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Worked Design Examples Using Strut-and-Tie Method – Deep Beam (ACI 318-02 Appendix A)
Consider the 2 meter deep beam described in the figure below. Use the strut and tie model to
determine the required amount of reinforcement.
Additional details: f c' = 25 MPa, f y = 420 MPa, PDL = 800 kN, and PLL = 400 kN.
2000 mm
Cross Section
500 mm wide
P P
400 mm 6000 mm 400 mm
http://www.cee.uiuc.edu/kuchma/strut_and_tie/STM/examples/dbeam/dbeam(1).htm Page 1 of 4
Strut-and-Tie Resources Web Site
Worked Design Examples Using Strut-and-Tie Method – Deep Beam (ACI 318-02 Appendix A)
Pu = 1600 kN Pu = 1600 kN
B FBC C
FA
F AB D
2000 mm
θ θ
A FAD D
Pu Pu
400 mm 6000 mm 400 mm
Step 4: Isolate Disturbed Region and Estimate Member Forces and Dimensions
The entire deep beam is a disturbed region, but it is only necessary to consider the left third of
the structure to complete the design. The horizontal position of nodes A and B are easy to define,
but the vertical position of these nodes must somehow be estimated or determined. What we do
know is that the design strength of strut BC must be greater than or equal to the factored load in
strut BC. That is:
Strut BC: φFnc = φf cu Ac = φ(0.85β s f c' )bwc ≥ FBC , where β s = 1.0 (prismatic strut)
Similarly, the design strength of tie AD must be greater than the factored load in tie AD. In
addition, this tie must be anchored over a large enough area ( wt b) such that the factored load is
less than φFnn .
By setting the design strength equal to the required capacity, jd will be a maximum and
wt = 1.25 wc. The flexural lever arm will be jd = 2000 - wc/2 - wt/2 = 2000 – 1.125wc.
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Strut-and-Tie Resources Web Site
Worked Design Examples Using Strut-and-Tie Method – Deep Beam (ACI 318-02 Appendix A)
Pu = 1600 kN
CL
φ fcu = φ 0.85βs fc
'
FBC
wc
B
FA B jd = 2000 - 1.125 wc
θ
A FAD
wt
φ fcu = φ 0.85βn fc
'
Pu
2000 mm
If these values are used for the dimensions of the struts and ties, the stress in strut FBC will be at
its limit, and the force in tie FAD will be anchored in just sufficient area. It is often wise to
increase these values a little to leave some margin. wc will be selected to be 240 mm, and wt will
be selected to be 300 mm.
Check capacity of strut BC: φFnc = φ(0.85β s f c' )bwt = 0.75(0.85)(1.0)(25)(500)(240)/1000 = 1912
kN ∴ OK
Tie AD: φFnt = φAs f y ≥ FAD = 1850 kN ∴ As ≥ 1850(1000) / 0.75 / 420 = 5873 mm.2
2
Consider 1 layer of 6 #36(11) bars = 6036 mm @ 150 mm from bottom
2
Consider 2 layers of 5 #29(9) bars = 6450 mm @ 80 mm and 220 mm from bottom
2
Consider 3 layers of 6 #22(7) bars = 6966 mm @ 60, 150, and 240 mm from bottom
Check capacity of tie AD: φFnt = φAs f y = 0.75(6450)(420) = 2032 kN > 1850 kN ∴ OK
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Strut-and-Tie Resources Web Site
Worked Design Examples Using Strut-and-Tie Method – Deep Beam (ACI 318-02 Appendix A)
Step 6: Calculate Force in Diagonal Compressive Strut FAB and Check Capacity
Pu = 1600 kN
CL
450 mm
B FBC
θ
B
wc
240 mm
wct
FAB jd = 1730 mm
300 mm
wcb
θ FAD
A
θ
A
450 mm
Pu
2000 mm
Therefore, the force in the diagonal compressive strut, FAB = 1600 / sin 40.9o = 2444 kN.
Width at top of strut = wct = l b sin θ + ha cos θ = 450 sin 40.9o + 240 cos 40.9o = 476 mm.
Width at bottom of strut = wcb = l b sin θ + ha cos θ = 450 sin 40.9o + 300 cos 40.9o = 521 mm.
http://www.cee.uiuc.edu/kuchma/strut_and_tie/STM/examples/dbeam/dbeam(1).htm Page 4 of 4