SEPTE SEA OCTOBER 1992

CALIFORNIA
In This Issue I
GEOLOGY GEOTECHNICA 1993-INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCES
TRADE FAIR . _ •..•............................_...................•..
''''
.'35
CAPTAIN JACK'S STRONGHOlD ..
A PUBLICATION OF ntE
MEDICINE lAKE VOLCANO AND LAVA BEDS
DEPARTNENT OF CONSERVATlON NATIONAL MONUMENT .........................•........••.•.•..•.....••..._ 145
DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY ANNOUNCEMENTS 154
THE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH
sw.oIc.wom.. PETE WILSON INSTITUTE (EERI) ANNUAL MEETING 1993 154

T"fle; RftourI:8 Agency

""""""
DOUGLAS P WHEELER
NINTH THEMATIC CONFERENCE ON GEOLOGIC
REMOTE SENSING 154
5Bcrelaf}' lor Resources 29TH FORUM ON THE GEOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 155
TEACHER FEATURE 156
o.p.o_ 01 Conser;al"'" eDWARD G HEIDIG BOOK REVIEWS 159
D,rector
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT
Orvisloo1 01 Mones & Geology JAMES F. DAVIS AND CIACULATION . . . 162
Stille GeologIst PUBLICATIONS REOUEST FORM . . 163
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTION AND CHANGE
CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY OF ADDRESS FORM 164
T..:ht\IcaI Editor. EliSe ManlSOl"l
CONFERENCE ON LESSONS FROM THE LOMA PRIETA
Co9, Edilor- lenIi Tabllio EARTHQUAKE 164
GraphICS alld DesIgn: Peggy Walkei'
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Cover Pl1oto: Valentine Cave, a lava tube in lava Beds

National Monument, Siskiyou COUnly, California. lava
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992 benches on Il1e walls mark the level 01 lava Il1at once
Volume 45/Number 5 Ilowed Ihrough Ihe lube. Photo by Bruce W. Rogers.
CGEOA 45 is) 133·164 (1992)

'" CALIFQANIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBER.<QCTOBER 1992

 CAPTAIN JACK'S STRONGHOlD
The Geologic Events that Created a Natural Fortress
Siskiyou County
AARON C. WATERS

After seulcl'$ orrfued In the Modocs home-

land rn the mld- J800s. the ModOl;S were relocated
10 tile Klamath Indlon Reserootlon Anding thIs _~66
new life urweceploble. they gradlJ(/l/y returned to
lhelrO~If(lllond In late 1872 fighting broke
out when the u.s. Army ordered them 10 return OREGON
10 the rescmoolion Under the leodershlp of --------~~--~------
CALlFORNtA
K/enrpoos. also known as Captain Jack. the CAPTAIN JACK'S
grossly outnumbered Modocs defended them .'11 HONCI/OLD
se/lle!l throughout the winter

This oft/ele. on abrIdged !!emOIl of 0 poper

In US. GeoI09lcal Sun.ey Clrwlar 838 (J 981.
p 151 16JJ./OCllsn on the geologlc/oClors of 97
two bellIes althe Modoc War. Addltlonol maneu LAVA BEOS NATIONAL
lien: and strategIeS ore dexrlbe(/ In Ihe orlglnol MONUMENT
publica/Ion. .. edltor

WEEO

INTRODUCTION
Iasl Native Califomian uprisings, the
O ne of the
Modoc War (November 29. 1872 to June 4. 18731.
has been chronicled by many newspaper writers. historians.
and social scientists (Murray. 1958: Thompson, 1971).
The ","lien record. however, is blurred and contradictory
concerning the causes. motives. heroism. and savagery of
principal participants on both sides (RidcIIe. 1974). This
article is no attempt Mto set the record straight~ with reg.-1rd
to what has been reported about the historic and SOCiological
roots of the Modoc. War. Instead I investigate the question
repeatedly asked; How dicl53 Modoc men, with twice as
many VJOmen and chiklren, withstand a siege throughout
the dead of winter. rout 300 U.S. Anny soldiers engaged
in the first major assault, and withdraw undetected after
repulsing a second assault by 650 men supported by mortars
and howitzers?
One part of the answer is that the Modocs chose a
superb nalural fortress. They were familiar with the terrain
south of the shoreline of Tule Lake (F"tgures I and 2). The
Army was ignorant of this Iandscape's military advantages.
Ouoniclers of the Modoc War have not underslood the
nature of the terrain in which the Modocs holed up any
more than did the U.S. troops and their offICerS. One hista-
lian wrote vaguely about the Modocs Mdisappearing into the
Schonchin lIow,~ as if this barren patch of recerttlava had
some mythical power to swallow the McxIocs and hide them
5
o 10 20 mile!
1_---,-'-'
o
I
to
,.---,1
[
20 kjlometers
Figura 1 Location map 01 Captain Jack's Stronghold, Lava Beds
Na\Jonal Monument.
from the pursuing AmlY patrols. In fact this almost treeless
expanse of small and loose blocks of lava wouJd be the worst
place for the Modocs to hide, so they avoided the Schonchin
flow. Some writers have assumed that the Stronghokl is -within
the Schonchin flow," but the end of the Schonchin flow is 2.4
miles (3.8 kml south of the Stronghold. The source of the flow
is at the east base of Schonchin Bulle, another 4 miles (6.4 kml
farther south. TIle Schonchin flow played no part in the Modoc
War, excepl that a few of Captain Jack's band ambushed about
60 sokllers there. possibly to avoid being trapped against the
inhospitable west edge: of the now.
[ first describe tile terraIn in and near the Stronghokl. as
seen through the eyes of a geologist. Then I return to the
Modoc War and dlscllss, in terms of terrain. the consequences
01 the first and second assaults by the Anny on the Stronghold.
followed by an analysis of how the Modocs were able to with-
draw from the Stronghold undetected.

CALIFORNIA GEOlOOV SEPTEM8ER/OCTOBER 1992 ",

 ,

- •

. ..
sif""".... ..•..',
.. ~~T~~~· .', .• ~>
."
.' .'.. ...
.\

~ .,,',

o _ ... _ _ __ "K'

Figure 2. Map showing oeotogr and lonrllcattons of captaIn Jack's Slronghold. Map by DaVId Kimbrough and Aaron C. Warers, '976

,,. CAUFORNIA GEOLOOV SEPTEM6ERIOCTOBER 11192

 EXPLANATION OF MAP SHOWING
GEOLOGY AND FORTIFICATIONS
of

Captain Jack's Stronghold

1976

FORTIFICATIONS
GEOLOGIC FEATURES
MODOC FORTIFICATION - Cracks on plateau
margins and lops of schollendomes.
SCHOLLENOOME

b () U.S. ARMY FOATrFICATONS - Loose blocks of

"'-, rock piled to torm low thick walls 01 various

shapes.

SYMBOLS
COLLAPSE BASIN
TRAILS Cluell;!.
(with bridge .... ,stairs . and num·
bered slops on Park Service trail) ,,,,=,-B'
.-I/I---tf--
ROAD

STRIKE AND DIP

COLLAPSE PIT
(within scho!1endome areas, shows slope of
land: short line indicates the direction of tilt)

5 --.... CONTOURS (meters)

·-0_._ •
Lake shore in 1873

SURFACE FEATURES
NATURAL DEFENSE TRENCH

, .' PLATEAU REMNANTS - FlaHopped remains

of a once continuous lava-flow surface, which
NATURAL
OfFENSE:
TREMCl-! PLATEAU
in other parts of the map have been lowered,
broken, and tilted into basins and schollen-
domes.
....."
------_. "
AREA OF LARGE SCHOllENDOMES - Tilted
and broken solidified crust of a former lava
flow. The draining of molten lava caused the
already solidified crust to collapse into a very
rough landscape of schollendomes. small
basins. collapse pits, deep cracks, and piles
of talus.

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992


Photo 1. View toward Tule Lake trom Captain Jack's Stronghold Green tarmland covers an
area occupied by Tule Lake in 1872. Photo by D.L. Wagner.
THE TERRAIN
Today the country in and adjacent to
Captain Jacks Stronghold consists of four
kinds of topographk: surfaces (Figure 2).
I. The TuJeIake P1ain-which in
1872-1873 lay beneath the waters of
TuJe L:1ke. Since 1906 most of this large,
shalloYJ lake has been reclaimed as farm-
land (Photo 1).
2. LowIands-underlain by lobes and
tongues of solidified lava. border the
shoreline to the east and VJeSt of the
Stronghold. The Io\.vIands are rough in
places, but the maximum relief is 6 feet
{2 mJ. At the shoreline, the lava tongues
grade into pilloYJ lavas (pillow-like ellip-
soids of basaltic lava. which formed where
the molten lava tongues \.Vere quenched
and granulated by entry into the waters of
former Tule L:1ke) interspersed with sandy
beaches of hyaloclastic (basaltic glass)
debris.
3. The Plateau-is the part of the
Stronghoki where the Modocs had their
living quarters (Photo 1). It is the north-
ernmost remnant of a lava flow plateau
that rises gradually from 33 feet (10m)
above the former shoreline at the Strong-
hold 10 1()()..130 feet (30-40 m) a few
miles farther south. It is dimpled with
small sag basins and vertical-walled coI-
". CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
lapse pits (Waters and others. 1990)
(Photo 2). The plateau edges near the
now front are MlurndoYm margins. ~
These formed when the crust rafted on
the now. cracked, and then slumped as
the lava drained from beneath.
4. Schollendomes--form the margin
on Ihree sides of the plateau remnant In
the Stronghoki area and border other
plateau remnants for many miles to the
east and southwest. A scholJendome is
a part of a lava now·s crust which de-
tached and formed an elongate dome
characterized by deep fissures and minor
cracks branching from a central cleft.
Tulelake Pram Contrasted
wilh the Tule lake of 1872
[n 1872 the area north of Captain
Jack's Stronghold looked very different
than it does now. Where today there are
grain fiekis Iac:ed with irrigation and
drainage ditches. In the 1BOOs the wa·
ters of Tule L:1ke lapped against a steep
slope of crazily tilled lava blocks that
formed a schollendome field. The
change from lake to farms was brought
about by diversion of Lost River 10 irri-
gate lands fantler west. Between 1906
and 1918. the lake shrank to less than a
quarter of its former area. The hyalo-
claslic silts and sands on the lakebed.
SEPTEMBERIOCTOBEA
fortified with organic mailer from the rule
swamps. became rich farmland. The origi-
nal shoreline in IB73. and the shape
of the present land surface immediately
adjacent to it. are shO\Vl1 in Ftgure 2 by
5-meter contours.
Only over a stretch of about 1/3 mile
(500 m) did the shoreline of Tule lake
come against the belt of large scholten-
domes that rim the plateau remnant of
the Stronghold. The lava lowlands rise
only 10 feel (3 m) above the level of the
former lake. There is a temporary Native
American village site on a rocky ledge just
above lake level on the eastern lowland,
0.6 mile (1 km) northeast of the center of
the Stronghold. There are grinding holes
in the volcanic rock as v..oell as bird bones
and freshwater clamshells. A 33-foot
(1 O-m) bluff drops from the Native Ameri-
can village site to the former lake floor.
now farmland. Here Tule L:1ke was deep.
but at other pans of the lake. especially at
the heads of bays, there \.Vere wide sandy
beaches. The beaches and bayhead bars
consisted of hyaloclaslic gravel. silt. and
sand. Windbb.vn sand and slit from these
beaches abraded and smoothed the rough
Java surface of the adjacent lowlands
Travel along or close to the shoreline was
relatively easy, but where the scholJen..
domed margin of the plateau reached the
lake, passage could be denied by a small
group of determined OUIJ'X)Sl snipers.
The Broken Surface 01
the Lava Plateau
The plateau. schollendomed margin.
and lowlands make up the lava plateau.
Each represenlS a phase of a major epi-
sode of volcanic activity, Tracing their
order of development makes it easter
to understand how the Modoc's natural
fortress was fonned.
The surface of the plateau at Captain
Jack's Stronghold is the top of an unusu-
ally thick lava flow. Numerous cracks
along the margin of the plateau penetrate
the surface 35 to 40 feet (10 to 12 m).
The flow is one of many that spread
north and east from vents in and near
Mammoth Crater, 9.4 miles (I5 km) to
the south. Much of the lava, hO\l.'eWr.
did not travel all this distance on the sur-
face. Instead. large volumes of it fIov..oed
most of Ihe way through lava tubes. Small
distributary tubes became active during
Ihe last stages of eruption.
1m
 A 3- 10 So-foot- (1- 10 IS'm-) thick
crusl fonned after the flow front stopped.
A resurgence of volcanism sent large
volumes of lava lhrough the long systems
of tubes. Lilva entered the still-mollen
interior of the flow and lifted the crust.
allowing lava to break through in many
places. During the waning stages of volca-
nism. large parts of the flow front arxl
parts of the crust of the llow broke up and
were rafted slowly on the currents. At the
base of lhe flow front. small lobes arxl
tongues of molten lava escaped and
fIoo.A.oed north.
Alter eruptive activity at the distant
vents had ceased. the lava drained from
the rubes and the unsupported parts of
the plateau sagged. forming collapse
basins. Large masses of the soJ)djfied llow
front. and fjnger·lIke tongues of the crust
extending hundreds of yards upstream
from the l10w front. also sagged and were
dragged forward as the lava leaked from
beneath them. (Nole in Figure 2 the many
small oval collapse basins. and the finger'
Uke basins with schollendomes which
indent the plateau.)
Wherever the edge of the plateau
turned dov.m to replace the escaping lava
beneath. deep tensional fissures formed in
Photo 2. View southward across the lalla plateau toward Mount Shasta. A conapse pit Is in the center of the photo.
Photo by D.L. Wagner.
CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY
the nap. Parts of these fissured margins
VJel'e ralted away, fanning scholJendomes.
Where shallow distributary lava tubes
drained. there are numerous vertical-
walled collapse pits and collapse trenches.
Nearly all edges of the plateau remnants
became Inlricate mazes of deep fissures
which are difficult to traverse.
Each of the faint lines in FIgure 2
represents a crack or fissure 100 wide to
jump over withoul extreme caulion. For
each of these there are many more cracks
too small to show. These fissures, espe-
cially the big ones at or near the lop of
the tul'TldovJn flaps. are the natural
trenches used by the Modocs. NOle that
they are nearly continuous along the edge
of the plaleau on three sides of the
Modoc encampment. These plateau-erlge
fissures. however. were only the last line
of defense. The Modoes also used clefts in
the schollendomes as senlry oUlposts.
The Schollendomed Margin
of the lava Plateau
The frontal part of the thick flo\.v that
formed the plateau was broken up and
transfonned into a broad area of
schollcndomes. Thus the schollendome
field at Captain Jack's Stronghokl grades
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992
upslope Into the tuI'lld<:M'Il edge of the
plateau remnants. Downslope the frontal
end of the schollendome fiek:l is engulfed
by the thin lobes and tongues of lava that
escaped 10 lhe surface through the rup-
tured !low front. In areas east and west of
the central part of the Stronghold. this
escaping lava contributed 10 lhe building
of the lowlands along lhe former shore of
Tule Lilke.
The basins between the largest
schoIlendomes, and also the turncloum
basins that proJect like fingers intO unbro-
ken parts of the plateau. are dutlered with
smaller schollendomes. which VJel'e too
small to be mapped. We have used the
word hummocky in places In FlQUre 2
to Indicate that such surfaces are qUIte
irregular. rough with various sized
schollendomes and riven with hundreds
of cracks and fissures (Photo 3)
Several high schollendomes oulsicle
the plateau remnants provide excellent
views of the shoreline and lowland areas.
The Modocs developed them into \Al'€11-
camouflaged sniper positions by piling
loose fretworks of rock in or around
parts of the central crack (Photo 4).
'"
 craters (broad. low-relief craters) to the east between the
Stronghold and Hospital Rock. Several miles to the east of
the Stronghold. lava erupted into the lake. building large volca-
noes at The Peninsula, Juniper Butte, and Prisoners Rock.

The lowland areas are easily crossed. Although the lava

surface is rough, with small schollendomes about 3 feet (1 m)
high. there are none of the large schoUendomes. deep fiSSUring.
or broken areas like those that make the adjacent schol1endome
field so difficult to cross. Moreover. waves and wind have scat-
tered hyaloclastic sands and silts over the surface of many low-
land areas. The soldiers on the lowland areas near Gillem's
Camp. or on the hyaloclastic flats near Hospital Rock, had flO
concept of the kind of terrain they would enco..Jnler in their
assaults on the Stronghold.

The Stronghold

Note the nature of the natural fortress which was to be the

home of the Modocs for 5 months. The northern tip of the
plateau surface overlooks a bay on the south shore of Tule
Lake. The part of the plateau closest to the lake is a rounded
table approximately 500 feet (150 m) in diameter. It is bor-
dered on three sides by a field of large schoJlendomes, but to
the south a neck about 160 feet (50 m) wide connects it with a
larger remnant of the plateau.

The plateau surface where the Modocs lived is dimpled by

Photo 3. In the foreground there is a fissure along the turndown
edge of the plateau. In the background is the rugged, hummocky
schollendome field that the Army had to cross to aUack the Strong-
hold. Photo by OL Wagner.
eight collapse pits. Each is a steep-sided hole 6 to 50 feel {2 to
15 m} in diameter and 10 to 26 feet (3 to 8 m) deep. Roors of
these pits are covered with large angular boukiers that have
tumbled from the roof and walls. Around these bould€rs. espe-
cially beneath the overhanging walls of the pits. there are small
chambers which would protect up to five people each. Three of

Lowlands Built of Pillow

Lavas and Hyaloclastic Debris

Outcrops along the fonner shoreline

of Tule Lake show that lava flowed into
the lake from the south. On contact with
water. molten lava forms pillow lavas and
hyaloclastic deposits. These materials
accumulated along the edges of the origi-
nal Tule Lake. pushing the shoreline
northward. For details of the mechanics of
pillow lava formation and various kinds of
hyaloclastic deposits consult Fuller (1931)
and Waters and Fisher (1971).

In a quarry developed for road-build-

ing materials. near the site of the fonner
Native American village. we can examine
typical examples of pillow lavas with
chilled glass rinds. pillow breccias. and
granulated slag-like bits of hyaloclastic
material. [n near~ areas. molten lava
also entered the lake through lava tubes.
Good examples of this are on Hovey
Point west of the Stronghold. There are Photo 4. High schollendome used as a sniper position at the edge ot the Stronghold.
several additional vent areas and maar Photo by DL Wagner.

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBERIOCTOBER 1992

'"
these collapse pits, Captain Jack's Cave.
Schonchin John's Cave. and Family Cave
are easily reached from the inner trail
constructed by the Park ServiCe (Photo 5).
Outside Captain Jack's Cave a small
mound of pahoehoe (smooth) lava served
as a rostrum from which the Modoc lead'
ers coukI address their people.

Loose rocks on the sulfate of the

plateau VJere piled Ioo.v. fonning a partial
breastworks around parts of the camp.
Army soldiers made these walls thicker
and higher after the Modocs withdrew
from the Stronghold, The main defense
positions used by the Modocs. hovJever.
are the deep natural cracks and crevasses
along the top of the turrxioom edges of
the plateau. and simllar fissures along the
lOPS of high schoUendomes (Photo 6).
The more strategic and important of these
Modoc defense trenches are labeled In
Figure 2. lhey fonn a sinuous line along
the entire northwest margin of the pia.
Photo 5. CaptalO Jack's Cava. Photo by D.L. Wagnor.
teau, then curve eastward into a natural
U-shaped ambush line, 1he floors of these
natural defense trenches were cleared so
the defenders could quickly pass along
them. From the central Stronghold, the
Modocs used shan radial routes to reach
Still another unusual topographic TVJO groups of Modocs. one led by
various pans of the trench system without
feature was vital in helping the Modocs Captain Jack. and the other led by
encountering difficult crevasses.
withstand the wlnler siege-the corral. Hooker Jim. headed for the Stronghokl
Just west of the Stronghokl encampment on the opposite (south) shore of Tule
Most of the scattered Modoc outposts, is a small and deep collapse basin. Lake. Jack's group, which inc1uded the
high isolated overlooks with unimpaired bounded by three large schollendomes. women and children from both villages.
views of the surrourxllng country. are in
and the steep and deeply fissured tum- paddled the 13 miles (21 km) across the
the central cracks of the highest schollen· down flap of the plateau. A smooth and lake from the mouth of Lost River. The
domes. No doubt additional Modoc out-
easily crossed slope leads off the plateau following day they IAlCre joined by Hooker
posts within the area of Figure 2 nave and northward through a gate across the Jlm's small group of warriors. who had
gone unrecognized during the mapping. ridden horses along the 35-mile (56-km)
end of the southern schollendome Into the
natural corral (Photo 7), Stray cattle on route around the east end of the lake,
These natural defense features of the the southern plains. and others captured They took revenge for lhe Modoc fatal-
Stronghold are not unique. Many other in Modoc raids, were driven nonh across ities of the early morning shootout by
plateau remnants have more-lonnidable the plateau remnanlS and into thIS natural killing all the IT\(!n at isolated ranches and
and deeply"crevas.sed tumdOVJl'l edges. corral. They VJeTe penned by piling a wall selilements along the north and east
The Stronghokfs Wliqoe value was Its of rocks and brush across the narrow gate shores of Tule L:!ke. In the wake of the
proximity to the shoreline of Tule Lake. (Figure 2). ll,us an adequate supply of revenging Modocs. the settlers' widO\AlS
thus assuring a constant supply of water. beef was available throughout the winter. and chiklren made the long walk across
VJOCUS rOOl. waterfowl. fish. and freshwa- Stukel Mountain to the securiry of other
ter clams. Also. lIS location denied com- THE MODOC WAR settlemenlS.
munication for an enemy using the easily
traversable route along the lakeshore. In late November of 1872 two groups Assault ot January 17. 1893
MoreoYer. the Modocs were \lIe1l aware of Modocs INCre encamped at their winter
of an easy escape route to the south over villages about 1/2 mile Oess than 1 km) The Army. stung by its failure to
the fiat surfaces of scattered remnants of apan on either side of Lost River a few ~roundup-the Modocs and shocked by
the lava plateau. The heavily fissured and miles upstream from where it entered the murder of the 14 settlers. was prepar-
scholleodomed terrain surrounding these Tule Lake. On November 29 there was ing a second attempt. AdcIitionaltroops
plateau remnants would be difficult and a shoocout when the Modocs VJere sur- were called from other Army posts. and
slow for a traveler unfamiliar with the prised by a patrol of sokliers sent to put groups of volunteers from Oregon and
terrain. them on the Klamath Indian Reservation. California (whose enlistment period was

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992

'"
 The morning of January 17 was ooId and there was a heavy
rog aromd the lake. Wheaton and Green's lroops. although on
the march at dawn. were slow in making their ~ dooMl GiHem
Bluff and organiztng a line of skirmishers as they advanced
ta..vard the Sironghok:l. No doubt Modoc scouts had been
aware of the troops' Il'lO'.IerTleOts since early dawn. but it was
after II a m. before Modoc: snipers opened fire. The most
detailed account of the number of men, their positions. and
their movements during the ~baltle" Is in Thompson (1971),
Alter IAlowlding some soldiers and kilting several others, the
Modocs relinquished some of their outposts. thus leading the
advancing troops eastward untit they were enmeshed in the
chaos of deep cracks and crevasses \/Jithin the schoIIendorned
area. Here the Modoc nre from their natural defense trenches
was deadly; Army casualties mounted, and yet not one Modoc
had been ""'" by the befuddled """",. The pion 01 """'....
up onto the plateau was abandoned Some parts of the hne
were already in retreat leaving the dead on the field. Captain
Green auempted 10 JOl.nd the Stronghold along the lakeshore
and make contact with Bernard's command on the east His
men suffered many casualties; mosl relreated or were killed. but
a few remained concealed behind bouIclers until darkness, and
then made their way over to Bemard's position. Captain Green
was among them.

Bernard's group had also been in trouble during the: day,

Casualties were inflicted by Modoc snipers. The terrain,
although not as dirftcult as that on the u.oest side, is extensively
schollendomed. and in places it contains treacherous crevasses,
After Bernard's men Ieamed thai the assault on the u.oest side
failed they began a retreat on the east s;de_

The day after the rout the Modocs searched the baltleflcid
Photo 6. Deep natural fissure that is pan of the maIn defense line and recovered moch valuable booty (RidcSe, 1974). They found
along the turndoWn edge of the plateau Defenders could move the ground covered with ammunition. rilles. and ocher kinds of
quickly WIthout being seen. Phoro by D L Wagner. guns where the Oregon volunteers had stampeded. In the area
where most of the Army casualtIes had occurred were nine
carbines and six belts filled \/Jith carbine cartridges. Considerable
field equipment. boots, and clothing VJere also recovered.
only 30 days) were hastily organized and haphazardly trained,
Also recruited were unorganized volunteers and labor support
The January 17 assault was a spectacular victory for the
from nearby towns and ranches. By early January, 400 ~nghting
Modocs. There were 37 casualties of the Army and Oregon
men-were ~raring to go. MUeutenant Colonel Frank Wheaton
and California volunteers. The Modoc:s had no casualties, In
set January 17 lor the anack on the Modoc:s' then-unnamed
Thompson's u.oords (197 I), MThree hundred men had been
encampmenl, It soon became kno.un as Captain Jack's Strong-
unable 10 make the slightest dent on the magnificenl union of
hold, Colonel Wheaton ordered a pmcet'S from u.oest and east. law and Ird>an _ .•
Three hundred men were to be commined 10 ban1e. I ()() held in
reserve, Captain Green's dismouJ\led cavalry, along \/Jith contin-
In many lM'\lIen accounts the hea\.y fog is blamed for the
gents of Oregon and California I.dunteers. was to attack from
Army's debacle. bul il can be argued thai the fog UIOIked 10 the
!he"oest and bear lhe brunt of the fighting, Captain Bemanfs
Anny's advantage. not the Modoc:s'. The M<xloc; early defense
smaller command was 10 advance from the east, primarily as a
was accomplished entirely by snipers in Modoc outposts. From
holding lorce to keep the Modocs from escaping along the
their secondary nalural defense trenches at the lOp of the pla.
lakeshore lovknds_ On January 16 the Iroops moved into posi-
teau. other Modoc defenders could not see through the fog and
tion on the bluff overlooking the southwest comer of Tule Lake
detennine which parts of the Army's line were hWlg up on
(near Gillem's Camp on modem maps). On the same day.
fissured ground, which parts v.rere advancing, and which were
Bernard's forces advanced wesl over the lowlands adjacent to
routed and in retreat.
the south shore of TuJe Lake. Because of a heavy fog lhey went
100 far and drew Mcxioc nre which wounded Ihree soldiers. Winter of 1873
Bernard's group then \/Jithdrew to an area near Hospital Rock
(about 2 miles (3 kml east of the Stronghold) and camped for Aher lIS humiliating defeat. the Anny made changes in
the nighL command and gradua1ly grew to a force of 675 soIdiets and

CAlIfORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER,OCTOSEA 1992

'"
70 Wann Springs Indian scouts. Across the country sympathy
for the Modocs was expressed. A Peace Commission was
fotmed but the meetings were fruitless.
On April 11 the Modocs killed military commander General
Canby and one other member of the Peace Commission. They
reasoned if the white leaders were killed the soldiers would leave,
This event spurred the Army into action.
Assaull of April 15
The planning, execution. and results of the April attack were
the same as the assault of January 17. except the scenario IWaS
played in slow motion. On the night of April 14 the soldiers
edged forward in the dark until they were roughly in the same
position as were the troops of January 17 when they came
under Modoc fire. But In this second assault. the troops on the
west side were moving into position when a soldier lost his fool-
ing among the jagged rocks, firing his rifle acddentally. The
Modocs were alerted, and their cries of warning were passed
along the perimeter of the Stronghold. The soldiers haslily built
rock lorts as shelters.
On Apri115. mortar and howit7.er sheUs were poured into
the Modoc encampment, and the troops began a cautious and
slow advance. The next day an attempt to push forward strongly
on the south flank of the west side failed. During the night
women. children. and most of the Modoc warriors withdrew
10 the south, undoubtedly following the VJell known route across
the plateau remnants along which the Modocs had driven cattle
mto the nall.oal corral. A few Modoc:: warriors remained to harass
and taunt the troops ~in very plain. if not the classical English
M
the line the Wann Springs Indians held. Historians, as well. have
appealed to the finger·like collapse draws south of the Strong-
hold, plus connivance with the Warm Springs scouts. Yet these
collapse draINS are so cluttered with schollendomes and riven
\With deep cracks and crevasses that It I.UOUkI be impossible to
get such a large group through. plus dogs and horses. in one
night. Even more fanciful are the written statements in some
serious reports that the Modocs ~s1ipped past the Wann Springs
scoots in a large lava trench" (no such "trench" or "guilyM is
there), or the less ambiguous (but no less impossible) statement
that they... ~disappeared into the Schonehin Flow·'
To a geologist equipped with aerial photographs of the
terrain, the escape route of the Modocs is obvious. They simply
walked south and then southeast at a brisk pace on the plateau
remnants (Figure 2). avoKling the collapse basins. turndown
flaps. and schollendomes (Photo 8).
Where had lhe Modocs gone? Would they relUm? Was
their disappearance only a ruse before a surprise aUack?
Colonel Gillem and his troops did not know. Hoo.r.'eveI". a few
Modocs remained. for an occasional crack of a sniper's rifle
was heard and Modocs were sometimes spotted walking on
the southern plateau remnants. After the occupation. a few
days were spent in building rock fons and rock walls for defense
in case the Modocs returned. Over 200 of these fortifications
have been located. some of which are shown by appropriate
symbols in rlgure 2 Another 30 or 40. including a long but
discontinuous rock wall. were built by Mason's troops before
the April assault.
During this activity the troops scleded an easy east-west

(Thompson. 1971), route across the plateau remnants south of the Modocs' former
living quarters. This route was fortified with ten larger and stron-
On the morning of April 17 the artillery stopped pouring ger ~hoIlow-square~ forts (Photo 9). The outer trail. constructed
shells into the Stronghold. and troops on both the east and by the Park Service. f~ this line of forts in its east-west
west sides began a cautious advance. No sounds came from course (FIgure 2).
the Modocs' position, no shots were fired as the soldiers
approached and entered the Stronghold.
It IWaS an empty sweep .MOver 650 Arnly
M

regulars had spent 3 days and 3 nights in

Mbattle" and had suffered 23 casualties
(six killed, 17 wounded). Their attempt
to Mround up" or else Mexterminate" the
Modocs was a failure. even though they
now occupied the Modocs' Stronghold.

The Modocs' Withdrawal Route

Much nonsense has been written in
Anny reports. as IJ,i('Jl as by historians and
other writers. about the route by which
150-170 people, mostly women and chil-
dren. \.VCre able to leave the Stronghold
undetected. It was inconceivable to the
Army command that the Modcx:s could
slip away so silently in the night without
the soldiers' knowledge. The Wann
Springs Indians, hired as mercenaries,
were suspected of being traitors, allowing Photo 7. The Stronghold's natural corral, used to hold cattle dunng the Modoc war. Photo by
the Modcx:s to "escape up a gully.· near D.L. Wagner.

CAliFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEM8ER'OCT06ER 1992 "3

 PhcKo 8. Wllhdrawal route south
at the SllCMlghoId. on !he Lava
plateau_ Photo by DL Wagner
EPILOGUE
Once the Modocs were dislodged
from the Stronghokl the: end INaS inevl·
lable. ~. on April 26 a group of
Modocs accomplished one last spectacular
victory when they ambushed an Anl'Y)'
patrol at Hardin Butte. south of the
Scronghokl. By _May !he Modocs
."'" quarrel;ng bonerly. Thoy >p!ln,..-.d
lnto groups thaI were holn:Ied by Anny
pal:rcMs aided by Warm Spmgs scouts.
Some Modocs who surrendered or were
captured assisred the Army In IrackIng
Captain Jack and other fuglwe Modocs.
Captain Jack surrendered on June I,
1873 and, along W'ilh three other Modoc
leaders, was hanged 4 months later. The
remaining 155 Modocs v..oere sent to a
reselVation in Oklahoma.
... CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY
REFERENCES
Fullef. R_E.. 1931, The aqueous chiMing of
basiIIl: lava on the CoIumtlIa RlY8f Pla-
teau AmencanJoumaI oI5aence, II. 21.
P 281-300
Murray. K.A 1958, The Modocs and thelrwar
UIWtlfSItY ot QkIahoma Press. Norman.
Oklahoma, :u6 P
J.e. 1974. The IndLan hlslO1)' 01 the
Riddle,
Modoc War Uoon Press, Eugene.
Oregon, 295 p
Thompson, E,N, 1971, The Modoc War~
Argus Books, Saaamento. CaMorma,
188 p. plus IlluStratiOns and maps.
SEPTEMQERJOCTOBEA 1992
WaletS. A.C.. and FISher. R.V., 1971.
Base surges and their deposits cape..
Wlos and Taal volcanoes Joumal of
Geophysical Research. II 76. p. 5596·
561'
W31etS. A.C.• Dotw'IeIIy-Noian. J M~ and
Rogers. B.W, 1990, 5elecIed caves and
lava-tube systems Il"I and near Lava
Beds NatJOnal Monument GalIfOfTlla
US Ge0l0gIcaI Society BuIlelln 1673.
102 p., 6 plates.
Aaron C Waters (J905·19911
was a pwfe!OSOf at several universi·
ties, Includlng Stanford, Johns
HopkIns. University of CalIforrua at
Santa Barbara. and the UnJYerSity 01
CabfOl'TUll al Santa CNZ, v.ohere he
cof<Ulded the Earth Sciences Dep.vt.
menl He. focused his research on the
"*"""
Unste:f
mOO 01 !he """"""""
clUIhored
Stales and daWc
sndies on the Cobnbia RNer Basalt.
o..-..do> Range "*'anoes. and !he
B..Rl and Range prowlCe. 10 1982.
he wa!l awarded the Penrose Medal
01 !he ~ 5000ly 01 Amm<a
11 teIXllJ'"IIUOr' ol his disIinguashed
career in geok:q,I
Photo 9 Fondicauon constructed by the
Army alter the Modocs abandoned the
Strongnold Photo by Elise Mamson. ".
 Medicine Lake Volcano and Lava Beds
National Monument
Siskiyou and Modoc Counties
JULIE M. DONNELLY-NOLAN. Geologist

Photo 1. View trom MI. Hottman south across Uttle Glass Mountain toward Mount Shasta. Photo by D.L. Wagner.

Originally published In rhe
1987 Geological Society of America
Centennial FIeld Guide. Cordilleran
Section, this field guide has been
updated jar CALIFORNIA GEOL-
<XiV. The trip can be completed In
one day or extended fo fnlJe$tlgole
oIlier features such as those sug-
gested at the end 01 this guide. One
of these side trips Is described In
this Jssue: MCaptain Jack's Str0ng-
hold (The Geologic Events that Cre-
ated a Nanni Fortress)~....editor.
LOCATION
900 square miles (2.500 kml); volume is
estimated to be 180 cubic miles (750 km~
(Dzurisin and others, 199 Il. Lava Beds
National Monument is on the northern
flank of the volcano. llle monument
encompasses mostly basaltic and some
andesitic lavas. Higher on the \/Ok::ano,
basaltic lavas are mostly absent. Ande-
site dominates, but high-silica lavas
are present including the spectacular
late Holocene rhyolites and dacites of
Oass Mountain. Utile Glass Mountain
(Photo I), and the Medicine daciTe flow
(Anderson. 1941). A wide variety of
volcanic and Tectonic phenomena can
be seen at Medicine Lake volcano. Many
features are young and wen exposed.
4.5· by 7.5-mile (7- by 12-kml caldera;
the highest point on the caldera rim is
7,913 feet (2,398 m) and the plaleau
surrounding the volcano is about 4.000
feet (1.200 m) in elevation. lhe volcano
is traversed by numerous roads, and
access is good although most roads are
unpaved. Four·whe€l-drive vehicles are
unnecessary for this trip and lor access
to most of the volcano. but high clear-
ance is recommended. It is wise to call
ahead for road and weather conditions.
Cau the Doublehead Ranger District
Tulelake, California (Modoc National
Forest) for information about the eastern
half of the volcano including the caldera
and the campgrounds at Medicine Lake.

M edicine Lake volcano is in the

Modoc Plateau physiographk prov-
ince in non.heaslem California. about
30 miles (SO km) northeast of MI. Shasta.
his a Pleistocene and Holocene shield
volcano whose products cover about
making it an ideal place for a field trip
To see the range of volcanic adivity from
basaltic to rhyolitic (see map).
Medicine Lake sits at an elevation
of 6,676 feet (2.005 m) within a
Call the Shasta-Trinity National Forest
headquarters in Redding. California for
the southwestern pan of the volcano,
and the Klamath National Forest head·
quarters In Yreka. California for the
northwestern part.

CALIFORNIA GEOLOOY SEPTEMBERXJCT08ER 1992 "5

 '11:"",.,n F.... OR II:la"a,n Falla. OR
~ ,,..,
u.s. For••,
Sa,vll;. oUIe. ,, ,I iHWY 1311

I
I
I ,,,
I '0
h'. J I

,,
r - - - oJ LAVA BEDS

NATIONAL MONUMENT
,
, .J

,i
I ,
I
,I,
i
I
!

location map for field triP to

HWy 1311 Medicine Lake Volcano and Lava
Beds NalionaJ Monument. Inset
shows maior highways In the
area. Trip goes trom south 10
north.
+ .1°
121 0 .5' 4
'0C0'

MEDICINE LAKE VOLCANO

Hwy t1 3.. --,,,,,n,,.)
~ -'·;~~~'~~~~U-'i-"'4ic:Ina......a
"...( ]
\_"

" lilt" GI. .a _ ....

••
'"",-

,,,-

Campgrounds are available at Lava Beds Natk>naJ Monu-
ment. Be advised that campgrounds can fill up on holiday week-
ends. Depending on the weather and the depth of winter snow-
fall. it may not be possible to drive across the caldera in early
summer. It is recommended this field trip guide be loU~
between the Fourth 01 July and early October. Roads may be
open and dear in June and into early November. but be sure
to contact the local Forest Service or Park Service office 10 find
out. Lava Beds National Monument is open all year.
11le VJeather is Wlpredictable from day to day al high eleva-
tions. Temperatures commonly drop to freezing even during
summer nights at Medicine Lake. A typical summer day will
reach 90°F (32°0 allower elevations and 70-SOoF (21-2ro
on the upper pan of the volcano. with occasional isolated thun-
derstorms in the afternoon. Food and gas are not available
along this route; water is available only at Medicine Lake and
at the Visitor Center and campground in Lava Beds National
MonurnerJl.
Wear glc:Jol.es and eye protection when examining and climb--
ing on young. glassy, high-Silica fiolNS. You will need lights (and
something warm to v..rear) for Stop 8 and any other caves you
visit: flashlights may be borrowed from the Visitor Center in
Ulva Beds National Monument after entrance fees are paid.
Remember not to collect samples in the monUlTl0'lt. Watch out
for raulesnakes at lower elevations. panicularly In the monu·
ment. Be aware that each year new roads open and old ones

CALIFORN!A GEOlOGY SEPTEMBER.OCTOOEA 1992

'"
close. Obtain Forest Service maps for the area (a new series of
7.5-minute topographic maps is also available).
I have INTitten this as a one-day trip. It is designed 10 show a
variety of rock types and morphologic features. If each stop takes
half an hour. the whole trip should take about 10 hou~. Many
other stops are IX>SSible. and I have listed a few below if you wish
to make it a muillple-day trip. A few other stops are described in
Dor.neUy-Noian and others (1981). The classic geologic reference
is Anderson (1941). which contains a useful. although generalized
map. Some petrologic references include Condie and Hayslip
(1975). Mertzman (1977a, 1977b). Grove and Baker (1984),
and Grove and others 11988).
The turnoff to Medicine Lake is on Highway 89 about
16.5 miles (26.5 km) east of McCloud and about 20 miles
(32 km) easl of Interstate 5. Driving east, the turnoff is just past
the Bartle store; there is a small sign on your left. Tum north
onto a good paved road that goes through the site labeled Bartle
on the map. Continue north about 4 miles (6.5 km) to a junction
with another paved road (Forest Road 49) on the right; a sign
points toward Medicine Lake. Tum right. Trip mileage begins at
this intersection. (Note thaI the Ieft·hand road, Forest Road 15.
continues north as a good paved road past UnJe Glass Mountain
and across the northwest flank of Medicine Lake volcano. then
tums west and connects wilh Highway 97 al Macdoe1.)

ROADlOG

mile km
Odometer readings are in miles (kilome-
ters are in parentheses).
0.0 Junction of paved roads 4 miles (6.5 km)
north of Highway 89 and Bartle. Turn
nght and head northeast across Plio-
cene high-alumina basalt known as the
Warner Basalt (Anderson, 1941). Note
the thick red soil. It is beller developed
than any soil you Will see on the younger
lavas of Medicine lake volcano. After
about 9 miles (14.5 km).the road drops
over an east-lacing fault scarp onto
young Medicine lake basaltic lavas. The
road crosses a lava tube that begins at
Giant Crater and can be traced lor at
least 14 miles (23 km), makmg it one of
the longest known lava tubes (Photo 2)
(Greeley and Baer. 1971). Con\lnue
driving north.
mile km
pahoehoe toes. Climb this large spallar
cone and look al the welded spatter.
This stop gives you an opportunity to
see one 01 the several types of vents
for the many basaltic flows of Medicine
lake volcano (Photo 3). Other vent
types include much smaller spatter
cones aligned to form spatter ramparts,
cinder cones, and pit craters (Stop 7).
With the exception 01 the lake Basalt
(Anderson. 1941) in the caldera. which
has an unusuallexture and may repre-

17.6 (28.2) There is a sign and parking area on the

lett for Jot Dean ice cave. As you con-
tinue across this Holocene basalt that
erupted Irom Double Hole Crater, note
the dellation that took place after the
lava formed a ~high·water mark.~
crusted over. and then let the crust
down as itllowed away via one or
more tubes.

18.4 (29.4) Turn left onto the good gravel road.

The road sign points to Grasshopper
Flat. Follow the road wesl for 0.5 miles
(0.8 km) to the large spaller cone (vol-
canic material explosively ejected from
and bUilt up around a vent) on your lefl.
Stop and park off the road.

18.9 (30.2) Stop 1. Doubte Hole Crater, Walk

Photo 2. A ca ...er rappets 60 leet (18 m) frllo the Mossy Carpet
south across the thin pahoehoe entrance to Catwalk Cave. a part 01 the Gaping Holes la...a tube
(smooth) high-alumina basalt to the system which is contained in the basall erupted Irom Giant Crater.
crater. Note the small surface tubes and Photo by Broce W. Rogers.

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEM8ERJQCTOBER t992

'"

Photo 3. A 30·1001- (9-m-) h'9h Spaller cone Similar 10 lhose lound
near SlOP 1. Pharo by 8flJce W. Rogers.
mite km
sent some form of cumulate. you will
not cross basalt again until you reach
the north flank of the volcano. The
basalt al Double Hole Crater is part
01 the Giant Crater lava field of early
Holocene basalt and basaltic andesite
that erupted Irom several nearby vents
including Giant and Chimney craters
(Donnelly-Nolan and olhers. 1991).
The initial eruptions were contaminated
with crustal material (Baker and others.
1991). followed by more than 1 cubic
mile (4 km') of high-alumina basallthal
flowed south 27 miles (43 km) via lava
tubes. Return to the paved road.
19.4 (31.0) Tum left and continue north on paved
FOrest Road 49 toward Medicine Lake.
25.6 (41.0) Junction with a good paved road on
your right. Continue straight ahead to
the north. but note that the road to the
right (Forest Road 97) goes down the
east side of the volcano and joins High-
way 139.
27.2 (43.5) Turn left onto the paved road. A sign
points to Medicine Lake.
Turn right. Drive around the north side
of the lake, past the campgrounds.
Pavement ends at the west entrance to
Medicine Campground. Continue west.
'" CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
mile km
29.2 (46.7) Forest Service ranger station. Continue
straight ahead. Travel on this road is
rough and slow.
Base of Little Mount Hollman cinder
cone. The road forks. Go straighl
ahead. put your vehicle in low gear.
and dnve to the top of the cinder cone.
If it is early in the summer and there are
snowdrifts around the base of the cone.
there may be snowdrifts across the road
to the top. Ralher than backing down
this rather steep and exposed road. you
may want to walk to the top. The view
from the top is worth it.
Stop 2. Little Mount Hoffman Look·
oul. The view from the top 01 this cinder
cone is spectacular. Below you Is the
late Holocene rhyolite of lillie Glass
Mountain. Behind the glass flow. Ml.
Shasta dominates the western skyline.
To Ihe south. on a clear day you can
see Lassen Peak: to the north are MI.
McLoughlin and. still farther away, Mt.
Scott on the eastern rim of Crater Lake
caldera. To the east you can see the
dome of Glass Mountain on the eastern
rim 01 Medicine Lake caldera. Drive
back down to the base of Little Mounl
Hoffman.
32.7 (52.3) AI the road junction go straight ahead
(east). back toward Medicine Lake.
32.9 (52.6) Turn left. Follow the narrow dirt road
about 0.3 miles (0.5 km) to the first wide
spot on the left where several cars can
be parked.
Stop 3. Cracks. Cross the road and
walk about N30cE inlo a logged area.
You will see large cracks in the ground.
Continue walking northeast about
100 yards (100 m) to the largest crael<.
about 30 feet (10m) deep and 30 feet
(10 m) wide. This set of cracks devel-
oped over a rhyolite dike (Fink and Pol-
lard. 1983) during emplacement of Little
Glass Mountain and several domes of
identical composition larther to the
northeast. Note that the ragged edges
of the cracks could be fit back together
in an east-west sense. The walls of the
cracks expose the interior of a fountain-
led andesite flow. You can easily see
the agglutinated (welded by volcanic
glass) texture and angular lithic (rock)
fragmenls typical of this type of flow.
The andesite erupted from the glaciated
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992
 mile km
cinder cone just south of the parking
spot. Retrace the route 0.3 miles
(0.5 km) to the road junction.
33.5 (53.6) Turn left and retrace the route to Medi-
cine lake. I recommend stopping for
lunch at one 01 the campgrounds or at
the picnic area at the east end of the
lake.
37.3 (59.7) Turn left onto the paved road, away
from Medicine lake.
Turn left onto the main paved road.
ForeSI Road 49. Continue north across
the caldera floor and around the east
and north sides 01 the late Holocene
Medicine dacite flow. Drive west up the
northern wall of the caldera. Stop at the
wide spot in the road just before the
road turns north and crosses the
caldera rim.
40.6 (65.0) Stop 4. North rim of caldera. Below
you to the south is the Medicine dacite
flow and beyond that, Medicine Lake.
The muted topography of the caldera
is partially a result of glaciation that has
stripped the tops 01 lava Ilows and
rounded off cinder cones. Medicine
Lake appears to sit in a bed of glacial
clay that prevents the water from drain·
ing into the permeable volcanic rocks.
The caldera does not seem to be prim-
arily the result 01 ash-Ilow eruptions
although a small andesitic ash flow
did erupt from the caldera in tate Pleis-
tocene time (see Stop 9). The best
explanatIon seems 10 be Anderson's
(1941) suggestion thai the caldera
resulted Irom voluminous eruption of
andesite lavas around the rim 01 the
caldera. This roadcut exposes one of
these andesites; another was exposed
in the cracks at Stop 3. Follow the road
over the north rim.
mile kin
the big rhyolite flow you can see spark-
ling ahead 01 you. The roads in the
mining area are continually changing.
Currently. as you continue south you
come 10 a major haul road-watch for
large trucks. Turn left onto this road,
then turn right very soon onto a narrow
dirt track that goes around the front of
the big rhyolite lobe you can see above
you. Park at the edge of the !Jow where
a big pile of obsidian blocks prevents
access to a bulldozer road that climbs
the 1I0w.
53.4 (85.4) Stop 5. Glass Mountain (Photo 4).
Beware-the glass is very sharp. Walk
up the bulldozer cut and examine the
rhyolite. Pieces vary from black aphyric
obsidian to pumiceous, lighter-colored
samples, and samples with interesting
textures that show evidence of break-
age, oxidation, and flowage while stilt
hot. On your lett. under the rhyolite
lobe, is the dacite that is the lirst part of
the Glass Mountain flow (Anderson,
1933; Eichelberger, 1975). Go oul onto
the dacite and see the abundant basal·
tic andesite inclusions. Two mixing
events are suggested: first. a basaltic

40.9 (65.4) Pavement ends at this intersection.

Continue straight ahead. Road is rough
and slow.

Intersection of major din roads. Turn

right on Cougar BUlle Road. Continue
east on main gravel road to the first
major road on the right.

Turn right and proceed south. The good

dirt road becomes a narrow track In Photo 4. Aerial photo 01 Glass Mountain. looking to the wes!. Note
pumice. When you arrive at the pumice Medicme Lake al upper right center and Mount Shasta to top left of
mining area, drive loward the Iront of cenler. Photo by Bruce W. Rogers.

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMeERIOCTOBER 1992

'"
 mile km
component is mixed Into rhyotite
magma and homogenization to dacite
takes place: second. basaltic andesite
magma is injected into the dacite, form-
ing blobs Ihat chill against the host
silicic magma and perhaps cause the
eruption. For further discussion 01 this
stop. see Donnelly·Nolan and others
(1981) and Eichelberger (1981).
Glass Mountain lava erupted from a
N300 W-trending dike along which are
13 vents. According to Eichelberger
(1975), three of the vents contributed
10 the Glass Mountain flow. The other
10 vents produced small domes and
flows. nine of which are north, and one
south. of the main flow. Based on car-
bon-14 dating, the Glass Mountain
eruption occurred about 850 years ago
(Donnelly·Nolan and others, 1990).
There are large trees growing in pumi-
ceous zones on the Ilow, Indicating that
200 years is too young. Heiken (1978)
discusses both Glass MountaIn and
little Glass Mountain tephra deposits.
concluding that the former feature IS
younger. Return to your vehicle and
retrace your route north through the
pumice mining area and onto the main
road. Continue north to Cougar Bulle
Road.
mile km
Ing on this old raitroad grade lor about
3 miles (5 km). You will drive directly into
a late Holocene basaltic andesite flow
shown on Anderson'S 1941 map as the
Callahan flow. The road cuts through
the base of the flow's vent. Cinder Bone,
whICh was quarried for roadbed material
for Ihe railroad grade. Slow down and
look for the first parking area on your
lett that can hold several vehicles.
64.3 (102.9) Stop 6. Callahan Flow. Rather than
being on the surface. the road cuts
into the ftow giving you a three·dimen-
sional view of the sometimes blocky.
sometimes smooth-surfaced flow mor·
phology (Photo S). Here you can look
into the center 01 a smalillow lobe.
Because this part of the flow appears
10 have cooled in place, paleomagne-
lists chose this localion for sampling.
Note the l-inch- (2.S-cm.) diameter core
holes. The flow has a carbon-14 age of
1,110 ± 60 years (Donnelly·Nolan and
Champion, 1987).
There is a very nice view 10 the north and
norlheast across the sparsely vegetated
!low. To the norlh are several normal
laullS (east side down) trending north
toward Klamath Falls. To the northeast
you can see some of the cinder cones

55.4 (88.6) Turn left onto Cougar

Bulle Road.

55.7 (89.1) Turn right onto the

first good road on
your right. ThiS road
goes generally north-
west down the north
flank of the volcano.
Continue on it unlil
you intersect a paved
road.

61.2 (97.9) Drive directly across

the paved road (For-
est Road 49) onto a
narrow dirt road. If
you lurn left at this
intersection you will
return directly to Stop
4 and to Medicine
Lake. (If you turn
right, you will go
direclly to Stop 7 and
Lava Beds National
Monumenl.) Drive Photo 5. Road culm the Callahan Flow at Stop 6. Cll'lder BUM, the source ollhe !low. is
straight ahead. stay- In Ihe background. PholO by D L. Wagner.

,so CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992

 mile km
and flows of lava Beds National
Monument; you are just outside the
southwest corner of the monument.
Turn around and return to the paved
road.
67.4 (107.8) Turn left onto paved Forest Road 49.
Drive north just past the pavement's
end at the southern boundary 01 lava
Beds National Monument. On your
left IS the parking area lor Mammoth
Crater.
69.0 (110.4) Stop 7. Mammoth Crater. Follow the
short paved path west to a view of
Mammoth Crater. This crater vented
a large volume 01 basalt and basaJlic
andesite. It is one of several vents in-
cluding Modoc Crater and Bearpaw
Butte thaI produced the late Pleistocene
unit referred to by Donnelly-Nolan and
Champion (1987) as the basalt of Mam-
moth Crater. This unit covers aboutlwo-
thirds of the monument and extends
beyond monument boundaries to the
east and west; its volume is estimated
to be more than 1 cubic mile (4 km J ).
This unit is analogous to basalt erupted
at Giani Crater and related vents on the
south side at the volcano (see Stop 1).
The earliest eruptions appear to have
produced basaltic andesite lavas that
built up around the vents: later. more-
fluid basalt IIowed via lava tubes as far
as 15 miles (25 km). You wilt see one or
these tubes at Stop 8. Continue driVIng
nonh on the dirt road to a paved road
shown on the 1986 Modoc National
Forest map as
Road 10.
71.6 (114.6) Turn left on this
paved road (the
main road through
lava Beds Nation-
al Monument).
Proceed north to
the lirst paved
road on the right.
A sign points to
Skull Cave.
72.0 (115.2) Turn right and
drive east to Skull
Cave.
73.1 (117.0) Stop 8. Skull Photo 6. East-side·down normal faults al HOWitzer Pomt along Gillem BluH. The drained
lakebed ot lule Lake, lower nght, has been tarmed since the early pall 01 this century.
Cave. You will The white and gray area atlhe bottom 01 the scarp at the elClreme nghl 01 the photo-
need flashlights graph IS the western margin althe remaining arched root 01 Skull Cave. Phoro by
and/or lanterns to Bruce W. Rogers.
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
mile km
explore the cave. Flashlights may
be borrowed at the Visitor Center.
1.5 miles (2.4 km) south on the main
monumenl road. Even if you don't
have tights and can't explore the cave.
the entrance in itself is an impressive
experience. Skull Cave is part of a
large tube that transported lava to the
northeastern corner of lava Beds
National Monument. Going into the
cave. take the stalrs 10 ICe at the bot-
tom, two levels below. At least three
lava tubes are stacked one on top of
the other at this location. This is one
place where the law 01 Superposition
fails because tubes are often used
more than once and the inner lava is
youngest. Thus, younger lava can be
under older lava. Return to the main
monument road.
74.2 (118.7) Turn right and drive nonh about 4 miles
(6.S km) where you will go northwest
across a Holocene aa (rough) basalt
flow relerred 10 as the basalt 01 Devils
Homestead. Ahead 01 you is the fault
scarp called Gillem Bluff (Photo 6). The
road turns north roUowing Ihe faull.
look for a road on your left with a stQn
stallng Ihe road is not maintained lor
public use.
78.a {126.1} Turn left. The road soon becomes dirt.
Follow il west. Ihen north to the lirst
right-hand turn.
79.2 (126.7) Turn right and drive about 0.2 mIle
(0.3 km) north, keeping left at the next
SEPTEMBEAK)CTOBER 1992
'5'
 mile km mile km
Intersection and parking next to the tuff but interpreted its typical exposure
sharrow gurry on your left. in the bonoms at gullies to indicate
that it was one of the volcano's oldest
79.4 (127.0) Stop 9. Andesitlc Ash-Flow Tuff. Walk units. Recent mapping (Donnelly-
Into the gully. Brownish-red andesitic Nolan, unpublished) shows that the
ash-flow tuff forms low outcrops on both tufl is younger than about 90 percent
sides. The estimated thickness of the (by volume) of Medicine lake volcano.
tuff here. prior to some quarrying, was Retrace your route to the main paved
5 or 6 feet (fewer Ihan 2 m). This smarr road through lava Beds National
patch of partialty welded andesitic tull is Monument.
one of many on the north and west
sides of Medicine lake volcano. It is 80.0 (128.0) Turn left. Drive along Gillem Bluff and
also present in a few small patches on turn right into parking area.
the east side. The spatial distribution of
the tull indicates that it erupted at or
near the center of the volcano. The larg- 80.8 1129.3) Stop 10. Devll's Homestead Over-
est pumice and lithic fragments are in look. Directly below you is the basalt
the single outcrop in the caldera, sug· or Devil's Homestead, erupted from
gesting a source in the caldera. spaner vents at Fleener Chimneys
farther south along the Gillem Bluff
The absence of this unit on the caldera fault scarp. To the south Is a pan-
rim, together with indications of hydro- orama 01 lava Beds National Monu-
thermal alteration at the caldera out- ment and the shield shape of Medicine
crop, suggests that the ash erupted lake volcano, with the north Ilank
through an ice cap on the volcano and dOlled with cinder cones. To the north,
was deposited in the caldera on the only the fault scarp of Gillem Bluff contin-
exposed ground surface. where a fuma- ues directly north forming the wesTern
role had melted the ice. Coarse gravels margin of Tule lake basin.
and dry channels cutin the tuff on the
northwest flank of the volcano indicate This trip can easily be expanded TO 2 or more days. In lilva
that meltwater from the interaction of Beds National Monument alone, many more stops can be
the ash flow and the ice formed a cata- made. I suggest Captain Jack's Stronghold for an interesting
strophic flood (Donnelly-Nolan and example of geohistory (Waters, 1981 lsee Waters. this issueD,
Nolan, 1986). The tuff has not been Fleener Chimneys, Black Craters. a climb to the top 01
dated directly, but the probable pres- Schonchin Butte, and Valentine Cave (Photo 7 and cover
ence of an ice cap, and evidence from photo) for a nice. clean cave with loIS of interesting fIov,r fea-
younger lava flows (some 01 which have tures. At the monument Visitor Center you'lllirxl publications
been glaciated),
points to a late
Pleistocene age,
predating the lat-
est glaciation.
Sarna-Wojcicki
and others (t 991)
estimate an age
for the andesite
tuff 01 about
160,000 years
based on correla-
tion with a tephra
layer in Tule lake
sediments. Strati-
graphically, the
tuff is 01 major
importance as the
volcano's only
marker bed.
Anderson (1941)
recognized the Photo 7. Two VISitorS explore Valentine Ca....e, a well-preserved ca....e deservedly popular
andesitic ash-flow WIth La.... a Beds NaTional Monument VISitOrs. Photo by Bruce W. Rogers.

'52 CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBERJOCTOBER 1992

for sale. interesting displays. and directions to the nearly 300
caves in the monument. In the middle of the Visitor Center park-
ing lot is the entrance to Mushpot Cave where topical films are
shown. including one that describes Java tube formation.
Medicine dacite flow and UttJe Gass Mountain contain inter-
esting suites of inclusions ranging from gabbro to basalt. andesite,
and granite (Mertzman. 1981: Grove and Donnelly-Nolan. 1986).
Uttle Glass Mountain also displays some very interesting flow
features that have been described by Rnk (981): directions are
in Donnelly-NoJan and others (1981). A drive dovJn the east side
of the volcano (see directions to the paved road between Stops 1
and 2 of this roadlog) offers a scenic overlook where you can
view the Bumt Lava flow and High Hole Crater (southern ana-
logs of the Callahan flow and Cinder Butte) to Uissen Peak in
the distance. Farther east are roads that take you to the south
side of the G1ass Mountain now. After descending the volcano.
REFERENCES
Anderson. C,A.. t933. VolcanIC history 01 Glass Mountain. nor1hern Ca~­
torma. AmerICan Journat 01 ScIence. v 26. p 485·506.
Anderson. C A.. 1941. Votcanoes ot the MedICine Lake Highland, Califor-
nia: UnlllilfSity ot California Publications, Bullehn ot the Department 01
GeologICal Sciences. v. 25. no. 7. p. 347-422.
Baker, M.B.. G,ove. T.L. Kinzler. A.J.. Donnelly·NoIan, J.M.. and
Wand less. GA. 1991. Ongm of composlllonal zonatIOn (hlgh·alumlna
basalt to basaltIC and8Sltej m lhe GIant Crater lava lield, Medicine Lake
volcano. northern California Journal 01 GeophysICal Aesearch. v 96,
P 21.819·21.842.
Condie. K.C .. and Hayshp. D.L.. 1975. Young blmodal volcafllsm at Medi·
CIne Lake volcanic center. northern Calilornta' GeochJmica er
CosmochrmJCil Ada, v. 39. p. tl65-1178
OOnneDy·Nolan. J M" and Champion. D.E.. 1987. GeologIC map ot Lava
Beds NatlOflaf Monument: U.S. GeologICal Survey Map 1-t804, scale
1 :24.000
Donnelly·Nolan. J.M.. Champion. D.E.• Grove, T.L. Baker. M B" Taggart.
J.E.. Jr•. and Bruggman. P.E., 1991. The Giant Crater lava held geoI.
ogy and geochemistry 01 a compositIOnally zoned. high·alumlna basalt
to basaltic andesIte eruption at Mediclne Lake volcano, Cahlornoa
Journal ot GeophysICal Research. v. 96, p. 21,843-21.863
Donnelly·Nolan. J.M., Champion. D.E.. Miller. C.D. Grove. T L.. and
TfllTlbte, D.A.• 1990, Post· t 1.ooo·year volcanism at MedlC"le Lake
volcano. Cascade Aange. northern Cahlorflla Journal 01 GeophySICal
Research. v 95. p 19,693-t9.704.
Donnelly-Nolan, J M.. ClarlCanelll, E.V.. E,chelbelger, J.G.. Fink. J.H.. and
Heiken. Grant. 1981, AOadlog for tield trip to Med'lCme LalIe H'l\tIland.
in Johnston. D.A.. and Donoetly·Nolan. J M.• editors. Guides to some
volcafllc terranes in Washington. Idaho. Oregon. and northern Califor·
n.a. U.S GeologICal Survey CIrcular 838, p t 41-149.
Donnelly·Notan. J.M.. and Nolan. K.M" t986, Catastrophic Ilooding and
arupllon of ash·flow tull at MQdc.ne Lake volcano. Callforflla. Geology.
v. 14. p. 875-878.
Dzuflsln. Danl6l. Donnelly-Nolan. J.M" Evans. J.A.. and Walter. SA..
1991. CflJstaJ subsidence, seismiCity, afld stflJCluTe near Medc.ne
Lake volcano. California' Journal 01 Geophysical Research. v. 96.
p.'6.3t9·'6.333.
EIChelberger. J.C.. 1975. Ongin ot andesite and dacite Evidence 01 milling
at Glass Mountain In Calilornia and at other clrcum-Pacilic volcanoes
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v 86, p. 138 t·139t
Eichelberger, J.C.. 1981. MechanlSlTl 01 magma mlxmg at Glass Mountain.
MediCIne Lake Highland Volcano. Callfamla, in JOhnston. OA, and
Donnelly·Nolan. J.M.. editors. Guides to some volcanIC ter,anes in
Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and northern Calitornla US Geological
Survey Circular 838. p. 183·189.
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
you can stop at the railroad tracks to view the Wamer Basalt.
Park at the railroad crossing and walk a short distance north along
the tracks to the first good exposure. East of the railroad tracks
and \NeSt of Highway 139 is a tumoff to paved Forest Road 10
that enters Lava Beds National Monument from the southeast.
Julie M DonoolIy-Nolan ~. gooIogbt In the _ of
Igneous and GeothennaI Processes atlhe U.s. GedogicaI
Survey In MmIo~. California. She has worked at Medi-
cine L..ake ~ since 1979, doing deIalIed geoIogk: l'TIap-
ping and geochemical studies. Her pnMous field Mea was
the Geysers<:lear L.ake area of northern CalIfornia. where
she woriled on the geothennaI system and the volcanic
rocks While obtaining her PhD. allhe Unlversity of Call·
fornla. Berkeley, she worked at the DIvisIon of Mines and
Goology.
Fmk. J.H.• 1981. Surlace structure 01 little Glass Mounfaln, in John$lon.
O.A.. and Donnelly·Nolan. J.M • editors. Guides to some volcanIC
lerlanes in Washington, Idaho. Oregon, and northern Calitornia: U.S.
GeologICal Survey Circular 838, p. 171-176.
Fmk, J H.. and Polla/d, D.O.• 1983. StrUClural8Vldence for dikes benaath
silicJc domes. MediCIoe Lake Highland votcal'lO, Ca~fomla: Geology.
v 1I.p.458·t61
Greeley, Ronald. and Baer. Roge'. 1971, Hamoone, CalifQm18 and Its
magflilicentiava tubes-plellminary report: GeologICal Society 01
America AbstraCls With Ptograms. v 3. no. 2. p. 128.
Grove, T.L. and Baker. M.B.. 1984, Phase equilibrium controls on !he
tholelillC versus calc·alkaline ditlerenllallon trends: Journal of Goo-
phy5lCal Research. v. 89. p. 3253-3274.
Grove. T L. and Donnelly·Nolan. J. t986. The evolution ot young silicIC
lavas at MedICIne LalIe volcano. California: Implications for the origin
of corrtpOSltlOfllJl gaps in calc·alkaline series lavas: Contributions to
Mmeralogy and Petrology. v. 92. p. 281-302.
Grove, T.L .. Kinzler, R.J .. Bakel", M.B.. Donnelly-Nolan. J.M.. and Lesher,
C.E" t988. AssimHallOl1 of granite by basaltic magma at Burnt Lava
flow. Medicine Lake volcano. rIOI1hern Caillornla: Decouphng 01 heat
and mass transfer: ContributIOns to Mineralogy and Petrology. v 99,
p.32O·343.
Hetken. Grant. 1978. Plinian·type erupliOos in 1he MedlCme Lake High·
land. Calltornla and the nature ot the Underlying magma: Journal of
Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 4. p. 375-402.
Mettzman. SA, Jr, 19na, The pelrology and geochemIStry 01 the Medi·
Cloe Lake Volcano. Ca"forflla: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrol·
ogy. v. 62. p. 221·247.
Mertzman. SA.. Jr.. 1977b. Recent volcanism at Schonchm and CIOder
buttes. northern Cahtornia: ContnbutlOflS to Mineralogy and Petrology.
v 61, p. 231-243.
MerU:man, S.A • Jr • 1981, Genesis 01 recent Sllk:lc magmatJsm In the
Medicine Lake Highland. California: ElIlCience trom cognate InclUSIOns
found ill Little Glass Mouotaln: Geoctllm/Ca er ~imicaACla,
v 45. p 14&,]·1478.
Saflla·Wojl:lckJ. A.M .. Lajoie. K.R.. Meyer, C.E., Adam. D.P. and Rieck.
H.J . t99t, Tephrochronologlc correlation ot upper Neogene sedi·
ments along the PaCIfiC margin, conterminous Uflited States. in
Momson. A.B.. editor. Ouarlemary NonglaCial Geology: Conterminous
U.S,: Geological Society of Amenca. The Geology of Nor1h Amenca.
v. K·2. p.l t7·140.
Waters. A.C .. t981, Captain Jack's Stronghold (The geologic events
that cleated a natural fortress). In JohnS10f\. DA. and Donnelly'
Nolan. J M" editors. GUides to some volcanIC terranes In WaShington.
Idaho. Oregon, and northern Cahtornla: U.S. Geological Survey C,rcu·
lar838.p 15,.,61.X"
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER t992
'"
 - ---~--
THE EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(EERI)
ANNUAL MEETING
1993
EER/ announces its 45th annual
meeting 10 be Ileld February 11·13,
1993. at the Sheraton Seattle Holel
and Towers. Seaule. Washington.
The Organizing Committee is
preparing an agenda that focuses
on subduction zone earthquakes and
their policy implications. as \AX!II as
large infrequent earthquakes in other
regions of the country. The technical
sessions 1Ali11 contain an overviev.r of
relevant research directions. technical
presentations based on selected recent
research. and discussions of ]Xltential
policy and practical implications of
the research. particularly as related to
large infrequent IMmts.
EERI welcomes abstracts for
poster presentations. Students are
encouraged 10 submil papers in com·
petition for the Annual EERI Student
Paper Award. For infoonalion. con·
lact:
EERf
499 14Th Street. SUite 320
Oakland, CA 94612·1902
'Zr (510) 451-0905
FAX: (510)451-5411'"
". CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY
Ninth Thematic Conference on
Geologic Remote Sensing
This Pasadena. California conference will focus on geologic remote sensing.
wilh special emphasis on mineral and hydrocarbon exploration. and environmen-
tal and engineering applications. The program is designed 10 benefit both small
Independent operators and large corporate users of remote sensing. It will be
made up of more than 30 technkal presentations by experts from more than 30
countries. The program treats all aspects of geological remote sensing. from fun-
damental principles and techniques to advanced data processing and geological
interpretation. to prOVide an effective learning experience for all attendees.
The conference will include an lndustry-oriented technical program of plenary
sessions and poster presentatk>ns. as \AX!1l as hands-on wo!kshops. field trips.
exhibits. student program. employment referral service. and guest and hospitality
programs. Plenary and fX>Ster .sessions are being organized by an international
program committee to address the follOVJlng topics:
• SpedTal geology: Techniques and applkations
• Structural and stratigraphic applicatklns
• Energy and mineral exploration
• Petroleum exploration
• Geology 01 the Pacilic Rim
• Geobotanicaltechniques
• Geological hazards
• Remote sensing of active faults
• Oil spill detection and monitoring
• EnVironmental remote sensing.
• Remote sensing in marine environment
• Seafloor mapping
• Engineering and hydrology
• Radar remote sensing
• New sensors and emerging technologies
• Image processing and analysis
• Cartography (including CPS)
• Bringing remote sensing to the geologist's desk
• Data integration and CIS
• Case histories
For more inlonnation on this February 8-1 1. t 993 conference in Pasadena.
Califomia. contact:
EAIM/Ttlematic Conlerences
P.O. Box 134001
Ann Arbor. MI 48113-4001
(313) 994·1200. extension 3234"'"
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992
 29lli FORUM ON nJE GEOLOGY
OF INDUSTRIAL MINERALS
April 25-30, 1993 - Long Beach, California

Sponsored by

Ca/i/ornia Division of Mines and Geology

and the US. Bureau 0/ Mines

Forum Outline: Two days of technical sessions on industrial minerals of

California and 3 days of field trips to industrial mineral producers in southern
California. Scheduled field trip sites are:

• Diatomite deposits in the Lompoc area

• Borate mineral deposit near Boron
• Uthium day (hectoritel deposit near Hector
• Sodium compound deposit al Searles Dry Lake
• Umestone deposits in Lucerne Valley
• Sand and gravel de(X>sits in Irwindale
• Titanium sand deposit near Solemint

Technical sessions are planned for Monday and Wednesday, with field trips
on Tuesday and an extended field trip 10 the Mojave Desert on Thursday and Friday.

Location: Long Beach is allhe southwestern margin of the Los Angeles basin. which is \.Veil knov..m for its
many tourist and cultural attractions. It is convenient to the diverse mineral deposits and mines of the southern
California coast and desert.

Accommodations: The Forum will be at the Sheraton Long Beach Hotel. Special convention rales have been
arranged and will be honored for those weeks centered on the Forum dates. so consider extending your visit.
Mojave Desert fieki trip participants will spend Thursday night. April 29, in Ba~OI.V to decrease travel time to
scheduled mines. Barstow accommodations will be managed by Forum sponsors.

Spouse Program: Tour possibilities include Universal Studios. Beverly HillslRodeo Drive. Disneyland, the
La Brea Tar Pits, and the Los Angeles Museum of Natural History.
Cost: Anticipated Forum registration fee is about $125.00. Field trip fees will be additional. For more infonna·
tion contact:

Daile Beeby. Chairman

DiviSion 01 Mines and Geology
801 K Slreet. MS 08-38
Sacramento. CA 95814-3531
'Zr (916)323·8562
FAX (916) 327-1853'·

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY ~PTEMBEAIOCTOBER , 992

'"

An
TI-lE JAPANE.SE ART OF STONE
APPRECIATION. ByVmcent T. Covello
and YUji Yoshimura. 1984. Charles E.
Tuttle Company, Inc., P.O. Box 410.
Rutland. VT 05702. 166 p. $24.95.
hard cover.
Suiseki-smalL naturally fanned
stones selected for their shape, balance,
simplicity. and tranquility-w€re first
admired in China some 2.000 years ago.
Since the sixth century. the art of Suiseki
has been adapted and refined in Japan.
where today stones of greal beauty are
set on stands to suggesl objects closely
associated with nature. such as distant
mountains. soaring cliffs, islands. caves.
and country cottages.
Among the arts that incorporate
Suiseki. Bonsai Is the most popular.
Eleganlly shaped miniature trees provide
the perfect complement to a peaceful
Suiseki landscape, enhancing the stone's
suggestive power and enriching its expres·
slve possibilities. This book shOVJS how
the two an forms are combined. It also
includes information on designing and
carving a wocx:Ien display base for a
particular Suiseki. and describing the
necessary tools and equipment for fiekl
collecting.X
Baja California
GEOLOGY OF BAJA CAUFORNIA
a bibliography. By Mary E. Harris. 1991.
Friends of the l...cr.Je Ubrary-Special Col-
lection. San Diego Slate University. San
Diego. California 92182"()51I. 244 p.
$10.00, soft cover.
This comprehensive bibliography is a
revision and update of HarTis' 1986 publi-
cation. It includes 1.856 entries. A subject
index is organized by place names and
standard geological subjects."<
CAUFORN1A GEOLOGY
Imperial County
GEOLOGY OF IMPERIAL
COUN1Y: a bibliography. By Mary E.
HarTis. 1990. Friends of the Love
Ubrary. San Diego State Ubrary. Special
CoUection. SDSU. San Diego. CA
92182..()SI1. 170 p. $10.00. soh cover.
This book is a revision and update
of Harris' 1984 poblication. It contains
1.311 entries from both scientific and
popular writings including books. periodi.
cals. senior studcnt reports. theses. and
dissertations. Many geological and topo-
graphical maps are included. A subject
index uses place names and standard
geological subjects.X
Climate
EARll-fWATCH: The Oimate Irom
Space. By John E. Harries. 1990. Ellis
Hol"WOlX! Umited. England. distributed in
the U.S.A. by Prentice Hall. Prentice Halt
Building. Englewo<Xl oms. NJ 07632.
216 p. $32.00. hard cover.
This book begins with a new perspec-
tive of our planet-that from space-and
discusses the effect this IAJiIi have in help-
ing to create a unified view of earth obser-
vation and climate studies.
1hc author summarizes the climate
system. from the perspective of lhe physi-
cal scientist. describing the underlying
physical processes and interactions and
demonstrating the overaU complex1ly of a
view this remole. He presents the serious
environmental issues facing us today.
including the greenhouse effect. the
ozone hole. and climatic shifts (droughts.
floods. etc.). He gives ways in which these
problems can be attacked by using satel-
lite observations.
SEPTEMBERK>CTOBEA 1992
the interests of climate researchers who
use satelllte data and instrument suppliers
who provide the satellite hardware.x
EnVIronment
EXPlOITATION. CONSERVATION.
PRESERVATION. By Susan L Cutter,
Hilary L Renwick. and William H.
Renwick. 1991. John Wiley and Sons.
Inc.. 1 Wiley Drive. Somerset. NJ 08875-
1272.455 p. $44.95. hard cover.
Natural resource conservation has
been an important topic of public concern
for many years and much has been written
on the subject. In this book. the authors
have integrated physical. economic. social,
and political considerations in their exami-
nation of the major natural resource issues
facing the \.VOrid today.
Separate ChaPlmi cover population.
land, agriculture. rangeland. forests. water.
marine resources. air. climate. minerals.
and energy. The authors emphasize the
dynamic interplay of these and other fac-
tors and point out the continuing changes
in methods and rates of resource exploita-
lion. The three value·laden and politically
charged \.VOrds that make up the title have
been at the heart of the natural resources
debale over the last century. The tradi·
tional use of geography integrates the
study of physical and human phenomena
to understand human use of the earth.x
HELPING NATURE HEAL: An [ntro-
duction to Environmental Restoration.
Edited by Richard Nilsen. 1991. Ten
Speed Press. P.O. Box 7123. Berkeley.
CA 94707. 154 p. $14.95. soft cover.
TIle book consists of over 60 articles,
book revievJs. and commentaries dealing
with the general topic of environmental
restoration. The editor divides the book
into four sections: theory of environmental
restoration. what Is being done In the
United Stales. what Is being done in the
rest of the work:!. and how to practice
environmental resloration. Each section
contains a variety of contributions includ-
ing essays. projecls. and computer tools.
'"

Prepared by the makers of the Whole
Earth Catalog series, the book includes
accounts from a variety of people who
are involved in ongoing restoralion
projects throughout the United States and
around the world. It describes how \I.'e
and our children can take part in the envi-
ronmental re5(oration process in our own
communities.~
CAUFOR lA. AN ENVIRONMEN-
TAL AllAS AND GUIDE. By Bern
Kreissman. 1991 Bear KIaw Press. 926
PkJm Lane. Davis. CA 95616. 255 p.
$1995. soft cover
As a ~brary reference tool or as an
environmentalist's guide. this publication
an
provides Information on virtually public
and private organizatiOnS that deal with
environmental questions. It is organized
by agency ard ecoIogkal feature. with
Sl.JITlrTIaries follo\ved by liSts of elements
keyed to page-sized outlines of California
and its counties. This firsl volume of the
Bear K1aw Press Environmental Guide
Series Is devoted primarily to natural fea-
tures such as rivers. fault lines. habitats.
and sancluaries. Volume 2 will include
the human-made elements of interest to
environmentalists, such as power trans-
mission Hnes, energy-gel'eraling plants.
and toxic dump sites.
CAlifornia: An Enulronmental Atlas
and Guide has a complete index. an
extensive bibliography. and an especially
useful list of acronyms to guide the reader
through the alphabet soup of environ-
mental organizations. II should be a useful
addition to the library of anyone inter-
ested in environmentalism.)('
GeophysICS
ENCYCLOPEDIC DICnONARY OF
EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS. Third
Edition. By Robert E. Sheriff. 1991.
Society 01 Expl"">t"" Geoph",;a",.
P.O. Box 702740. Tulsa. OK 74170-
2740. 376 p. $56.00: Society members,
$45.00. hard cover
This glossary. first published in 1968.
was intended to enhance understand-
ing and corM'Ilricalion in the fl€kt 01
'60 CAlIFORNIA GEOlOGY
geophysical exploration. Fo~ng pub-
lication. improvements and additions
were suggested. including expansion
into related fields. These changes led to
a second edition in 1984 and the current
edition. This third edilion Is 20 percent
larger than Its predecessor and includes
revisions for about one out of every seven
"""".
The glossary is intended for the practi-
cal geophysicist rather than the research-
er. Corrunon geoIogica/lerms are inck.d-
ed because the objective of most geophys-
ica/lM:>f'k is to produce a geok)gic: picture.
The encydopedk rannat allows definitIOnS
to be expanded to danfy implK:alions and
relate the lenn to other conceptS....
History
BRIGHT GEMS OF THE WESTERN
SEAS: California 1846-1852 Edited
by PeteT Browning. 1991. Great West
Books. P.D Box 1028. Lafayette. CA
94549.206 p. $12.95. soft cover
This book is a CoDeclion of first·hand
accounts of the mlnetS and natIVeS of
California in the 18405 and 1850s writ-
ten by James Carson and George Derby.
These two men observed and participated
in the events of their day. and had the
ability to record those events and their
impressions of them in vibrant language.
James H. Carson was a U.S. Army
sergeant stationed at Monterey in 1847.
In 1849. he fonned the 92-O'1an Carson-
Robinson party for the purpose of pros-
pecting in unexplored areas. Carson
wrote these personal accounts at thaI
time and was one of the first miners 10
do so. He portrayed the lives of the Cali-
fornia rancheros and of the Native Ameri-
cans. His extensive use of the peculiarly
Californian idiom of the 1850s makes
these stories vivid reoountings of the times
01 the Mexican/Californians jus! before
the immigrants rushed in
In 1850. lJeut.enanl George H Derby
01 the U.S. Anny topographa! engl·
I"leen led a reconnaissance of the -Tulare
Valley.- as the lower pan of the San
Joaquin Valley was then called. His report
is lucid and detailed. and replete with
precise descriptions of Native Americans
and the terrain----es:pecial of the appear-
ance of Tulare and Buena VISta lakes.
which have long since vanished ......
SE:PTEt.lBERIQCTOBER 1992
Catastrophy
CATASTROPHISM: Systems of
Earth History. By RX:hard Huggett. 1990.
Edward Amok:l. London. distributed in the
U.S.A. by RooUedge. Chapman & Ha'.
Inc., 29 West 35th Street. New York. NY
10001. 246 p. $49.95. hard cover.
This book surveys the various theories
of catastrophy and unifonnity. by which
change in the organic and Inorganic
\I.UIds have been studied_
CataslTOphisJn.------the theory that
the earth·s crust owes its main featun!S
to sudden catastrophies---is enjoying a
revr.tal. Catastrophies old and new have
one common feature-they stand against
the theory 01 uniform systems in earth
hiSlOfY_ lNhk:h SIreSseS the uniformity of
bicJk)gical rale and physical state.
The sub;ect mauer of catastrophies
and uniformity is extremely wKIe. span-
ning almost the entire range of Ufe and
earth sciences. It presents the cardinal
beliefs of biologists. geologists. and goo-
morphologists concerning the evolution
01 the inorganic and organic worlds:'"
CATACLYSMS ON THE COLUM-
BIA. By John E. Allen and Marjorie
Bums. with Sam C. Sargent. 1986.
nmber Press. Inc.. 9999 SW Wilshire.
Suite 124. Portland. OR 97225. 213 p.
$14.95. soft cover.
The Columbia is not only one of the
largest rivers in the world. but also has
one of the most fascinating geological
histories. [n fact. the deciphering of the
geological history of this river radically
altered the way scientists think about the
primal forces which have shaped the
earth.
The book skillfully weaves two quite
remarkable stories. The first story con-
cerns a series of catastrophic floods which
occurred during the last Ice Age. These
prehlsloric fkxx:Is repeatedly escaped from
a huge inland sea. SCOUTing the deep. rich
loess soils from the plains of eastern
Washington and Oregon. Their 1egacy
is the eroded scablands. buttes. dryfalls,
and old river channels (the most notable
is the Grand Coulee) which we see today.
The second tale, of how the occur-
rence of the great floods was discoveTed,
is the detective story. fuU 01 intrigue and
suspense. Geologist J. Harlan Bretz
devoted a lifetime to unraveling the cha-
otk and confusing story of the Spokane
Floods. renamed the Bretz Floods in his
honor His interpretation of a catastrophic
origin was contrary to all previous the0-
ries. and he was forced to defend his lind·
ings before doubting and often hostile
fellow geologists.
This is a fine book of science lor the
layperson--explaining both the Bretz
Roods and the inner workings of the
world of science. Anyone interested in
the world in which we live will fmd it qu](e
fascinating.
TIle account of the floods and their
discovery is follovJed by a long self-
guided tour so the reader can follow
the progress of the floods from their
source near Missoula. Montana 10 the
sea near Astolia. Oregon. All the notable
landmarks and signs of the floods are
described as they are visible from the
main highways nearby. 1llese landmarks
include bench lines showing that the
present sites of Richland. Pasco. and
The Dalles used to be under 800 feet
{250 m} of water. and Portland under
400 feet (125 m) of water.
ThIs is great reading for all of those
interested in one of the most fascinating
and geologically significant episodes that
shaped the face of the earth."J<'
AGENTS OF CHAOS, Earthquakes.
Vokanoes. and Other Natural Disasters.
By Slephen L. Hams. 1990. Mountain
Press Publishing Company. P.O. So>:
2399. Missoula. MT 59806. 260 p.
$12.95. soft cover.
The author invites readers to discover
the earth in geologic terms. Seismic. vol·
canic, and e>:lraterrestiaJ hazards. whether
they strike San Francisco. New Madrid.
or the Aleutian volcanoes. will affect the
lives of countless Americans. In nontech-
nical terms. Agents of Chaos e>:plores
these shocks to human complacency.
reminding us that our planet pulsates like
a living organism.
From the latest scientific research
to ancient Native American myths and
legends. this book incorporates a wide
variety of sources to present a new per-
spective on the power of chaos and the
geologic hazards through which it oper-
CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY
ates. Generously illustrated. the te>:t is
organized into three sections. Pan one
examines earthquake hazards In Ihe
United States: part two ex.plains the voka-
nlc hazards in the West: and pan three
explores the geoIogk roles of ice. fire,
and geomythology. A complete bibliogra-
phy and glossary allow readers to ex.p1ore
these topics bcyoncIthe covers of this
book.·..
Seafloor Hot Springs
ARE UNDER THE SEA By Joseph
Cone. 1991. Wl11iam Morrow & Co..
1350 Avenue of the Americas, New York.
NY 10019. 288p. $25.00. hardcover.
Unknown before 1977. searloor hoi
springs occur in numerous places along
the midocean ridge. a chain of under-
water mountains that circles the globe.
The e>:ploration of these springs in
manned submersibles has resulted in an
e>:traordinary range of discoveries about
our planet and the life on it.
Rre Under Ihe Sea focuses on these
recent disc()\,ll(!ries which concern the com·
pie>: relationships between the inner heat
of the earth and the ocean that swirls
above II, the search for the mechanism
of gold fonnation. the adaptations under
ex.treme conditions, and ultimately the
origin of life ilself.
.JJvvlJ~
. . '. . . - ~-
Hot springs research has developed
rapidly since the early 1980s. While gen-
erally covering developments in the field,
science writer Cone concentrates on the
\VOrk conducted at the seafloor springs
along the northlAle5t coast of the United
States, The chief scientists Involved with
this innovative work are associated with
the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmo-
spheric Administration. the University of
Washington. Oregon Stale University,
Wocx:Is Hole Oceanography Institution.
the U.S. Geological Survey, and Scripps
Institution of Oceanography."'-
SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1992
Mapping
ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL MAP-
PING. By William R. Deannan. 1991.
Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.. 80 Montvale
Avenue. Stoneham. MA 02180. 3% p.,
8-1/2" >: 12". $210.00. hard cOYer.
Engineering geology is the discipline 01
geology applied to civil engineering. Engi-
neering geological maps must provide engi-
neering in/onnation that does not appear on
lithostratigraphical geologic maps. This new
book establishes the basic principles of engi-
neering geological mapping and then pro-
vides gukiance in making such maps and in
deciding what infonnation to include on
them.
Chapter 1 begins with a synopsis of the
history of engineering geological mapping
from the 18th century to the present. The
ne>:t four chapters gel right 10 the nuts and
bolts of engineering geological map prepar-
ation. Chapter 2. Principles of Engineering
Geological Mapping. covers the basic phi-
losophy behind map preparation. including
such topics as the intended use of the map.
map scale, and the relation between engi-
neering geologiC map units and Iilhostra-
tigraphic map units. Chapler 3 provides an
overview of how maps are prepared. empha-
sizing map scaJe selection and data collection.
Chapter tl presents a thorough discussion of
rock and soil description and classification.
and includes many useful chans and tables.
Chapler 5 is concerned with map presenta-
tion. coveting map lonnat. content. layout.
and legends. Also included are nwnerous map
symbols and abbreviations. many of which
are unique to engineering geologic maps.
After building a general procedure for
engineering geological mapping in the first
five chapters. the author devotes the remain-
ing chapters. more than three quarters of
the text, to special mapping techniques and
applications. He e>:pands the basic concepts
by describing the Innovative mapping lech-
niques used by engineering geologists in
Europe, the USSR. Asia, and the United
States. The techniques and applications
illustrated include the Czechoslovakian
Stripe Methcx:l. engineering geological zon-
ing. synoptic engineering geological maps.
terrain evaluation, urban engineering ge0-
logical maps. construction sites, hazard
and risk assessment, and land and water
management. The numerous e>:amples
and overlap of chapters provide a thorough
coverage of topics thai are of interest to
engineering geologists.
'"

This book is a comprehensive refer-
ence for iUlyone involved in engineering
geology and environmentallT\llpping.
1he numerous real map examples from
Europe. Asia, and the United States IT\lIke
the book a handy reference. It could also
be the basis of a university course in engi-
neering geological mapping. Review by
Tim McCrink. x
BASIC GEOLOGICAL MAPPING.
Second edition. By John Barnes. 1991.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. I Wiley Drive.
Somerset. New Jersey 08875-1272.
118 p. $18.95. soft cover.
Part of the Geological Society of Lon·
don Handbook Series, this is a basic guide
to field techniques concerned only with
the rudiments of geological mapping. It is
arranged in a logical order for those who
are aOOul to 90 into the field on their first
Mindependent mapping" project. First the
book describes the equipment needed by
a geologist and introouces the various
types of geologic and topographic maps
and the methods of locating one's self on
the maps. It also gives adlJice on what to
do when no maps are available. Then it
describes the methoos and techniques
of geological mapping. including a brief
description of phOlogeology, It also dis·
cusses the use of field maps and the much
Water
GROUNDWATER GEOMORPHOL·
OGY: The Role of Subsurface Water in
Earth-Surface Processes and Landfonns.
Special Paper 252. Edited by Charles G.
Higgins and Donak! R. Coates. 1990
Geological Society of America. P.O. Box
9140. _ . CO. 80301. 368 p.
$60.00. soft cover.
Here is a coUection of 16 papers on
groundwater and its effect on landfonns.
Six of the articles concern water above
the water table, and eight are concerned
with the effects of water at Of below the
water table. The lirst and last paper are
more general. giving background on the
hydrology and dynamics of subsurface
flow and the influence that landscape and
geomorphk history may have on ground.
water hydrology.
There is diversity of style and approach
among the various chapters, in pal1
because the subject mailer does not lend
itself to a standardized fomlat, HO\AIe\Iel".
most provide an overvievJ of the
subject. a discussion of important
research. and a summaiV and
conclusions, Some chapters
stress the broad survey.
others emphasize current or
original research on specific
aspects, All should give the
reader a .sense of how each
subject is related to the over·
all theme of groundwater
geomorphology. 'l{
''--_.
• ,_
Paleontology
THE STERNBERG FOSSIL HUNT·
ERS: A Dinosaur [).;nasty. By Katherine
Roge:rs. 1991. Mountain Press Publishing
Company. P,O. Box 2399. Missoula. MT
59806.302 p. $10.00, soft cover.
This is the interesting and unusual
story of the Sternbergs. a father·and-sons
learn who, from the 18705 through the
1960s dug for fossils in the wilds 01 the
North American west and the South
American region of PatagOnia. From fiek!
diaries. letters. reports, and photo albums,
author Katherine Rogers has dra\Vll an
account of the world's firsllamily-run
fOSSil-hunting business. 1he chronicle
begins with Levi Sternberg. a minister and
family patriarch who, with his family. was
caught up in the \.\.'€SlWard move of set·
tiers. They traveled and dug in Kansas.
Montana. Oregon. Texas, Wyoming.
southern Alberta. and Patagonia. George
Miller Sternberg, one of Levi's sons, even·
tually became the Surgeon General of the
United States. It was, however. another
,
-
n·"",. . .

, " .-._. _ _ .._

~
-
-
a
-
~
.
_._._----M-._-===_
neglected field notebook. FInally. the book ,~
-- '
- ---- --
M
covers geological "office IAIOrk (part of '-;...-.-"::..-;;-
which can be done in the field) and meth-
oos of drawing cross sections. columnar
THE DRINKING WATER
BOOK. By Colin Ingram, .........
' -
'-."
~.... --
.......'''''''. .... -
1991. Ten Speed Press. P O.
sections. and various three-dimensional
Box 7123. Berkeley. CA
illustrations. It discusses the preparation -;--.-
94707. 195p. $11.95, solt ,
_._.__.__.-
of geologic maps compiled from field
maps. notes, and laboratoiV IAIOrk. ''''''''. .~~~----_.-

1he book does not ignore the fact
that the making of the map is only part
of the process of explaining the geology.
The author addresses report writing from
the initial preparation and layout to the
conclusions and appendices.
This is a practical Mhow to" book and
avoids any theoretical considerations of
geology. The author's ob;ective is to guide
the readers In the field in their collection
of evidence from which they can draw
their 0VJf\ conclusions. Review by Max
Flanery. ".
The Drinking Water
Book provides the lnfonna·
+ -----
lion needed to detennine
what is in your tap water and
how to take measures to
safeguard your health and the
health of your family. Jt evalu·
ates different kinds and
brands ofliJters and oottled
waters, describes rhe least
expensive and best ways to
have tap water tested, and
rates specific products on the
market today.X

'" CALlFOflNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBER,OCT08ER 1992

son. Charles H. Sternberg. who founded
the dynasty recounted here
Charles Sternberg's fascination with
fossils evolved in the west Kansas chalk
fields when he was a boy in the 1 60s. It
was this same curiosity that ultimately
drew his three sons 10 seek and unearth
the skeletons of these strange creatures
from the past. For the Sternbergs. fossil
hunting was destiny. 1lley marched across
the hills and plains of North and South
America in pursuit of fossil remains of
stich ancient and extinct creatures as pie·
siosaurs. mosasaurs. and Triceratops. But
this book is not a sdentific treatise. It is a
story 01 the men and their lives.
The Stembergs earned their livelihood
and supported thcir lamllies for over a
century by finding and selling fossils.
Sternberg fossils are found in museums in
a dozen countries and at least 22 states.X
THE VERDE LOCAL FAUNA; Small
Vertebrate Fossils from the Verde Fonna-
0011. Arizona. Quarterly. v. 37. no. 3. By
Nicholas J. Czapleu.tski. 1990. San Ber-
nardino County Museum Association.
2024 Orange Tree Lane. Redlands. CA
92374.39 p. $7.39 including shipping
and tax. soft cover.
The.second half of this publication
consists of abstracts of 26 papers pre--
sented at the Mojave Desert Quaternary
Research Center's Fourth Annual Sym-
posium hekl May 18 and 19. I990.
Approximately a third of the papers are
paleontological studies. Other topics
include geochronological methods. recon-
stJ\IClk)n of hydroclimalic conditions.
pediment erosion. scarp degradation. the
Bishop ash, runoff volume reconstruction.
structural relations. tectonism. fragile
desert soils. and the winter population of
bald eagles. X'
I------------------------~----
X DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY
Publications Request Fonn
Numbe< of COpies
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS
SP49 Calilorroa jade. a collecllon 01 repl"inlS. 1976 5500
SP108 An analySiS or lhe selsm.c hauJd Inrormalion needs ollhe insurance
induSlry, local govelnmenr, and pl"aperty owners in California 1990 $7.00
SP109 Geologic e_curslans In norlhefO CaUfOfnia San franCISCO 10 lhe
Siena Nevada. 1991 '. $10.00
MAP SHEETS

The Verde local fauna comprises late MS4 Geology or Ihe ReddUlg [7 5'1 quadrangle. Shasla Courtly. Call1ornia
(scate: t:24,000) t965 $S.OO
Tertiary small vertebrates from two locali·
MS12 Geology 01 rhe 5001heast quarter of tlle TrlMy lake [15'1
ties near House Moontain in central Ari- quadrangle. Tnnlty County. Cal,rolnia (scale 1.24.000) 1969 5500
zona. The Verde local fauna. described in GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF CALIFORNIA (Scale 1 ;250,0001
detail. occurs near the HemphiJIian/
GAM 1 Geologic map 01 Cabrornla Allulas 1958 _...... 5500
Blancan boundary but Czaplewski prefers GAM2 Geologic map 01 Cabrolnla Bakersfield 1961. {Rolled only} (llmiled supplyl· $5.00
to place it in the early BlancanY GAM4 GeologiC mapot Cahfolnia: Dealh Valley Reprinr 1991 $500
__GAM5 GeologJc map ot CallfOlnia' Fresno Reponl 1991 .. . $5.00
A LATE PL£JSTOCENE (RANCHO· GAM6 Geologic map at Cahlolnla Kingman. t961 _H 5500
LABREAN) FOSSIL ASSEMBU\GE GAM7 GeologiC map at Calrlorrna Long Beach. 1962 $500
GAMB Geolog.c map 01 Cahlornla Los Angeles. Replllll 1991. $5.00
FROM mE NORn-tWESTERN __GAM9 Geologic map 01 Calilolnla Manposa Rep"nt 1991 ..._.................... 55.00
MOJAVE DESERT. CAUFORNtA. GAM11 Geologic map of Caillolnia Redding 1962. . $500
By David P. Whistler: and ABSTRACTS GAMI7 Geologic map at CaMolnla: Sail Jose (flat only) (limited supply) 1966 $5.00
OF PROCEEDINGS; 1990 Mojave Desert GAMl8 Geologic map of Cal,lolnla: San LUIS Oplsbo 1959 .• $500
Quaternary Research Symposium. Com- GAM19 GeologIC map 01 Cal,lornJa Sama Ana Rep"nl 1966. 5500
piled by Jennifer Reynolds. 1990. San OTHER
Bernardino County Museum Association. __lIsl 01 Available Publk:abOns ....
2024 Orange Tree Lane. Redlands. CA
92374.40 p. $5.00. paper cover. AMOUNT ENCLOSED (Price Includes pGSlage and sales luI $ .•..

The first half of this publication is a A CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY THIS ORDER. AI non-U.S. ordlltl muSl be P3Id
wllh an InremarlONl money OtCler or drah payablll in U S. dollars and made OUllO DIVISION Of MINES
study of the Dove Spring Lignites local AND GEOLOGY. Send otdef 10 DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY. P. O. 80_ 2980. Sacramento.
launa. containing mollusks and 23 species CalifornIa 95812·2980.
of small vertebrates. The fossil assemblage NAME _
is from unnamed Pleistocene mudstones
STREET _
and sandstones in Dove Spring Wash on
the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada in CllY STATE Z" _
the northwestern Mojave Desert. L _

CALIfORNIA GEOLOGY SEPTEMBERIOCTOBER 1992 "3

 STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID
THE RESOURCES AGENCY AT SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
DIVISION OF
MINES AND GEOLOGY
P.O. BOX 2980
SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95812·2980
USPS 350 840
ADDRESS CORRECTION REOUESTED

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Wilhout an address label, subscription renewal Will take 3 to 4 months Sdences with support from the National
to process. Science Foundation, U.S Geological

o GIFT, RECIPIENT NAME

STREET
_
_
Survey. and Federal Emergency Manage'
ment Agency. 1he conference will focus
on the application of lessons from the
CITY STATE ~p _
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Pardci·
GIFT CARD FROM _ pants will receive a set of papen; which
emphasize the implementation and appli·
AMOUNT ENCLOSED (Includos poslage and sales lax) $ _ _~
cation of research findings in seismically
wlnerable areas throughout lhe cowmy.

l
The conference will also highlight
ATIACH LABEL unresolved problems and stimulate future
research studies and programs that will
J benefit the geosciences. engineering, and
the social and policy sciences. The confer-

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,... CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY SEPTEMBERiOCTQBER 1992