CALIFORNIA

In This Issue I
GOLD BEARING QUARTZ VEINS IN THE KLAMATH
GEOLOGY MOUNTAINS 35
MINING CALIFORNIA CALCITE CRYSTALS FOR THE OPTICAL
A PU8UCATJON OF THE RING SIGHT 45
DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION LITERARY PROSPECTS 50
DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY TEACHER FEATURE 55
sus. 01 c.won.. PETe WILSON DMG OPEN-FILE REPORT RELEASES 56
Go~ PUBLICATIONS REQUEST FORM 57
n. R.sourcaI Agwq DOUGLAS P WHEELER
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY SUBSCRIPTION AND
Secre£iJt)l kx Resources CHANGE OF ADDRESS FORM 58
PRELIMINARY REVIEW MAPS OF PROPOSED SPECIAL
~ 01 c.c.r-- EOW,l,RO G HEIOK>
STUDIES ZONES OF JANUARY 1.1993 59
""Od~
JAMES F DAVIS
Stale Geofo9rst

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY
NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE CONFERENCE IN MEMPHIS
May 3-5. 1993
Technoc:aI EOolors Elise Maruson

Copy Edllor
Gtaphlcs and Design
"""" "'"""
lena Tabolio
PeglJY Walker
RedJcing eanhquake hazards in the central and eastern United Slates is
the theme for this conference. The focus will be on me last decade·s effons to

""--
PubloealJOn$ SupeMSOl' ..18" lambert transfer seismologkal assessment and earthquake engineering information
from Califomia to the rest of the nation to encourage everyone---home
101 K SlIeel. 12lh FJoot MS 12-)0 0INI"leTS. teachers. building inspectors. poIiticians-to recognize seismic
S8cr_. CA 958143531 hazards and prepare for a mapr eanhquake.
(9151«5·1ll25
PubIiaDor'I& _ Io'IIOrmUOn 0It>0I Five topics will be addressed:
10\ K StrM\. 141!'l Floot US 14-33
SacratMl'lO. CA 95111.-3532
• hazard assessment
(1115) ..... S.S716 • damage mitigation
SouIIwm CaOtDf1ll& RIogIoMl on.:e • preparedness. awareness, and public education
101 Soult> Broaclway Roon 1065 • emergency response and recovery
los MgeleI, CA 90012·.uQ2
(213) 620-3S60
• socioeconomic and public policy impacts.
Bay Aru Regoonal 0Il.e.
Papers will be presented and workshops conducted throughout this cross-
1,.5 MlI,."e1 51'''1, 3<d Floot disciplinary conference.
San F,anc::i$.c:O, CA 901103·1513
(.'5)5511SOO Some sponsors: Central United Stales Earthquake Consonium. Federal
CA.lJFORNIA GEOLOGV (ISSN 0026 45551 II pobIosned i)i. Emergency Management Agency. National Institute for Standards & Technol-
~ tlV the OePfI"mt<'I1 o! ConservaTIOn. OMSIOfl ot 101,.... ogy. National Science Foundation. U.S. Geological Survey. and the Tennes·
and Geology n. Records Qtlooe 1$ at 1059 Vine Street, Sulle
see Valley Authority.
1OJ, sao........ to C'" 9S8'4 S«ond dlIss JIOS1aQII ill paool 8'
sacramento, CA POS\mflSl.. Send ..:!d,ess ctIlInges loCAlI·
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_..
Repons
_
ClltlOIn'WIQ DMsoon of
artlOIloI _ _ ~ _
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~ ... inC*JdId .. 1M maQWIIII ConItollvled ~
p/>oUlgIr"llh5, _ ~ _ ~..-...g amounce·
~

TtE CONCLUSIONS AHO OPINIONS EXPRESSED IN AR·

TlCLES ARE SOLELY THOSE OF THE AUTl«)RS AND ARE
Cover photo: Interference ligure (aiming reticle) as seen through
t«)T NECESSARl.V ENOORSED BY TtE DEPAAT~ENl 1M Optical Ring Sight. Photo by CraJg WoJmertJauser.
Of'CONSERV"'TION
Corr_ _ 1/IOulcI De _ 1 0 Editor
c...LlFORI'/lA. GEOlOOY, 101 K s-. ~S 1.-33
s.c._ CA 9581.·35)2
~ $100011)'1 t6_ISltOO'2)'1S (lZ11-
_ I S2e0G'3)'1S ( I I - J 5endSl.OlCtJCllJOn~_ CORRECTION: MarchlApriI1992, page 49.
- . . 01 _ _ ........-.on 10 CALFORHL.\ G£OlOGY
P 0 eo. 2\Il1O. s.c._.
CA t5llIZ·2\IIIO The bar scale is incotTect on the map of Califomia·s north coast regk:lnal
eanhquake SOI.lrCe zones The scale is 100 short for me distances shown by
MAACHlAPRlll993 approximalely a factor of fiYl!. That Is. the l00-mUe mark should be about
VolUmB 461Number 2 20 miles: the end 01 the scale should be marked about 200 kilometefS. IlOl
CGeOA 46 (2) 33-60 (1993) 1.000 kiIomelefS.

CAUFOANIA GEOLOGV MARCH APRJlI993

Gold-Bearing Quartz Veins in the Klamath Mountains in the
Redding 1 x 2 Degree Quadrangle, Northern California
MILES L. SILBERMAN, Geologist. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado
JOANNE DANiElSON, Geologisl. Shasta College, Redding, California

Photo 1. Ribbon texture in quartz vein, Summit Mine, FrOrlCh Guk:h·Deadwood Mining District The ribbons consist of bands of
quartz separated by thin dark seams 01 chloritized, ptylllZed wall rock (black shale or argimtej. The banding IS believed 10 repre-
sent successive openings and movement along the fissures that contain the veins. Altha Summit Mme, the veins cut argillite and
graywacke 01 the Bragdon Formation. Gold contents 01 veins from this mine collected during our study were as high as 75 ppm
(parts per million) (2.2 ounces per Ion). and arsenic conlents were as high as 10,000 ppm (1 percent). Very high arsenIC eonlemls
typICal of veins hosted in argillite and graywacke in the quartz-veIn districts of the Klamath Mountains_ Phofo by M.L S!lberman.

INTRODUCTION

OUr studies 01 gold-bearing quartz

veins of the Klamath MountaIns are
part of the U.S. GeologICal Survey's
(USGS) Redcilng 10 I( 2" quadrangle
Conterminous Uniled Stales Mineral
Assessment Program (CUSMAP)
prOjeCt, initiated by the late John Albers
and his USGS colleagues in the early
1980s. They. and members 01 aca-
demia and the mining industry, pub-
lished a summary of the geology and
genesis of massive sulfide copper-zinc
deposits ot the West Shasta District
that Albers had been studying SlllCe
the 1950s (Skinner, 1985).
The project identified regions Within
the Redding quadrangle favorable lor
the occurrence of mineral deposits. the
most important of which have been
gold, copper, and zinc. The gold occurs
maInly in placer deposils and quartz
veIns, the copper and zinc occur
mainly in massive sulfide deposits.
We viSited many 01 the mines in lhe
larger gold-mining dlstnctS, collected
samples. and studied the mineralogy and
chemiStry 01 the gold-bearing veins (Photo
1). These studies helped us establish cri·
teria that are favorable lor the occurrence
01 gold-vein deposits. and helped us Iden-
Iity areas most worthy 01 being pros-
pected. The overall assessment 01 the
quadrangle's mineral resources is com-
plete (Silberman, Hassemer, and Force, in
press; Silberman, Hassemer, Force, and
Tripp, In press).
In thiS artICle we summanze the geo-
logiC sertlng, production. mineralogy.
geochemistry, and hIstory of mining lode-
gold deposits In the Redding quadrangle.
A more detailed presentahon of the char-
aclerislics and geochemIstry of the gold-
bearing veins in the major districts can
be round In USGS Open-File Report
91·595 (Silberman and Damelson, 1991)
...authors.
T ile Redding quadran91e contains
parts of three physiogmphic prov-
inces': Coast Ranges. Klamath Moun-
tains. and Great Valley (FIgure 1). The
Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains are
part of the complex of accreted ter-
ranes fonning the margin of North
America from Alaska to Mexico (Coney
and others. 1980). The process of joining
these terranes to the Nonh American land
mass, in the region of northern California.
probably began in the Devonian and was
complete by the Late Cretaceous or early
Tertiary (Blake and Harwood. 1989:
Irwin. 1989). The Great Valley province
extends from near Redding south to the
Tehachapi Mountains. Made of Jurassic
to Holocene sedimentary rocks and sedi-
ments (Hackel. 1966). it is an elongate
down-warp. or syncline, formed alter
the accretion of the Coast Range and
Klamath Mountains to Nonh America.
• Te,ms in boldface JyPfI are In the glQSsary
on page 43

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY MARCH/APRIL 1993 35

 1lle gold deposits described here are
in the Klamath MOUIltains. More than 3
million ounces of gold has been produced
from several terranes within the Klamath
Mountains province, mostly in the eastern
half of the Redding quadrangle. In this
province, which extends into Oregon.
about tvJo-thiros of the gold produced was
from placer deposits. The most common
Iode-gold deposits are mesothennaJ
quartz or quartz-car"bonate veins similar
to tOOse of the Mother Lode belt to the
southeast (Albers. 1966: Silbennan and
Danielson, 1991). Most of the rest of the
lode gold produced was a byproduct
from copper-zinc massive sulfide deposits
such as those of the West Shasta District
(Albers. 1966). Additionally. a small quan-
tity of gold was from copper-bearing
quartz-sulfide and sulfide veins in ultra-
mafic rocks (serpentinite) in the west-
ern half of the quadrangle. This type of
deposit is cormnon but not weD studied
(Eric. 1948: Silberman and Danielson.
199 I). Because the goId-quartz veins are
the most common source of lode gokl. it
is likely they are the principal source of
gold in the placer deposits (Clark. 1970).
GENERAL GEOLOGY
1he southern Klamath Mountains
in the Redding lOx :P quadrangle are
a series of terranes that lie as generally
ea5tward-dipping plates separated by
thnast faults (Irwin 1981. 1985)
(Figure 1). The terranes consist of island
arc and oceanic volcanic and sedimen-
ta'Y rocks including sandstone. mudstone.
shale, greenstone. chert. minor lime-
stone. and these rocks' metamorphic
equivalents. that fomled in Ordovician
through Jurassic time. 1he Eastern

'0":..· ....
"r
.....
.......

~-;..
'?
'. 0,

'~
•
"0 ,
'. l'
'?
...• Younger Sedunentary

.."
Volcanic Rocks 01

The Greal Valley

'~I__:.,,:-_~'-,,---,'C,,,::,~. Miles
o 2 • 61(~
PROVINCES

LEGEND
Terranes made
ITI05Ify 01:
• PllItons thalml1Uded alter
ac:c:rebon 01 terranes
Approximate boundary 01 gold
mining distrICt
•

D
Oceanic rocks

Rocks lomllld In Island

,,~ • ""'......
Plutons thatlnlruded before
itCCfet;on oIlerranes

Physiographic ptOVlIlce
+ Lode gokl depos~ with greater
than 5,000 ounces production

La Grange Mme (largest placer

deposit In Klamath Mountains)

Terrane boundasy ApproXlrnate botindary 01

copper-zinc district

Figure 1. Generalized geology of the Redding 10 II 2" quadrangle showlTlg pre- and post·accretlon plUlons. lode gold mining diSlricts. major
copper-zinc districts, and gold·quartz vein mines With greater than 5.000·ounce productIOn. Lode mine locations Irom Hotz (1971). Terranes:
EKT. Easlem Klamath: n.
Trimty: CMT. Central Metamorphic: NFT. Northfork: HT. Hayfork: RCT. Ranlesnake Creek: WJT. Western
JurassIc. Modified from Fraricelll and orhers (ISB7).

36 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGV MARCH APRIL 1993

 , PAC/FIC
•Eureka OCEAN
Glen Creek Beh
(Lale JuraSSIC
:- ISO m.y.)
EXPLANATION
Plutonic Belts
flIT] Intruded alter terranes
were JOined
~ Inlruded belore terranes
~ were loined
- - Outline of individual pluton
""L ~ ~
Figure 2. Map of the Klamath MountainS in the Redding 1 x 2 quadrangle prOVlllce showing outlines 01 major plutons and trends of
plutonic belts. Modified from Irwin (1985).
Klamath Terrane (Hgure l}. the part of
the Klamath Mountains to which the
other terranes were joined. formed dur-
ing a period of volcanic-arc activity that
extended from Devonian through Jurassic
time {Irwin. 1981). This Eastern Klamath
Terrane was built on Ordovician oceanic
crust and upper mantle. IlOVJ represented
by the Trinity Terrane, The Central Meta-
morphic Terrane developed along the
western edge of the Eastern Klamath
Terrane during Devonian subduction
beneath the Trinity Terrane. Subse-
quently. during Middle 10 Late Jurassic
time. the Northfork. Hayfork. Rattlesnake
Creek. and Western Jurassic terranes
were pined to the combined Eastern
Klamath and Central Metamorphic ter·
ranes by successive subduction events
(Irwin. 1981. 1985).
Defonnation dUring accretion led to
dismemberment. remobilization. and em-
placement of ultramafic rock (With alter-
ation to serpentinite) along many terrane
boundaries. The ultramafic rocks are
ophiolites formed from the deeper parts
of the oceanic and island arc terranes.
Because serpentinite bodies are strongly
magnetic. aeromagnetic maps delineate
CAUFORNIA GEOlOGY
Ironside Mountain Beh
(mid-Middle Jurassic
::' 170m.y.)
Star Mountain Belt·'-.o:,,,,,-
(Early Jurassic
::- 200 m.y.)
subsurlace boundaries extending \.Veil
beyond the outcrops (Griscom and others.
in press).
Granitic and mafic plutons and associ-
ated hypabyssal rocks of Devonian
through Cretaceous age intrude the rocks
of the terranes. Many of these plutons are
in belts that generally follow the trends 01
the joined terranes (Irwin. 1985: Agure
2). Some intrusive bodies were emplaced
\.Vithin the host terrane before another
terrane was attached. Most of these are
parts of ophiolites or are comagmatic
with volcanic rock sequences that formed
in the same island arc. An example of
the latter is the Micklle Jurassic Ironside
Mountain Batholith belt in the Hayfork
Terrane. which is comagmalic with a
regionally extensive meta·andesite unit
that underlies much of the terrane (Irwin.
1985; rlgure 2).
Some plutons and plutonic belts
clearly intruded after terranes joined;
either lhey are significantly younger than
the rocks lhat surround them. as deter·
mined by isotopic daling. or they cut
across terrane boundaries (Irwin. 1985).
The Early Cretaceous Shasta Bally
MARCH APRIL \993
McCloud Belt
(Permian
::- 255 my.)
Mule Mountain Stock
(Devoman
:' 400 m.y.)
Shasta Baity Bell
(Early C,etaaJOUS
:-136 m.y.)
--'
Batholith and the belt of plutons in which
il is found are post-joining (In.dn. 1985:
rtgure 2).
The regional metamorphic grade of
the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of
the tem'lnes ranges from unmetamor-
phased. through lov..>-grade (greenschist
facies). to moderate-gracle metamor-
phism (amphibolite facies). Metamor·
phosed rocks of variable grade are in
every terrane (Davis. 1966). Contact
metamorphism has affected rocks ad}il'
cent to plutons. particularly post-joining
intrusions. as exemplified by the banded
gneiss zones along the contacts of the
Shasta Bally Batholith and the country
rock (Albers. 1964).
Superjacent rocks include Creta-
ceous and Tertiary sedimentary and volca-
nic rocks. Most 01 these are in the Great
Valley province (F"Lgure I).
Most of the terranes of the Klamath
Mountains province have similar litholo-
gies. although the prO]'Xlrtions of the
rock types differ. A lew. such as the
Ralliesnake Creek (mostly dismembered
ophiolite) and Central Metamorphic
37
(a complex of mafic and felsic gneiss and
schist) terranes, are exceptions. Some
terranes. such as the Northfork Terrane
and the eastern part of the Hayfork Ter-
rane. are melanges of varied oceanic or
island-arc rock types in a shaly matrix.
FraticelH and others (1987) described
individual fonnations. including plutons.
in the terranes (Figure 1).
LODE-GOLD DEPOSITS OF THE
KLAMATH MOUNTAINS
History
Gok:I was discovered in the Klamath
Mountains in 1848 by Major Pierson B.
Reading. Reading was a colorful character
who participated in the Bear Rag Revolt.
and prior to his diSCO\lery of gold. worked
at Sulter's Fort and visited the Marshall
Mill at the Coloma gold discovery site in
38 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
the Sierra Foothills (Shasta COW1ty His-
torical Society. written communication,
1991). In the literature there is some
disagreement about the location of the
Klamath discovery site. Ferguson (1912)
and Hotz (1971) quoted an earlier report
by Raymond (1874) that indicates Read-
ing made the discovery along Clear Creek
in Shasta County. Brovm (1916) and
Irwin (1960) suggested, however. that
Reading discOV(!red gold earlier. along the
Trinity River near Douglas City. Trinity
County. From the description in Brown
(1916), it seems that Reading was the first
to find gokl at lx>th sites.
At first. gold was produced primarily
from placer deposits. The first lode min-
ing in the Klamath Mountains was at
the Washington Mine in French Gukh
in 1852. Placer mining led to the discov-
ery of gokl- and silver-bearing gossans
MARCH APRIL 1993
(oxidized parts of the massive sulfide
deposils) that lAleT"e first mined in the
1860s (Photo 2). Lode-gold production
lagged far behioo that of placer unlilthe
1880s. From then until World War I.
at least as much gold was produced by
quartz-lode mining as by placer mining.
wid production dropped considerably
in the 19205. During the 19305 the bulk
of gold extraction was from dredging
operations, although quartz-lode mining
activity continued and mining of gossans
for gold increased (Albers. 1966). In
1942, gold production was stopped for
the duration of the war by President
Roosevelt's Executive Order. II never
again reached prior levels.
Small-scale and recreational placer
mining continues in the Klamath Moun-
tains. but most quartz-lode mines. particu-
larly in the Redding quadrangle. are inac-
tive. 1llere is development. exploration.
and small-scale mining, hoI.uever. at the
Washington Mine. the Klamath Moun-
tains' earliest producer. aoo the Summit
Mine. both in the French Gukh District.
aoo at the Yankee John Mine. near 19o.
in the Shasta-Redding District. Explora-
tion aoo development wcre carried out
at the Reid Mine. Old Diggings Districl
in the mid-1980s, but the mine is now
inactive.
The placer deposits. some of VJhich
contain minor platinum and platinum
group elements. are along the major riv-
ers and their tributaries, particularly the
Trinity and Klamath rivers. and Oear
Creek. Tertiary aoo Quaternary gravel
deposits have produced gold, as have
beach deposits along the coast in Del
Norte and Humooldt counties. in the
Coast Ranges province Orwin. 1960:
Oark. 1970: HOlz. 1971). One of the
largest placer mines in the United Stales
is in the Klamath Mountains. at the La
Grange deposit (Figure 1) in the Central
Metamorphic Terrane. near Weaverville.
It was active intermittently from 1861
through the 19405 and produced
390.000 ounces of gold (Oark. 1970).
Photo 2. Massive pyrite. lower leh. and gos-
san. or iron o~lde. upper nght.lormed by the
oxidation 01 the pyrite durnlQ weathering.
Bnck Ftat ore body, Iroo Mountain Mine.
West Shasta Copper·Zinc District. Pharo by
M.L. Silberman.
Distribution of Gold-Beanng belt; in the Hayfork Terrane. the districts wood and other districts in the Eastern
Quartz Vein Deposits and Their are within the Ironside Mountainbelt. Klamath Terrane. ranges in composition
Relationship to Plutonic Rocks from quartz diorite to diorite and is of
In most of the gold-mining districts. several different ages (Photo 3) (Danielson.
Lode gold deposits 01 the Klamath two or more petrographically distinct sets 1988).
Mountains are primarily in the eastern of intermediate to felsic hypabyssal intru-
part of !he province in terranes contain- sions are spatially associated with the Districts such as South Fork. Canyon
ing metavolcanic and metasedimentary gold-bearing quartz veins. These dikes and Creek-East Fork. Hayfork. and Harrison
rocks generated in island arcs (Figure 1). sills are believed to be offshoots of the Gulch probably are within individual p1u·
The most common lode deposits are larger plutonic bodies (Hotz. 1971: tonic belts rather than bet\ll€en them. At
quartz or quartz-carbonate veins similar Danielson and Silberman. 1988). The Canyon Creek-East Fork. quartz por-
to those of the Mother Lode (Silberman French Gulch-Dead'.VOCXl District. which phyry. pegmatite. aplite. and diorite are
and Danielson. 1991). with production was the largest gold producer in the associated with many of the quartz veins
totals varying from a few tens of ounces Klamath Mountains. and the nearby (Hou. 1971; Hotz and others. 1972).
to more than 400.000 ounces. Massive VJhiskeytown District are good examples
sulfide deposits hosted in volcanic rocks of the relationships between plutonic The Old Diggings District. which is
and gold-bearing skarn depos- between the Devonian Mule
its have produced less lode Mountain Stock and the Per-
gold (Hou, 1971). The large mian McCloud belt intrusions.
mines are in quartz-vein sys- including the Pit River Stock
tems. for example the Brown (ptgures I and 2), appears to
Bear Mine in the French corroborate the suggestion
Gulch District (Albers. 1965: that important districts are
Hotz. 1971). bet\ll€en plutonic belts. How-
ever. a recent K-Ar age deter-
GoId-bearing quartz veins mination on sericilic alteration
are spatially associated with adjacent to one of the large
granitic plutons of various veins at the Reid Mine shaIN'S
ages. In most of the larger that the mineralization is
districts. hypabyssal dikes and Devonian. and approximately
sills related to the plutons are the same age as the Mule
intimately associated with. Mountain Stock (Photo 4)
and in many places host. (Danielson and others. 1990).
gold-bearing quartz veins
(Ferguson. 1912: Albers. Although similar island arc
1%5: Horz. 1971). In addi- Photo 3. Birdseye porphyry dike. French Guk:h·Deadwood District. terranes are present in the
tion to the distributKln of Gold-bearing quartz veins are associated With these dikes and fre- VJestem Klamath Mountains
plutons. Ptgure 1 shows quently contained Within lhem. The dikes vary in compoSition from in the Redding quadrangle
daCite to diorite. but all compositional vanelles contain the large
quartz-vein deposits that pro- rounded plagioclase phenocrysts or birdseyes shown above. The (P'9ure 1). no large vein
duced more than 5.000 association between dikes and quartz veins is so marked that pros- deposits have yet been identi-
ounces of gold in the pectors were advised to search all contacts 01 the birdseye porphy- fied there. HOI.'Je\IeT. small.
Klamath Mountains in the ry dikes to lind minera~zed veins. The dikes are believed to be goId-quartz and gold-copper
Redding quadrangle. offshoots 01 the Shasta Bally and other plutons (Danielson. 1988). sulfide-rich vein systems
K-Ar dallng suggests that at least some of the dikes are approxi- abound. and there has been
We suggest that most of mately 160 rna (JurassIc). older than the early Cretaceous Shasta considerable placer mining. In
the productive gold-bearing Bally Batholith. Photo oy Joanne Damelson. fact. there are placer gold
quartz-vein districts are situ- deposits throughout the Kla-
ated between pre- and post-joining pluton belts, plutons. and hypabyssal intrusions. math Mountains and they are not re-
belts and are within a few miles of the The most productive mines in these dis- stricted to lode mine areas (hwin, 1960:
contact between their nost rocks and one tricts are between the pre-joining. Dev0- Hotz. 1971).
or more granitic plutons (Danielson and nian Mule Mountain Stock and the post-
Silberman. 1988). This associatk>n is joining. Early Cretaceous Shasta Bally Production
most evident in the Eastern Klamath Ter- Batholith. The gold-bearing quartz veins
rane where many of the quartz-vein dis- are closely associated Wlth dikes and sills More than half of the 7 miRion ounces
tricts are between the Cretaceous Shasta of quartz porphyry. quartz dk>rite. and of gold produced from the Klamath Moun-
Bally belt and either the Oe\.a1ian Mule diorite (Albers. 1%5; Danielson and tains (64 percent) was from placer depos-
Mountain Stock or plutons belonging to Silberman. 1988). The "birdseye por-
M its. Gold-bearing quartz veins produced
the Permian McCloud belt (Ptgures 1 and phyry described by Albers (1961. 1%5). 27 percent. and the remaining 9 percent
2). In the Central Metamorphic Terrane. so frequently associated with gold-bearing was produced as a byproduct of copper-
the districts are within the Shasta Bally quartz veins at the French Gulch-Dead- zinc massive sulfide smelting. The develop-

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY MARCHiAPAIL 1993 39

ment of copper smelting in 1896 was
imponant for gold production (Albers,
1966). Gold-bearing vein quartz from the
Old Diggings and other districts was used
as smelter flux. TIle recovery of gold from
these flux ores and sulfide-copper ores
greatly enhanced gold production in the
region (Aubrey. 1908).
LOOe gold production from mining
districts in the Redding quadrangle is
SlDTlmarized in the table below. Because
production was reponed only in dollar
amounts. loVe used gold prices at the time
of mining to calcu1ate production in
ounces. We estimate that total gold pro-
duction from the Redding quadrangle,
including kx:Ies and placers. exceeds
3 million ounces or almost half the gold
produced in the Klamath Mountains
(Silbennan and Danielson, 1991). The
available production figures vary consider-
ably. We calculated gold produced from
the French Gulch-Deadwood District, the
largest district in the Klamath Mountains.
as 800.000 ounces from Hotz's data
(1971). and 1.500,000 ounces from
Clark's data (1970). Thorough records
were not kept during most of the placer
gold production. In fact. no data were
found from some of the smaller districts
such as Dog Creek and Bully Choop.
Production data discrepancies for
silver are on the order of 20 million
ounces for a single mine (Lydon and
O·Brien. 1974). Silver was produced as
a byproduct of the copper-zinc massive
sulfide deposits and is present with gold in
quartz-vein deposits. The South Fork
District (Figure 1) had the only significant
silver production from quartz veins. It
produced about $1 million of silver.
mostly before 1900 rrucker. 1926:
Albers, 1965).
Geologic Sening
age. The host rocks are metamorphosed of the Whiskeytown District (Albers.
to the greenschist fades. Examples are 1965: Lydon and O·Brien. 1974: Hotz.
the Old Diggings and Dog Creek districlS 1971). In the Backbone District. quartz
in the Eastern Klamath Terrane (Hotz. veins are in a Devonian metarhyoolite intru-
1971). sion some distance from the contact of the
Mule Mountain Stock. but we include
2. Steeply dipping veins In graywacke them in this category (Lydon and O'Brien,
and argillite of Late Devonian to early 1974).
Carboniferous age and moderately dip-
ping quartz veins along the thrust contact 4. Steeply dipping silver-rich quartz
of the graywacke-argillite rocks and under- veins in the Early Cretaceous Shasta Bally
lying Devonian greenstone (Photo 5). Batholith. The South Fork District is the
Both selS of veins are associated with only precious metal. quartz-vein district
dikes and sills of quartz-porphYTY and in the Klamath Mountains that was silver
birdseye porphyry of diorite to quartz rich and had Utile gold production (Tucker.
diorite composition (Photo 3) (Albers. 1926: Albers. 1965: Hotz. 1971).
1965: Hotz. 1971). Examples are French
Guk:h-Deadwood, Eastman Gulch. and 5. Gently to steeply dipping quartz
Minersville districlS and parts of the veins in amphibolite-facies schist and
Whiskeytown District. aU in the Eastern gneiss. The steeper veins are associated
Klamath Terrnne. with pegmatite, aplite. and quartz por-
phYTY dikes (Photo 6). Examples are the
3. Steeply dipping quartz veins in the Canyoon Creek-East Fork and Bully Choop
Devonian Mule Mountain Stock and districts in the Central Metamorphic Ter-
comagmatic metarhyolife and greenstone rane (Ferguson, 1912: Averill. 1941:
near contacts with the stock. Examples O·Brien. 1965: Hotz, 1971).
are the Shasta-Redding District and pans
Lode Gold Production from Mining Districts and Terranes of the Klamath Mountains.
DISTRICT TERRANE GOLD REFERENCE
(ounces)
French Gulch-Deadwood EKT 800.000 1
1,500,000 2
Minersville EKT 39.000 1
Whiskey10wn EKT 54,000 1
70,000 3
Backbone EKT 50,000 1
Shasta-Redding EKT 25,000 1,2
Old Diggings EKT 200,000 1
Shasta copper-zinc belt l EKT 560,000 2
Canyon Creek·East Fork GMT 192,000 4
Harrison Gulch HT 200,000 1

Gold-bearing quartz veins are in a Hayfork HT 5,000 1

variety of host rocks and geologic senings
throughout the Klamath Mountains, but TOlal 2,125.000 (low estimate)
the largest deposilS and the most produc- 2,841.000 (high estimate)
tive districts are in the Eastern Klamath.
Central Metamorphic. and Hayfork ter- EKT • Eastern Klamath Terrane
ranes (Figure 1). Gold·bearing quartz veins CMT • Central Metamorphic Terrane
are common in seven geologic settings. HT • Hayfork Terrane
We defined these settings using published
descriptions and our obselVations. , Mostly byproduct 'rom massive sulfide depoSits. East and West Shasta districts.
References f. Hou (1971). 2. Clark "970): 3. Albers (1965): 4. /-Iou and olhers (1972)
1. Steeply dipping veins in greenstone
with or without metarhyolite of Devonian

CALIFQANIA GEOLOGY MARCH.APAIL 1993

 6. Steeply dipping quartz veins in tal gold is present in quartz and sulfide ation minerals and thin cakite or ankerite
argillite and chert of late Paleozoic Of minerals. mainly pyrite 0;012. 1971). veins are commonly developed within a
Jurassic age near the contact with Jurassic few yards (meters) of the larger gold-bear-
Hayfork Bally Meta-Andesite. Examples ll'le type of alteration minerals in wall- ing quartz veins in those host rocks (Helen
are Hayfork and Harrison Gukh districts rock adjacent to the quartz veins depends Folger. USGS. written communication.
(Hotz, 1971). in the Hayfork Terrane. on host rock lithology. In greenstone. 1986). Hornblende .schist generally is
metarhyolite. and granitic rocks. including chJoritized adjacent to veins.
7. Gold-bearing quartz veins cOlltain- dikes and sills. sericilic alteration products
ing copper sulfides and/or disseminated are most common. Chlorite and carbon- Trace element contents of the quartz
copper sulfides and carbonates with or ate minerals may also be present. Dikes veins show some differences related to
without quartz. in serpentinite. diorite. and sills ad,iacent to veins generally are host rock type. There are also differences
and gabbro in ultramafic in trace element contents of
rock complexes (Eric. veins hosted in the same
1948). lhese deposits are rock types in different dis-
common in many of the tJicts (Silberman and
terranes of the Klamath Danielson. 1991). Silver
Mountains and Coast content of mineralized
Ranges. including quartz veins is generally Jess
Franciscan terranes. the than 10 ppm. and the gokl-
Josephine Ophiolite of the silver ratio generally is
Western Jurassic Terrane, greater than I. The South
the Trinily Terrane, north Fork District is an exception:
of the Redding quadrangle. silver content of samples
and others that contain from the base metaVsilver
serpentine and dismem- veins ranges from 50 to
bered ophiolite. such as 5.000 ppm and the gokl-
the Rattlesnake Creek silV€r ratio is less than
Terrane. The most signifi- 0.01. Arsenic content is
cant example of this highest (>1.000 ppm) in
deposit type in the Redding veins hosted by argillite
quadrangle is the Horse and graywacke. Tellurium
Mountain District. (2-20 ppm) and boron
Photo 4. Banded quartz vem With streaks 01 pyrite and chlorltlzed wall (50-300 ppm) contents
Quartz veins in the rock inclUSions, Reid Mine, Old Diggings District The vein. which is are highest in veins hosted
approximately 1.5leet (0.5 m) wide (base 01 photo). cuts greenstone ot
above settings are generally the Devonian Copley Formation. The lootwall 01 the vein (lower lelt) is by greenstone. Copper
similar. They are mediwn sheared lor distances 01 up to 6 feet (2 m) trom the vein. Both the hang- (l0·100 ppm). and lead and
to coarse grained and con- ing wall (upper right) and loolwall of the veIn contain Irregular, thin quartz zinc (both 10-1.000 ppm)
tain variable amounts of veins. Gold contents as high as 70 ppm (2 ounces per too) were found in contents are highest outside
wall-rock fragments and samples of the veins collected at Reid Mine. The mineralized valns also the South Fork District in
lesser calcite. Ribbon tex- contarn up to 200 ppm copper. 300 ppm boron. and 21 ppm tellunum. veins hosted by hornblende
ture. bands of quartz sepa- The veins are surrounded by a halo ot saricltlC alteraIJon that yielded schist in the Canyon Creek-
a K-Ar age ot approximately 400 mao indicating the veins were formed
rated by seams of altered East Fork District. lhese
in Devonian time, and are related to the same magmatic eptsode that
wall rock. is common in produced their host rocks (Danrelsoo and others. 1990). Photo by veins also contain an aver-
the veins (Photo ll. The ML Silberman. age of 1.2 ppm of mercury.
sulfide mineral content is a much higher content than
generally low. from less that of gold-rich veins from
than 3 percent to approxi- other rock types and other
mately 5 percent. Sulfide contents are silicified and have sericitic alteration mining districts. At Horse Mountain. min-
much higher in the silver-rich veins of the slightly farther from the veins. Albitic eralized rocks contain more than 2 per-
South Fork District. Sulfides are generally alteration and cartxlnale minerals are cent copper and high amounts of nickel
concentrated in wall-rock inclusions and also common. and paragonite (sodium- and chromium (1.500·2,000 ppm).
in wall rocks immediately adjacent to bearing mica similar to muscovite) has Detailed trace element data from veins
veins. Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide been reported adjacent to some veins for many of the mining districts shown
mineral. Other sulfide minerals include (Ferguson. 1912: Albers. 1%5: Holz. in F'19ure 1 are summarized in Silbennan
arsenopyrite (particularly common in 1971). Wall-rock alteration in argillite and and Danielson (1991).
argillite-graywacke-hosted veins). galena. graywacke is not obvious, although local
sphalerite, chakopyrite. pyrrhotite. and silicification has occurred adjacent to Origin of Gold-Bearing Ouartz Veins
molybdenite (Hotz. 1971). Gold telluride veins. Petrographic study of wall rocks at
minerals are present in veins hosted in the Summit Mine in French Gulch shows. TIle mineralogy. texture. and associ-
greenstone (MacDonald. 1986). 8emen- na..vever. that sericite and chlorite alter ated alteration products of the wall rocks

CALlFQANIA GEOLOGY MARCH-APRIL 1993

 plutons or hypabyssal inlrusions. as are many of the mineral-
ized quartz veins in the Redding quadrangle.

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
One 01 the most important methods used in regional
mineral resource assessment is the chemical analysis of
stream sediments. High concentrations of minerals or ele-
ments in stream sediments can indicate a deposit of those
minerals in the drainage basin. From our studies 01 the kxIe-
gold deJX>sl15 and analyses of associated stream sediments.
VJe were able to identify groups of minerals and elements
thai indicated go1cl deposits.

We found many drainages that contained either

geochemical or mineral anomalies suggesting gold·lode
deposits throughout the terranes of the western Klamath
MOWltains and even in those of the Coast Ranges. We be-
lieve these western regions are VJ€1l \.YOrth prospecting be·
cause rock types and structures commonly found there are
like those associated with 1ode-go1cl deposits farther east.
Descriptions of the areas we think are most likely to contain
undiscovered deposits will be published this year (Silbemlan.
Hasseman. and Force. in press: Silbennan. Hasseman.
Force. and Tripp. in press).

Photo 5. Brecciated quartz vein wllh chlorilized, pyritic wall rock

inclusions. Summit Mme. French Gulch-Deadwood Mming District.
The steep vein cuts argillite and graywacke sandstone o! the
MIssisSippian Bragdon Formation. The brecclatJon and texture Indi-
cate that the 'issure hosting the quaf\2 vetn moved aller the vein
was initially formed, probably with the Iell wall moVing downward
retallve to the nghl. Brown staJns are iron oxide resulting 'rom the
weathering 01 pyrite and other sulfides. Photo by MoL. Silberman.

suggest that these gold-bearing quartz

veins are typical mesothermal veins. simi-
lar to those in the Mother Lode of Califor-
nia southeast of the Klamath Mountains.
Stable isotope studies of Mother Lode
veins similar to veins in the Redding quad-
rangle suggest they formed from the activ-
ity of early. CO 2 ·bearing fluids of deep
origin and later fluids of probable mete-
oric origin (BOhlke and Kistler. 1986).

Elder and Cashman (1991) suggested.

on the basis of fluid inclusion data. that
mineralized quartz-carOOnate veins at
~rtz Hill (in the Oro Ano District 01 the
central K1amalh Mountains) \.\/eTe fonned
by the partial mixing of IWO fluids. One of
these fluids was of metamorphic origin
and the other possibly of meteoric origin.
The veins at Quartz Hill are similar to
many of the veins in the Redding quad-
Photo 6. Ouartz'rlch pegmatite vein cutting hornblende gneiss. upper level of the Chlonde
rangle: however. the Quartz Hill veins are Mine, Canyon Creek·East Fork Olstnct. Brown stammg is Irom oxidation of pYrite and other
associated with a major transcurrent sulfides At Canyon Creek·East Fork. quanz veins are spatially associated With dikes of a
fault (Elder and Cashman. 199 I). They vanety 0' compoSitionS. Includmg pegmatite. The pegmalltes we collected In Ihls area ale
are nOI spatially associated with granitic frequently anomalous in gold. but are not economICally mmerallzed Photo by ML SIlberman

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY MARCH APRIL 1993

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to dedicate this paper
to three men whose work in the Klamath
Mountains served as the foundation lor
most. if not all. recent studies. The late
John Albers initiated the geochemical
study of the origin of the gold deposits in
the Klamath Mountains as part of the
Redding CU$MAP project of the USGS.
John's earlier work. along with that of
W. Porter Irwin on the geology and tec-
tonics. and Preston Hotz on the gold
deposits. turned the mystery of the origin
of the Klamath Mountains into a dynamic.
evolving mOOeI. It is \.\lith this mOOeI and
their inspiration tnat we continue to work
on lhe original mission.
Miles l. Silberman is a geologist with the Branch of Geochemistry of
the U.S. GeologiCal Survey. He has 25 years ellpenence In research and
ellploralion of base and precious metal deposits in the western United States,
Alaska, Mellico. Australia, China. and Israel. In 1982 and 1983, between tours
at the USGS, Dr. Silberman deSigned and ran exploration programs for pre-
cious metal deposits in the Great BaSin for the Anaconda Minerals Company.
Recenlly, he and Joanne Danielson compiled a field gUide to the minerai
depoSits of the eastern Klamath Mountams for the 15th International Meellng
oftha Association of Ellploration Geochemists.
Joanne Danielson's geological experience Indudes lielcl work In the
AntarctiC and geochemical studies of the moon, Mars. meteorites. kimberlite
nodules. and metallferous mineral depoSits.
She teaches geology. earth science, and chemistry at Shasta college
in Redding. California. Her current endeavors Inetude developing an
Associate Science degree, operating a goat dairy. raising pack mules and
donkeys, and researching the mineral deposits of northern California as a
USGS volunteer

GLOSSARY

Acctetion (accteted) - The addillon of
conflnenfal land mass to another confln&nt
by colliSIOn.
ComagmaUc -Igneous rocks thaI have a
common set 01 chemICal and mineralogICal
'eatures and are denved Irom a common
parent magma An eKampie Irom Redding
is the Mule MOUntaln Stock and Balaklala
Rhvohte wtuch occur In the same lerran&
and are beheved to be the same age
Facies - tn metafflOfphlSrTl, a group ot
minerals lormed under certain pressure-
temperalure conditions thaI can be used
as an indtealor 01 these conditIOns:
• AmphIbolite faaes- A sUite 01 meta-
morphic mln&rals typical of moderate to
hlQh pressure (greater than 43,500
pounds per square Inch. or 3.000 bars)
and tempetatures between 850 and
1.300 F (450 and 700 C).
• GreenschIst faoes- A sUite 01 mela-
morphlC mmerals typical 0'
low to mod-
elate pressure and lemperatures 600
to 900 F (300' 105OO"C).
Greenstone - Any compact. dark green
altered or melamorphosed mafic IQneous
rock. The color IS from chlorite. actinolite,
or epI<tote.
Hypabyssal- An igneous lnlfUSlon
between p1utontC. which is deep. and
surface volcanIC rocks Dikes. $IUs. and
trregular InlfUSIOl'\S of the Klamath Moun-
tams commonlV assoaated With gold·beanng
vems are hVpabvssal inlfUSlOns
Island atc (volcanIc arc) - A genelally
curved belt of volcanoes above a sutJduclion
zone. and the volcaniC and plutonIC rocks that
form there. The volcanIC rocks are accompa·
nled by sedimentary rocks larmed bV erosion
01 the volcanIC rocks
Melange - A bodV 01 rock ctIaract9flzed by
tack 01 mtema! contmUity 01 contacls or strata
and bV dlsorl9flted blocks 01 alt Slzes (exotIC
and native) embedded In a matriK 01 liner
grained mateflal.
Mesothermal- A hydrothermal rmneral
dePOSit found at considerable depfh (probably
grealer than 1 or 2 miles [2 or 3 kmJ) and '"
the temperature range of400 G 10 800 F (200
to 400 C). The term is commonlv used for the
types 01 gold·quartz verns of the Mother lode
and lhe Klamalh MountainS.
Ophiolite - A sequence 01 rocks character·
lZed by ultramafic and malic rocks, IrequenOv
8SSOCIafed With deep sea sediments. These
are segments 01 fhe ocean lloor. Includmg
oceanIC crust and upper mantle rocks, uphfted
onto a continent dUfing teHan& col~slotl
PhysIographic province - A legloo whose
pallern of land forms IS signlficanliV dillerent
Irom that 01 adjacent reglotIS (e.g. Great
Valley and Klamath Mountams).
SubdUcllon - The process bV which one
lithosphenc plate slides beneath another at a
convergenf contlnenfal margin.
Superjacent sequence or tock - A
vounger sequence of rocks situated imme-
dlalelV upon or over a lower. older se-
quence. as 00 an unconlormlty. In the
Klamafh MountaJns. sUper}acent relers
10 locks deposited alter the accretion
processes were complete.
Terrane - A body of rock 01 regIonal
edenl characterized bV a geologIC hisfory
diller-ent Irom that of adlacent terranes
NormallV, faults form lhe boundary
between adjoining terranes.
Thrustlault - A lault With a dip 01
45 degrees or less over much 01 ItS eKlen!.
on which the upper plate appears to have
moved upward and over the lower plate
Transcurrent laull- a steeplv Inclined,
large-scale. strike-slip lault.
Ultramafic rock - An igneous rock made
mostlV 01 the magnesium-iron SilICate
mInerals oliVine and pvroxene EKamples
are dunOite (contains mostly olIVIne).
pyrOKenite (contains mostly PVfOKeoe),
and serpentiOlle (largely made of the ser-
pentine group of minerals). These hvdrous
magnesium-iron minerals are formed by
lhe alleratlotl of original. non-hvdrous
ultramafic rocks such as dunmle and
pvroKeOlle.
Modififld from ~ry 01 Geology. 3td Edition.
t987. b,r &ll/$ and Jl'CkJon

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY MARCH/APRIL t993

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ogy, v 80. no. 8. p 2.067·2287.
Tucker. W.B" 1926. Silver lodes 01 the
Soulhlork MlflIng D,SlflCl. Shasta County
Callforma State Mining Bureau. Report
XXII of the STate MinelaloglSt v 22. no 1,
p.201·210.
 Mining California Calcite Crystals
for the Optical Ring Sight
LEWIS ORRELL

INTRODUCTION

S oon after the United Slaies entered World War [I.

Navy personnel challenged Edwin Land of the
Pol<lroid Corporation to increase the accuracy of certain
weaponry. In response. he invented a new gun sight
caned lhe Infinity Sight. Later renamed the Optical Ring
Sight (DRS). it was unique because of the optical char-
octerlstics of Us basic element. a wafer of crystaUine
calcite (Photo 1 and inset. page 46). The DRS had
many advantages over conventional gun sights. A single
unit replaced the Iront and reaT elements. thus eliminat-
mg the need 10 align tI.VO gun sight elements with the
target. The increased speed and precision of sighting
was advantageous because the target was usually moving
fast. Furthennore, it was lightweight inexpensive, and
did not require electrical illumination. For these and
other reasons. the military applied it to several types of
W€apons (PhOlo 2}.

Rnal acceptance and large production orders materi-

alized slowly and. from the beginning of the program
to the end. the supply of calcIte crystals was a critkal
bottleneck in tne development and procLction of the
DRS. In early 1942 there was no working domestic Photo 1. Double images of line and circle illustrate birefringence (the sepa·
mine for calcite crystals nor a significant proven dep:lsit. ration 01 a light ray Into two unequally retracted beams) of calcl1e crystal.
yet the military optimistically anticipated using large Pholo by LeWIS Orrell.

quantities for the ORS. This created a

predicament. In the absence of large.
Photo 2. T95Hinng a firm orders. no federal agency could
20 mOl anti·alrcraft gun divert resources to locate crystals. WHh-
eqUipped With an early out assurance of an adequate. dependable
OAS. Photo courtesy supply of crystals. it was impru:!enr 10
of Polaroid CorporalKJll.
commH the ORS to combat use aoo to
place large production orders. With char-
acleristic decisiveness. land resolved the
impasse by directing his company 10
establish a supply of crystals.

The Search for Deposits

Polaroid retained Professor Harry

Berman. a mineralogist at Harvard
University. to find suitable sources. The
urgency of wartime did not permit tradi-
tional prospecting: Berman needed clues
that promised immediate results. After
considering several options. he turned 10
Harvard's extensiva mineral collc<:tion.
Here he found calcite crystals collected by

CAUrOANIA GEOLOGY MAACHJ"PAtL 1993

 Edwin Land was the first to recognize that the interference
figure observed when a calcite crystal is viewed along its optic
axis and between crossed polars (as With a polarizing micro-
scope) could be the basis for an improved gun Sight. The
unmodified interference I1gure for calcite consists of a darX cross
and a series of concentric colored rings (photo to left). To make
the Navy's Mark 2 version of the CRS, land tOOk a calcite
wafer with laces perpendicular 10 the optic axis of the crystal.
He cemented polarizing him to each face of the calcite wafer,
with the polariZing plane of one lilm at nght angles to the polariz·
ing plane of the other. He then inserted this three-layer element
between quarter-wave retardatIOn plates 01 a proprietary Pola-
roid film. This removed the dark cross by altering the behaVior
of light passing through the sight. He then sandwiched the Sight
between protectIVe layers 01 glass. This 3/16-inch- (O.5-em-)
thiCk assembly of simple optical elements left only the concentriC
colored rings in the field of view (cover photo). Land added an
external red hlter to the f1ng sight assembly that, when moved
Into the line of sight. sharpened the rings and changed them
to blae!< and red (Wood, 1977). When sighting the target. the
circles (the gun-aiming rellcle) appear to be attne same diS-
tance as the target. The CAS enabled the gunner to aim a gun
more rapidly and with less visual strain than with cooventlonal
gun sightS. Photo courtesy of Jan Hinsch. Micro/ab, Leica Inc.

John Hilton of Thermal. Callfamia. Hilton. a desert artist. WIlter,

and rock seller. had gathered these from a spar location which was
weU knoom among local mineral collectors (Wright. 1957). It was
M

later named the Palm Wash field or "Hilton Deposil. Berman was
particularly interested in Hilton's crystals because their growth habit
(basal plates) was advantageous lar processing crystals into wafers
Photo 3). Because the optical axes of the flat crystal and wafer were
the same. the shape of the crystals greatly simplified their orienting
and slabbing.

Geology of the Palm

Wash Deposits

The Palm Wash calcite field is near the southern end of the
Santa Rosa Mountains in the northeastern comer of San Diego
County. It is about 12 miles (19 km) west of the Salton Sea.
1-1/2 miles (2.4 Ion) north of County Route S22, and inside the
eastern boundary of Anza-Borrego Desert State Park (see map).

During the mining of lhls cakite, the U.S. Geologkal Survey

studied the geology of the deposit three times (Gi1July. 1942;
Bramlette and Eakin. 1943; Durrell. 1944). Durrell (1944) stated
that the calcite crystals in the Palm Wash field were found in veins
and pockets in the Palm Spring Fonnation. a mid-Tertiary sedimen-
lary clastic (made of rock fragments) formation.

He explained that diastrophic (related to crustal movement by

tectonic processes) activity had produced a grid of systems of trans-
verse normal faults and longitudinal tension joints. 1lle intersections Photo 3. Arturo Gonzalez hold1l19 large basal plate crystal at
of the faults and joints fanned cavities in which cak:ite was depos· Palm Wash. Photo courtesy of P. BlazovlC,

" CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY MARCH-APRIL 1993


ANZA - BORREGO
PA R K
, were only random vugs (sma! cavities) or
, .,
Location map showing the Palm Wash calcite field.
ited by hydrothennal activity. This miner-
a.lization was accompanied by wan rock
aheration.
DurreD (1944) described the crvstals
as predominantly basal plates. some as
large as 18 inches (45 em) in diameter
and 3 inches (8 cm) in thickness. How-
ever, the average size was between 2 and
3 inches (5 and 8 cm) in diameter and
1/4 to 3/8 inches (6 to 9 mm) in thick-
ness. Massive c.ak:ite occurred in veins
several inches thick or as a coating on the
walls of Jarge cavities. Because of the
prevalenc:e of defects (l\vinning !crystal
intergrOMhI. fractures. doudiness) in
the massive calcite. it was of linle or no
use. Crystals that filled spaces. perpen.
dicuIar to the walls. were of good quality.
although none DurreD found were of
specimen or optkal gracIe. Hou.oever.
since the ORS application tolerated minor
imperfections (sub-optic.al grade). the
Palm Wash District became an important.
usable source.
The Mine Operation
An adequate supply of calcite crystals
was recovered from the Palm Wash cal·
dte field to sustain the POOroid ORS
CAliFORNIA GEOLOGY
, material. thereby confening preferred
"-•
•,
. •
pfOgram for 3 months. HCM'e\Ief. the
demand for crystals outgrew the prOOuc-
tivity of the two amateur miners working
the mine. An organized effort led by
experienced mining engineers was
needed. Again. l..arKl turned to Hany
Berman who contacted felloul Harvard
alumni, Robert and Amold Hoffman.
The Hoffman brothers had begun their
mining careers by prospecting and staking
gold claims in Canada. By the time of
Bennan's approach in October 1942, the
Hoffmans were intematklnal mining con·
sultants and developers of metallic ore
deposits. Nonetheless. Berman was able
to recruit them ~for patriotism. not profit~
(Ointon Young, Outlook Engineering
Corporation. oral commlrlication. 1986).
Within days. Raben was assessing the
Palm Wash field while AmoId was fann·
ing a cak:ite mining company. They pro-
posed a business plan for developing the
field. Polaroid countered on the same day
and by nightfall, Calcite Operators, Inc.
began the nation's first engineered mining
of optical cakite.
With the country at war. labor and
materials l.VI?I'e in short supply and access
to both was on a priority basis. It would
UARCH.APRIL 1993
be another year before President
ROO5e\IE'lt declared optical calcile a critical
status on its supply and suppliers. [n the
meantime. the Hoffmans l.VI?I'e left with
production demands but with lillie help in
securing materials and equipment. How-
ever. aid came from the Marines at Camp
Dunlap. who provided drivers. trucks, and
refrigeration for food storage. This unoffi-
cial arrangement alJoo.ved the inhospitable.
isolated camp to become more productive
and habitable. Raben Hoffman (1944)
characterized California cakite mining as
~more in the nature of gem extracUon. ~
It was aD open trenching instead of W'!der.
ground works. There was no 0Yerburden
to be rel'llOVed or ores to be blasted.
crushed. or chemically processed. There
seams filled with crystals which had to be
carefully exposed and delicately removed.
The shallow country rock had weath·
ered to a soft and friable material which
was readily excavated with a pick to
expose the seams and vugs. Below the
surface decom(X)Sition. the sandstone
remained hard and removal reqJired
drilling (Hoffman. 1942). This was first
done with Barro gasoline-~drills
(Photo 4). HCMoever. the gasoline engines
produced toxic fumes in the deep. nanO'Al
cuts. Sometime later, the din road 10 the
mine was rough graded. making it pos.
sible to haul a compressor 10 the site.
Now 80'pound pavement breaker5 or
jack hammers were used instead of the
gasoline engines (Hoffman. 1943). thus
eliminating the fumes.
At first. use of dynamite in breaking
out benches was a\'Oided because of the
extreme fragility of calcite crystals. After
experimenting INith placements of differ-
ent charges. Calcite Operators. Inc. intro-
duced blasting. It is suspected thaI an
indeterminate amount of acceptable crys-
tal was tacitly sacrificed lor quicker access
to a greater number of vugs. In the first
months of operation, the miners exam·
ined and sorted the crystals as they VJere
removed from the seams. utero the crys·
talline material was trucked to the camp.
acid-.etched. washed. and then graded
for size and quality. Usable crystals were
carefully wrapped in paper. packed in
wooden boxes. and trucked to March
Held in San Bernardino where an Army
Air Force bomber lNhisked them to
Polaroid. Only crystals that VJere clear and
free of cracks. twinning. and major inclu·
sions VJere acceptable. Slight coloration
and VJeU-located, tiny inclusions (sub-opti-
cal grade) VJere allowable for the ORS.
(Where true optical-grade crystals VJere
found during WVJlI, the yield ratk> of sub-
optical to true optical crystals was about
10; 1,j Crystals v.oere paid for after they
were regraded at me factory, The accep-
tance rate VJ<lIS 60 percent.

TIle prevalence of milky or otherwise

defective crystals was such that about 10
pounds (4 to 5 kg) of ~usableM crystals
VJere required to obtain 1 ~ (454 g)
of ~acceptable. ~ Raben Hoffman (1944)
estimated that Calcite Operators, Inc.
had moved 15,000 pounds (6,804 kg) of
rock for each pound of acceptable crys-
tals. Durrell (1944) stated mey had re-
moved 4,800 cubic yards (3.670 ml)
of country rock in making 74 cuts or
trenches, Their total production of almost
7,000 pounds (3.175 kg) of accepted
crystals equated to 1.5 pounds per cubic
yard (890 g/m3) of excavation while
their successors produced as much as
8 pounds per cubic yard (4.8 kg/m3).
This may be an adverse reflection on the
Hoflmans' prospecting or mine manage-
ment, or both,

The Palm Wash operation seemed

to be going weU as the months wore into
mid-summer of 1943. Nevertheless,
sometime hetuJeen July and October of
1943, the Hoffmans struck the tents,
scattered the equipment, abandoned the
mine, and transferred their operation to
Montana.

This was not the end of mining at

Palm Wash. however. Jack Frost and
Bob Dye. who had prospected for Calcite
Operators, Inc. at Palm Wash and in
Montana. reappeared in the deserted
Palm Wash camp In November. They
negotiated an agreement wim Polaroid
and sporadically worked the deposits
during the next year. It is important to
note that their hands-on training and
experience in mining VJ<lIS limited to the
several months they worked for the
Holfmans. Their production records are
incomplete. but it can be confidently esti-
mated that Polaroid accepted at least
3.500 pounds (1,588 kg) of crystals from
them at a price of $12 per pound. This
compares favorably with the Hoffmans'
Photo 4. Young miners openll'IQ Clll along calcite vein with Barco gaSOline-powered drill.
Photo courtesy of P. B/azov/(;.
operation which employed 15to 30 men
to produce 7,000 pounds (3.175 kg) of
acceptable crystals at a cost to Polaroid of
$17 per pound.
EPILOGUE
By late 1944, computing gun sights
VJere introduced and the need for the
ORS was minimal. Stockpiles of crystals
were adequate for remaining ORS pro-
duction, so the Navy halted cak:ite crystal
mining. New applications for the ORS
surfaced in the postwar years. Some were
military. such as capture sights (or photo-
reconnaissance planes: others civilian,
such as view-finders for television cameras
and cameras used in sky-diving. None.
hOlNeYer, created a significant demand for
optical cak:ite. Moreover. polarizing film
replaced calcite crystals in certain optical
instruments, such as polarizing micro-

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY MARCH/APRIL 1993

"
scopes and devices to measure the sugar
content of sera and other solutions
(Deborah Huston. Leica. Inc.. Buffalo.
oral communication. 1993). As a result.
~twar domestic use of sub-optical cal-
cite almost stopped. while that of true
optical crystals dropped to or below the
200-pound j90·kg}. pre-v.rar level. New
technologies. hovJever. have reversed the
trend and created a growing market for
cakite crystals. Lasers. fiber optics. and
fiber communications require the superior
optical perfonnance of calcite prisms
(Vioo Vats. Carl Lambrecht Co.. Chicago.
oral communication. 1992) and domestic
use now approaches 2.000 pounds
(900 kg) yearly (Miller. U.S. Bureau of
Mines. Washington. D.C.. oral communi-
cation. 1992). Pre-war prices for crystals
ranged from $10 to $20 per pound.
Current prices are about $200 per pound
with a few large. perfect crystals com-
manding almost $500 per pound (Vino
Vats. Carl Lambrecht Co.. Chicago,
oral communication. 1992). There are
no domestic suppliers for this market:
imports are from Mexico. Brazil. India.
and South Africa. Beginning with the war
years. attempts were made to grow calcite
crystals artificially (West. 1947) and to
devise synthetic substitutes (Hyman.
1948). As the demand and price for crys-
tals has burgeoned. such efforts have
been renewed. Until the Russians recently
submitted a large. usable. synthetic crys-
tal. technical success was limited. Com-
mercial success with substitutes is unlikely
because artificial crystals cost aOOut four
times as much as natural crystals (Vino
Vats. Carl Lambrecht Co.. Chicago. oral
communication. 1992).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many people contributed generously
to the research data upon which this
article is based. However, a special debt
to Ross Whistler is gratefully acknowl-
edged. Without his insatiable thirst for
facts and his ingenuity in lUlCovering
them. the story of the OptICal Ring Sight
would be woefully incomplete.
REFERENCES
Bramlette. M M.. and Eakin, Thomas, 1943,
Mines and mineral resources ot San
Diego County, California: Calilorma
DIVISion 01 Mines and Geology County
RepoJ13. p. 52.
Durrell, Cordell. 1944. Report on lhe calcite
mines in northeasl San Diego County.
CaMorllla In Calclle depoSIts in Imperial
and san Diego counties. Calilornia'
U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report
77-685.31 P
Giliuly. James. 1942. Calcite depoSits neat
Truckhaven. Imperial Count~. California
In Calcite deposits In Imperial and San
OlCgO counties. Calilorllla: U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey Open File RepoJ177- 685.2 p.
Hollman, Arnold. 1943. California property,
interim report June 21: UOIverSlty 01
Wyoming, laramie. Hotfman Collec·
tlon, 4 p,
HoHman. A. 0 .. 1942. RepoJ1 on Palm
Wash calcite deposits. October 19:
UOIverSlty 01 Wyoming. laramie.
Hortman Cotlec\lOn. 6 p.
Hollman, A. D., 1944. 25th anniversary
report 01 the Harvard UnIVersity class
of 1919. p.394.
Hyman. Mark, Jr., 1948, CompoSite reSlllOUS
sheet of buelringent material and method
of making the same, August 24: U.S.
Patent 2,447.805. 6 p.
West, Cutler 0 .. 1947. Process of crystal
lormatlon, January 21. U.S. Patent
2,414.679.1 p.
Wood. E.A., 1977. Crystals and light. Second
edition: Dover Publications. New York.
New York. p. 147-149.
Wright. Lauren A., 1957, Calclle (optical
grade): Minerai commoditieS of Calilor-
nla. Calilornia Division ot Mines Bullelln
176, p. 99-100.
Lewis Orrell is a
retired ph~ical metallur-
gist and bioengineer,
He has taught metallurgy
and bioengineering at
major universities. This
article reflects some of
the results from a 7-year
study of the Optical Ring
Sight and cakite crystal
supply.

INTERNATIONAL MARINE MINERAL SOCIETY

Meeting Qnd Coli for Popers

The 24th annual Underwater Mining Institute (UMll meeting will be held on November 7-9.
1993 in Estes Park. Colorado. PresentatK>ns for tbis year's meeting are being sought for two
sessions. The first will focus on how studies of marine massive sulfide deposits can benefit the
exploration and development of land-based sulfide mines.
For the second session. the organizers are seeking papers concerning the exploration and
development of marine minerals worldVJide.
For more infollllatlon on attending UMI and/or presenting a paper, contact,
Karynne Chong Morgan
UMI Conference Coordinator
811 Olomeh3n1 Street
Honolulu, Ht96813-5513
'D' (808) 522-5611
FAX (808) 522-5618

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY MARCH/APRIL 1993

"

OptICal M,neralogy
and Petrology
OPTICAL MINERALOGY; Pnnciples &
Practice By Colin D Gribble and Man J
Hal. 1992 Chapman & HaD. 29 West
35th Street. New York. NY WOOl
(212) 244-3336 303 p. United $tales'
$4250. soft cover; $99 95. hard cauer
Canada $5350. SOfl cover. $124 95.
hard cauer.
This book is an introductoo to the
microscopic exalTunatlQn of rrnnerals.
Besides descriptionS and systemallC ]iSb of
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cal crystallography and reflected-light
lheory, Transm1lted·light microscopy
involves examinalion of Iransparent min-
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microscopy involves examination of
opaque minerals in polished seclion
TIle laller is Important to ore mineraliza-
tion studies or any petrographic sludy 01
rocks with high percentages of opaque
minerals,
IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC
ROCKS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE;
ClassilicalK>n, Textures. Microstructures
and Mineral Preferred Orientalions, By
David Shelley. 1993 Chapman & Halt.
29 West 35th Street. New York, NY
10001 (2IZ) 244-3336. 445 p. Umte<!
Stales, $45,00; Canada. $56.50. soft
""'"
This pelrology book Is designed for aU
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polarizing microscope and an abibty to
identify minerals in thin section Part One
deals With igneous and metamorphic rock
classification and leTminology, It folows
an inlemationaDy accepted hierarchy of
claSSlfication of igneous rocks and offers a
sinWM sysIern for metamofphic rocks.
Part Twe covers genera!lextures such as
twinning, zoning. and inlergTOl.liths. lhen
50 CAUFORNlA GEOLOOY
offers separate discussiQllS of volcanic,
plutoniC, and metamorphic textures and
microstructures Part ThrC(> covers pre-
ferred orientations of mil'lerals In igllOOl.b
and metamorphiC rocks. 1l1ere is a Ibl of
approximately 360 references folJou.<ed
by a combined glossary and Index I.\.tIlCh
IIllroduces the texruraltenTl poikilomo--
saic.
Earthquakes and
Earthquake Safety
mE COMMERCiAL PROPERTY
OWNERS GUIDE TO EARTHQUAKE
SAFETY 19'93, ByCalifomia'sSetsnuc
Safety Commission, 1900 K Street, Sowle
100, Sacramenlo. CA 958144186
(916) 323-4213 32 p $3 25 each fOl"
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EffectiYe January I 1993, Cabforma
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MARCH
lure, tsunamis. and dam failure. In ac\di·
IlOn. there is a checklist for commercial
property eanhquake protection, a list of
10pieal publicalions, and a list of resource
organIZatIOnS.
EARTI-IQUAKE COUNTRY; Tra~<cling
Caliromia's Fault Unes, 1992. By
EJeanor t-l Ayer. Renaissance House
N*shers, PO. Box 177. Frederick, CO
BOS30 (800) 521-9221 4 p_ $4 95.
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Thb is one of the 9~ x 4~ California
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SlOf'I of earthquakes and faults. damage
prevenlJOn. personal preparedness, and
the likelihood of earthquakes. The book
also descnbes places 10 see faulls and
eanhquake damage, and lists agencies
that provide eanhq.,iake IIlfonnabort,
Other books in the California series
cauer gems and minerals. birds. wUd·
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APAI.. 1993
EARTI-IQUAKE SURVNAL GU[DIO
Emergency Planning lor Family. Home.
Workplace. and School By F'Yar
Calhoun. 1990. Magnet Press. P.O. Box
3580. ""'keley. CA 94703-0580.
(510) 540-0800 24 p. $1.95. soft cover.
Earthquake preparedness not only
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contains information about family safety.
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quake concerns inducting gas leaks and
fires. fallen pou.oer hnes. shelter. and con-
taminated water and other sanitation
problems are covered. The guide has
appendices containing earthquake facts.
earthquake insurance information. and
planning for the consequences of a bJg
quake. A bibliography includes a book
about coping VJith children's reactions
to disasters.
PEACE OF MI 0 IN EARTHQUAKE
COUNTRY. By Peter I. Yanev. 1991.
Chronicle Books. 275 Afth Streel. San
Francisco. CA 94103. (800) 777-7240.
218 p. $14.95. soft cover.
This book provKles the infOllT13lion
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The topics are grouped as follows:
• The causes and effects of earthquakes
• The varying risks of different areas in
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• The geologic and structural earth-
quake hazards that every resklent
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• The basic repairs and alterations to
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• The considerations that will help the
property ()I"l,If'leT decide on earth-
quake insurance
• The steps to take before. duong. aM
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CAUFORNIA GEOLOGY
Peace of Mind in Earthquake Coun·
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details of Ilome construction. A few weak
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TectonICS
STRATIGRAPHY. DEPOSITIONAL
ENVIRONMENTS. AND SEDIMEN-
TARY TECfONICS OF THE WESTER
MARGIN. CRETACEOUS WESTERN
I"~R SEAWAY. Special Paper
260. Edited by J. Dale Nations and
Jeffrey G. Eaton. 1991 The Gedogical
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9140. BoukJer. CO 80301-9140.
(BOO) 472-1988. 216 p. WIth a 63-page
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This is a collectiOn of II articles on
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Tectonic. paleocurrent. and provenence
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iferal and geochemical evidence.
PALEOZOIC AND EARLY MESO-
ZOIC PALEOGEOGRAPHIC
RElATIONS: Sierra Nevada. Klamath
Mountains. and Related Terranes.
Special Paper 255. Edited by David S.
Harwood and M. Meghan Miller. 1990.
The Geological Society of America. Inc..
P.O. Box 9140. Bookler. CO 8030 1-
9140. [BOO) 472-1988 422 p. $62.00.
soft cover.
The Paleozoic aM Mesozoic meta-
morphic rocks in the Klamath Mountains
and northern Sierra Nevada are now fauh-
bounded blocks or terranes with unique
stratigraphk and structural hIstories.
The tectonic evolution of these terranes
has been the subject of debate since
before the plate tectonic revoIution_ but
the debate has intensihed and broadened
in scope during the past decade. It is now
belia'ed these rocks may be fragments
MARCH APRil 1993
of other continentol masses that VJere
Mwelded~ into their present position
through continental collision. The pivotal
question is whether these terranes are
far-traveled oceanic fragments unrelated
to each other and exotic to orth
America or \lJhether they formed along
the active margin of North America.
Related controversy exists concerning
the paleogeography of highly broken
rocks to the east in evada and frag-
mented metamorphic rocks 10 the west
in the Klamath-Sierra belt.
The book is a collection of 25 techni-
cal papers organized chronologically into
fIVe groups. from the early Paleozoic into
the early Mesozoic.
GEOLOGY OF THE POINT SUR -
LOPEZ POINT REGION. COAST
RANGES. CAUFORNIA: A Part of the
Southern Califomia Allochthon. Special
Paper 266. By Oarence A. HaD. Jr.
1991. The Geological Society of
America. Inc.• P.O. Box 9140. Boulder.
CO 80301-9140. (BOO) 472-1988.
40 p. $17.50. soft cover.
This report describes a band of rocks
lying west of the San Andreas Fault and
east of a group of faults including the Sur.
Nacimiento. and Rinconada. which is
underlain by high--grade metamorphic and
plutonic rocks and late Mesozoic sedimen-
tary rocks. A reconstnxlion is based on
the structural relationships between the
older metamorphic and igneous rocks.
and the overlying marine sedimentary
rocks. restoration of the rocks offset by
the San Andreas Fault System. and coun-
terclockwise rotation of the Transverse
Ranges. This block is hypothesized 10
have been moved by the conveyer-belt-
like action of obI)que subduction.
THRUST TECTONICS. Edited by
K R. McClay. 1992. Chapman & Hall.
29 West 351h Street. New York. NY
10001 1212) 244-3336. 447 p.
$149.95. hard cover.
The geologic grandeur of the Alps.
the Himalayas. Pyrenees. aM the Rocky
Mountains are all rooted in thfUS! tecton-
ics. This branch of geology deals with
Iarge-sca1e fokls and thrust faults that
result from compressional forces. During
the last decade there have been consider-
able advances in the study of thrust
"
... more prospects
systems. incOTp:)rating new fiekl observa-
tions. modeling techniques. and geophysi-
cal studies. This book brings together key
papers from Thrust Tectonics 1990. an
intemational conference representing
expertS in the ftekl of advanced stnx:tural
geology.
The 36 papers presented in this
lIOlume cover the most recent
multidisciplinary research and theories
of thrust tectonics in a clear. concise
manner. The articles are grouped into
seven sections covering the theory
and mechanics of thrust faulting. mcxlel-
ing. geometries of thrust systems
and thrust related lokling. and
fiekl-based studies of the Pyrenees.
the Alps. the Himalayas. and the
Northwest American Cordillera.
Thrust Tectonics will appeal to
structural geologists in industry and
academia alike. Updated tech-
niques and assumptions used for
balancing cross sections and apply-
ing fault-bend fold analysis are
supported by seismic data from
arourxl the world. These evoJv.
ing techniques continue to
prove essential for infer-
ring the creation. migra-
tion. and trapping of
hydnocanbons. as~1 as
for understanding the
structural and tectonic
evolution of thrust terranes.
One article discusses the application of
fault-bend fold theories to assess slip rates
along thrust faults. Specific fold geom-
etries within stratigraphic sequences
deposited during the growth of a fold
can provide information about fault slip.
Even where fault geometry is poorly
constrained. evaluation of the associated
fold geometry can be a valuable tool
for assessing earthquake hazards. The0-
retical considerations are compared With
seismic profiles from the Santa Barbara
Channel. the Los Angeles Basin. the San
Joaquin Basin. the Ventura Basin. as well
as Oklahoma. offshore Texas. the
Phillipines. and Venezuela.
lhe material presented is advanced
and assumes the reader has a working
knowledge of dynamic structural analysis.
52 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
The volume includes a glossary arxl an
index. Reuiew by C.L Pridmore.
GEOLOGY OF OREGON. Fourth Edi-
tion. By Elizabeth L. Orr. William N. Orr.
and M. Baldwin. 1992. Orr Publishers.
P.O. Box 5286. Eugene. OR 97405.
15031345-2691. 254 p. $25.00. ",It
cover.
Prior editions of this book have
achieved the status of a standard on
Oregon geologyarxl the current rewrite
is no exception. Block diagrams arxlline
drawings are used throughout to clearly
shOVJ the story of Oregon's geologic past
New illustrations arxl photographs are
used on every page.
i';) <~~.§;;;,_
Fish-lIke IChthyosaurs swam elfortlessly
through the broad shallow MesozoiC seas
that covered much o( Oregon.
The book is organized by geologic·
geomorphic provlflce with a chapter
devoted to each: Blue Mountains.
Klamath Mountains. Basin and Range.
High Lava Plains. Deschutes-Columbia
Plateau. Cascade Mountains. Coast
Range. and Willamelte Valley. With a
user friendly text. lhe focus is on tectonics
and paleoenvironments: Ihe assemblage
of Oregon from foreign terranes and the
relationship between tectonic plate rnoV(!-
ments. volcanic actMty. earthquakes.
sedimentation. and the distribution of
fossil plants arxl animals. There arc also
descriptions of areas of geologic interest.
a history of geologic study in Oregon.
and a comprehensive bibliography.
MARCH APRil 1993
The chapters about southern Oregon
mesh well with the geology in northern
California but. unfortunately. there is no
comparable California volume. This is a
fine piece of work and would be a wel-
come edition to anyone's library.
TECTONIC SETTING OF FAULTED
TERTIARY SmATA ASSOCIATED
WITH THE CATAUNA CORE COM-
PlEX IN SOlJ1l-lERN ARIZONA. Spe-
cial Paper 264. By William R. Dickinson.
1991. The Geological Society of
America. Inc.. P.O. Box 9140. Boulder.
CO 80301-9140. 18001472-1988.
106 p. $38.75. soft cover.
This Special Paper presents the stratigra·
phy. sedimentology. structure, arxl tec-
tonic setting of a highly extended terrane
near Tucson. Arizona. The Catalina Core
Complex encompasses approximately
4.000 square miles and contains the com-
ponents of a classical "metamorphic
core complex." A salient characteristic
of this terrane is the gently dipping
detachment fault system which
places cover strata against myloni-
tic rocks along the flank of the
complex.
With new mapping and observa·
tions from key exposures.
Dickinson updates and
refines lhe stratigraphic
framework allowing for regional
correlation within an area characterized
by discontinuous exposures and complex
structural and stratigraphic relationships.
typical of many tectonically extended
terranes. Dickinson's systematic presenta·
tion and synthesis of mid-Tertiary strata
for this region help define the paleotopog'
raphy which in tum provides insights and
constraints for understanding regional
tectonic models.
Dickinson introduces the study by
providing an updated discussion of the
following topics: I) pre·Laramide rock
assemblages as background for consider-
ing Tertiary history. 2) the nature of
key Laramide events and their signifi-
cance for later structural evolution. 3) the
timing and spacial distribution of Tertiary
magmatism. 4} the geometry 01 the
Catalina detachment system and the tim-
ing of tectonic unroofing of the Catalina
core complex. and 5) alternate structural
models for detachment systems.
This publication woukl be of interest
to anyone working in extended terranes.
as well as those who have a general
interest in tectonics and sedimentation.
Because the study covers a broad area.
it provides a large window into Tertiary
tectonics of this region. Although this
topic has routinely been investigated
with an emphasis on structural and meta-
morphic relationships. Dickinson pro-
vides a refreshing and much needed
example of how sedimentology and
stratigraphy can help constrain tectonic
models for the evolution of metamorphic
core complexes.
An accompanying color geologic map
(scale: 1: 125.000) is based on compila-
tion and reinterpretation of previous map-
ping supplemented by Dickinson's fiekl
work throughout the past decade.
Dickinson is the recipient of the 199)
Geological Society of America Penrose
Medal for his outstanding contributions
to the science of geology. At the Univer-
sity of Arizona he continues to be in
the forefront of reconstructing regional
relationships among sedimentation.
tectonics. and magmatism. Review by
C.L Pridmore.
ASSEMBUNG CAUFORNlA. By John
McPhee. 1993. Farrar. Straus & Giroux.
Inc.. clo Putnam Publishing. P.O. Box
506. East Rutherford. NJ 07073.
(800) 631-8571.304 p. $21.00 plus
$4.25 shipping. hard cover.
New Yorker writer John McPhee
completes his continental tetralogy.
"Annals of the Former Worki." with this
armchair geologic excursion across Cali-
fornia. He and various geologists follovJed
Interstate 80. searching roadcuts for clues
to the global jigsaw puzzle of plate tecton-
ics. He also traveled to Cypress and
Greece with tectonicist Ekiridge Moores
of the University of California at Davis.
McPhee explains that lhe North Ameri-
can continent acquired California. piece
by piece, from far parts of the world. He
notes that the San Francisco earthquake
of 1906 was just one of tens of thousands
of great quakes that occurred dUring
California's construction. His story lakes
you up the east side of the Sierra Nevada.
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
through the gold country. and across the
Great Central Valley to the Coast Ranges
and San Francisco. where the effects of
millions of years of geologic processes
can be seen.
NEOTECTONICS OF NORTH
AMERICA. Edited by D.B. Slemmons,
E.R. Engdahl. M.D. Zoback. and D.O.
B1adwell. 1992. The Geological Society
of America. Inc.. P.O. Box 9140. BouI·
der. CO 80301-9140. (800)472·1988.
508 p. $114.45 including 3 maps
(1;5.000.000 scale). hard cover.
The text and maps of this volume
cover three topics-seismicity. stress.
and heat flow-as they relate to the
North American continent. 1llese topics
are considered within the framework of
neotectonics. or geologic features of
North America dew!loped since the
close of the Miocene. about 5 million
years ago.
Neotectonic studies have increased
at an exponential rate in recent years due
to advances in geological. paleoseismo-
logical, and geophysical techniques.
and to increasing population growth in
seismically active. hazardous areas. Active
tectonics has been described as earth
movements that are expected 10 occur
within a time span of concern to society.
This volume of 28 artkJes. accompa-
nied by three color maps. is one in the
series of the Decade of North American
Geology Project. Anyone interested in
earthquakes. volcanoes. and other ge0-
logic hazards will enjoy it.
TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE
BERING SEA AND THE EVOLlJnON
OF TERTIARY STRIKE-SUP BASINS
OF THE BERING SHELF. Special Paper
257. By Dan M. Worrall. 1991. The
Geological Society of America. Inc"
P.O. Box 9140. Boulder, CO 80301-
9140. (800) 472-1988. 120 p. plus four
oversized pocket plates and eight color
plates. $42.50. soft cover.
This paper. which was developed
from private exploration and oil company
files. is concerned with the broad conti-
nental shelf that lies between Alaska and
the Soviet Far East. Its southern edge
was a south-facing active margin in
MAACH,APAIL 1993
Cretaceous time. During the earliest Cen·
ozoic. a north-facing arc·trench complex
collided and abducted this active margin
fonning the mcxlern Aleutian arc-trench
to the south. Three structural episodes of
basin fonnation lollov..red which strongly
control the lithology of basin strata.
The volume Is arranged into two main
parts: the first part discusses regional
geology and the structural underpinnings
of the Bering Sea: the second part covers
the evolution of the basins in the inner
and outer Bering Shelf.
GraOlloid Rocks
GRANITOID ROCKS. By D.B.
Clarke. 1992. Chapman & Hall.
29 West 35th Street. New York. NY
10001. (212) 244-3336. 283 p. $45.00
plus $2.50 shipping. hard cover.
This book is a state-of-the-art sum·
mary of the many volumes written on
granites and granitic intrusions. To this
end. the author presents a broad range
of geological knowledge. as well as physi-
cal. chemical. and statistical knowledge
needed to complete a granite study.
Granitoid Rocks will be useful to anyone
involved in the study of granitic intrusion.
Englneenng and
Engineering Geology
GEon;ERMAL DIRECT USE ENGI-
NEERING AND DESIGN GUIDEBOOK.
Edited by Paul J. Uenau and Ben C.
Lunis. 1991. Geo-Heat Center. Oregon
Institute of Technology. 3201 Campus
Drive. Klamath Falls. OR 97601.
(503) 885-1750. 445 p.. $20.00. soft
cover: $25.00. hard cover: foreign post-
age: $15.00. air: $3.00. surlace.
This book is a comprehensive. practi-
cal reference guide for engineers and
designers of direct heat projects. These
projects coukl include the conversion of
geothermal energy into space heating
and cooling of buildings. district heating.
greenhouse heating. aquaculture. and
industrial processing. lbe book also cov-
ers the nature and exploration of geother-
mal resources. drilling. and completion
of geothennal wells through well-testing
and reservoir evaluation. Engineers and
developers will find technical information
on low- and moderate-temperature
"
·..and more prospects
(100"· 300') geothermal applications and
equipment.
This revised version of the guidebook
was prepared for the U.S. Depanment
of Energy. It represents a two-year coop-
erative effon by the Oregon Institute
of Technology. Idaho National Engineer-
ing Laboratory. University of Utah
Research Institute. Battelle Pacific NW.
Laboratories, Radian Corporation, and
Washington State Energy Office.
ENGINEERING UNrr CONVERSIONS.
Second edition. 1990. By Michael R.
Undeburg. Professional Publications. [nc..
1250 Fifth Avenue. Depanment55.
Belmont. CA 94002. (415) 593-9119.
160 p. $19.95 plus $3.75 shipping.
hard cover.
Engineers use Wlits common to math-
ematics. physics. chemistry. and construc·
tion Irades. This book was wrillen 10
assist readers in converting familiar units
to those used in other disciplines or coun-
tries and vice versa. It eliminates the need
to develop compound Wlit conversions
(e.g.. gram-ealorie-centimeters per square
centimeter-second-c\egree centigrade to
BTU-feet per square foot-nour-c\egree
Fahrenheit) from basic units. Conversions
in the first edition have been reviewed for
accuracy and hundreds more added. [n
this second edition. more than 4.500
conversions cover traditional English.
conventional metric, and SI units in the
fields of civil. mechanicaL electrical. and
chemical engineering.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY; Rock in
Engineering Construction. By Richard
E. Goodman. 1993. John Wiley and
Sons. Inc.. 1 Wiley Drive. Somerset. NJ
08875-1272. (800) 225-5945. 412 p.
$70.95. hard cover.
This textbook is geared to the
advanced undergraduate or graduate
student. It introduces geology (especially
the properties and behavior of rocks) to
future civil engineers. It focuses on the
experience record of different types of
rocks in the construction of civil engineer-
ing works. Most interesting is the discus-
sion of rocks that tend to pose special
problems because they are weak, blocky.
alterable. highly soluble. or pervious.
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
Case histories are used throughout to
emphasize construction site experiences.
Sources of Information are listed at the
end of each chapter.
THE HERrrAGE OF ENGINEERING
GEOLOGY; THE ARST HUNDRED
YEARS. Centennial Special Volume 3.
Edited by George A. Kiersch. 1991.
The Geological Society of America, [nc._
P.O. Box 9140. Boulder. CO 80301-
9140.18001472-1988.605 p $62.50.
hard cover.
This compendium reviews the
changes in engineering geology Ihrough-
out history.The rationale for the sub;ects
of history. geologic processes. natural
materials, investigations for engineering
works. and the geologists' responsibilities
in litigation are covered in 25 ankles by
experts in each fiekl. The articles also
detail the reaction of works to the ge0-
logic environs including early dam con·
struction. seismotectonic research. and
landmark litigation decisions involving
landslide damage to buildings.
ForenSIc Geology and Engineering
FORENSIC GEOLOGY. By Raymond C.
Murray and John C.F. Tedrow. 1992.
Order Processing Center. Prentice-Hall.
Inc.. P.O. Box 11073. Des Moines. [A
50381-1073. (515) 284-6751. 203 p ..
$56.00. hard cover.
The authors address three separate
and diverse audiences. The first includes
forensic scientists, attorneys. and law
enforcement offkers. To these profes-
sionals the book conveys the basic lan·
guage of gooIogy and soil science and the
ideas that should be applicable to their
particular problems. The second audience
comprises professional geologists. The
book applies geology to criminology and
shoVJS the geologists hoo.v their l.\.'Ofk may
be used for forensic problems. Making up
the third group are practicing forensic
geologists who want to expand their
knowledge of types of problems and ge0-
logical methods used to solve them.
Many sample cases are cited in the
lext and are used to illustrate particular
legal points. Forensic Geology contains
input from many agencies including the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, stale and
local police depanments, and geological
consulting firms. The book may have its
MAACH,,\PRll1993
greatest value in serving the needs of
the non-geologist who requires summary
information on geologic methods and
procedures.
FORENSIC ENGINEERING. By Gerard
Shuirman and James E. Slasson.
1992. Academic Press. [nc .• 6277
Sea Harbor Drive. Orlando. FL 32887.
(800) 321-506.3. 296 p. $49.95. hard
cover.
Increasingly. architects. engineers.
geologists. and landscape architects are
called upon to be expert witnesses in liabil-
ity suits resulting from flood. erosion. land-
slide. muds/ide, or other type of natural
hazard-related damage. They may have to
defend their actions or those of their orga-
nization. Or. they may act as independent
expens for individuals and their attorneys
who are bringing suits or defending them·
selves against such suits. Forensic Engi·
neering will be of great value to expen
witnesses. It explains the needs of an
expen. the relationship of the expen to
the client and to the attorney. and the
cha[1enges that may be faced.
The first chapter gives a concise but
thorough summary of duties an expen
may have in trial work. duties which are
unusual to most with technical training
and experience. The bulk of the volume
deals with case histories involving Iand-
sliding. flocxiing. land subsidence. and
stream morphology. Each case has been
chosen because it illustrates a number of
geologic and \egal problems. The final
chapter is a discussion of ethics for the
scientist considering work as an expert
witness. The reference list is not exhaus-
tive but includes many basic papers in
both forensic geology and legal decisions.
Relerence
EARTH SCIENCES REFERENCE.
By Mary McNeil. 1991. Flamingo Press.
2958 State Street. Carlsbad. CA 92008.
709 p. $55.00 plus $5.00 shipping. hard
oove<.
This is an introductory research tool
covering ecology. energy. environment.
geography, oceanography, meteorology.
and mineralogy. Middle-school students as
well as adults will find it readable. Entries
are alphabetized and cross referenced.
The volume has an extensive bibliography.
a geographical index. and a general index.
 Teacher
Feature
The SAGE program represents The
Geological Society of America's (GSA)
commitment to improving earth science
education and enhancing scientific under-
standing lor all citizens. SAGE includes
educational initiatives in the areas of
partnering, teacher preparation and
enhancement, women and ethnic minor-
ities. leacher and student awards. edu-
cation materials development, networking.
and information dissemination.
EDUCATION INITIATIVES
Partners tor Excellence:
Teachers + Students + Scientists
Partners for Excellence is a program
developed by SAGE to bring together
leachers. students. and earth scientists and
help them fann creative and mutually
beneficial educational partnerships. SAGE
partnerships offer teachers and students
the opportunity to gain relevant. up-to-date
knowledge about diverse earth science
topics. while at the same time giving
earth scientists opportunittes to contribute
10 and Ieam about the precollege sdence
education system. Pannering acfkiities
inclu:le dassroom presentations. laboratOfy
demonstrations. fidei trips. and mentor·
ing. Partnering often inYoIves groups of
scientists. teachers. and students working
together, or one"'Ofl'OOe sessionS beNleen
the scientist and teacher or between the
scientist and student. Participants in this
program are encouraged to develop the
type 01 partner.ihip that best matches their
unique needs, interests. and skills. GSA
supports all Partners for Excellence by
providing training. materials. and foUoorup
support.
CALIFORNIA GEOLOOY
THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIE1Y OF AMERICA
Science Awareness through Geoscience Education
SAGE
WOMEN AND ETHNIC MINORITIES IN
THE EARTH SCIENCES
One oJ GSA's top educational priorities
is to encourage women and ethnic minori-
ties to pursue careers in science and engi-
neering. In conjunction with GSA's Women
and Minorities Commillee. the SAGE pro-
gram is working toward this goal by involv--
ing women and minority scientists in the
Partnering program. Professional scientists
and graduate students are encouraged to
mentor individual students. and sponsor
teachers and students so they may allend
GSA's Annual Meeting
AWARDS FOR TEACHERS AND
STUDENTS
To encourage and acknowledge excel-
lence in precollege earth science teaching,
the SAGE program recognizes OlD' nation's
outstanding earth science teachers ulith
$1.000.00 awards. These teachers are
selected from across the COUltry by the
National Association 01 Geology Teachers.
Recipients may use their awards to attend
GSA meetings, purchase materials for their
earth science classrooms. or help create
new earth science activities and curricula.
MARCH/APRIL 1993
GSA also encOUJageS student earth
science research by av.'aJliing grants 10
graduate students for original projects in the
laboratory and the fieki.
COLLECTING AND DISSEMINATING
INFORMATION
GSA pnxloces high-quality earth science
books, periodicals. field guidebooks. maps.
videos. and posters for earth scientists and
teachers. The SAGE program will expand
this resource base so it can beller accommo-
date precollege science teachers and stu-
dents. This will be accomplished through a
multi-organizational Earth Science Informa·
tion Clearinghouse and the development of
vkieos and brochures. For more information
on 5.t\GE programs. contact,
Or. Edward E. Geary
Coordinator for Educational Programs
The Geological Society of America
P.O. Box 9140
Boulder, CO 80301-9140
1f (303) 447-2020 or (800) 472,1988
FAX (303) 447-1133
InlotmlllO:ln lltI<ton 110m E.m s.:.en.:. E_fIOIl ~
199,·20(}1 nw~SocofIyol~
Dinah Shumway. DMG
geologist working on
mineral land classltica-
tion project in the Cali·
fornia desert. Photo oy
Cindy Pn(}more.
55
 DMG Open-FUe Report Releases
Reference copies of the OFRs listed
here aTe aooilable at aI/three DMG
offices. in addition. they are oooilable
for prepaid moil order from the Sacra·
menta office. Over·the-counter sales
Quailability differs with each OFR. and
is indicated immediately following its
release annoullcement.
DMG OFR 92-09 MINERAL LAND
CLASSIRCAnON OF THE BOULDER
CREEK AGGREGATE SITE. FlLU\10RE
QUADRANGLE. VENTURA COUNTY.
CAUFORNIA FOR PORTLAND
CEMENT CONCRETE. ASPHALTIC
CONCRETE AGGREGRATE. AND
BASE AGGREGATE. By Rudolph G.
Strand. 1992. $5.00.
In response to a petition. the Southern
Pacific Milling Company Boulder Creek
SHe. covering approximately 553 acres of
land within the Fillmore 7.5-minule quad-
rangle. Ventura County. was classified for
portland cement concrete. asphaltic con-
crete aggregate. and base aggregate. A
majority of the property is classified MRZ-
2a, areas of identified significant mineral
resources. A small portion of the property
is classilied MRZ-4. areas of no known
mineral occurrence. The property consists
of contiguous parcels of land in Sections
27.28. and 34 of Township 4 North.
Range 20 West. San Bernardino Base and
Meridian.
Over·the·counter sales are availab1e at the
San Francisco and Sacramento offices.
DMG OFR 92-07 RECENTLY ACIlVE
TRACES OF THE RODGERS CREEK
FAULT. SONOMA COUNTY. CAUFOR·
NIA. By Earl W. Hart. 1992. $8.00.
OFR 92-07 identifies re<:ently active
traces of the Rodgers Creek Fault. an
active member of the San Andreas Fault
System. The traces are shown on an
annotated map (scale: 1:24.000). which
documents the evidence for re<:ency. It
also identifies associated landslide and
lateral-spread features that may be acti-
vated during a major earthquake. The
repon should be of interest to geoscientists
and planners.
CALIFORNIA
I officials in land-use planning and evalua-
Over-the-counter sales are available at the
Sacramento and San Francisco oflices.
DMG OFR 92-05 LA.NDSUDE HAZ-
ARDS IN THE TASSAJARA AND
BYRON HOT SPRINGS 7 1/2' QUAD-
RANGl£S. ALAMEDA AND CONmA
COSTA COUNllES. CALIFORNIA.
By Hasmukhrai H. Majmundar. 1991.
3 plates. Scale: 1:24.000. $7.00.
This set of three maps constitutes
Landslide Identification Map 1127. The
maps provide infonnation about slope
stability for use boy local officials for land·
use planning and evaluation of building-
permit applications.
The study area covers about 15
square miles of mostly undeveloped.
landslide-prone. grass-covered hill country
with few oak-studded rounded hills and
forested mountains {Black Hills)_ The
area is dissected boy Hog. Curry. Rigs.
Doolan. and Collier canyons and the
valleys along Marsh. Sycamore.
Tassajara. Cayetano. Kellogg. and Brushy
creeks. The mapped area lies aboul
50 miles east-southeast of San Francisco
and the Alamc<ia/Contra Costa county
boundary crosses its southern portion.
Although only two small towns. Bryon
and Byron Hot Springs. lie within the
area. it abuts the rapidly developing areas
of Livermore. Danville. Dublin. San
Ramon. Blackhawk. Alamo. Clayton.
Antioch. and Brentwood. Access to the
region is via Interstate 680 on the west
and Interstate 580 on the south.
Over·the·counter sales are available at the
San Francisco and Sacramento offices_
DMG OFR 90-19LANDSUDE HAZ-
ARDS IN THE NORTH HALF OF THE
BLACK STAR CANYON QUAD-
RANGLE. ORANGE AND RIVERSIDE
COUNTIES. CALIFORNIA. 3 plates.
Scale: 1: 12.000. By Siang S. Tan. 1992.
$8.00.
This set of three maps constitutes
Landslide Hazard Identification Map
No. 17. The maps provide infolTIlation
about slope stability lor use boy local
GEOLOGY MARCH APRIL 1993
tion of building-permit applications.
The study area is approximately
15 miles northeast of downtown Santa
Ana and 35 miles southeast of dovmtown
Los Angeles, in northeastern Orange
County and westem Riverside County.
It lies within the northwestemmost part
01 the Santa Ana Mountains in the Penin-
sular Ranges geomorphic province of
southem Califomia, and covers about
30 square miles. Terrain ranges from
the nearly level floodplain of the Santa
Ana River on the nonh to the steep and
rugged Santa Ana Mountains on the
south. Access to the eastem pan is pro-
vided boy a network of unpaved fire and
ranch roads. On the west. paved city
roads provide access south of State High-
way 91 that crosses the northem part of
the area. Current land use. outside of the
Cleveland National Forest. includes cattle
grazing. sand and gravel mining. and
re<:ent residential development in Ana-
heim on the nonhwest and Corona on
the northeast.
Over-the·counter sales are available at the
Los Angeles and Sacramento otlices.
DMG OFR 92-02 MINERAL LAND
CLASSIFICAnON OF THE WINCHES-
TER AGGREGATE SITE. ROMOLAND
AND WINCHESTER QUADRANG1£S.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY. CAUFORNIA
FOR ASPHALTle-CONCRETE-GRADE
AGGREGATE AND BASE-GRADE
AGGREGATE. By Rudolph G. Strand.
$5.00.
In response to a petition. the
Crestmore Materials Company Winches-
ter Site. covering approximately 155
acres of land within the Romoland and
Winchester 7 .5-minute quadrangles.
Riverside County. was classified for
asphaltic-concrete-grade aggregate and
base-grade aggregate. Part of the prop-
erty is classified MRZ-2a. areas of identi-
fied significant mineral resources: pan
is classified MRZ-3a. areas of undeter-
mined mineral resource signifiance: and
part is classified MRZ-4. areas of no
known mineral occurrence. The property
consists of the Southeast 1/4 Section 19.
Township 5 South. Range 2 West. San
Bernardino Base and Meridian.
Over-the'counter sales are available althe
Sacramento ollice.
DMG OFR 91·05 LANDSUDES AND
OTHER GEOLOGIC FEATURES IN
THE SANTA CRUZ MOUNTAINS.
CAUFORNIA. RESULTING FROM THE
LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE OF
OCTOBER 17. 1989. Compiled by
Michael W. Manson. David K. Keefer.
and Mary Anne McKittrick. 16 plates.
Scale: 1:48.000. 1991. $12.00.
This set of maps depicts nearly 500
numbered localities where earthquake·
induced landslides. or other surface effects
of the Oclober 17. 1989 Lorna Prieta
earthquake were observed by geologists.
building inspectors. and other contribu-
tors. 1he text consisls of annotations for
each locality that describe earthquake-
triggered geologic features such as rock
falls. rock slides. soil slides. s1wnps or
block slides (in natural or fill materials):
liquefoction effects Oateral spreading.
settlement. saOO boils); and ground cracks
or fissures.
Over-the-counter sales are available at the
san Francisco and Sacramento oHices.
DMG OFR 91-03 MINERAL lAND
CLASSIACATION OF THE SOlffi-l
TRACY Sill:. SAN JOAQUIN
COU!'fIY. CAUFORNIA . FOR PORT·
LAND CEMENT CONCRETE AGGRE-
GATE. By Richard Eh;Ian and Ralph
Loyd. 1991. $6.00.
This report presents the results of
DMG's mineral land classification study of
Teichert Aggregates' South Tracy site in
response to a petition submitted under
the provisions of SMARA. This study is a
re-evaluation of the portland cement con-
crete aggregate potential of the 325-acre
South Tracy site. between Hospital and
Lone Tree creeks in southwestern San
Joaquin County.
Over-the-counter sales are available at the
Sacramento and san Francisco oHices.
DMG OFR 92-14 GEOLOGIC MAP
OF TJ-IE EAGLE LAKE QUADRANGLE.
LASSEN COU!'ITY, CAUFORNIA.
By T.L.T. Grose. G.J. Saucedo. and
D.L. Wagner. 1992. $8.00.
DMG OFR 92-14 makes existing
geologic data for the Eagle Lake 30 x 60
minute quadrangle available to the public.
Prior to its release. only unpublished
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
reconnaissance geologic maps were avail- metric base at a scale 011:100.000
able for this area. The report was pro- (l inch equals about 1.6 miles).
duced by the Division of Mines and
Geology's Regional Geologic Mapping The map shows the general geologic
Pro)ecl. Reid VJOrk was supported in part framework of the area and provides basic
by tile U.S. Geological Survey Coopera- geologic infonnation on the age. distribu-
tive Geologic Mapping Program. tion. and description of the rocks. location
of fault and other geologic structures. The
"The map area includes part of the area is underlain primarily by Neogene
Modoc Plateau and Basin and Range volcanic rocks that OV€r1ie an older and for
geomorphic provinces of northeastern the mosl part concealed basement. con-
California and covers approximately sisting 01 Cretaceous and pre-Cretaceous
1.850 square miles of east-centralLassen granitic and metamorphic rocks. Base-
County. ment rocks are exposed in an uplifted.
fault-bounded block in the Gallatin Peak
DMG OFR 92-14 has a geologic map area. southeast of Eagle Lake in the
plate and explanation explaining geologic southwest quarter of the map. The bulk of
units. map symbols. references. and the rock units within the map are Miocene
sources of data used in the compllation. to Pliocene-aged volcanic rocks of rhyolitic
The geologic map is compiled on a plani- to basaltic composition. These rocks occur
-----------------------~----
iI DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY
Publications Request Form
Number 0' copI9S
I AEROMAGNETIC MAP (Ic.le; 1:250.000)
I __ AMM005 San FrancIsco-san Jose quadrangle. 1993 (NEW) sa.OO
GEOLOGIC ATLAS OF CALlFQflNIA (reprlnts) (1(:818: 1:250.000)
GAM007 Long Beach Sheet. 1962 . ........................................ $7.00
GAM019 Santa Ana Sheet. 1965 . ........................................... $7.00
GAM020 Santa Cruz Sheet. 1959 . .......................................... $7.00
GAM026 Walker Lake Sheel. 1963 . ........................................ $7.00
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS
SP074 Mineral commodity report· sulphur. 1984 55.00
SP075 Minerai commoclJty report - zeolites. 1984 $5.00
SP076 Mineral commodity report - barite. 1985 $5.00
spon Minerai commodity report - magnesium compounds. 1985.... ._. $5.00
SP079 Mineral commodity repol1 - anhydrous ammonia (mlrogen). 1985 $5.00
SP080 Mineral commodity report - calcium chloride. 1985 $5.00
SP081 Mineral commodity report - sodium sulfate. 1985 $5.00
SP082 Mineral commodity report - salt. t985 55.00
SP083 Minerai commodity report - sodIum carbonate. 1985 55.00
SP084 Mineral commodity report - phosphate rock. 1985... . 55.00
SP089 Mineral commodity report - slhca. 1986 55.00
SP090 Mineral commodity report - talc and related minerals. t 986 .. ... 55.00
SP111 Minerai commodity report - diatomite. 1991 .. . $6.00
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
Back Issue (specify volume and month) . . . ... $2.00
OTHER
List ot Available Publications . ... Free
AMOUNT ENCLOSED (Price includes postage and sales lax.) $
A CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY THIS ORDER. All non·U 5 orders muSI be paid
With an InternatIOnal money Ofdel' Of dral1 payab~ In US (loIlals and made out to DIVISION OF MINES
AND GEOLOGY send Ofdel' to DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY. P 0 80x 2980. Sacramento.
Ca~tornia 95812·2980
NAME
STREET
_ _ _ _ _ STATE Z,p _
MARCH APRIL 1993 57
 primarily as flows but include pyroclastic GEOLOGIC ATlAS OF CAUFORNlA ADDRESSES OF DMG OFFICES
deposits. breccias. and vent facies that Reprints Available
(scale: 1:250,000) Publications and Information Office
originated from local mountain peaks as
801 K Street, MS 14-33
v..rell as from sources outside the map
Long Beach Sheet. 1993. Compiled by Sacramento. CA 95814-3532
area. The intelV€ning lowlying areas are
Charles W. Jennings. 1962 $7.00 (916) 445-5716
underlain by alluvial. fluvial. and lacustrine
deposits as well as younger volcanic flows. Santa Ana Sheet. 1993. Compiled by Southern California Regional Office
Faults offset most of the units in the area. Thomas H. Rodgers. 1965 $7.00 107 South Broadway. Room 1065
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Generally. they are north to northwest Santa Cruz Sheet. 1993. Compiled by
(213)620-3560
trending nonnal faults with down to the Charles W. Jennings and Rudolph G.
west displacements. In many cases, how- Strand. 1959 ... $7.00 Bay Area Regional Office
ever. east dipping nonnal faults combine 1145 Market Street. 3rd Floor
Walker Lake Sheet. 1993. Compiled by San Francisco. CA 94103·1513
to create basin and range type structures.
JamesB. Koenig. 1963 $7.00 (415) 557·1500
Over the counter sales are available at the
Sacramento and San Francisco offices. AEROMAGNETIC MAP RELEASE
(scale 1:250.000)

The follOl.ving maps may be ordered The Aeromagnetic Map of the San 29th FORUM
on the Publications Request Fonn on Francisco-San Jose Quadrangle is avail· ON THE GEOLOGY OF
page 57. able for $8.00. INDUSTRIAL MINERALS
Sponsored by
---~------------------------I The California Department
CAUFORNIA GEOLOGY I 01 Conservation
Subscription and Change of Address Fonn I DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY
and THE U.S. BUREAU OF M!NES
NAME (Please print or type) _ I Aplil 25·30. 1993
STREET _ I Long Beach. California
CITY STATE ZlP _ I
1 yr. $10.00 2 yrs. $19.00 3 yrs. $28.00
I The 29th Forum will emphasize
D (6 issues) D (12 issues) D (18 issues) I industrial mineral deposits of the south·
I em Califomia region and will include

D NEW SUBSCRIPTION: Allow 60 days for delivery of first issue.

I 2 days of technical sessions and 3 days
of fiekl tlips.
D RENEWAL: To receive your magazine without interruption. send in renewal
60 days belore the expiration date on the address label. (Example:
I
I
Registration: Participant registration
EXP9506 means that the subscription expires on receipt of May/June (banquet included) - $125
1994 issue.) Please anach an address label from a recent Issue. I Late registration (after March 31.
I 1993) (banquet included)- $150
Spouse registration (banquet
I
D GIFT: RECIPIENT NAME
STREET I
included)- $50
Tuesday Field Trips: $45 per
CITY STATE ZIP _ I trip. 111 Lompoc Diatomite:
GIFT CARD FROM _ I 112 Irwindale Aggregate {CaIMat
AMOUNT ENCLOSED (Includes postage and sales ta•.) $ _ I Company)lLuceme Valley Lime
sfone: 113 Irwindale Aggregate
I {Livingston-Graham. Inc.)lSoledad
I Canyon Ilmenite
I Thursday-Friday Field Trips:
ATTACH LABEL I $100 per tlip. 114 Mojave Desert
I Borate/Brines/Hectolite:
I 115 Mojave Desert Hectolife/
BorateIBrines
D ADDRESS CHANGE: send a recent address label and your new address. I
Allow 60 days to rellect address change. I For more infonnation, contact:
A CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY THIS ORDER. All non·U S orders must be paid I Ralph Loyd
wah an rrllemallOnaJmoneyordero.dra!lpayable.n U_S dollars and made oullO DIVISION OF MINES 29th Forum
AND GEOLOGY send all orders and/or address change to: I 801 K Street. MS 08-38
'X
DIVIStON OF MINES AND GEOLOGY
P.O eo. :?980. I
Sacramento. CA 9S6'4-'353'
1r (916) 322·9207 FAX (916) 327·1853
_____________ _ _ _Caltlom,a
Sacramento. ___ 9581_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---.JI
:?·<!980.

58 CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY MARCH/APRIL 1993

 PREI1MINARY REVIEW MAPS OF
PROPOSED SPECIAL SnJDlES ZONES OF JANUARY 1. 1993

Preliminary Review Maps issued January I.

1993 (map numbers keyed 10 index map)
1. Mark Wasl Spnngs
2. M1. George
j n, ...
3. Cordelia
....c.'
.,-cc-±'r'
- -\....r.-r- -'-. ~ 4. Fairfield South
5. Vine HIli (formerly Port ChICago)
" "1- -..1
6. Walnut Creek
.. ·.. El.". , ..",
, . ..... ' 7. Clayton
8. Landers
9. Yucx:a Valley North
" O. Yucca Valley South
11. Joshua Tree South

• Rel'lSed ZonB map

CilleS and coumies affected

........
... .' . t ..
"; 1'
, . . ·' '"
by proposed new or proposed
Special Sludies Zones shov.m ~,., ,

1
on preliminary Revicw Maps
. ,
of January I. 1993;

Cities Counties ,
Benicia Contra Costa "" J
Concord
Fairfield
Riverside
San Bernardino JL--._~ .. .. -+ ,
",
Walnut Creek Solano -, "
Yucca Valley Sonoma
1
.......
"
PROPOSED WITHDRAWAL /)
OF SPECIAL STUDIES
ZONES MAPS

The lwO Olfici<ll Special ......

{
..•
-n
, J

t ;,",
Studies Zones Maps listed below ,!
aTe proposed for withdrawal

.""'"
following the same schedule as

A. AntIoch North
B. Antioch South
\.---f"'C'--"""'C"~-Wr-' -'-' •. ....:..r '-:".
,

1lle propos«! new and revised Special Studies Zones Maps are issued for review purposes pursuant to tne Alqwsl Priolo Spe<:ial Studies Zones Act
Following a review perkxl thai ends April I. 1993. they ...;11 be superseded by OffICial Maps on July 1. 1993. I'It which time the roning beeorrM.':S
effectiYe
Review copies of the Preliminary Review Maps are in the offices oltne affected Cities and counties and the DMG olliceslisled above. Copies llllIy
be purchased from Blue Print SelVice Company. 1147 Mission Streel. San Frot'ICisco. CA 94103. (415) 512-6550
For infonTlatlon on Officiol Mops of Special Studies Zones previously issued. and lor provisions of tne l\Iquist·PrioIo Special Studies Zones Act. see
DMG Special Publication 42. Fault-rupture Hazard Zones in Califomia 11 Is ovaiiable from DMG. PO Box 2980. Sacramento. CA 95814. or
from the offices listed aboYe. lor $3 00.
PUblICatIons and InlormabOn 0II1Ce Bay Area RegIonal 0It1Ce Southern Calrlorma Regional OffICe
80t K Streel. MS 14·33 1145 M,lIket Slreet, 3rd Floor 107 South Broadway. Room 1065
Sacramenlo. CA 958t4·3532 San Franosco. CA 94103·1513 los Angele$. CA 90012
(916)445·5716 l415l557·1500 (213)612-3560

MARCH.APRlll993
CAlIFQflNIA GEOlOGY
"