Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Assignment 1 solutions
Solution:
(a) Suppose f : X → A has a left inverse g : A → X. Then g(f (x)) = x for all x ∈ X. If f (x1 ) = f (x2 )
then x1 = g(f (x1 )) = g(f (x2 )) = x2 ; so f is injective.
(b) Suppose f : X → A has a right inverse h : A → X. Then f (h(a)) = a for all a ∈ A. So, for each
a ∈ A, the element x = h(a) ∈ X satisfies f (x) = f (h(a)) = a. So f is surjective.
(c) Suppose f : X → A is non-injective and has a right inverse h : A → X. Then there exist x1 6= x2
in X with f (x1 ) = f (x2 ). We can assume that h(f (x1 )) = x1 , since h(f (x1 ) = x implies that
f (x) = (f ◦ h ◦ f )(x1 ) = f (x1 ) , and so x and x1 have the same value under f . Define k : A → X by
(
h(a) , a 6= f (x1 ) ;
k(a) =
x2 , a = f (x1 ) .
Then (
f (h(a)) = a , a 6= f (x1 ) ;
f (k(a)) =
f (x2 ) = a a = f (x1 ) .
So k is a right inverse for f and k 6= h.
(d) Of course, there are many examples. In fact, any injective (by the first part) non-surjective function
f will do, because we can then use elements which are not in the image of f to construct distinct left
inverses. For instance, the function f : R≥0 → R for which f (x) = x2 has the two distinct left inverses
(√
x , if x ≥ 0 ;
g1 : R → R≥0 :: x 7→
1, if x < 0 ;
and (√
x , if x ≥ 0 ;
g2 : R → R≥0 :: x 7→
2, if x < 0 ;
among many others, as the reader can easily verify.
2. Draw each of the following sets in R2 , and determine if they are open or closed or not open and not closed:
(a) A = (x, y) ∈ R2 | 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 < 4 ;
(b) B = (r cos θ, r sin θ) ∈ R2 | 0 < r < 1, 0 < θ < 3π .
Solution:
1
(a) The first set consists of the annulus with outer radius 2 and inner radius 1; the points on the outer
circle are not in A, and the points on the inner circle are in A. If (a, b) is a point on the inner circle,
then a2 + b2 = 1 . Any disk in the plane centred at such point (a, b) contains points in A and points
that are not in A. Therefore the set A is not open. Similarly, Ac is not open, because points on the
outer radius are in Ac , but disks centred at such points will always intersect A, and so Ac is not open
from which the last assertion follows.
(b) The set B consists of all points in the punctured disk with outer radius 1 which has the origin removed.
The points with radius 1 are not in the set. For any point (a, b) ∈ B, we have 0 < a2 +b2 < 1, and so we
can find a small open ball centred at (a, b) and consisting of points that also satisfy this requirement,
for instance invoking continuity of the function (x, y) 7→ x2 + y 2 .
3. Use the definition of continuity to show that the function f : R → R given by f (x) = 2x2 + 1 is continuous.
Solution: Pick an arbitrary point a ∈ R. We have to show that f is continuous at a. Given any radius
> 0, one has to show that
f (x) − f (a) = 2x2 − 2a2 = 2 x − a x + a <
whenever x − a < δ, for some radius δ that we have yet to determine. More than one possibility exists,
so the following argument is not the only one which may work. We always have
x + a = x − a + 2a ≤ x − a + 2a
The right hand side is smaller than 1 + 2a if we choose δ ≤ 1 ; observe that 1 + 2a > 0 . If in addition
we choose δ ≤ , then
2(1+2 a )
x − a x + a
< 1 + 2a =
2(1 + 2 a )
2
whenever x − a < δ, so it is sufficient to let
n o
δ = min 1 , .
2(1 + 2a)
Notice that this δ depends on both and the point a. Since the point a was arbitrary, the given function
is continuous at all of its points.
4. Is the function g : R \ 0} → R given by g(x) = 1/x3 continuous?
Solution: Yes! It is sufficient to note that the argument which establishes continuity of the function
given by x 7→ 1/x for all x > 0 given in the lecture notes can be repeated almost verbatim to show that the
function f : R \ 0} → R given by f (x) = 1/x is continuous at each of the points
of its domain,
hence it is
continuous. The function g is the composite of the continuous function R \ 0} → R \ 0} which maps x
to x3 , and the continuous function f above.
2 3 5 1 8
(b) A basis for the range of T is a basis for the column space of A, sowe
read
off the
columns
of A
1 4 0
3 −2
, , 0 .
0
corresponding to the pivot columns of A . Hence range(T ) has basis
−1
0 0
2 3 1
2 0
6. Find the coordinate vector for A = , relative to the basis
−1 3
−1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 1
B= , , , .
1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1
Solution
We write A as a linear combination of the basis vectors of B, thus
2 0 −1 1 1 −1 1 1 1 1
=a +b +c +d
−1 3 1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 −1
−a + b + c + d = 2
a−b+c+d=0
a + b − c + d = −1
a+b+c−d=3
0
1
Solving this system we find a = 0, b = 1, c = 23 , d = − 12 , so the coordinate vector [A]B =
3 .
2
− 12
Solution
(a) P = ([v1 ]B1 , [v2 ]B1 , [v3 ]B1 ). To find the coordinate vectors [vi ]B1 , we must solve vi = ai u1 + bi u2 +
ci u3 for each i = 1, 2, 3. To do this efficiently, we form the augmented matrix
2 2 1 | 3 1 −1 | −5
1 −1 2 | 1 1 0 | 8
1 1 1 | −5 −3 2 | −5
where the last column is w, and the work we are doing here will be used for part (d). This reduces to
4 0 0 | 31 17 −11 | 21
0 −4 0 | 25 15 −9 | 31
0 0 −2 | 13 7 −5 | 5
31 17 −11
and we read off [v1 ]B1 = 41 −25, [v2 ]B1 = 1
4
−15, [v3 ]B1 = 1
4
9 . We can now form
−26 −14 10
31 17 −11
1
P = −25 −15 9 .
4
−26 −14 10