Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ELECTRICAL MACHINES – II
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S.NO CONTENTS
Name of the Experiment
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
INDUCTION MOTOR
2
The aim of the experiment is to predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by
EMF and MMF methods.
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
For Alternator:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
EMF METHOD:
1
1. Armature resistance Ra = 1.6*Rdc
Rdc = Resistance in dc supply
2. Synchronous impedance Zs = Open circuit voltage(E1(ph))/ Short circuit current(Isc)
(From the graph)
3. Synchronous impedance Xs = √(Zs2 – Ra2)
4. Open Circuit voltage Eo = √(Vrated CosФ + IaRa) 2+ (Vrated sinФ + IaXs)2(For
lagging power factor)
5. Open circuit voltage Eo = √Vrated + IaRa)2 + (IaXs)2 (For unity power factor)
6. Percentage regulation = Eo-Vrated / Vrated *100
(For both EMF and MMF method)
THEORY:
EMF METHOD:
i) Open circuit characteristics are plotted from the data obtained from the open
circuit test.
ii) Short circuit characteristics are drawn from the data given by the short circuit test.
It is a straight line passing through the origin.
Consider a field current If. The open circuit voltage corresponding to this field current is
Eo. When winding short circuited the terminal voltage is zero. Hence it may be assumed
that the whole of this voltage Eo is being used to circulate the armature short circuit
current Ia against the synchronous impedance Zs,
Eo= IaZs
iii) Knowing Ra and Xs, Vector diagram can be drawn for any load and any power
factor.
MMF METHOD:
This method also utilizes open and short circuit data and it is the converse of the emf
method in the sense, that armature leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature
reaction.
Now field ampere turn (AT) required to produce a voltage of V on full load is the
vector sum of the following.
i) Field AT required to produce rated voltage V on no load. This can be found from
open circuit curve.
ii) Field AT required to overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on
full load. This value is found from short circuit test. The field AT required to
produce full load current on short circuit balances the armature reaction and the
impedance drop.
1
The impedance drop can be neglected because Ra is usually very small and Xs is also
small. Under short circuit power factor is almost zero lagging and the field AT are used
entirely to overcome the armature reaction which is wholly demagnetizing. AT on full load
are equal and opposite to the field AT required to produce full load current on short circuit.
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
2
v) Join the points O and A and find the field current (if) by measuring the distance
OA that gives the open circuit voltage (Eo) from the open circuit characteristics.
vi) Find the percentage regulation by using suitable formula.
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO Field Current (If) Open Circuit Voltage(VOL) Open Circuit Phase Voltage
1
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
S.NO Field Current (If) (amps) Short Circuit Current (120 to 150%of rated
current)(Isc) (amps)
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1
2) Define voltage regulation. Name two methods used to determine voltage regulation
of alternators.
%Reg = E-Vrated / Vrated *100
Where E = No load voltage
Vrated = Rated voltage
Two methods to determine voltage regulation:
i) EMF method
ii) MMF method
Kc = Pitch factor
Kd = Distribution factor
Synchronous reactance Xs = Xl + Xa
Xl = leakage reactance
Xa = Armature reactance
2
7) What is the other name for EMF and MMF method?
The other name for EMF method is called as Synchronous impedance method
and MMF method is called as Ampere turn method.
EMF method – Pessimistic method
MMF method – Optimistic method
The aim of the experiment is to predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by
ZPF and ASA methods.
Amps:
1
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
For Alternator:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
THEORY:
ZERO POWER FACTOR METHOD:
ZPF method is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance and armature
reaction effects. To determine armature leakage reactance and armature reaction mmf
separately, two tests are performed on the alternator. The two tests are
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the open circuit characteristics curve (Generated voltage per phase Vs field
current).
2. Mark the point A at X axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with full load
armature current.
3. From the ZPF test, mark the point B for the field current to the corresponding rated
armature current and the rated voltage.
4. Draw the ZPF curve which is passing through the point A and B in such a way
parallel to the open circuit characteristic curve.
5. Draw the tangent for the OCC from the origin (Air gap line).
6. Draw the line BC from B towards Y axis which is parallel and equal to OA.
7. Draw the parallel line for the tangent from c to the OCC curve.
8. Join the point B and D also draws a perpendicular line DE to BC.
1
BC=Armature reaction excitation
1. Draw the open circuit characteristics curve (Generated voltage per phase Vs field
current).
2. Mark the point A at X axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with full load
armature current.
3. From the ZPF test, mark the point B for the field current to the corresponding rated
armature current and the rated voltage.
4. Draw the ZPF curve which is passing through the point A and B in such a way
parallel to the open circuit characteristic curve.
5. Draw the tangent for the OCC from the origin (Air gap line).
6. Draw the line BC from B towards Y axis which is parallel and equal to OA.
7. Draw the parallel line for the tangent from c to the OCC curve.
8. Join the point B and D also draws a perpendicular line DE to BC.
9. Extend the line BC towards the Y axis up to the point O. The same line intersects the air
gap line at point G.
10. Mark the point I in Y axis with the magnitude of Eair and draw the line from I towards
OCC curve which should be parallel to X axis. Let this line cut the air gap line at point H and
the OCC curve at point F.
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.NO Field Current (If) Open Circuit Voltage(VOL) Open Circuit Phase Voltage
1
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
S.NO Field Current (If) Short Circuit Current (120 to 150%of rated current)
1
VIVA OUESTIONS:
2
4. What are the experimental data required for Potier method?
i) Data’s obtained from open circuit test to draw the OCC curve
ii) Field current required to obtain the zero armature voltage and the field
current to obtain the rated armature current. These two field currents are
required to draw the ZPF curve.
2. Whether the results obtained by ASA method is reliable for salient pole machines.
Yes, it is reliable for salient pole and Non salient pole machines.
2. Energy is wasted.
Energy is not wasted.
5. What are the different methods available to determine the voltage regulation of an
alternator?
1. Direct loading method
2. Synchronous Impedance method or EMF method
3. Ampere Turn method or MMF method
4. Zero Power Factor method or Potier method
5. ASA method
6. Two reaction theory
The aim of the experiment is to predetermine the regulation of three phase salient pole
alternator by conducting the slip test
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
For Alternator:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
2
2. What is meant by magnetizing and cross magnetizing component?
The component along direct axis can be magnetizing and the component acting
along the quadrature axis is called cross magnetizing component.
It is a transformer with one winding only, part of this being common to both
primary and secondary. In this transformer the primary and secondary are not
electrically isolated from each other.
1
V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF THREE PHASE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to draw the V and inverted V curves of three phase
synchronous motor.
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
For Dc excitation:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Synchronous motor is constant speed motor which are not self starting in nature, so
that we have to start this motor by any one of the following starting methods,
3. DC exciter starting
The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to applied voltage is known as
1005 excitation. The other two possible excitations are over excitations and under
excitation if the back emf is more or less to the applied voltage respectively.
The variations of armature current with field current are in the form of V curves
and the variation of power factor with field current are in the form of Inverted V
curves.
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
1
1. Note down the name plate details of motor.
4. By adjusting the auto transformer from minimum position to maximum position the
rated supply is given to the motor. The motor starts as an induction motor.
5. In order to give the excitation to the field foe making it to run as the synchronous
motor close the DPST switch.
6. By varying the field rheostat note down the excitation current, armature current and
the power factor for various values of excitation.
GRAPH:
1
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Armature voltage:
Without load:
S.no Excitation current (If) Armature current (Ia) Power factor (CosФ)
(Amps) (Amps)
With load:
S.no Excitation current (If) Armature current (Ia) Power factor (CosФ)
(Amps) (Amps)
1
VIVA QUESTIONS:
The magnitude of armature current varies with excitation. If graph of armature current
drawn by the motor against field current is plotted then we get V curves.
If the power factor is plotted against field current then the shape of the graph looks
like an inverted V and are called as Inverted v curves.
The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to the applied voltage is known
as 100% excitation or when the power factor of the synchronous motor is unity.
Eb=V or cosФ =1
When the excitation is changed, the power factor changes. The excitation for which
the power factor of the motor is unity is called critical excitation.
2
When the excitation is adjusted in such a way that the magnitude of induced emf is
less than the applied voltage the excitation is called under excitation (lagging power
factor)
When the excitation is adjusted in such a way that the magnitude of induced emf is
greater than the applied voltage the excitation is called over excitation (leading power
factor).
When synchronous motor is over excited it takes leading power factor current. This
characteristic is similar to a normal capacitor which always takes leading power factor
current.
6. What is hunting?
When synchronous motor is on no load, the stator and rotor pole axis coincide with
each other. When motor is loaded, the rotor pole axis falls back with respect to stator.
If the load connected to motor is suddenly changed by a large amount , the rotor tries
to take its new equilibrium position. But due to inertia of rotor, it cannot achieve
equilibrium instantaneously while achieving new position, it passes beyond its final
position corresponding to new load. This will produce more torque than demanded.
So the load angle is reduced and rotor swings in other direction.
Such oscillations of the rotor about its new equilibrium position, due to sudden
application or removal of load is called hunting.
2
3. Too much starting load
1. A synchronous motor starts as usual but fails to develop its full torque. What could be
due to?
3. DC exciter starting
The V curves of synchronous motor reveals the fact that its power factor is
controllable by means of its excitation.
1
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to conduct the load test on three phase squirrel cage
induction motor and to draw the performance characteristics.
3Ф Induction motor
Volts:
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
T = Torque in N-M
THEORY:
Induction motor is a machine which converts AC electrical energy into mechanical energy.
In this motor the rotor does not receive electric power by conduction but by induction in
exactly as the secondary of 2 – winding transformer receives its power from the secondary.
That is why such motors are known as rotating transformer. When you give three phase
supply to the three phase stator winding then it is called as three phase induction motor.
The effect of applying load on the speed, slip, stator current, power factor, efficiency
and torque are discussed below:
EFFECT ON SPEED:
When the induction motor is on no load the speed is slightly below the synchronous speed.
The current due to induced emf in the rotor is responsible for torque production required at no
load, as the load is increased the rotor speed is slightly reduced. The emf induced in the rotor
and hence the current increases to produce higher torque required until the torque is equal to
the torque required by the load on the motor.
2
EFFECT ON SLIP:
Synchronous speed depends upon of frequency stator supply voltage and number of poles
for which that motor winding is made. Therefore if poles and frequency are constant,
synchronous speed is constant. Thus with increase in load on the motor, rotor speed
decreases, slip will increase.
Current drawn by the stator is determined by two factors. One component is the
magnetizing current required to maintain the rotating field. The second component produces
a field which is equal and opposites to that formed by the rotor currents. The rotor current
increases with loads, the stator current will also therefore increases with load.
Power factor of an induction motor on no load is very low because of the high value of
magnetizing current. With load the power factor increases because the power component of
the current is increased.
EFFECT ON TORQUE:
The torque will increases with increase in loads, with increase in output.\
APPLICATIONS:
1. Squirrel cage induction motor having moderate starting torque and constant speed
characteristics preferred for driving fans, blowers, water pumps, grinders, lathe machine,
printing machines and drilling machines.
2. Slip ring induction motors can have high starting torque as high as maximum torque. Hence
they are preferred for lifts, hoists, elevators, cranes, compressors.
PRECAUTIONS:
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
2. The TPSTS is closed and the motor is started using on line starter to run at rated
speed.
3. At no load, the speed, current, voltage and power are noted down.
4. By applying the load gradually with the help of spring balance and brake drum
arrangement, the speed, current, power and spring balance readings are noted for
various loads up to the rated current.
2
5. The load is released late and the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn.
GRAPH:
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
IL = Load current
VL = Load Voltage
W1 + W2 = Input power
T = Torque
η = Efficiency
S = Slip
PF = Power factor
VIVA OUESTIONS:
1. What is the function of slip rings and brush assembly in three phase induction motor?
Slip rings are used to connect external stationary circuit to the internal rotating
circuit. Hence in induction motor, the external resistances can be added with the help
of brushes and slip ring arrangement in series with each phase of rotor winding.
1
2. List the difference between squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor
Slip of the induction motor is defined as the difference between the synchronous
speed and actual speed of rotor expressed as a fraction of the synchronous speed.
4. How the direction of rotation of three phase induction motor can be reversed?
5. Under what condition, the slip in an induction motor is zero, one, negative and greater
than one.
a. Zero: when N = Ns, S=0 which is not possible for an induction motor.
b. One: when N = 0, S=1. At start motor is at rest and hence its speed N is zero.
c. Negative: When the rotor is running at a speed above synchronous speed, slip is
negative.
d. Greater than one: When the motor is rotated in opposite direction to that of
rotating field, slip is greater than 1. When slip is greater than one, the machine
works in breaking mode.
a. The resultant of three alternating fluxes separated from each other by 120 degree
has constant amplitude of 1.5 Фm, where Фm is maximum amplitude of an
individual flux due to any phase.
b. The resultant always keeps on rotating with certain speed in space, and the speed
is given by Ns = 120f / P
When run faster than its synchronous speed, an induction motor runs as a generator
called as induction generator. Slip is negative.
1
2. What is the effect of slip on frequency, induced emf, current, power factor, Reactance,
Impedance?
When rotor starts rotating it tries to catch the speed of rotating magnetic field.
If it catches the speed of rotating magnetic field, the relative motion between
rotor and RMF will vanish. In fact the relative motion is the main cause for the
individual emf in the rotor. So induced emf will vanish and hence there cannot be
rotor current and rotor flux which is essential to produce the torque on the rotor.
Eventually motor will stop. The induction motor never rotates at synchronous speed.
Date: Remark:
AIM:
1
The aim of the experiment is to conduct the no load and blocked rotor test on three
phase squirrel cage induction motor and to draw the equivalent circuit and also to
predetermine the performance using circle diagram.
3Ф Induction motor
Volts:
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
NO LOAD TEST:
R1 = stator resistance
X1 = stator reactance
THEORY:
2
No load test is performed to determine the no load current, no load power factor, wind
age and friction losses, no load input and no load resistance and reactance.
Since there is no power output on no load, the power supplied to the stator furnishes its
core loss and the friction and wind age losses in the rotor.
It is also known as locked rotor or short circuit test. This test is used to find the short circuit
current with normal voltage applied to stator, power factor on short circuit, total leakage reactance and
resistance of the motor as referred to stator and full load copper loss.
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
2. For no load test by adjusting autotransformer apply rated voltage and note down the ammeter,
voltmeter and wattmeter readings. In this test the rotor is free to rotate.
3. For blocked rotor test by adjusting autotransformer apply rated current and note down the
ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings. In this test the rotor is blocked.
4. After that make the connections to measure the stator resistance as per the circuit diagram.
5. By adding the load through the loading rheostat note down the ammeter, voltmeter readings
for various values of load.
By using the data obtained from the no load test and the blocked test, the circle diagram can be
drawn using the following steps.
2. From the no load test find out the current Io and draw the vector OA with the magnitude of Io
from the origin by suitable current scale, which lags behind the voltage by an angle Фo
Фo = Cos-1(Wo / √3VoIo)
3. From the current Isc find out ISN (short circuit current corresponding to the normal voltage)
through the formula ISN = Isc (V/Vsc). draw the OB vector with the magnitude of ISN from the
origin by the same current scale , which lags the voltage V by an angle Фsc where
6. Then draw the bisector for the output line and extend it to the line AD, let the point of
intersection be C.
8. Let EB be the line of total loss (ED (constant loss) +DB(variable loss))
9. In the line DB locate the point G to separate the stator and rotor copper losses
11. Draw the tangent to the semicircle in such a way that should be parallel to the output line. Let
the point of tangent be H.
12. Join the points H and C that will be perpendicular to the output line then draw a line parallel
to the Y axis from H to output line. The point at where the parallel line meets the output line
is names as H’.
14. Draw the tangent to the semicircle in such a way that should be parallel to the torque line. Let
the point of tangent be I.
15. Join the points I and C that will be perpendicular to the torque line then draw a line parallel to
the Y axis from I to torque line. The point at where the parallel line meets the output line is
named as I’.
17. Draw the tangent to the semicircle in such a way that should be parallel to the X axis. Let the
point of tangent be J.
18. Join the points J and C and extend the same up to X axis. The point at where the line meets
the input line is named as J'.
20. From the circle diagram find maximum input power, maximum torque, maximum output
power, rotor Cu loss, stator Cu loss and slip.
To find the total input power on short circuit with normal voltage PSN by following
formula,
1
PSN = Wsc (Vrated / Vsc) 2 and value of line BE equal to PSN, so power for 1 cm is equal to
ratio between PSN and length of EB in cm.
BK = Output power (from the name plate details of motor) / Power scale.
22.Draw the parallel line to output line AB, which cuts the semicircle at point L. (near by Y axis)
23. Draw the parallel line for Y axis from point L to X axis (point Q). Then join O and L.
13. Full load efficiency = Full load output power / Full load input power
17. Full load slip = Full load rotor Cu loss / Full load rotor input
2
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
NO LOAD TEST:
Multiplication Factor:
1
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
Multiplication Factor:
S.no Short circuit Short circuit Voltage Short circuit Power Total Power
current (Isc) (Vsc)
W1 W2 W1+W2
(Amps) (Volts) (Watts) (Watts)
1
VIVA QUESTIONS:
4. Worn bearings due to which the armature may be touching field laminae, thus
introducing excessive friction.
2. What happens if single phasing occurs when the motor is running? And when it is
stationary?
1. If already running and carrying half load or less, the motor will continue
running as a single phase motor on the remaining single phase supply,
without damage because half loads do not blow normal fuses.
2. If motor is very heavily loaded, then it will stop under single phasing and
since it can neither restart nor blow out the remaining fuses, the burn out prompt.
2
A stationary motor will not start with one line broken. In fact due to heavy
standstill current, it is likely to burn out quickly unless immediately
disconnected.
5. What are the different methods of speed control of three phase induction motor?
Induction motor particularly the squirrel cage type, sometimes exhibit a tendency to run
stably at speeds as low as one seventh of their synchronous speed. This phenomenon is
known as crawling.
The rotor of a squirrel cage induction motor sometimes refuses to start at all, particularly
when the voltage is low. This happens when the number of stator teeth is equal to the number
of rotor teeth and is due to the magnetic locking between the stator and rotor teeth. That is
why this phenomenon is also called as teeth locking.
1
1. It reduces magnetic humming.
9. What is jogging?
Jogging means inching a motor ie, make it to move a little at a time by constant starting and
stopping.
3. Over heating
Date: Remark:
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to separate the no load losses in three phase squirrel cage
induction motor as core loss and mechanical loss.
3Ф Induction motor
Volts:
Amps:
KVA:
1
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
Here the mechanical loss Wm will be the distance from the origin to the point at
where the constant loss/phase Vs voltage curve cuts the y axis.
THEORY:
The no load losses are the constant losses which include core loss and friction and
windage loss. The separation between the two can be carried out by the no load test
conducted from variable voltage, rated frequency supply.
When the voltage is decreased below the rated value, the core loss reduces as nearly
square of voltage. The slip does not increase significantly the friction and windage loss
almost remains constant.
1
The voltage is continuously decreased, till the machine slip suddenly begins to increase
and the motor tends to stall. At no load this takes place at a sufficiently reduced voltage. The
graph showing no load losses versus voltage is extrapolated to V =0 which gives friction and
windage loss as iron or core loss is zero at zero voltage.
PRECAUTIONS:
PROCEDURE:
2. By giving the three phase supply through the autotransformer, start the motor.
3. The auto transformer should be varied till the motor attains its rated speed and no
voltage and current.
4. Repeat the same procedure for some more low values of the voltage and tabulate the
readings.
5. Find the stator copper loss and constant loss by respective formula.
7. Obtain the core loss by separating the mechanical loss from the constant loss.
8. To measure the stator resistance, connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
9. By adding the load through the loading rheostat note down the ammeter, voltmeter
readings for various values of load.
GRAPH:
RESULT:
2
TABULAR COLUMN:
NO LOAD TEST:
Multiplication Factor:
Io = No load Current
Vo = No load voltage
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Stator losses
2. Mechanical losses
The no load losses are the constant losses which include core loss and friction and
windage loss.
2. In which type of induction motor can resistance be introduced in the rotor circuit?
In slip ring induction motor the resistance can be introduced in the rotor circuit.
3. The squirrel cage rotor is also known as short circuited rotor. Why?
In squirrel cage rotor, the copper bars are placed in the slots. These bars are short
circuited at each end with the help of conducting copper ring called end ring. The
1
entire rotor resistance is very small. Hence this rotor is also called as short circuited
rotor.
1. Define operating torque, starting torque and breakdown torque. Which of these is the
largest?
If loaded beyond this torque the motor will decelerate and come to standstill.
Breakdown torque is the largest among these for normal induction motor.
2. Why do induction motor runs at low power factor when lightly loaded?
At no load an induction motor draws large magnetizing current to create flux in the
air gap. This current has very low power factor of the order 0.2 lag. The power is
mainly drawn to provide for core loss. As the motor is loaded, it draws a load
component of current with much higher power factor. Therefore the power factor of
the net current drawn from main increases with load. It rises to 0.8 - 0.85 at full load.
At light load the power factor will be slightly more than that at no load.
Since the induction motor runs always at a speed lesser than the synchronous
speed, it is called asynchronous motor.
5. Why is the efficiency of a three phase induction motor less than that of a transformer?
In induction motor, there are mechanical losses due to the rotation of the rotor.
Hence the efficiency of an induction motor is less than that of the transformer.
2
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Expt.no: Mark:
Date: Remark:
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to conduct the load test on single phase induction motor
and to draw the performance characteristics.
1Ф Induction motor
Volts:
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
1
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
T = Torque in N-M
THEORY:
1
A single phase induction motor has two main parts namely stator and rotor. A single
phase supply is connected to the stator winding. This produces an alternating current to the
stator winding. This current produces an alternating flux in the air gap between the stator and
the rotor. The alternating flux passes over the rotor conductors and induces an emf into it due
to transformer action. Due to this induced voltage, current starts flowing through the rotor
conductor. This current will then produces its own flux called the rotor flux. The main flux
produced by the stator winding interacts with the rotor flux to produce the torque. The rotor
flux gets produced due to the principle of induction hence the name of the motor is induction
motor. Single phase induction motors are not self starting like the dc motors.
PRECAUTIONS:
2. The supply should not be switched OFF before the motor is unloaded.
3. While running on load, the brake drum is cooled by pouring cold water.
PROCEDURE:
2. The TPSTS is closed and the motor is started using on line starter to run at rated
speed.
3. At no load, the speed, current, voltage and power are noted down.
1. By applying the load gradually with the help of spring balance and brake drum
arrangement, the speed, current, power and spring balance readings are noted for
various loads up to the rated current.
2. The load is released late and the motor is switched off and the graph is drawn.
GRAPH:
RESULT:
TABULAR COLUMN:
IL = Load current
VL = Load Voltage
1
W1, W2 = Wattmeter readings
W1 + W2 = Input power
T = Torque
η = Efficiency
S = Slip
PF = Power factor
VIVA QUESTIONS:
The rating of the single phase machine is from 1/8 to ¾ hp range. They are
widely used for fans, washing machines, refrigerators, blowers, centrifugal pumps
etc.
3. How will you change the direction of rotation of a split phase induction motor?
The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by a very
large angle. Hence the power factor is low in single phase induction motor.
The copper shading coil is used to produce rotating magnetic field moving from
the unshaded to shaded portion of the pole. Hence the motor produces a starting torque.
2
7. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many single phase inductions motor?
The centrifugal switches are provided on many single phase induction motors,
because when the motor is running at 75% of the synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch
connected in the auxiliary winding operates and disconnect the auxiliary winding from the
supply.
8. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor runs too slow?
2. Overload
9. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor fails to start and hums loudly?
Universal motor is a series motor of rating less than 1Kw which is designed to
operated on both dc and ac supply. They are widely used for food mixers, vaccum cleaners,
hair driers, electric shavers, portable drills, sewing machines etc.
1
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON SINGLE
PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Expt.no: Mark:
Date: Remark:
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to conduct the no load and blocked rotor test on single
phase induction motor and to draw the equivalent circuit.
1Ф Induction motor
Volts:
Amps:
KVA:
RPM:
FUSE RATING:
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
FORMULA USED:
NO LOAD TEST:
R1 = stator resistance
X1 = stator reactance
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12. Magnetizing reactance Xm = 2(Xo –X1 – X2’/2)
THEORY:
The equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor can be developed by using
double field revolving theory. By using the equivalent circuit the performance of the single
phase induction motor can be obtained.
The single phase induction motor can be visualized to be made of single stator
winding and two imaginary rotors. The developing torques of the induction motor is forward
torque and backward torque.
When the single phase induction motor is running in the direction of forward
revolving field at a slip S, then the rotor currents induced by the forward field has frequency
sf. The rotor mmf rotates at slip speed with respect to the rotor but at synchronous speed with
respect to the stator. The resultant forward stator flux and the rotor flux produce a forward air
gap flux. This flux induces the voltage in rotor. Thus due to the forward flux, the rotor circuit
referred to stator has an impedance of R2’ /2s + jX2’/2.
The backward flux induces a current in the rotor at a frequency (2-s)f. the
corresponding rotor mmf rotates in the air gap at synchronous speed in the backward
direction. The resultant backward stator flux and the rotor flux produce a backward air gap
flux. This flux induces the voltage in rotor. Thus due to backward flux the rotor circuit
reffered to stator has an impedance of R2’/2(2-s )+ jX2’/2
No load test is performed to determine the no load current, no load power factor, wind
age and friction losses, no load input and no load resistance and reactance.
Since there is no power output on no load, the power supplied to the stator furnishes its
core loss and the friction and wind age losses in the rotor.
It is also known as locked rotor or short circuit test. This test is used to find the short circuit
current with normal voltage applied to stator, power factor on short circuit, total leakage reactance and
resistance of the motor as referred to stator and full load copper loss.
PRECAUTIONS:
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1. The auto transformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
PROCEDURE:
2. For no load test by adjusting autotransformer apply rated voltage and note down the ammeter,
voltmeter and wattmeter readings. In this test the rotor is free to rotate.
3. For blocked rotor test by adjusting autotransformer apply rated current and note down the
ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings. In this test the rotor is blocked.
4. After that make the connections to measure the stator resistance as per the circuit diagram.
5. By adding the load through the loading rheostat note down the ammeter, voltmeter readings
for various values of load.
RESULT:
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TABULAR COLUMN:
NO LOAD TEST:
Multiplication Factor:
Multiplication Factor:
S.no Short circuit Short circuit Voltage Short circuit Power Total Power
current (Isc) (Vsc)
W1 W2 W1+W2
(Amps) (Volts) (Watts) (Watts)
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ARMATURE RESISTANCE Ra:
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
Capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the motor. Due to the capacitor
connected in series with the auxiliary winding, the capacitive circuit draws a leading
current which increases the split phase angle α between the two current I m and Ist.
According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved into two rotating
components which rotates in opposite directions and each having magnitude as half of
the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.
3. What are the classifications of single phase induction motor based on the method of
starting?
1. What design features are incorporated in a split phase motor to make it starting?
The split phase motor is provided with windings, main winding and auxiliary
winding. These two windings are excited from the same voltage. The currents in the
two windings can be made out of phase by adjustment of the impedance of the
auxiliary winding in relation to the main winding. As a result the mmf of main
winding and mmf of auxiliary winding constitute an unbalanced field set with 900
electrical space phase relationship. The two symmetrical components now being
unequal the forward rotating field is made stronger than the backward rotating field,
which results in the net production of starting torque. Thus the two windings with
phase difference make the split phase motor self starting.
2. What is the advantage of a capacitor start motor over a resistance split phase motor?
In case of capacitor start, it is possible to have the phase angle between the two
currents. Therefore this type of motor has high starting torque as compared to
resistance split phase motor and used for heavy loads such as compressors, conveyors,
pumps, certain machine tools, refrigerators and air conditioning equipment.
2. To limit the initial in rush of current during starting conditions, which would
otherwise produce larger line voltage drop affecting equipments connected to
the same line.
3. What is the difference between the dc motors and single phase induction motor?
An important difference between the two is that the dc motors are self starting
while single phase induction motors are not self starting.