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ác To learn and understand Printed Circuit Board Technology terms and definations.
ác To obtain an overview of the PCB design process and the various steps involved.
HAA A c   c
ác Computer with following configuration
ác P4 processor, 160gb Hard-disk, 1gb of RAM
ác Power Logic and Power PCB installed in the computer

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!"#$c!c%cTraces appear only one side(usually the solder side),Components are inserted on the
component side. Holes on the single sided board are non-plated through hole(NPTH).

&'$c!c%cTraces appear on component and solder sides. The walls of the drilled holes in
circuit boards are copper plated (aka Plated Through Holes, PTH) to allow top and bottom circuitry to be
electrically interconnected.

&$ !%$c% As the density and complexity of electronic circuits increase, PCB¶s come in multi-
layered boards. Layers of circuitry are sandwiched together.
](&#(cH$c"cc
Through Hole Technology(THT)- refers to through-hole mounting of component¶s(IC¶s, resistors,
capacitors, connectors etc«). The following diagram shows examples of DIP(Dual In-Line Package)
component¶s, which are through hole components.

The pin pitch(pin to pin distance) of DIP packages is 100 mils (0.1inch or 2.54mm). The unit of
mils(thousandth of an inch) is still widely used in the industry. Take note of these numbers on a PCB
design with through hole technology, one side of the board where the components are mounted is known
as the component side. The other side of the board where solder is applied to solder the component onto
the PCB is known as the solder side.
&)*c&" c*("$#+,% Component¶s( IC¶s, resistors, capacitors etc«) are soldered to the
pads on the surface of a board without through holes. Following diagram shows a PLCC(Plastic Leaded
Chip Carrier) package which is one example of many types of surface mount components such as
SOIC(Small Outline IC), SOJ(Small Outline J-lead), FP(Flat Pack), QFP(Quad Flat Pack)etc«
SOIC and PLCC has pin pitch of 50 mils as compared to 100mils on a DIP package. The smaller
component sizes, lack of through-holes, and possibility of mounting chips on both sides of the PCB
improve the board density.
Surface-mount component¶s are usually smaller than their counterparts with leads, and are designed to be
handled by machines rather than by humans.
A typical SMD resistor has dimensions like this:
0603(1608 metric): 0.063¶ * 0.031 (1.6mm * 0.8 mm). The typical power rating for such resistor is 1/16
watt
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* are copper tracks on the PCB that carry signals.
$" cusually refer to power/ground planes such as VCC,VDD,VSS,GROUND etc« Instead of using
copper traces to connect power/ground pins of the components, a solid copper layer is used as the
power/ground plane. One of the advantages of using power/ground plane is reduction of power/ground
noise voltage.

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 care for soldering of component¶s pins. For through hole component on a multi-layer(4,6,8,10«)
board, each pin has a pad on each copper layer which form a pad stack. Following diagram shows the
padstacks for different types of pins of a 74LS00 IC on a 4-layer PCB.
Please note the shape of the thermal relief pads used to connect to power/ground plane.
$ c (&#(c($ care holes with copper plating on the wall of the holes. The copper plating allows
pads on different copper layers to be interconnected. For through hole component, each pin requires a
plated through hole so that it could be inserted and soldered onto the PCB
"%$ c (&#(c($ care usually meant for mechanically assembly. In this case, there is no copper
plating in the drilled hole Vs are for interconnecting traces on different copper layers. It is layer of plated
through hole but is usually smaller and not meant for mounting and soldering of component. Following
diagram show different types of vias.

&! are also known as rat nest. It is used in the PCB layout software to show a connection between 2
pins with a straight line. A guide only indicates a connection between 2 pins. It disappears as soon as pins
are connected by copper trace. It is useful in guiding the PCB designer in manual routing.

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It is also useful in determining how good the placement of the components is before the board is routed.
)"*c !#" c(R1,R2,«.C1,C2,«. Ui,U2) is a unique identifier assigned to each component on
a PCB for easy referencing.
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!#"$c$ c are for routing of copper traces for interconnection of component¶s. /c$ care for
dedicated power/ground planes.
$c$ !"#c$ care usually applied to the top and bottom signal layers to prevent oxidization of
copper traces. Usually Tin or Gold plated.
$c- 0c$ cprevents solder flow to the component¶s pins during wave soldering process.
Polymer prevents bridging of solder when pads are near to each other.
!$0 *"c$cis usually printed on the component side of the board for displaying shapes and position
of components, reference designators and text (such as board revision,data etc)
When determining the number of layers of the multi-layer PCB, only count the copper layers(i.e. signals
and power layers).
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Part creation is a process of creating a component that contains a CAE Decal and a PCB Decal. The CAE
Decal created is used in the schematic capture process while the PCB Decal is used in the layout process.
CAE Decal is the logical representation of a component, PCB Decal is the physical footprint of the
component.

e.g.
Note that part creation is only necessary when the component is not found in the component libraries.
Commonly used components such as the 74 series of IC¶s, resistors, capacitors etc are available in the
standard libraries. In addition users can create their own components( if they are not found in the standard
libraries) and save them in their own libraries.
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Schematic capture is a process of drawing the circuit diagram of a given electronic circuit. Output of the
schematic capture software is a ASCII text file known as NETLIST. Example of a net list file is shown
below:

Any wire that connects 2 pins is called a net and is given a net name. Net list gives the parts and packages
used in design, as well as the connections between parts/pins. In drawing the schematic diagram, 2 or
more pins can be connected by either physical wire or by using the same net name.
M.&
Layout is a process of placing the components on the pcb and routing the copper traces to connect from
pin to pin.
-Component placement can either be automatic or interactive but usually it is done interactively as the
pcb designer knows where is the best location to place a component.
-A good placement of the components on the pcb is essential for a good and speedy routing. A good
placement minimizes the traces length ;no of vias required and reduces the routing time.
-Swapping is the ability to swap the position of similar components to achieve shortest overall traces
length and minimize routing complexity.
-Routing traces on the pcb can be done automatically or manually.
Routing is govern by design rules which define the trace width and the clearance rules
-It is important to note that sometimes the auto router software cannot finish the route, i.e not 100%
routed in such cases ,it is necessary to finish the connection by manual routing.
-Sometimes it is necessary to insert a via to cut across traces
4" ! !" c)c& !"#c
c minimizes use of wires
c Minimizes bends and avid sharp corners.
 c Avoid having parallel traces close to one another for high frequency signals. this will prevent
cross-talk.
c it is a good practice to route traces vertically on signal layer and horizontally on another layer to
prevent cross talk.
c avoid having unnecessary long traces which leads to delay in signals
c Increase the trace width for high current traces.
c Ensure good grounding. Use ground plane if possible to reduce ground noise.
c Observe all design rules.
Pattern routing is one of the many types of routing algorithm. It is primarily used in routing memory
devices where the same pin number of the devices is to be connected together.

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backward annotation is a process of updating the schematic database with changes generated frm the
layout process.Another example is when the pins/gates/components are swapped in the layout, the
changes has to be back annoted to the schematic database.
Forward annotation is the process whereby parts and connection in the PCB layout are updated after
changes are made in the schematic capture.

c c* !"#cc

 c* !"#crefers to the various processes that are carried out after the PCB has been routed. It
includes generation of PCB artworks ( CAM files), drill data , bill of material(SCM).
PCB artworks are usually plotted by an equipment call photo-plotter. The standard PCB artwork data file
is in Gerber Format.
Drill data is used by the NC machine for automatic drilling of holes. The company that first produces
such machines is Excellon.
c(Bill of Material) is generated to facilitate purchasing of parts for board assembly.

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PCB Fabrication PCB boards are produced by selectively removing unwanted copper on the board. For
example, you can order a single-sided board with 1 oz/ft2 copper on a 1/8´ thick FR4 substrate (Fibre-
glass composite board) and excess copper can be removed by either:
-Mechanical Milling(prototyping, small production runs)
- Acid Etching(mass production)
1 The copper board is covered
with a protective polymer
(Called photo-resist)
2 types of resist Positive and
Negative, Positive resist
Parts exposed to UV light,
will be removed
Negative resist Parts not
exposed will be removed
cccccccccccccccccccc ccc
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2 The desired Printed Circuit
is patterned on the
photoresist by a process
called photolithography
Your artwork will first be
printed onto a photographic
film by using a photoplotter.
It will be used as a mask.
The picture on the right  0c
shows a Positive mask, UV
light will pass through the
transparent parts of the film
3 The mask is placed on top of
the resist and exposed to UV
light

 0c"c.-!" cc

4 The positive resist, exposed

to UV light breaks down and
can be washed away using a
developer.
Common developer, Sodium
Hydroxide(NaOH) for
positive resist and Sodium
carbonate (Na2CO2) for
negative resist
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5 The resist, not exposed to
UV light , protects the
desired printed circuit
pattern,
The unwanted copper is
etched away using chemicals
like: Ferro Chloride(FeCl3)
or Sodium
Persulfate(Na2S2O8)
After some time, the
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unwanted copper will be
removed, leaving the copper
coated with resist.
6 The resist is finally
removed, using a resist
stripper. Copper circuit
patterns will be left on the
board.
Thereafter
-Holes can be drilled
-Copper and tin can be
added to the tracks by
 electrolytic process
-Solder resist can be applied A) c ! c-6$%"cc
-The silkscreen can be
printed.
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cA -'$- Once the PCB boards are ready, the components are inserted or placed on the board
either nby machine or hand. In massproduction, soldering of components onto PCB boards is usually
done by:
6c $!"#: PCB board is placed on a conveyor be soldered touches a pool of molten solder belt.
The parts that are to be soldered touches a pool of molted solder.c
%)$/c $!"#(preferred for SMD); Solder is applied onto the pads and then the SMDs are placed
onto them. The board goes through an oven which melts the solder.
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1.c For a double sided board, how many Cam files do you need to generate? List all the necessary Cam
files.
2.c Upon completion of the PCB placement and routing, what are the checks that we should perform on
the entire board?
3.c Why is it necessary to create a net-list in Power logic?
4.c What are the steps that we should take to minimize unnecessary long traces in the printed circuit
board design?
5.c What is a design rule? Should we set the design rules before or after components placement. Justify
your answer.
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Hence the terminologies and the components used in the PCB design are studied.

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ác Learn to create a schematic drawing with Power Logic.
ác Learn to design a PCB layout using Power PCB.
ác Learn to generate CAM files
HAA A c   c
ác Computer with following configuration
ác P4 processor, 160gb Hard-disk, 1gb of RAM
ác Power Logic and Power PCB installed in the computerc
  c
Launch Power Logic.
  cA Status window automatically appears on the left side of the screen when starting the Power
Logic. Close this window for now by clicking the window close icon.
) !"#c$'8
Select the Drafting icon. Another group of icons appear. This is called the Toolbox. There are many
functions under the drafting toolbox they are
ác Add Text
ác Create 2D line
ác Modify 2D line
ác Combine/Uncombined
ác Add from Library
ác Save to Library
 c"! c)c &c
Change the unit of measure to inches, mils(default setting), or metric units by P)* c
ác Select  &cin the task bar
ác Then select )"* cto change the measurements
ác The design unit settings are on the Global tab of the preferences dialog box. Set the units of
measure of mils.

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ác Change both the design grid and display grid to 100 mils
ác Select  & from Task bar
ác Then select )"* c
ác Then !c
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ác Select  !#" in the toolbar c
ác Then select Ac c
ác Then select parts from the .!'c
ác After selecting all the parts connect them using Ac""* !"c
" !"c)c %.c
A net list is the typical method for passing schematic data into Power PCB as layout data. A net list
contains a list of parts and their part types and all the nets(connections).
ác After creating the schematic go to $ in the main menu
ác Click on the  c$! c c
ác The file will be saved default folder
ác The file will have an extension of .asc with the file name as ExcerciseA
+!$$c)c !$ ,c
ác Choose !$cfrom the main menu.c
 ác Click !$$c)c !$ cc
ác Click on the  &c
ác Use A Button to add the header fieldsc
ác Set the corresponding attributes as:  9:9 % 9A%: 9c$&c"c
"&)* &c
ác Click apply on the reports menu and notepad will display the c
ác The file is automatically saved in default folder. c
 c.'c& !" c
6.c Explain the difference between design grid and display grid in Power logic and Power PCB
environment.
7.c What is Bill of Material (BOM)?
8.c What is the information that display in silkscreen layer?
9.c What are the considerations for & !"# a printed circuit board?
10.c Fill in the blank in the below PCB design flow.c
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Hence the Power Logic Introduction has been done successfully and generated the BOM and net-list.

  c6c c c   c c
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ác Introduction to Power PCBc
ác Importing Net-listc
ác Schematic-Driven Placement with Power Logicc
ác Routingc
ác Creating CAM filesc
HAA ccA c   c
ác Computer with following configuration
ác P4 processor, 160gb Hard-disk, 1gb of RAM
ác Power Logic and Power PCB installed in the computer
  c
) !"#c$'8
Select the Drafting icon. Another group of icons appear. This is called the Toolbox. There are many
functions under the drafting toolbox they are
ác 2D line
ác Copper
ác Copper cutout
ác Copper pour
ác Copper pour cutout
ác Board outline and cutout
ác Ëeep out
ác Add text
ác Flood etc«
 c"! c)c &c
Change the unit of measure to inches, mils (default setting), or metric units by P)"* c
ác Select  &cin the task bar
ác Then select )"* cto change the measurements
ác The design unit settings are on the Global tab of the preferences dialog box. Set the units of
measure of mils.

 c! $c"c !#"c! c
ác Change both the design grid and display grid to 100 mils
ác Select  & from Task bar
ác Then select )"* c
ác Then !c
- !"#c %.c
ác Choose !$c
ác Click on - c
ác Click on yes button when prompted to save the old file before loadingc
ác Navigate to file directory and open the NET-LIST generated using Power Logicc
6!"#c-"" c& !"#c!  c-"" c
ác Use the Disperse components choose $ c
ác Click on disperse components and confirm the dispersionc
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Design rules include clearance, routing and high speed constraints assigned as default conditions or for
nets, layers, classes or pin pairs. The 3 sets of design rules are
ác Default Clearance Rules
ác Default Routing Rules
ác Net Clearance Rules
 c)&$ c$"*c&$ c
ác Choose Setup  !#" Rules
ác Click on )&$ icon
ác Choose *$"* icon
ác set all the $"* value to 12 and change the *c/! ( to 10,12,15 respectivelyc
 c)&$ c& !"#c&$ c
ác To minimize the total length of all pin pairs, perform the following setupc
ác From main menu select  &c
ác Click on  !#"c&$ c
ác Then click on )&$ c>>c& !"#c>>c $c."# (c
ác Click OË and close all dialog boxesc
c
 c c$"*c&$ c
ác From main menu select  & >>  !#"c&$ c± Net c
ác Use control Click to select both +5V and GNDc
ác Choose clearance iconc
ác Set all the *$"* values to 18 and *c/! ( values to 15,18,20 respectivelyc
*(- !*%!6"c$*-" c/! (c/c.#!*c
ác Choose /!"/ in the main menuc
ác Click on $' and then ';* c $* c
ác Object selector toolbar appears in the bottom of the PCB windowc
ác Choose *""* c c/cciconc
ác Choose  ! icon from the toolbar and the OLE Power PCB connection dialog box appearsc
ác Choose  c!$  to enable only component selectionc
ác Select -6 icon from the Design toolbar and place all the components
& !"#c
Routing is to lay physical wire connections between pins. For double sided design we can have our traces
laid on both top and bottom layer of the board.
On the toolbar we can see a dropdown list which allows us to switch from top to bottom layers.
Another way is to use modeless command by hitting I from the keyboard
"-!*c& c ! c+ ,c
ác Choose )"* icon
ác Select  !#" tab in the "%$!"c box check 6" c
ác Select !#"$ for $!" *c"#$
ác Select  !#" icon from the toolbar
ác Click on the &  icon in the toolbox
Ac+-& cA!c"&)* &!"#,In this section we will generate the CAM documents
ác Choose )!$ c>> A
ác Click add button
ác In the document name type ³Routing, Bottom´
ác Select routing from the document type drop down list
ác Select bottom and click ok
ác Select preview to see how the artwork appears as a photoplot
 ác Choose close to exit the preview window
ác Choose save to save the CAM document
*&-" c"-c *&-" c c & & c)!$c .c$* !"c  - c"c!-c
Routing, Bottom Routing Art002.pho Bottom Pads,traces,lines,
vias,copper,text
Silkscreen, top Silk screen Sst001.pho Top Ref des, outlines
Silkscreen top Text, outlines
Solder mask Solder mask Sm002.pho Bottom Pads, test points
Bottom Solder mask Lines, copper ,
bottom text, test points
Drill data NC Drill Drl001.drl N.A
Routing, top Routing Art001.pho Top Pads, traces, lines,
vias, copper, text
Solder Mask, top Solder mask Sm001.pho Top Pads, test points
Solder mask Lines, copper, text
test points
c
&"c c" cAc& & c)!$ c
ác Return to define A Document dialog box.c
ác Highlight all documents in *&-" c"-c! c'8c
ác Click run button, and answer  in response to the prompt. This will output all A filesc
 c.'c& !" c
11.c Name )& common components that belong to the through hole technology.
12.c What is Bill of Material (BOM)?
13.c What is a solder mask layer?
14.c In schematic capture, there are ways in which 2 or more pins can be connected together. Describe
/ ways to accomplish it.
15.c After you have imported the net list into the Power PCB environment, what are the steps you should
do prior to component placement?
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We have learnt how to create a Routing and CAM files with Power logic and export the design to Power
PCB for PCB layout.
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ác To create a schematic with Power Logic
ác To create a design for PCB lat using Power PCB
ác To use copper pour to create Power and GND planes
HAA A cc   c
ác Computer with following configuration
ác P4 processor, 160gb Hard-disk, 1gb of RAM
ác Power Logic and Power PCB installed in the computerc
  c
Acc7c*(- !*c &c
With the help of the parts list draw the schematic and save r schematic as excerciseB.sch
In r schematic make sure that:
ác The component values are correctly entered.
ác The pin numbers for all the resistors are not displayed
ác Reference designators are all in upright position. Generate the net list and name it excerciseB.asc
Acc7cc. c
ác Set display origin at the bottom-left corner of the boardc
ác Import net-listc
ác Set all design rules as shown in table below and set preferences before proceeding to the next
step.c
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ác Disperse the components.c
ác Place the remaining components at r own discretion. Place them logically.c
ác Don¶t forget to do length minimization.c
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Acc7c/c$" c"cc&c
In order to reduce noise in a design, copper planes are very often added to PCB. Other than to reduce
noise in the power and ground supply, copper pour can also be used for thermal(heat) dissipation.
The main steps to add copper pour planes to typical 2 layer board are:
ác Route the +5V signal trace on the top layer ± identify the +5V net and route all the +5V
connections in the top layer. Use ³Highlight´ to find all the i-5v nets.
ác Route the GND signal trace on the bottom layer ± Identify the GND net. Route all the GND
connections in the bottom layer. Use ³highlight´ to find all the GND nets.
ác Route all the other connections ± the other signal lines can be routed either on the top or bottom
layers.
ác Create the GND copper pour outline and flood the bottom layer. Do the same for the top +5V
plane.
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1.c List all the CAM files that you need to provide your PCB manufacturer if you want to fabricate a
double-sided PCB board, with components mounted only on the top side.
2.c On completing the PCB placement and routing, what are the 2 design checks that you should
perform for the entire board?
3.c What data is found in the net-list?. What is the purpose of creating the net-list in Power Logic?
4.c What is the main advantage of using Dynamic Route over Manual Route? Before Dynamic Route
can be used, an option in the Design -> Preferences must be enabled. What is it?
5.c Should we set the design rules before or after component placement? Justify your answer.
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Hence the creation of PCB board outline is completed successfully

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Routing is to lay physical wire(traces) connection between pins. For double-sided design, we can have
our traces laid on both Top and Bottom layer of the board.
HAA ccA c   c
ác Computer with following configuration
ác P4 processor, 160gb Hard-disk, 1gb of RAM
ác Power Logic and Power PCB installed in the computer
  c
Changing layers
Layer(s) can be specified either top or bottom routing.
On the tools bar, drop down list box
This allows to route the bottom layer. From the keyboard hit ³I´ for bottom and for top layer ³Ii´
HA cc= c
Before route, set Design grid to 10 and Display grid to 50 for both X and V. If are not able to see the
grids, press ´page up´ or ³page down´ to either =-c or =-c.
Prior to routing, select $ >> ."# (c!"!-!> !" to optimize the trace length while routing the
design.
Note: for through hole boards, start routing on the bottom layer
"-!*c& c ! c+ ,c
ác Choose )"* icon
ác Select  !#" tab in the "%$!"c box check 6" c
ác Select !#"$ for $!" *c"#$
ác Select  !#" icon from the toolbar
ác Click on the &  icon in the toolbox
$ !"#c&  c
ác Click on the right ± mouse button. Choose select anything from the pop-up menu.c
ác Select the segment of a completed/unwanted route and press the delete key.c
ác Choose the undo icon from the toolbar to undo the deletion.c
ác Verifying r design ± perform clearance/Conductivity checkc
When the board is fully routed, use the verify Design to check for clearance and connectivity errors.
ác Select tools >> Verify Design. The verify design dialog box appears. Select clearance radio
button. Then press the start button.
ác If there is a design violation, an error message will be appear in the location edit box.
ác If the clearance check is ok, go to verify design dialog box again, and check the connectivity
radio button, and start the check. Make sure that there are no errors.
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6.c Explain the difference between design grid and display grid in Power PCB.
7.c What is the purpose of Bill of Material (BOM)? List 4 items usually included in the BOM.
8.c The dimensions of a rectangular PCB board are 3000 mils by 2000 mils. Give the dimension of
the board in millimeters.
9.c If possible, we try to route a PCB on just one layer instead of 2. Why?
10.c Fill in the blanks below showing the PCB Design flow.
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Hence the routing is done successfully.

  c2cc c A c
  AccAc. c
  c
In this session, generation of the Gerber files and Excel on (aka NC Drill) files required for the production
of the PCB Boards will be done.
HAA A c   c
ác Computer with following configuration
ác P4 processor, 160gb Hard-disk, 1gb of RAM
ác Power Logic and Power PCB installed in the computerc
 !"#cAc+-& cA!c"&)* &,c*&-" %c
ác Choose !$ >>A. The Define CAM Document dialog box appears.
ác Click A button. The Add Document dialog appears.
ác In the Document Name text box, type ³& !"#9c -´.
ác Select & !"# from the *&-" c drop down list. The layer Association dialog box
appears.
ác Select  - and click OË
ác Select Layers from the Customize Document area. The Select Items dialog box appears.
ác Select c& $!" from the other area.
ác Choose Preview to and see how the artwork appears as a photo plot.
ác Choose Board from the Zoom area of the Preview window to fit the layer image to the view.
ác Choose Close to exit the Preview window.
ác Choose OË to close all dialog boxes and return to Define Cam Document dialog box.
ác Choose Save the Ac*&-" which is just created.
We have created a CAM file whose document name is ³Routing, Bottom´ and output to ³arto2.pho´.
Now set up the remaining CAM files as shown in the table.
a double-sided board, we need to produce the 2 additional artwork.

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Routing, Routing Art002.pho Bottom Pads,traces,lines,vias,copper,text
Bottom
Silkscreen, top Silk screen Sst001.pho Top Ref des, outlines
Silkscreen top Text, outlines
Soldermask Solder mask Sm002.pho Bottom Pads, test points
Bottom Soldermask Lines, copper , text, test points
bottom
Drill data NC Drill Drl001.drl N.A
Routing, top Routing Art001.pho Top Pads, traces, lines, vias, copper,
text
SolderMask, Soldermask Sm001.pho Top Pads, test points
top Soldermask Lines, copper, text test points
Ensure Top Mounted is selected for Silkscreen layer.
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ác Default artwork should look like those given in the Appendix.
ác To see all the layers in the Preview Window, choose SETUP and make ³visible´ all the
documents that should be visible.
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In the event that the preview documents are not aligned properly, we can still  each of the
documents. Select . Check that the offset and scaling are the same for every document.
Then check the Device Setup for the Photo plotter. Choose the Advanced button and ensure that the data
format is the same.
Likewise, check the & -!>c*&-" >>  !" and Device Setup for the Drill Data file:
Take special note of the data format used for the *.drl file:eg:2 leading and 3 trailing digits, trailing zeros
suppressed, English Units and Excellon format.
Preview all documents again. Make sure that all the artwork are properly aligned.
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To generate and save all CAM files,
ác Return to Define CAM Document dialog box.
Highlight all documents in Document Name edit box.
ác Click Run button, and answer Yes in response to the prompt. This will output all CAM files
(artwork and its aperture table) to the z:CAM folder in Default home directory. Check CAM
folder to verify that the files are there.
Zip/Compress Artwork into a file. Leave the compressed file in z:\CAM\default directory.
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Dimension the board outline.
Generate the BOM
Generate the following CAM files:
(i) & !"#c, (ii) & !"#c -, (iii) !$0 *"c
Using GC-Prevue (Graphics code Gerber Viewer), import CAM files into the software to view. Make
sure that all artworks are all neat and tidy. Print-outs of the above are not required.
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The following diagrams are Dimensions of Board outline, Routing Bottom, Silk Screen Top,
Solder Mask and NC List.
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11.c What do ³DIP´ and ³SMD´ stand for?
12.c (i) What is a CAE decal? Where is it used or found?
(ii) What is a PCB decal? Where is it used or found?
13.c What is a solder mask? What is the purpose of the solder mask?
14.c Explain ³Forward Annotation´ and ³Backward Annotation´.
15.c There is a gap (or space) of 50 mils between 2 pads on the PCB. If the clearance rule for trace to
pad spacing is 10mils. What is the maximum width of the trace that can pass between the pads.
If necessary, draw on the space below to illustrate your answer.
16.c What is the purpose of Bill of Material (BOM)? List 4 fields of information that you will include
in the BOM.
17.c You have entered the capacitance value for a capacitor using the ³query´ option. But, the
capacitance value does not appear on the schematic. What could be the possible reason?
18.c A common unit of measure in PCB design is the ³mils´. How much is 100 mils in millimetres?
What is 500 mils in millimetres?
19.c The pin pitch for a Dual-Inline Package IC is 100mils. Suppose the radius of each pad for the IC
leg is 30mils.
(i)c What is the clearance (space/gap) between the 2 pads of the IC?
(ii)c Can a trace of 20mils go in-between the pads if the design rule specifies trace-to-pad
clearance of 15 mils? Why?
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Hence the generations of CAM files are successfully created.
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1. To understand the need for part type creation.
2. To understand what constitutes a part type.
3. To learn how to create the CAE decal for the part type using the CAE decal wizard in power logic.
4. To learn how to assign multiple gates to a single part.
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ác Computer with following configuration
ác P4 processor, 160gb Hard-disk, 1gb of RAM
ác Power Logic and Power PCB installed in the computerc
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The following example shows some typical entries in a net list.

For resistor R1, RES-1/8W is the part name and R1/8W is the name of the PCB decal. Similarly, for the
part U1, NE555 is the part name and DIP8 is the PCB decal name.

What is a Part Type?

A part type comprises of the following:
1. A CAE decal or logic symbol (eg. Figure la)
2. A PCB decal or footprint (eg. Figure 1 b)
3. Electrical parameters (such as number of pins, signal pins, family name, assignment of pins, etc.)

An example of a PADS part type is a 7404 (as in figure 1)

Part type name: 7404
CAE decal: INV
PCB decal: DIPI4
Electrical parameters: Six logical gates (A through F) using 12 of the 14 pins with one power pin and one
ground pin.
You can create a part type in Power Logic or in Power PCB;
But, you can create a CAE decal only in Power Logjç, and create a PCB decal only in
Power PCB.

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In this exercise you are going to create a new library part type, an IC, known as P1C18F4550

Enter the Part Editor by choosing Tools>)¶Part Editor

1. Invoke Power Logic
3. Within the Part Editor, choose File>*New.
4. Choose Part Type in the Select type of editing item dialog box, and then choose
OË.

5.From the icon toolbar select edit Gate icon

6. Click Ok to warning.
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1. Choose the Drafting icon from the toolbar to open the Drafting toolbox.

2. Choose the CAE Decal Wizard from the Drafting toolbox.

3. In the Box Parameters area, type 800 in the Mm Box Width text box.
4. Type 20 in the Pin Count text box for the Left Pins and Right Pins.
5. Set the Pin Count for Upper Pins and Lower Pins to 0
6. Choose OË to create the CAE Decal.
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You may also add pins manually and modify symbols on the pins also.
1. Choose the Terminal Toolbox icon t11Ii from the toolbar. The Terminal toolbox appears.

2. Choose the Add Terminal icon from the Terminal toolbox.

3. Choose the PIN decal from the Pins list box, and choose OË.
4. With the new terminal attached to the cursor, you may Rotate or Mirror the terminal.
5. Position the terminal and click to place the terminal, if necessary
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To change any property of the pins, select the pins and do a Query. A dialogue box will appear and you
will be able to change the PIN Decal, PIN Number, PIN Names and other properties of the PIN.
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Number icon, can be used to assign pin numbers to the terminals. Click icon, then the ?t pin.
Assign it pin number Set Pin on the
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To save the part type, choose the save as option in the File menu. Navigate to the z:Iib\mylib library, and
type P1C18F455O in the Name of Part and MY_PIC in the Name of Gate Decals text box as shown in the
figure . Choose OË
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A part type would be complete only if it has
A CAE decal,
A PCB decal and
Electrical information.
As of now, for the part P1C18F4550, only the CAE decal has been created and assigned. We still need to
add electrical information and assign the PCB decal. 1. Within the part editor, choose the Edit Electrical
icon from the toolbar.

1. The Part Information dialog box appears.

2. Choose the General tab.
3. In the Logic Family area, select CMO to assign it as the family type for the part type.
This also assigns a default reference designator prefix of U (Observe below the Logic
Family Box). Type U in the Prefix List Box.
4. Choose the PCB Decals tab.
5. Select the All Libraries in the Library list box.
6. Set the Filter to DIP*, type 40 in the Pin Count text box, and choose Apply.
7. Select the DIP4O-600 PCB decal, and choose Assign New to assign the PCB decal
as the first (and only) PCB decal for the part type.
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8. Choose the Gates tab,
The pins and their names will be listed. Although the PIN Types should be specified,
we shall ignore them this time.

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Finally, you will add user-defined part type attributes.
1. Choose the Attributes tab, and then choose Add.
2. Choose Browse Lib Attr. The Browse Library Attributes dialog box appears.
3. Select Description and choose OË.
4. Press Tab to switch to the Value cell and type P1C18F455O
5. Choose Browse Lib Attr. again and repeat the previous steps to add the following attributes and values.
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Finally, you will add user-defined part type attributes.
1. Choose the Attributes tab, and then choose Add.
2. Choose Browse Lib Attr. The Browse Library Attributes dialog box appears.
3. Select Description and choose OË.
4. Press Tab to switch to the Value cell and type P1C18F455O
5. Choose Browse Lib Attr. again and repeat the previous steps to add the following attributes and valuesc
6.c When you have entered all the attributes, choose OË to complete the entry of the electrical
parameters for the part type.
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Choose File>´Exit Part Editor
1.c Then choose Yes to save the part.
2.c You are now out of the part editor and back to the schematic drawing window.

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Change the schematic sheet size to A4.
Try calling the part you have just created by adding the new part to the schematic
1. Choose add part icon from the design menu.
2. Select the part you created by typing MYRE* in the part name list box and place a few instances of
the part on your schematic. If you have problems in adding the part, check your part creation.
3. Save the file as, say, Exercise C.Sch.
4. Generate the net list and exit Power logic.
5. Invoke Power PCB.
6. Import the net list you created.
7. Disperse the components using the disperse components option in the Tools pull- down menu.
8. Check whether the PCB decals that appear on the Power PCB editor correspond to the part you
created.
9. Save the file as ExerciseC.pcb and exit.
You have completed the P1C18F4550 part type

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1. Click OË. Choose Edit Electrical (or click Edit Electrical icon). Just a minute! Recall.
This Electrical menu item is used to assign CAE Decal to PCB Decal to form Part Type. You have
used it before in creating IVIYRE32ËB.
2. From Logic Family list, select TTL.
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Suppose you need to design a Part Type for 74LS86 (XOR gate IC). You could have followed the
procedures in PART 1 and use a DIP 14 PCB Decal to form a Part Type CAE Decal. (Note: Do not
draw this decal. Read on...)
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You will draw just 1 XOR gate(CAE Decal), that then assign it 4 times to the DIP14 PCB Decal
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1. Launch Power Logic application.
2. Enter the Part Editor by choosing Tools Part Editor.
3. Within the Part Editor, choose File/New.
4. Choose Part Type in the Select type of editing item dialog box, and then choose OË.

5. From the icon toolbar select edit Gate icon

6. Click Ok to warning.
7. Select Drafting toolbox.
8. Click Create 2D Line icon
 .
the need for part type creation, constitutes a part type, was understood and Learned to create the CAE
decal for the part type using the CAE decal wizard in power logic. Also learned how to assign multiple
gates to a single part.c
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‡ To learn how to create a part with new CAE and PCB decals.
‡ To learn how to create a connector partc

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ác Computer with following configuration
ác P4 processor, 160gb Hard-disk, 1gb of RAM
ác Power Logic and Power PCB installed in the computerc
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You are given a transformer with the following electrical and mechanical specifications (Dimensions
in Figure 1A and 18 are in Inches).

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Step 1: Create the PCB Decal in the Power PCB Decal editor
Step 2: Create the CAE Decal in the Power Logic Part editor
Step 3: While still in PowerLogic Part editor, assign the PCB decal created in Step 1 using
Edit>>Electrical.

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Start Power PCB. Select the best units for drawing the footprint and placing the terminals (eg. use
metric if the dimensions are given in millimeters).
1. Select Setup>>Preferences
2. Choose tab Global>>Design unit select mil (Hint:1 inch = l000mil)
3. Choose tab Grid>´Set Design Grid to 50 and Display Grids to 100.
4.From the Main Menu, Choose Tools>>Decal Editor
Once you enter the Decal Editor, text labels and a PCB decal origin marker appear.

The NAME text label is a placeholder for the reference designator of the part. The TYPE text label is
a placeholder for the part type name of the part.

The origin marker identifies the origin of the part, which is used when you move or rotate the
part.
5. At Drafting toolbox select 2D Line icon.
6. Use 2D Line to draw the physical outline (Fig. I B) of the transformer on the Top layer.
7. To add terminal, use the Terminal icon.
8. If the numbering sequence of your pins is different from Figure 1 B, select the pointer icon
select the 1St pin and then do a right-mouse-click. Select Renumber Terminals from the box shown
below.
9. Double click on left mouse button to complete
Reposition the Terminal Numbers
Right mouse click, select Terminal Name /Number.
Select the terminal number to be moved and right-click mouse. Choose Move option and move the
number to the desired location.

Save Decal as MyTxfDecal in the library z:libmylib

Exit Decal Editor and then exit Power PCB application (Click No to the Create New Part prompt that
appears. We are not going to create the part type lust yet.)

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CAE decal can be created only in Power Logic. We shall now create the new part and new CAE here,
just like we had done before.
Launch Power Logic application and go to the Part Editor.
Choose File>>New¶*Part Type, OË.
then Edit>>Gate. Click OË to the warning,
Create the CAE Decal given in Figure. The Display Grid is set at 200mils and the Design
Grid at 5OmiIs. Make use of Figure to work out the dimensions of the CAE decal. Note: Use 2D line
to draw this figure and then add pins to it
File>>Return to Part. Click Yes to keep changes to the Gate.
Save your work and then go on to ³Edit Electrical´

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Goto Edit>Electrical.
Enter the following information in the respective property tab:
Select the General Tab and pick ANN¶ for Logic Family

Next select the PCB Decal Tab and Assign ³MyTxf Decal´ to the Part
Select OË to exit the Part Information for Part Dialog box.
Save Part Type as MYTXF in the library mylib.
Click OË and then exit Part Editor.
You have completed the PART 1 OF EXERCISE 0. Now test the part you created, make sure that
your new part can appear in both PowerLogic and PowerPCB.
You can save your files as ExerciseD.sch and ExerciseD.pcb in PowerLogic and PowerPCB
respectively.
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The objective of this exercise isto create a connector (MY16PINCON) using the Library Manager and
PCB Decal Editor.
For this connector (MYI6PINCON), you will be using an existing CAE decal and hence you need to
create only the PCB Decal.

The steps are as follows:

Step 1: Create the PCB Decal in the PowerPCB Decal editor.
Step 2: Assign the existing CAE decals from the library to the PCB decal created and then acid
electrical parameters.
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Create a PCB decal for the 16 pin connector shown below. The spacing between Terminal I and
Terminal 3 is lOOmils. Spacing between the 2 rows of terminals is 50 mils. Terminal I is lOOmils
from the vertical edge of the box and 50 mils from the horizontal edge of the box.
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Launch PowerPCB.
1. Choose Tools>>Decal Editor to enter the Decal Editor.
2. set the design grid to 50 by typing g50 and pressing Enter.

3. Choose the Drafting icon from the toolbar.

4. Choose the Terminal icon from the Drafting toolbox.

(You are now in add terminal mode. Each click of the left mouse button will add a new terminal at the
location of the click.)
5. Move the cursor over the decal origin marker and click to add the first terminal at the decal origin.
6. Move the cursor to location X50Y50 (using the X,Y location display on the Status Bar as a guide)
and click to add the second terminal. Each terminal is sequentially numbered as it is added to the
decal. The terminal number is also the pin number. For example, terminal 1 is pin number 1, terminal
2 is pin number 2 and etc.
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The next step is to assign pad shape and size. This is performed in the pad stack editor.
1. Select one or a group of pads and then does a right-mouse click. Select ³Pad
2. You can change the shape and size of the pads and the diameter of the holes as well.
3. In the Parameters area, change the diameter of the pad to 55. At the bottom of the dialog box,
change Drill Size to 28 (mils).
4. Choose OË to close the pad stack editor and apply the changes.

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1. Choose the 2D Line icon from the Drafting toolbox.

2. Click the right mouse button and choose Rectangle from the pop-up menu.
3. Draw the box to enclose the terminals.
Creating a Component Outline
4. Move the ³Name¶ and ³Type´ and place them outside the box.
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You have created your PCB decal in Power PCB. To save the decal to the library:
1. Choose the Save icon from the toolbar.
2. Save the PCB Decal to your personal folder, ie z:\lib\mylib
3. Type the name MYI6PINCON in the Name of PCB Decal text box. Click OË
4. Choose No to abort the automatic creation of a new part type. The manual creation of a part type
for the connector is covered in the next section.
5. Go to File>>Exit Decal Editor. Exit Power PCB.

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You will now create a part type for the new 16 pins connector using the Power logic Part Editor.
1.c In Power Logic, go to Tools>>Part Editor and do a File>>New.
 2.c . Select ³Connector´ and click OË.

3.c Select ³Edit Electrical´ icon.

4.c You will see the above window with the ³Connector´ tab turned on.
5.c In the Logic Family list box, scroll and choose the CON family type, which establishes
the default reference designator prefix J for this part type. Type 16 for pin count

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1. Choose the PCB Decals tab.
2. Choose the All Libraries library from the Library drop-down list box.
3. Type MY* in the Filter text box and choose Apply.
4. Select your MYI6PINCON decal from the Unassigned Decals list box.
5. Choose Assign to move the decal into the Assigned Decals list box
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Now assign CAE decals for the part type.
1. Choose the Connector tab.
2. Choose Add. Choose Browse from the Special Symbol cefl. The Browse for Special
Symbols dialog box appears.
3. Choose the ³EXTIN´ symbol from the All Libraries library, and choose OË.
. Double-click in the Pin Type cell field on the Connector tab.
5. Choose Source from the list box to assign input pins as sources.
6. Choose Add again, and choose Browse from the newly added Special Symbol cell. The
Browse for Special Symbols dialog box appears.
7. Choose the µEXTOUT´ symbol from the All libraries, and choose OË.
8. Double-click in the Pin Type cell on the Connector tab.
9. Choose Load from the list box.
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Finally add the following attributes to the connector:

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Now that the part type definition is complete, save the new part type.
1. Choose OË. The Save Part Type to Library dialog box appears. Navigate to your home
directory library; for eg. z:\lib\mylib
2. Save the part type as MYI6PINCON. Select OË.
3. Confirm any messages that appear asking if you want to overwrite the file.
4. Exit Decal Editor.
You have completed the PART 2 OF EXERCISE D. Now test the part you created to see if it can
appear in the schematic and ported to the PowerPCB.

 .
we learnt
1. To create both a CAE decal and a PCB decal and use them to create a new part type.
2. To create a connector PCB Decal and use an existing CAE decal from the library, to form a new
Connector part type.