contrast the implementation of Display File/Frame Buffer for a Random
Scan System & Raster Scan System. Which type of system shall offer more
consistent refresh rate and why?

Random-scan Systems:

An application program is input and stored in the system memory along with a
graphics package. Graphics commands in the program are translated by the
graphics package into a display file stored in the system memory. This display
file is then accessed by the display processor to refresh the screen. The display
processor cycles through each command in the display file program once during
every refresh cycle. Sometimes the display processor in a random-scan system
is refreshed to as a display processing unit or a graphics controller.

Graphic patterns are drawn on a random scan system by directing the electron
beam along the component lines of the picture. Lines are defined by the values
for their co-ordinate endpoints, and these input co-ordinate values are converted
to x and y deflection voltages. A scene is then drawn one line at a time by
positioning the beam to fill in the line between specified endpoints.

Raster-scan system:-
1) raster displays have less resolution.
2) the lines produced are ziz-zag as the plotted values are discrete.
3) high degree realism is achived in picture with the aid of advanced shading
and hidden surface technique.
4) decreasing memory costs have made raster systems popular.
5) In this case, the electron beam is swept across the screen, one row at a time
from top to bottom.
6) Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer/frame
buffer.
7) Refreshing on raster scan displays is carried out at the rate of 60 to 80
frames/second.

Random scan system:-

1) random displays have high resolutions since the picture definition is stored as
a set of line drawing commands and not as a set of intensity values.
2) smooth lines are produced as the electron beam directly follows the line path.
3) realism is difficult to achieve.
4) random-scan system's are generally costlier.
5 ) Here CRT has the electron beam directly only to the parts of the screen
where a picture is to be drawn.
6) Picture definition is stored as a set of line drawing commands in an area of
memory referred to as refresh display file.
7) Random scan systems are designed to draw all the component lines of a
picture 30 to 60 times each second

2) Explain the various input and output devices use in computer graphics?
ANS:-
Input Devices

(a) Keyboard
It is a text base input device that allows the user to input alphabets, numbers
and
other
characters. It consists of a set of keys mounted on a board.

(b) Mouse
The mouse is a small device used to point to a particular place on the screen and
select in order to perform one or more actions. It can be used to select menu
commands, size windows, start programs etc.
The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on top: the left one being
used
most frequently.

(c) Joystick
The joystick is a vertical stick which moves the graphic cursor in a direction the
stick
is moved. It typically has a button on top that is used to select the option pointed
by
the cursor. Joystick is used as an input device primarily used with video games,
training simulators and controlling robots

(d)Scanner
Scanner is an input device used for direct data entry from the source document
into
the computer system. It converts the document image into digital form so that it
can
be fed into the computer. Capturing information like this reduces the possibility
of
errors typically experienced during large data entry.

(e) Bar codes

A bar code is a set of lines of different thicknesses that represent a number. Bar
Code
Readers are used to input data from bar codes. Most products in shops have bar
codes
on them.Bar code readers work by shining a beam of light on the lines that make
up
the bar code and detecting the amount of light that is reflected back

(f) Light Pen

It is a pen shaped device used to select objects on a display screen. It is quite
like the
mouse (in its functionality) but uses a light pen to move the pointer and select
any
object on the screen by pointing to the object.
Users of Computer Aided Design (CAD) applications commonly use the light pens
to
directly draw on screen.

(g) Touch Screen

It allows the user to operate/make selections by simply touching the display
screen.
Common examples of touch screen include information kiosks, and bank ATMs.

Output Devices

(a)Monitor

Monitor is an output device that resembles the television screen and uses a
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) to display information. The monitor is associated with a
keyboard for manual input of characters and displays the information as it is
keyed in. It also displays the program or application output. Like the television,
monitors are also available in different sizes.

(b)Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

LCD was introduced in the 1970s and is now applied to display terminals also. Its
advantages like low energy consumption, smaller and lighter have paved its way
for usage in portable computers (laptops).

(c) Printer

Printers are used to produce paper (commonly known as hardcopy) output.

Based on the technology used, they can be classified as Impact or Non-impact
printers. Impact printers use the typewriting printing mechanism wherein a
hammer strikes the paper through a ribbon in order to produce output. Dot-
matrix and Character printers fall under this category.

Non-impact printers do not touch the paper while printing. They use chemical,
heat or electrical signals to etch the symbols on paper. Inkjet, Deskjet, Laser,
Thermal printers fall under this category of printers. When we talk about printers
we refer to two basic qualities associated with printers: resolution, and speed.
Print resolution is measured in terms of number of dots per inch (dpi). Print
speed is measured in terms of number of characters printed in a unit of time and
is represented as characters-per-second (cps), lines-per-minute (lpm), or pages-
per-minute (ppm).

(d) Plotter

Plotters are used to print graphical output on paper. It interprets computer

commands and makes line drawings on paper using multicolored automated
pens. It is capable of producing graphs, drawings, charts, maps etc. Computer
Aided Engineering (CAE) applications like CAD (Computer Aided Design) and
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) are typical usage areas for plotters.

(e) Audio Output: Sound Cards and Speakers:

The Audio output is the ability of the computer to output sound. Two
components are needed: Sound card – Plays contents of digitized recordings,
Speakers – Attached to sound card.

3) Determine the most appropriate pixels that will be plotted when DDA
algorithm is used to draw a line joining the points (10,12) and (20,20)

ANS:-
(10,12) =(X1,Y1)

(20,20)=(X2,Y2)

M= ΔY/ ΔX

M=(20-12)/(20-10)

M=0.8

Sampling X

According to DDA method

X=10 then Y =12

X=11 then Y=12.8

X=12 then Y=13.6

X= 13then Y=14.4

X=14then Y=15.2
X=15 then Y=16

X=16 then Y=16.8

X=17 then Y=17.6

X=18 then Y=18.4

X=19 then Y=19.2

X=20 then Y=20

So pixels of line are :-

(10,12),(11,13),(12,14),(13,14),(14,15),(15,16),(16,17),(17,18),(18,18),(19,19),
(20,20)

4) Using Polynomial method (by definition), scan-convert the line joining the
points:

a) (25,20) and (15, 25)

b) (15,15) and ( 20,25)
Ans:-

A:- (25,20) =(X1,Y1)

(15,25)=(X2,Y2)

M= ΔY/ ΔX

M=(20-25)/(25-15)

M=-0.5

Y1=M*X1+C

C=Y1-M*X1

C=20-(-0.5*25)

C=32.5

NOW according to polynomial method when:-

X=25 then Y=20

X=24 then Y=20.5

X=23 then Y=21

X=22 then Y=21.5

X=21 then Y=22

X=20 then Y=22.5

X=19 then Y=23

X=18 then Y=23.5

X=17 then Y=24

X=16 then Y=24.5

X=15 then Y=25

So pixels of line are (25,20),(24,20),(23,21),(22,21),(21,22),(20,22),(19,23),

(18,23),(17,24),(16,24),(15,25)

B:-

(15,15) =(X1,Y1)

(20,25)=(X2,Y2)

M= ΔY/ ΔX

M=(15-20)/(15-25)

M=0.5

Y1=M*X1+C

C=Y1-M*X1

C=15-(0.5*15)

C=7.5

NOW according to polynomial method when:-

Y=15 then X=15

Y=16 then X=15.5

Y=17 then X=16

Y=18 then X=16.5

Y=19 then X=17

Y=20 then X=17.5

Y=21 then X=18

Y=22 then X=18.5

Y=23 then X=19

Y=24 then X=19.5

Y=25 then X=20

So pixels of line are

(15,15),(15,16),(16,17),(16,18),(17,19),(17,20),(18,21),(18,22),(19,23),(19,24),
(20,25)

5) Explore the technology behind the 3D LCD TVs available in the consumer
market. Compare the features of their models manufactured by LG and Samsung
electronics.

Ans:- The technioue behind 3d Tv is called autostereoscopy .

Autostereoscopy relies on the use of special optical elements between the

television screen and the viewer so that each eye of the viewer receives a
different image thus producing the illusion of depth.

There are two ways to get this right: lenticular lenses or the parallax barrier.

Take LG’s 3D TV intriguingly codenamed M4200D. The idea uses cylindrical

plastic lenses known as lenticules. The lenticules are placed on a transparent
sheet which is fixed on the LCD screen.

The lenticules must be perfectly aligned with the image underneath. Each
lenticule then acts as a magnifying glass to enlarge and display the portion of
the image below it.

The viewer’s eye directly perpendicular to the screen sees the portion of the LCD
that is directly under each lens. The other eye, observing the screen from a
slightly different angle, sees a portion of the LCD that is off-center under each
lens. The brain then combines the two views to create the perception of depth.
The idea comes with some real fine print. It requires an optimum viewing
distance of 13 feet (or 4 meters), and there’s no messing around with that. Sit
outside that zone and you are likely to see a set of muddled images.

The parallax barrier works on a similar principle. It has a layer of material with
some precise slits placed in front of a regular LCD screen. These allow each eye
to see a different set of pixels creating the 3-D effect.

Lenticular lenses for glass less 3D TVs

Features of samsung:-

Cinema-quality 3D experience

3-Dimensional TVs add new depth and dimension to create larger-than-life

experiences. 3D Active Glasses sync up with the 3D TV to produce 3D images
that virtually leap off the screen. Favorite shows can even be transformed to 3D
in real time for the ultimate "reality" TV.

Smart TV with Samsung Apps

Samsung Apps are a growing collection of apps specifically built for your TV that
connects you to your favorite digital content like videos, sports, games, social
networking and much more. With web-connected apps on your Samsung Smart
TV, you can stream movies from Netflix or Blockbuster, TV shows from Hulu,
videos from YouTube, Next Level sports information from ESPN, music from
Pandora and view updates on your Facebook or Twitter accounts. It’s the apps
that matter to you, now available on your TV.

Syncs with multiple devices using AllShare

syncs your digital devices so you can enjoy music, movies and photos from your
PC, camera and mobile devices, on your larger TV screen. Connects you to
multiple PCs, as well.

Enhanced images with Mega Dynamic Contrast Ratio Mega Dynamic

Contrast Ratio provides crisp images with sharper details so that scenes pop off
the screen. This dynamic contrast ratio yields a pure prism of color - from the
deepest blacks - to the brightest whites.
Sharp images and bright colors with Full HD 1080p In the 1920x1080 full
high definition resolution, 1,080 horizontal lines create sharp details and crystal-
clear, smooth motion for the brightest, boldest colors and realistic picture.

Ultra Clear reduces reflectionsUltra Clear Panel absorbs the available light in
a room whether it’s from natural or mechanical sources, and eliminates
reflections. Colors are more vibrant, blacks are deeper and contrast is enhanced.

6) Suppose a system with 12 inches by 8 inches wide-screen video monitor that

can display 200 pixels per inch. If memory is organized as one byte words, and
each pixel is assigned three-bytes of storage in memory, what is the total size
of frame buffer.

ANS:-
Size of screen=12*8=96 inches

Total number of pixels on screen=96*200=19200

Storage of each pixel=3 bytes

Size of frame buffer=19200*3=57600 bytes