c


walked into the lobby of my apartment building recently and was greeted by this notice: To
whoever is watering these plants, please stop. They are the property of the building, and our
maintenance staff will take care of them. They may have already been watered, in which case you
will be overwatering them. Besides, these plants are fake.´
3
 

a 
 

 
   
  
  
  c 
   

 

a. I walked into the Did walk Simple Past
lobby of my
apartment building
recently
2. and was greeted by this Was greeted Simple
notice: ³To whoever Past/Passive
is watering these voice
plants, please stop.
They are the property
of the building, and
our maintenance staff
will take care of
them. They may have
already been
watered, in which
case you will be
overwatering them.
Besides, these plants
are fake.´
3 To whoever is Do stop Simple Present
watering these
plants, please stop.
4. They are the property Are Simple Present
of the building, [do] [be]
5. and our maintenance staff will [do] take Simple with a
will take care of modal verb
them. (will)
6. They may have may Have already been Perfect with a
already been watered modal verb
watered, (may)/ Passive
voice
7. in which you will be will Be Overwa Continuous
case overwatering them. -tering with a modal
verb (will)
8. Besides, these plants are fake. Are Simple Present
[do] [be]
   

 !
"!
¦o.
 

   
   ## 

a. I did walk a) into the lobby
of my
apartment
building
2) recently
2. was greeted by this notice: ³To
whoever is watering
these plants, please
stop. They are the
property of the
building, and our
maintenance staff
will take care of
them. They may have
already been
watered, in which
case you will be
overwatering them.
Besides, these plants
are fake.´
3 please do stop. To whoever is
watering these
plants,
4. They are the property of the
building,
5. our will take care of them.
maintenance
staff
6. They already may have been
watered,
7. you will be overwa- them.
tering
8. these plants are fake.
Π #
 
   #
$ !% 
& c' (
&
a.  I 
2. this  notice: the whole
quotation ³«´
4. a)  They
2) the  property of the building
5. a) our  maintenance staff
2)  them
6.  They
7. a)  you
2)  them
8. a) these  plants
2)  {fake} -


)   
%

      #
 
a. into the lobby of my apartment building
3. To whoever is watering these plants

*  $ 
 
- already
- please


#
 pilot wannabe, I knew I¶d finally made progress with my flight training the day my
instructor turned to me and said, ³You know, you¶re not as much fun since you stopped
screaming.´
ë 
    

a 
 

 
   
  
  
  c 
   

 

a. An amateur pilot did know Simple Past
wannabe, I knew I¶d
finally made progress
with my flight
training the day my
instructor turned to
me and said, ³You
know, you¶re not as
much fun since you
stopped screaming.´
2. I¶d finally made had finally made Past Perfect
progress with my
flight training
3. my instructor turned did turn Simple Past
to me
4. and said, did say Simple Past
5. ³You know, do know Simple Present
6. you¶re not as much µre
fun
7. since you stopped did stop Simple Past
screaming.´
9. screaming Scream- ¦onfinite ±
ing Present
participle

  

 !
"!
 
 

   
   ## 

a. I did know I¶d finally made a) An amateur pilot
progress with my wannabe,
flight training 2) the day my
instructor turned
to me and said,
³You know,
you¶re not as
much fun since
you stopped
screaming.´
2. I finally ¶d made progress a) with my flight
training
3. my did turn a) to me
instructor
4. did say
5. ³You do know
6. you ¶re not as much fun
7. you do stop screaming.´
8. screaming

Π #
 
   #
$ !% 
& c' (
&
a. a)   I 
2) my    flight  training 
2. a)   I 
2)   progress 
3. my   instructor 
5.   You 
6.   you 
7.   you 


)   
%

      #
 
a. a) [As] An amateur pilot wannabe,
2) [on] the day my instructor turned to me and said, ³You know, you¶re not
as much fun since you stopped screaming.´
2. with my flight training
3. to me

*  $ 
 
- finally


&+$+ birth, I couldn¶t lose the 40 pounds I¶d gained. So I dragged my husband to the mall
in search of more flattering clothes. We were encouraged by a sign over a rack of suits: ³Instantly
hides ten pounds!´
³Look,´ he said. ³You just need to buy four of these.´
½  

a 
 

 
   
  
  
  c 
   

 

a. After giving birth, giving ¦onfinite ±
present
participle
2. I couldn¶t lose the couldn µt [do] lose Simple with a
40 pounds I¶d model
gained.
3. So I dragged my did drag Simple Past
husband (a) to the
mall (2) in search
of more flattering
clothes.
4. We were were encoura Simple Past-
encouraged by a ged Passive
sign over a rack of
suits: ³Instantly
hides ten pounds!´
5. ³Look,´ he said. did say Simple Past
³You just need to
buy four of these.´
6. You just need to do need Simple Present
buy four of these.
7. to buy four of to buy ¦onfinite-
these. Infinitive
  

 !
"!
 
 

   
   ## 

a. giving birth,
2. I couldn¶t lose the 40 pounds I¶d
gained.
3. I did drag my husband a) to the mall
2) in search of
more
flattering
clothes.
4. We were encouraged by
5. he did say ³Look, you just need
to buy four of these.´
6. You just do need to buy four of these.
7. to buy four of these.


Π #
 
   #
$ !% 
& c' (
&
a   birth 
2. a)   I
2) the  40   pounds I¶d gained.
3. a)   I 
2) my   husband 
4. a)   We 
2) a   sign over a rack
of suits:
³Instantly
hides ten
pounds!´
5. a)   he 
2)   [clause] 
6. a)   You 
2)   [clause] 
7. four of these


)   
%

      #
 
3. a) to the mall
2) in search of more flattering clothes.

*  $ 
 
- just

&&  to save water, my husband and I swapped our dishwasher for a washing-up bowl. We
then used the leftover water to clean our car, which often gets dirty because we live in a country
area.
This worked very well until my husband tossed one particular bowl of soapy water over the
car ± forgetting first to check whether there were still any dishes in it.
   

a 
 

 
   
  
  
  c 
   

 

a. In an effort to save did swap Simple Past
water, my husband
and I swapped our
dishwasher for a
washing-up bowl.
2. We then used the did use Simple Past
leftover water
3. to clean our car, to clean ¦onfinite -
Infinitive
4. which often gets dirty does get Simple Present
5. because we live in a country do live Simple Present
area.

  

 !
"!
 
 

   
   ## 

a. my did swap our dishwasher a) In an effort to
husband save water
and I 2) for a
washing-up
bowl.
2. We then did use the leftover water
3. to clean our car
4. [which] often does get dirty
5. we do live in a country area.


Π #
 
   #
$ !% 
& c' (
&
a. a) my  husband 
2)  I 
3) our  dishwasher 
2. a)  We 
2) the  leftover water 
3. our  car 
   #
$ !% 
& c' (
&
4.  {dirty} 
5.  we 


)   
%

      #
 
a. a) In an effort to save water
2) for a washing-up bowl.
5. in a country area.

*  $ 
 
- then
- often


,
$+ my daughter, Cheryl, a successful young professional when I noticed half a piece
of French bread in its original wrapper in her recycling box. When I told that she could not put
bread in the recycling box she said, ³Why not? It tastes like cardboard!´
  

a 
 

 
   
  
  
  c 
   

 

a. I was visiting my was visiting Past Continuous
daughter, Cheryl, a
successful young
professional
2. when I noticed half a piece did notice Simple Past
of French bread in its
original wrapper in
her recycling box.
3. When I told that she could did tell Simple Past
not put bread in the
recycling box
4. [she could not put could not put Simple with a
bread in the modal verb
recycling box] (could)
5. she said, ³Why not? did say Simple Past
It tastes like
cardboard!´
6. It tastes like does taste Simple Present
cardboard!
  

 !
"!
 
 

   
   ## 

a. I was visiting my daughter, Cheryl,
a successful young
professional
2. I did notice half a piece of in its original
French bread wrapper in her
recycling box.
3. I did tell that she could not put
bread in the
recycling box
4. [she could not put bread in the recycling
box]
5. she did say ³Why not? It tastes
like cardboard!´
6. It does taste like cardboard!


Π #
 
   #
$ !% 
& c' (
&
a. a)  I 
2) my  daughter Cheryl, a
successful
young
professional
2. a)  I
2) half a piece of  French bread
3. a) I
2) [clause]
4. a) she
2) bread
5. a) she
2) [clause]
6. It


)   
%

      #
 
2. in its original wrapper in her recycling box.
4. in the recycling box
5. like cardboard

*  $ 
 
- not

-+

+% asked why I called my husband Hon.
³It¶s a term of endearment,´ I explained.
My husband mumbled, ³After more than 40 years, it¶s a term of endurement.´
   

a 
 

 
   
  
  
  c 
   

 

a. My granddaughter did ask Simple Past
asked why I called
my husband Hon.
2. why I called my did call Simple Past
husband Hon
3. ³It¶s a term of did explain Simple Past
endearment,´ I
explained.
4. It¶s a term of is Simple Present
endearment
5. My husband did mumble Simple Past
mumbled, ³After
more than 40 years,
it¶s a term of
endurement.´
6. ³After more than 40 is Simple Present
years, it¶s a term of
endurement.´

  

 !
"!
 
 

   
   ## 

a. My did ask why I called my
grandda husband Hon.
ughter
2. I did call my husband Hon why
3. I did explain ³It¶s a term of
endearment.´
4. It µs a term of endearment
5. My did mumble ³After more than 40
husband years, it¶s a term of
endurement.´
6. it ¶s a term of ³After more than
endurement.´ 40 years,


Π #
 
   #
$ !% 
& c' (
&
a. a) My grand-
daughter
2) [clause]
2. a) I
2) my husband Hon
3. a) I
2) [clause]
4. a) It
2) A term of endearment
5. a) My husband
2) [clause]
6. a) It
2) a Term of endearment


)   
%

      #
 
6. After more than 40 years

*  $ 
 
- why

u%+ my young son along in his toy car, I passed a lady standing at her gate.
³Did you pass here a few years ago pulling another young child in that toy car?´ she asked.
³Yes, I did,´ I smiled.
³You don¶t learn, do you?´
D 



a 
 

 
   
  
  
  c 
   

 

a. While pulling my young Pulling ¦onfinite ±
son along in his toy Present
car, Participle
2. I passed a lady did Pass Simple Past
standing at her gate.
3. ³Did you pass here a did Ask Simple Past
few years ago pulling
another young child
in that toy car?´ she
asked.
4. ³Did you pass here a did Pass Simple Past
few years ago
5. pulling another Pulling ¦onfinite ±
 
 
   
  
  
  c 
   

 

young child in that Present
toy car?´ Participle
6. ³Yes, I did,´ I did Smile Simple Past
smiled.
7. ³Yes, I did,´ did Simple Past
8. ³You don¶t learn, do don¶t Learn Simple Present
you?´
do Tag Question

  

 !
"!
 
 

   
   ## 

a. pulling my young son a) along
2) in his toy car
2. I did pass a lady standing at her
gate
3. she did ask ³Did you pass here a
few years ago pulling
another young child
in that toy car?´
4. you ³Did pass 3) here
4) a few years
ago
5. pulling another young child in that toy car?´
6. I did smile ³Yes, I did.´
7. I did,´ ³Yes,
8. ³You don¶t learn do you?´


Π #
 
   #
$ !% 
& c' (
&
a. my young son
2. a) I
2) A lady standing at her
gate
3. a) she
4. 2) [clause]
5. another young child
6. a) I
2) [clause]
7. I
8. You


)   
%

      #
 
a. in his toy car
5 In that toy car

*  $ 
 
- along
- here
- a few years ago
- yes
- do you?