Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CALIFORNIA
RUNOFF AND EROSION AFTER THE
GEOLOGY OAKLAND FIRESTORM _.. _ _ _
EMERGENCY LANDSLIDE HAZARD EVALUATION
_ _ _ 159
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
THE SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA MODEL
SLOPE FAILURE AND FIRE fire plants resprouted. The dominant consultants issued a draft report. in
brush species. coyote brush {Bacharris which the probability and consequence
After the fire. the vegetation-free pHu/arisJ. was able to crown sprout of a landslide failure were evaluated at
landscape offered a dear view of the following the fire. Bluegum eucalyptus each identified feature. and a relative
numerous landslide scars that had trees. introduced to the Oakland Hills measure of risk was calculated for each
formed during previous years (Photo 2). in the early 19005. are being cut down affected area in terms of the probability
These landslides. mostly slides. slumps. by homeowners and public agencies of significant damage to public or pri·
and flows. contrast with the ~fire-f1ood~ because many think they are responsible vate properties. This report was used
debris flows that are generated in steep for the rapid spread of fire. The stumps by the City of Oakland in the develop-
canyon bottoms in freshly deposited are starting to resprout so it is not ment of a management plan to revise
ravel. Most are relatively shallow slope known how their root strength will be build-ing permit policy in order to ad-
failures that occur following increases in affected. Monterey pines. which were dress these landslide risks. Although the
ground saluration. Shallow soil slides can introduced at the same lime, did not mapping and assignment of hazard
develop into fast moving debris flows of survive the fire, and their root deteriora- probability can be debated. the City of
saturate<! soil. whereas slumps and earth tion will continue over several years. Oakland deserves credit lor developing
flows are typically slow moving. Debris a planning 1001 of this kind. Even
flows are initiated during intense rain- In the event of a severe loss of root though development of the plan was
storms under specific conditions of ante- strength in fire-damaged plants. reseed- facilitated by the exposure of the land-
cedent ground saturation. rainfall inten- ing Oakland hillsides with grasses would scape by fire. this type 01 management
sity. and storm duration (Cannon and not prevent landsliding. The shallow plan is beneficial at any time. because
Ellen. 1988). The landslides related to landslide features common to the Oak- of the chronic landslide hazard in the
urbanization are commonly shallow land Hills typically have failure planes Oakland Hills.
slides along road cuts and fills. along below the rooting zone of grasses. We
gully walls that have been incised by think that heavy densities of reseeded BURN AREA OBSERVATIONS:
concentrated road runoff. or where the grasses would only increase infiltration. MONITORING PROGRAM
gully incision has destabilized the slope and therefore soil moisture.
above it. To evaluate the effectiveness of the
LANDSLIDE MAPPING erosion control measures and to analyze
One cause of fire-related landsliding AND REBUILDING how wild/ires influence runoff and ero-
is the reduction of vegetative root sion processes in the Oakland Hills. we
strength. which would not occur until Consultants contracted by the City monitored winter runoff and erosion on
several years alter a fire. Soil pits dug of Oakland counted 184 scarps or other several small erosion plots established in
after the fire typically showed roots geomorphic features thought to be asso· the upland areas of the bum. During lhe
deeper than about 3 inches (8 cm) below ciated with landslides within the burn summer of 1992. the number of ero-
the surface to be strong and unburned. area. prompting city employees to map sion plots was increased. and runoff and
During the winter many species of pre- existing and potential failure sites. The erosion were measured during several
M2 Monterey pine loom ye, 1.4% 3% Two artificial storms were applied
and brush to most plots. and all vegetation was
removed prior to the second sprink-
VNI eucalyptus loom 00 13.8% 24% ler experiment. Runoff as a result of
increased precipitation intensities never
GWI eucalyptus gravelly 100m ye, 2.9% 5% exceeded the winter maximum value
for plots in the burn area. There was
GW2 eucalyptus gravelly loom 00 4.9% 7% in fact a decrease in runoff for all plots
In reseeded areas. This decrease in run-
(VI off can be attributed to an increase in
eucalyptus gravelly loom control 1.8% 5%
gopher activity providing additional sub-
unburnt
surface flow paths. and to increased
infiltration provided by the grass cover
(V2 hardwoods gravelly loom control 1.0% 3% (Photo 5).
and eucalyptus unburnt
Sediment loss as a result of increased
precipitation intensities was minimal
when compared to the SCS estimated
equivalent soil loss of 0.6 inch (14 mm).
The maximum sediment loss for a single
surface-lowering of about 0.004 inch ter. It could be argued that site condi- 1OO-year storm was about 50 per cent
(0.1 mml during the winter. This tions the following summer would be of the lotal soil loss for the winter of
amount is much smaller than the equi- very different from those immediately 1991. The cumulative net soil loss for
valent soil loss of 0.6 inch (14 ntm) after the Oakland fire However. water all winter storms monitored and a single
predicted by the interagency task force repellent soils can be long lasting simulated 100-year event was only
(l991) (Figure 3). (DeBano. 1981). and we were able to 0.006 inch (0.15 mm). two orders of
find sites that still had ash layers and magnitude less than the equivalent maxi-
There was an overall decrease in water repellent soils. and lacked under- mum soil loss estimated by the SCS.
sediment loss on all plots (treated. un- story vegetation. These additional sites
treated. and control) through the winter. included two plots in a eucalyptus grove Bioturbation
even though the largest Storm events prescribe-burned during the 1992 sum-
came later in the season. Similar results mer, and had simllar soils and slopes to During the winter. a lattice of deer
were noted In Colorado by Morris and those of the Oakland fire area. trails developed across the slopes. Ani-
Moses (1987). This observation suggests mal tracks and disruption of soil and
that sediment loss in the Oakland Hills Our sprinkler experiments were rock fragments occasionally appeared in
is a function of sediment availability. conducted using two low-pressure the plots. When cleaning out sediment
rather than solely of potential runoff. nozzles mounted on trolleys and sus- troughs after storms. it was obvious from
pended from rails in a tubular aluminum the large particle size of some of the
Artilicial Rainlall Experiments frame. The frame stood about 10 feet stored sediment. that some of the male·
high by 6 feet wide by 20 feet long rial was a result of this disturbance.
Because the winter immediately after (3 m x 2 m x 6 m) and was centered
the fire did not provide an opportunity over the runoff and erosion plot (Photo As vegetation increased from the
to study the impact of a large storm on 4). 1lle nozzles were moved back and reseeding effort. gopher activity and
the Oakland firestorm area, we decided forth rapidly along the length of the total sediment flux within the plots
to simulate a lOO-year storm. Artificial rails using a pulley system. so that as increased. Previously undisturbed solis
sprinkler experiments simulating I-hour one nozzle was pulled up the plol. the were churned up. with mounds of loose
storms. of between 1 and 2 inches second nozzle descended. Nozzles were soil spilling downslope. and in some
per hour (25 and 51 mm/hour) of rain- chosen that best simulated natural rain- cases filling sediment troughs that had
falL were conducted between July and storm drop sizes and produced a pre- remained empty during the previous
October, 1992. Twenty artificial storms cipitation intensity of between 1 and winter. This disturbance was most obvi-
were applied to 11 plots: three control 2 inches (25 and 51 mm) per hour. and ous in those areas that had a cover of
plots and eight burn plots. four of which had the ability to cover the plot with a reseeded grasses. The measured sedi-
had been monitored the previous win- relatively even distribution of spray. ment loss as a result of this bioturbation
E
10000
SCS Ulhual"d mU:imUIll soil 1010' of 75 cubie yuds per ;;ere (14 rnm)
10
E
-"
"-
V>
V>
1000
E
V>
V>
3 3
lOa o. I o
V>
Q ...
Z
'"
V>
'"
~
0.01 ~
'"
;>
;:
10
::i "
0-
"" '"
0.001
"u SOli, DISTURBANCE
DUE TO GOPlllmS
WINTER STORMS (1JIOTURBATION)
O. I +~~~~~-.-rr~~,...,-r,...,,-,...,-r~~~~,,~~~~~r+O.OOOI
20 120 220 320 420
TIME (in days from January 20, 19H~ La Fcl.)I·wu'y 24, 1993)
SITE CONDITION SITES
"""""" M' OAKLAND HILLS
BURN - NO TREATMENT ... ~4·~ Gil'l ~M2
DURN - TREATED .......... GW2 X)O';o<.o< CVI POST FIRE EROSION
CONTROL UNDURNED l3333J VNI X);)(10.)( Cv2
Figure 3. The graph depicts cumulative sediment loss and equivalent SOil loss at the seven runoff and erosion plots between January 20.
1992 (day 20). and Apnll0. 1992 (day 100). and the IOcreased sOil disturbance by gophers althe same sites, mOnllored between
September 27, 1992 (day 270) and February 24. 1993 (day 420). Both venical a~es use a logarithmiC scale because It is an efhclent way
to plot data when there IS a large spread In values. as between 0.5 g m2 and 14.000 g m2 (SGS estImated maximum soil loss), The tefl-
hand aXIs represents the weIght 01 sediment cotlected 10 the troughs of the seven plots. whereas the flght·hand axiS represents the
equivalentloweflng ot the soil surface, assumlOg a denSIty of 1 gram per cubIC centimeter lor the eroded sediments.
"--..:=::===::====;---==-.
• FEB '92; N = 180 • MAR '92; N = 191
The results of the straw bale analysis
are shown in Figures 4a and 4b. If filled
and unfilled dams are combined as
Mfunctioning properly." then by late
February only 43 percent of the eCRP
dams and 46 percent of the NOse
~
§ 40
dams were moderating sediment trans-
port. By the end of March only 43 per-
cent and 37 percent. respectively. were
U.
functioning. At the eCRP site. labor
o>- " crews repaired most of the dams after
Z
W February storms. which most likely
() accounts for the consistent number
a: "
w of functioning bales at this site. In the
"- NOse watershed. no maintenance was
. performed on check dams within the
upland gullies. However. several straw
bale dams were replaced or repaired on
, an alluvial fan at the base of the upland
U"d"'" co.. Failed watershed. Because the broad flat fan
is a natural deposition zone. it was one
of the few sites where sediment could
be quantified in subsequent winters.
NORTH OAKLAND SPORTS CENTER
" ~=====:::;--""'--I
• FEB '92; N. 258 • MAR '92; N = 248
Following the end of the first rainy
season. sediment volume behind the
straw bale check dams in gullies of the
" eCRP site was conservatively estimated
to be 73 cubic yards (56 m'" For the
NOSe site. the volume 01 stored sedi-
~" ments within the gullies was about 71
~ cubic yards (54 ml). and an additional
::' 162 cubic yards (124 m') was stored in
ou. " the alluvial fan for a total volume of 233
>- cubic yards (178 m" The volume of
z sediment deposited on the alluvial fan
Woo
() during the second winter was estimated
a: to be 300 cubic yards (230 m'. an in·
W
"- crease over the preceding winter even
though slopes were fully vegetated with
CONDITION OF STRAW BALE CHECK DAMS Table 3. Volume of Stored Sed,ment In Two
Figures 4a and 4b. Percentage of functlomng and non-functionmg straw bale check Gully Ne'works.
dams in two watersheds.
Parameters CCAP Site NOSe SIte
The dams were evaluated once during but was subsequently undercut or Nllmber 01 dams
'" N'
February 1992 and again at the end of siclecut. so stored sediment is subse- D'oolOooge a,ea 40 aa&s 77 aeles
March 1992. Their condition was rated quently mobilized): 4) moved (dam is (016 km'J (031 km')
as: 1) sidecut (water flowed around the usually blown out by flows exceeding Check dams 7J yd 71 yd'
1991·92 (56 m» (54 m])
dam thereby minimizing sediment stor- I cubic foot [0.03 mll per second. no
age): 2) undercut (water flowed beneath sediment storage): 5) filled (unable to AlluvIal Ian 162 yd]
1991·92 (124 m'l
the dam thereby minimizing sediment store any additional sediment but still
AlluvIal Ian 301 y<I
storage): 3) filled but cut (dam may have allowing water to flow over the dam); 1992·93 (230 m)
partially or totally filled with sediment 6) unfilled (functioning properly).
Effectiveness of Erosion
Control Procedures
Photo 7. Construction Imllated rilling and gullying. There was no erosion control at thiS
site in the burn area. The identification of the soil erosion
hazard of hydrophobic soils follOWing
of the dirt road network. and sloughing (61.560 m ') 01 sediment has been the fire served as the basis for a pre-
along the cut and fill embankments. removed from the lake. yet the volume dicted hillside response-the -fire·
Interestingly. no erosion conlrol mea- of the lake in 1979 was still only 20 f100d~ sequence. However. the practice
sures were applied to the road network percent 01 its 1907 volume (Mahoney of using the water drop test to deter-
during either winter following the lire. and others. 1979). Using the sedimen· mine the hydrophobic nature 01 the
even though dirt roads are known to be tation of Lake TemescaJ. we determined soil yields information about infiltration
major contributors of sediment. erosion due to urbanization within the and water repellency at test points only.
2.4-square-mile (6.2-km2j watershed to Several points at each site must be
Using the total volume of stored be at a rate of 0.028 inch (0.7 mm) per tested to acquire useful information.
sediments and drainage area. we can year lor the last 72 years. The test also does not reflect the true
estimate an equivalent hillside surface flow paths or the runoff process
erosion rate for the NOse watershed In partially urbanized watersheds like mechanisms for an area larger than
of between 0.024 and 0.028 inch those in the Oakland Hills. accelerated a water drop, Hydrophobicity in the
(0.6 mm to 0.7 mm) per year. values erosion due to fire may be dominated by Oakland Hills was spatially discontinu-
that reflect the impacts of urbanization
(Table 4).
Table 4. 5011 Loss for Natural Slopes and Urbanized Watersheds In the
Oakland Hills
Elfects of Urbanlzallon
and Rebuilding Site Undisturbed Watersheds
Slopes Affected by
Although one of the concerns fol- Urbanization
lowing the fire was protection 01 down-
stream water bodies. the pre-fire effects Background erosion rate 0.08 mmlyr
of urbanization on sediment production (Reneau. 1988) (0.003 irvyr)
in the Oakland Hills has been great. Erosion plots 1991-92 O.t mmlyr
Concentrated road runoff has caused (0.004 inJyr)
significant gullying of hillsides and
ErOSion plots 199t-92. plus 0,15 mmlyr
scouring 01 the channel network. leav- Simulated 100 year storm (0,006 mtyr)
ing little sediment in storage. and deliv-
NOSC straw bale SIIe 1991-92 0.6 mfTlJyr (0.024 in yr)
ering much sediment to downstream
water bodies such as Lake T emescal NOSe straw bale site 1992-93 0.7 mmlyr (0.028 inlyr)
and San Francisco Bay (Mahoney and Lake Temesca11907·1979 0.7 mmlyr (0.028 Inlyr)
others. 1979). Lake Temescal. the (Mahoney and others. 1979)
receiving water body for approximately MaXimum construction site 46.0 mm (1.8 in) per site
(T 50 percent of the bum area. was soitless (East Bay Regional Parlr.
r dredged three times between 1963 and Distnct.1981)
1979. A total of 80.520 cubic yards
• Between October
...... • 1991 and July 1993.
building permits for
1.094 homes
were ap-
proved
(39 per
cent of
the lost
hydromulching was com- homes) and
pleted. indicates that slopes 1.540 homeown-
treated with the hydromulch ers contacted Ihe City
had much lower vegetation of Oakland about rebuilding (55 percent
densities than untreated of the lost homes). Unfortunately. none
slopes During the winter. of the erosion control measures applied
germination of seeds within to the firestorm area were deSigned to
the hydromulch did not occur mitigate erosion caused by reconstruc-
ous. Areas that were typed as highly in many cases unlilthe hydromulch was tion activities. A year after the fire. Lake
water repellent did not generate the disturbed by animals. leaving islands of Temescal is experiencing increased
predicted response because of the pre- green in an otherwise gray landscape. sedimentation and a decrease in water
dominance of flow paths into the Burgess Kay (1976) at the University quality (Freestone. 1993) as a result 01
deeper soil horizons (Figure 5). of California Agricultural Experiment construction and the deteriorallon of
Station at Davis has noted that acrylic temporary straw bale sediment-monitor-
There is no record of how the esti- copolymers of the type used in the ing structures in channels and gullies
mated soil loss of 75 cubic yards per hydromulch application follOwing the (which allowed the stored sediment to
acre (142 m'/hectare) (unpublished Oakland lire often delay and reduce be flushed into Lake Temescal and San
Interagency Task Force soil erosion total germination of seros. and may Francisco Bay).
treatment meeting notes. October 24.
1991) following the Oakland fire was
derived. but it is thought that the SCS
used the Universal Soil Loss Equation
(USLE). In the development of the
USLE. much of the work characterizing
storm erosion and raindrop impact on
soil detachment was performed on dis-
turbed soils. namely agriculture and
rangeland (Goldman and others. 1986).
Such soils have been affected by activi-
ties that weaken and break up soil struc-
ture and particle cohesion. In fact. it is
generally considered appropriate to
apply the USLE to construction sites to
estimate soil loss due to erosion How-
ever. the undisturbed urban wildland
soils of the types found in the Oakland
Hills should not be considered highly
erosive. especially when subjected only
to low intensity storms.
Photo 8. Contrashng grass germlnallon success is seen in thiS photo taken In early March
A comparison of aerial photographs 1992 Grasses are commg up m the loreground. whICh has not been hydromutched In the ,
taken on March 12. 1992 with those background. the predommant plants emergmg on these treated slopes are local bracken ••
taken in De<:ember. 1991. shortly after ferns. not grass from the seeding effort.
Photo 9. In March 1992, after an average rainfall season, 63 percent of all straw bale 6) Ground disturbance by fire sup-
check dams In the North Oakland Sports Center watershed had failed. pression and post-fire reconstruction
activity may be the primary source of
accelerated erosion. Perhaps the ero-
Standard erosion control manuals by overland flow would have been mini· sion control effon should be focused on
state explicitly that straw bale check mal. Contradictions between expecta- these specific areas rather than on the
dams should not be placed in areas that tions and observations suggest the wholesale effects of the bum.
receive more than 1 cubic foot per sec- following:
ond (1.7 ml/minute) flow; that the dams 7) The receiving water bodies in the
have a useful life of about 3 months: 1) Geology. topography. geomor· Oakland fire area (Lake Temescal and
and that if they fail there is frequently phology. climate. and historical records San Francisco Bay) are sediment sinks:
more damage than if no barrier had can be analyzed in advance to predict all available sediment will find its way
been installed (Goldman and others. whether the -fire-flood~ sequence into the sinks. and will remain there
1986) These assenions were recon- applies. Landscape response is site until removed. Money spent on hun-
firmed in the Oakland fire area. The specific: processes that occur in the dreds of temporary straw bale structures
straw bale check dam data suggests that steep mountains of southern California thaI decayed and then released their
sediment storage is less than 50 percenf as a result of fire are not necessarily stored sediments did not prevent sedi-
effective for average winter rainfall con- the processes that will occur in other mentation In these water bodies. This
ditions. and much less effective for the landscapes remedial measure was not cost-effec-
extreme rainfall event for which plan- tive. A better solution would be long-
ners were preparing (Photo 9). Addi- 2) The water drop test is useful in term sediment retention basins at road
tionally. much of the sediment caught testing for local hydrophobicity. hut it crossings that can and should be easily
behind the dams may have come from may not be a reliable method for esti- cleaned. or permanent measures that
keying or benching the bales into gully mating potential runoff or subsequent Involve preventing gully erosion.
walls. Because many gullies are at least erosion. Improved field testing. perhaps
10 feet (3 m) deep. the sediment that involving a simple portable sprinkler. 8) In many environments. panicu-
was excavated to install the bales was is needed. larly at the urban/wikiland interface.
not removed from the active channel. shallow landsliding may constitute the
Sediment was thereby provided to the 3) Sediment flux is largely a function most significant hazard. and slope sta-
next downstream dam. of availability and transport. The SCS bility mayor may not be affected by
soil erosion index and the USLE appear fire, Maps developed by the City of
RECOMMENDATIONS in this case to overestimate the erosion Oakland even without hillside exposure
potential for undiSlurbed wildland soils. by fire. as pan of a land-use manage-
Our analysis suggests that. even if Application of these empirical proce- ment plan. should identify landslide
heavy winter rains had arrived. there dures for estimating soil erosion involves features and hazards. This information
I would not have been a higher landslide considerable uncertainties when they in conjunction with the use of systems
potential on burned lands. and erosion have not been calibrated with local such as the USGS real-time storm
Dry ravel
Areas with observed hydfophoboc
soil and rill erosiOn
Gully (lxs·exlstlllg)
...
r Figure 2. Map ollhe Oakland Tunnel Fire area showlIlg areas of high burn IntenSllles, dry ravel, hydrophobic 50115. nparian damage. and
pre-ellis\lng gullies. TopographIC map base by U.S. Geological Survey
, J
deep loam to clay loam soils pass through a No.4 sieve (less
than 3/16 of an inch 14.8 mml in diameter) (Welch. 1981).
Division of Mines and Geology. 1982. San Francisco Bay Area on March • Vast improvement in the measure-
Oakland East Quadrangle Special 25-29. 1992. at California State ment precision of creep rates. strain.
Studies Zones: AlqUist-Priolo Fault University. Hayward. More than 400 and geodesy along most East Bay
Evaluation Program. Revised Official earth scientists, engineers. and plan- faults. In 1982. the Antioch Fault was
Map (scale 1:24,000). ners attended. thought to be creeping. It is not
Gautier, C.A., 1983. Sedimentation in The proceedings of the first con- • BASIX (Bay Area Seismic Renec-tion
burned chaparral watersheds: Is emer- ference (DMG Special Publication Imaging eXperiment), In 1982. fault
gency revegetation justified?: Water 62. available at a reduced price of offsets of young sediments on the San
Resources Bulletin, v, 19. no. 5, Francisco Bay floor were only sus-
$11.00) served as a focal point for
p.793-802. pected. Preliminary results presented
much of the earthquake hazard re-
Libby, W.J.. and Rodrigues. K.A.. 1992, search conducted in the last decade. at the conference clearly show offsets
Revegetating the 1991 Oakland·Berke· in the sediments near Pillsburg and
SP 113 should serve a similar function
ley hills burn: Fremontia. v. 20. no. 1.
leading to the saving of lives and the between the Rodgers Creek and
p.12-18.
mitigation of hazards and structural Pinole faults
Radbruch. D.H .. 1969. Aerial and engineer-
damage. As reOected in this volume. • Progressive state and local programs to
Ing geology of the Oakland East quad-
two recent and significant events have abate seismic hazards of unreinforced
rangle. California: U.S. Geological
Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map of increased awareness and rejuvenated masonry buildings and public buildings
the United States. Map GQ-769 (scale research in earthquakes in the East on East Bay faults. In 1982 the public
1:24.000). Bay: the 1988 earthquake forecasts identification of seismically hazardous
Smith. T.C.. 1980. Hayward Fault, Oakland by the Working Group on California structures was nearly unheard of
segment: Division of Mines and Geol- Earthquake Probabilities and the 1989 Today. it is becoming commonplace.
ogy Fault Evaluation Report FER·102. Lorna Prieta earthquake.
SP113 and SP62 are available for
30 p.. 5 plates. SP 113 contains 72 papers and 16 reference and purchase at all three DMG
Springer. James; Kulkarni, Ram; Hunts- abstracts. most of which are summa- offices. For mail order. see the Publica-
man. SCOll: and Fr€ltas. Mark. 1992, ries of more detailed technical works tions Request Form on page 183
Assessment of landslide risks after the mentioned in the references. Many of
OCtober. 1991 firestorm. Oakland, Cali- Publlcallons and Information Office
the questions asked at the first confer-
fornia: Proceedings of the 35th Annual 801 K Street. MS 14-33
ence are answered in this volume; Sacramento. CA 95814·3532
Meeting of the ASSOCiation of Engineer-
many are not. Among the reviews and (916) 445·5716
ing Geologists. p. 188·193.
updates at this conference are: Bay Area Regional Ollice
Stelnbrugge, K.V., Bennen, J.H .. Lagono,
H.J.. DaVIS. J.F.. Borchardt. Glenn. • Estimates of the Holocene slip rates 185 Berry Street, SUite 3600
and Toppozada. T.A., 1987. Earth- of the Hayward. Rodgers Creek. San Francisco. CA 94107
quake planning scenano for a magni- and northern Calaveras faults (all (415) 904-7707
tude 7.5 earthquake on the Hayward about 8±3 mm/yr). In 1982. these Southern California Regional Office
Fault In the San Francisco Bay Area: data were nonexistent. Guesses 107 South Broadway, Room 1065
DIVIsion ot Mines and Geology Special ranged from 3 to 20 mm/yr. los Angeles. CA 90012-4402
Publication 78. 243 p. (213) 620·3560
1993
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY NOVEMBER,DECEMBER
'"
1. Eruption of Cerro Negro, and other vapors erupted
an active stratovolcano in from Cerro Negro. The
Nicaragua. A stratovolcano larger, heavier fragments fall
or composite volcano is built back on the cone while the
of alternating layers of lava smaller, lighter ash fragments
and pyroclastic deposits. are carried great distances
These deposits accumulate before they settle.
around the central vent in a
cone-shaped pile. These 7. A smaller cloud of
massive cones are fre- darker material indi-
quently cut by many cates that a local-
dikes and sills. ized eruption has
Lava may flow just occurred.
from fissures
radiating from 8. Cloud of
the central vent. vapors from the volcano
whereas the multisized pyro- is mostly steam and ash. but
clastic materials are ejected also contains chlorine, fluo-
may have a common source rine. sulfur. and their acids.
from the main vent. of magma. The parasitic cra-
ter faces the viewer. 9. Shadow cast by the ash
2. Steam and other vapors
rising from large volcanic and vapor cloud from
4. Erupting parasitic vent.
blocks erupted from the the volcano (6) carried by
possibly a smaller stratovol~
main crater recently. Com- turbulent hot gasses and
cano in an earlier stage of
pare with the older. cooler winds. When the volcanic
development than the main
volcanic blocks at the ends ash settles. the pyroclastic
cone.
of the tracks or furrows that deposit that forms is called
run down the slope of the 5. Contacts between lava an ash fall.
main cone. These tracks flows that emanated from
or furrows were plowed by the parasitic vent (4). These 10. A dormant volcanic cone
the rolling blocks. Some flows are small enough to be is old enough to have devel-
house-size blocks now lie easily distinguished. The oped a soil profile and luxuri-
loosely at the bottom of the larger lava flows from Cerro ous vegetation on its slopes.
slope. Negro (left and right fore- The crater rim has a visible
ground) coalesce making it breach at (B) where lava
3. The crater of a dormant difficult to distinguish in(li~ poured from the cone. The
parasitic vent occurs on vidual flows. lava flow turned at the base
the side of the larger cone of the cone and formed
and is subsidiary to it. The 6. Large cloud of pyroclastic levees (L) at the sides of the
parasitic and main craters debris (ash or ejecta), steam, flow.
f -----~~""-"'S:.
".. >~ ~~"'~,
Native Amencans used asphalt .~
_~_r:
~ ,
for caulkmg plank canoes. water_"fir I -
CITY============ STATE==='''====
---~------------------------,
CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY
Subscription and Change of Address Form :
NAME (Please PM! or type) I
STREET
CITY _
I
STATE ZIP
I
D 1 y'. $10.00
(6 issues) D 2 yrs. $19.00
(12 Issues)
SubScnp'J()n rail'S oncJudl> pos,"ge and sales la~
D
3 yrs. $28.00
(18 Issues)
-.
D NEW SUBSCRIPTION: Allow 60 days lor delivery 01 lirsl issue.
D
ADDRESS CHANGE: Send a recent address label and your new address. I not had it replaced. please call
the Publications and Information
Allow 60 days to reflect address change. I Office. (916) 445-5716. and il
A CHECK OR MONEY ORDER MUST ACCOMPANY THIS ORDER. All non·US orda's must ba I will be replaced free of charge.
paJd With an Internat,onal money order or draft payabla In US dOllars and mada out to DIVISION OF I
MINES AND GEOLOGY Sand all orders andlo, address change 10:
;:;:,.y.. DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY I
I
,
_____________
A PO Bo)(2980.
Sacramento.
_ _ _Californ,a
___ 95812·2980
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---lI -
J_
A 15th century mining lease, 5:150 Hart, Earl W.. 1:10 DMG OFR 91-24. Reconnaissance
AB 3098 Sul1ace Mining and Reclamation Hill. Robert L" 1:23 geologic map of the Shinn Mountain
Act (SMARA) eligible Iist-July 1, 1993. 15·mlnute quadrangle. Lassen
Industrial minerals conference - 29th forum. County. California, 1:31
4:114 4:119
AB 3098 Sul1ace Mining and Reclamation DMG OFR 92-02. Minerai land classill'
Irvine, Pamela J.. t :23, 5:123.
Act (SMARA) eligible list-July 30,1993, cation of the Winchester aggregate
5:151 Jamestown leat gold. 3:63 Site, Romoland and Winchester quad·
Arroyo boulders. Anza Borrego Desen. landers-Big Bear earthquake sequence and rangles. Riverside County. California
Califorma.4:100 Its felt effecls, 1:3 tor asphaltic·concrete·grade aggre-
Landslides and Landslide Hazards (also see gate and base·grade aggregate. 2:56
Barrows. Allan G., 1:17.5:123.5:132 DMG OFR 92-05. landslide hazards In
Booker, FA. 6:159 Open-File reports):
California's landslide hazard identification the TassaJara and Byron Hot Springs
Bryant. William A.. 1:10 7 1/2' quadrangles, Alameda and
Burnen. John L, 3:63, 3:68, 3:74 project. 5:132
Damaging landslides related to the intense Conlra Costa counties. California, 2:56
Californla's landslide hazard Identification rainstorms of January·February 1993, south· DMG OFR 92-07. Recenlly active traces
prOject. 5:132 ern Califorma. 5: 123 of the Rodgers Creek Fault. Sonoma
Californla's rocks, minerals. and decorative DMG landslide publications (exclusive of County, California. 1:31: 2:56
stones used by Native Americans. 6:182 LHIMs),5:140 DMG OFR 92·09. MlneraJ land classlfl·
Clarke. Anthony Orr. 4:100 Geologic hazards slide sets, 5:142 cation of the Boulder Creek aggregate
Collins. LM.. 6:159 site, Fillmore quadrangle, Ventura
Composite volcano in action. 6: 180 Mineral experiments, 4:110 County, California for portland cement
Minerai industry ot California-1992. 3:74 concrete. asphaltic concrete aggre·
Damaging landslides related to the Intense Minerals. 4:87
rainstorms of January-February 1993. gate, and base aggregate, 2:56
Minerals (also see Open·File Reports): DMG OFR 92·14. Geologic map of the
southern California, 5:123 California's rocks. minerals. and decorative
Danielson. Joanne. 2:35 Eagle Lake quadrangle. Lassen
stones used by Native Americans. 6:182 County. California, 2:57
Deodat de Dolomieu: The man behind the Deodat de Dolomieu: The man behind the
minerai dolomite. 4:99 DMG OFR 93-01. Geology of the
minerai dolomite, 4:99 Hollister and San Felipe quadrangles,
DietriCh, W.E .. 6:159 Industflal minerals conference-29th forum,
DMG clearinghouse for the June 28. 1992 San Benito, Santa Clara, and Monterey
4:119 counlles, California, 5:148
Landers and Big Bear eanhquakes. 1:27 Jamestown leaf gold, 3:63
DMG landslide publications (exclUSive of Minerai expeflments. 4:110 Orrell, Lewis, 2:45
LHIMs).5:140 Mineral Industry of Cahlornia-1992. 3:74 Preliminary review maps ot proposed
DMG releases: see Open·File Reports: Minerals. 4:87 SpeCial Studies Zones of January 1,
Special Publicaflon Mining and mineral resources gUide. 3:60 1993.2:59
earthquakes (also see Open-File Reports): Mining.'
Rockfalls and surface effects other than
DMG clearinghouse for the June 28, 1992 A 15th century mining iease, 5:150
faulting-Landers and Big Bear earth·
Landers and Big Bear earthquakes. 1:27 AB 3098 Sul1ace Mining and Reclamation Act
quakes, 1:17
GeologiC hazards slide sets, 5:142 (SMARA) eligible list-July 1, 1993, 4 114
Runol! and erosion after the Oakland
Landers·Big Bear earthquake sequence AB 3098 Sul1ace Mining and Reclamation Act
Firestorm-expectations and observa'
and its felt effects. 1:3 (SMARA) eligible list-July 30,1993,5:151
tlons. 6:159
New and revised official maps of special Gold Bug Mine. 3:68
studies zones of July 1, 1993, 5:146 Mining and minerai resources gUide, 3;80 Silberman. Miles L.. 2:35
Preliminary review maps of proposed Mining California calCite crystals for the optical Special Publication:
Special Studies Zones 01 January 1, 1993, flng sight, 2:45 SP113. Proceedings of the second
2:59 Mining and minerai resources gUide, 3:80 conference on earthquake hazards in
Rocklalls and surface effects other than Mining California calcite crystals for the opllcal the eastern San Francisco Bay Area,
fauiling-Landers and Big Bear earth· ring sight, 2:45 6:179
quakes. 1:17 Spittler, Thomas Eo, 6:174
National Association 01 Geology Teachers
SP113. Proceedings 01 the second confer' Stickney, Dale. 4:87, 4:99
gUidebook publicallons, 1:28
ence on earthquake hazards in the eaSI- Surface faulting assoclaled With the
New and revised official maps of speCial studies
ern San Francisco Bay Area. 6'179 June 1992 Landers earthquake,
zones of July 1. 1993. 5:146
Sul1ace faulting associated With lhe June California, 1:10
1992 Landers earthquake, California, 1:10 Open-File Reports: Sul1ace rupture along a portion 01 the
Sul1ace rupture along a portion ot the DMG OFR 90-08. Reconnaissance geologiC Emerson Fault-Landers earthquake of
Emerson Fault-Landers earthquake of map of the Milford 15'minute quadrangle. June 26. 1992. 1:23
June 28, 1992, 1:23 Lassen and Plumas counties, California,
Tan. Siang S., 5:123
Emergency landslide hazard evaluation, 4:109
Teacher Fealures:
6:174 DMG OFR 90·19. Landslide hazards in the
Composite volcano in aClion. 6:180
north half 01 the Black Star Canyon quad-
Flanery. Max. 4:119 GeologiC hazards slide sets. 5:142
rangle, Orange and RiverSide counties.
Geologicai Society of America Science
Geological Society of America Science California. 2:56
DMG OFR 91-03. Mineral land classification Awareness lhrough Geoscience
Awareness through Geoscience Education
Education (SAGE). 2:55
(SAGE). 2:55 of the South Tracy site. San Joaquin
Minerai experiments. 4:110
Gold-bearing quartz veins in the Klamath County, California-lor portland cemenl
Mining and mineral resources guide.
Mountains in the Redding 1 x 2 degree concrete aggregate. 2:57
3:80
quadrangle. northern California, 2:35 DMG OFR 91-05. Landslides and other geo-
National ASSOCiation 01 Geology Teach·
Gold Bug Mine, 3:68 logiC features in the Santa Cruz Mountains,
ers gUidebook publications. 1:28
Hansen. Carl L. 4:100 California, resulting from the Loma Prieta
Toppozada. Tousson A., 1:3. 1:27
Hallstrom. Claudia, L, 1:27 earthquake of October 17. 1989. 1:31: 2:57
Trelman, Jerome A.. 1.10
Wilson. Rick I., 1:2.7
saw has been transformed beyond belief glimpses of the gold rush are found in an extensive bibliography. There is
and imagination. but from the discovery descriptions of Rough and Ready, the also an extensive map bibliography that
point in San Mateo County. you can Pelton wheel, the long tom. Lola includes entries back to 1603. as well as
still see Point Reyes. the white cliffs of Montez. J.M. Studebaker. Coyoteville. all U.S. Geological Survey quadrangles
Drakes Bay. and the magnificent sweep Humbug City. the Clampers. the Big in the county.
of San Francisco Bay. Four. Hangtown. and many others.
The entries themselves are interest·
The Spanish and English texts are Place Names ing and sometimes humorous. Many
printed on facing pages. so they can are followed by quotations from news·
be easily compared. Information from MONTEREY COUNTY PLACE papers. magazines. or historical docu-
other historical manuscripts appears in NAMES: A Geographical Dictionary. ments. All are highly readable capsules
footnotes. After the diary there is a By Donald Thomas Clark. 1991. of local history.
modern account of how the route can Kestrel Press. P.O. Box Q. Carmel Val-
be [raced by car. This is followed by a ley. CA 93924·0135. (408) 659-2807. Gems
list of campsites used during the 116 737 p. $21.95. soft cover: $29.95.
days of the Portola expedition. hard cover. GEMSTONES OF EAST AFRICA.
By Peter C. Keller. 1992, Geoscience
Editor Peler Browning has done a This volume is an exhaustive refer- Press. 12629 N. Tatum Boulevard..
fine thing in re-issuing this most impor- ence on the origin and history of Suite 201. Phoenix. AZ 85032. (602)
tant historical account. It has a place Monterey County names and. as such. 953·2330. 144 p. $50.00. hard cover.
in the library of
any student of This book is
early California. a comprehensive
look at the gemolo-
THE GOLDEN gical wealth of East
HILLS OF CAU· Africa. a unique
FORNIA. VOL- region encompass-
UMETWO: A ing what may be the
Descriptive Guide world's richest gem
to the Mother Lode deposits. Kenya
Counties of the and Tanzania are
Northern Mines. described in their
By Allan Masri. lull mineralogical
1983. Western splendor lor lapi·
Tanager Press. daries. gemologists.
1111 Pacific collectors. travelers.
Avenue, Santa and anyone with
Cruz. CA 95060. an interest in the
1408) 425-1111. world's gemstones.
131 p. $7.95. soft
cover. Nearly all known
species of important
This is a book gems are found in
for anyone inter- East Africa. The
ested in the history gem fields are
of the Mother described using
Lode. Armchair regional geologic
travelers as well RhodOnite (pink) and manganite (black). Rhodonite is lound in the Trinlty·Klamath maps. detailed maps
as those on wheels area and Sierra Nevada in California. Rhodonite with manganite is a semiprecious of mine vicinities.
will enjoy following gem used chiefly for cabochons or polished slabs.
cross sections. and
the highways and photographs. Each
backroads of gem variety is pho-
Placer. EI Dorado. Sacramento. should be in the library of anyone inter- tographed to show the striking color
Nevada. Yuba. Sierra. and Plumas ested in the development 01 this most and brilliance. The book's final chapter
counties. Illustrations. maps. historical scenic and interesting part of California. covers over 20 less important gems
photos, diary excerpts. and descriptions including amethyst. beryl. moonstone.
of points of interest are interspersed Each entry is explained in full. and peridot.
among historical highlights. Colorful followed by a reference list keyed to