LOVELY PROFESSIONAL

UNIVERSITY
TERM PAPER

ANALOG CIRCUITS AND LINEAR IC

ECE210

TOPIC: 555 TIMER BISTABLE OPERATION AS IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. SHAKTI RAJ GURKIRAN KAUR

Section.D6802

Roll No. 12

B.Tech-ECE

REG No. 10808747

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who

helped and supported me during the writing of this term
paper.

My deepest thank is to Lecturer, Mr. SHAKTI, the Guide of the

Topic for guiding and correcting various documents of mine
with attention and care. He has taken pain to go through the
project and make necessary correction as and when needed.
My deep sense of gratitude to those my colleagues and tutors
for their support and guidance. Thanks and appreciation to
the helpful people at Lovely Professional University, for their
support.

I would also thank my Institution and my faculty members

without whom this project would have been a distant reality. I
also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well
wishers.
 CONTENTS

1. 555 TIMER- AN INTRODUCTION

2. 555 TIMER- PIN CONNECTIONS

3. DATASHEET SPECIFICATIONS

4. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

5. EXTERNAL COMPONENTS

6. DESIGN OF 555 TIMER

7. OPERATION OF 555 TIMER

8. BISTABLE 555 TIMER

9. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

10. REFRENCES
 555 TIMER: AN INTRODUCTION
Many an electronic designs require some sort of timing, for push-
button debouncing, clocking of digital circuits or whatever. One of the
simplest timing circuits, the resistor-capacitor network usually referred
to as an RC circuit has a few serious limitations, particularly when it
comes to temperature stability and the accuracy of capacitors. While
there are many alternative solutions to RC timing there's one that
many hobbyists take to, the 555 timer IC.

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a

variety of timer and multivibrator applications. The IC was designed by
Hans R. Camenzind in 1970 and brought to market in 1971 by
Signetics (later acquired by Philips). The original name was the
SE555 (metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as
"The IC Time Machine". It has been claimed that the 555 gets its name
from the three 5 k-Ohm resistors used in typical early
implementations, but Hans Camenzind has stated that the number was
arbitrary. The part is still in wide use, thanks to its ease of use, low
price and good stability. As of 2003, it is estimated that 1 billion units
are manufactured every year.

Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes

over 20transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed
in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package. Variants available include the
556 (a 14-pin DIP commonostableng two 555s on one chip), and the
558 (a 16-pin DIP commonostableng four slightly modified 555s with
DIS & THR connected internally, and TR falling edge sensitive instead
of level sensitive).

Ultra-low power versions of the 555 are also available, such as the
7555 and TLC555.The 7555 requires slightly different wiring using
fewer external components and less power.
 555 TIMER: PIN CONNECTIONS

Pin Functions - 8 pin package

Ground (Pin 1): This pin is connected directly to ground.

Trigger (Pin 2): This pin is the input to the lower comparator and is
used to set the latch, which in turn causes the output to go high.

Output (Pin 3): Output high is about 1.7V less than supply. Output
high is capable of ISOURCE up to 200mA while output low is capable of
ISINK up to 200mA.

Reset (Pin 4): This is used to reset the latch and return the output to
a low state. The reset is an overriding function. When not used connect
to V+.

Control (Pin 5): Allows access to the 2/3V+ voltage divider point
when the 555 timer is used in voltage control mode. When not used
connect to ground through a 0.01 uF capacitor.

Threshold (Pin 6): This is an input to the upper comparator. See data
sheet for comprehensive explanation.
Discharge (Pin 7): This is the open collector to Q14 in figure 4 below.
See data sheet for comprehensive explanation.

V+ (Pin 8): This connects to VCC and the Philips data-book states the
ICM7555 cmos version operates 3V - 15V DC while the NE555 version
is 3V - 15V DC. Note comments about effective supply filtering and
bypassing this pin below under "General considerations with using a
555 timer"

DATA SHEET SPECIFICATIONS

These specifications apply to the NE555. Other 555 timers can have
better specifications depending on the grade (military, medical, etc).

Supply voltage(VCC) 4.5 to 15V

Supply current(VCC= +5V) 3 to 6 mA

Supply current(VCC= +15V) 10 to 15 mA

Output current(maximum) 200mA

Power dissipation 600mW

Operating temprature 0 to 70oC

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH USING A

555 TIMER
Most devices will operate down to as low as 3V DC supply voltage.
However correct supply filtering and bypassing is critical, a capacitor
between .01 uF to 10 uF (depending upon the application) should be
placed as close as possible to the 555 timer supply pin. Owing to
internal design considerations the 555 timer can generate large
current spikes on the supply line.
While the 555 timer will operate up to about 1 Mhz it is generally
recommended it not be used beyond 500 Khz owing to temperature
stability considerations.

Owing to low leakage capacitor considerations limit maximum timing

periods to no more than 30 minutes.

EXTERNAL COMPONENTS WHEN USING A 555

TIMER
Care should be taken in selecting stable resistors and capacitors for
timing components in the 555 timer. Also the data sheet should be
consulted to determine maximum and minimum component values
which will affect accuracy. Capacitors must be low leakage types with
very low Dielectric Absorption properties. Electrolytics and Ceramics
are not especially suited to precision timing applications.

DESIGN OF 555 TIMER

This is the internal schematic design of an 555 timer. As we can see it
is very complicated in understanding. But it can be understood, when it
is taken as more symbolic. As it contains three comparators,
transistors, flip-flop and other basic components connected, so
connecting them as a symbols its design can be understood easily.
Here we assume that the internal design of the basic components like
Comparator(Op-Amp), flip-flop, etc is known. And once its design is
clear, its working can be guessed easily and hence its operation. More
simple and symbolic design diagram of 555 timer is given below:
Let us now understand the operation of 555 Timer

OPERATION OF 555 TIMER

Inside the 555 you can see three resistors, labelled R. These resistors
are equal in value and form a voltage divider, providing reference
voltages at 1/3 and 2/3 of the power supply voltage, VCC.

The reference voltages are connected to one input of each of two

comparators, which in turn control the logic state of a bistable, or flip
flop stage.

Pin 2 of the 555 is the trigger input. When the voltage connected to pin
2 is less than 1/3 of the power supply voltage, the output of the lower
comparator forces the logic state of the flip flop to LOW. The output
stage has an inverting action. In other words, when the output of the
flip flop is LOW, the output of the 555 goes HIGH.

Now think about what happens when the power supply is first
connected to the astable circuit. Initially, timing capacitor C is
discharged. The voltage at pin 2 is 0 V and the output of the 555 is
driven HIGH. C starts to charge through resistors R1 and R2. Note that
C is also connected to pin 6, the threshold input of the 555.

When the voltage across C goes past 1/3 of the power supply voltage,
the output of the lower comparator snaps a new level. This doesn't
change the logic state of the flip flop: its output remains LOW.

The inputs to the second comparator are the voltage at pin 6, the
threshold input, and 2/3 VCC from the internal voltage divider.

When the voltage across C goes past 2/3 of the power supply voltage,
the output of the second comparator snaps to a new level, the flip flop
changes state, its output becomes HIGH and the output of the 555
goes from HIGH to LOW.

Inside the 555, the flip flop is connected to an NPN transistor, the
collector of which is connected to pin 7, the discharge pin of the 555.
When the output of the flip flop goes HIGH, the transistor is switched
ON, providing a low resistance path from the discharge pin to 0 V. The
timing capacitor, C, starts to empty through R2 and the voltage across
it decreases.

Note that the capacitor charges through R1 and R2, but discharges
only through R2.

When the voltage across C decreases below 1/3 of the power supply
voltage, the lower comparator snaps to a new level, the flip flop
changes state and the output of the 555 goes HIGH once again.

The graph below shows how the voltage across the timing capacitor,
VC , changes with the output voltage of the 555, Vout:
The initial ouptut pulse is longer than subsequent pulses because C is
completely discharged when the power supply is first connected.
Subsequent HIGH and low times correspond to half-charge/discharge
times, either from 1/3 to 2/3 of the power supply voltage, or from 2/3
to 1/3 of the power supply voltage.

The HIGH time is given by:

TimeHIGH = 0.69(R1+R2)×C
Remember C charges through both R1 and R2.

The LOW time is given by:

TimeLOW = 0.69R2×C

C discharges only through R2.

The period, t, of the 555 astable is given by:

t= 0.69(R1+R2)×C + 0.69R2×C = 0.69(R1 + 2R2)×C

The frequency, f, is given by:

f= = =
THE 555 TIMER – BISTABLE MODE
The simplest circuit you can buid with the help of a 555 timer IC is
bistable 555 timer circuit. Bistable mode is a less common
configuration in 555 timer designs where the circuit has two stable
states but doesn't actually producing any timing signals. A bistable 555
circuit behaves like a flip-flop, effectively providing one bit of memory.

In bistable mode, the 555 timer acts as a basic flip-flop. The trigger
and reset inputs (pins 2 and 4 respectively on a 555) are held high via
pull-up resisters while the threshold input (pin 6) is simply grounded.
Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a
'set' and transitions the output pin (pin 3) to Vcc (high state). Pulling
the reset input to ground acts as a 'reset' and transitions the output
pin to ground (low state). No capacitors are required in a bistable
configuration. Pin 8 (Vcc) is, of course, tied to Vcc while pin 1 (Gnd) is
grounded. Pins 5 and 7 (control and discharge) are left floating.

BISTABLE CIRCUIT

BASIC OPERATION OF 555 TIMER- BISTABLE MODE

The "set" and "reset" inputs to this circuit are active low and must be
held close to the positive supply voltage when not asserted, with pull-
up resistors if necessary. A falling edge on the set input will cause the
output signal to be driven high until another falling edge on the reset
input returns the output low. The circuit will remain in either state
indefinitely and is therefore bistable. The threshold input is connected
to ground to ensure that it can never reset the circuit as it would in a
normal timing application.

Electronic memory is obviously not a very good use of the 555 at

several NZ$ per bit but there are numerous situations in which the
set/reset flip-flop behaviour is very useful. It also goes to show that the
555 is quite a versatile device and not by any means
restricted solely to timing circuits. The waveforms in figure illustrate
the operation of a bistable. Taking the Trigger input low makes the
output of the circuit go into the high state. Taking the Reset input low
makes the output of the circuit go into the low state.
APPLICATIONS OF A 555 TIMER- BISTABLE MODE
(INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS)
1) AUTOMATED MODEL RAILWAY SYSTEM
This type of circuit is ideal for use in an automated model railway
system where the train is required to run back and forth over the
same piece of track. A push button (or reed switch with a
magnet on the underside of the train) would be placed at each
end of the track so that when one is hit by the train, it will either
trigger or reset the bistable. The output of the 555 would control
a DPDT relay which would be wired as a reversing switch to
reverse the direction of current to the track, thereby reversing
the direction of the train.

2) LOUDSPEAKERS
A loudspeaker (minimum resistance 64 ) may be connected to
the output of a 555 or 556 astable circuit but a capacitor (about
100µF) must be connected in series. The output is equivalent to a
steady DC of about ½Vs combined with a square wave AC (audio)
signal. The capacitor blocks the DC, but allows the AC to pass as
explained in CAPACITOR COUPLING.
 Piezo transducers may be connected directly to the output and
do not require a capacitor in series.

3) MISSING PULSE DETECTOR

Using the circuit of Figure, the timing cycle is continuously

reset by the input pulse train. A change in frequency, or a
missing pulse, allows completion of the timing cycle which
causes a change in the output level. For this application,
the time delay should be set to be slightly longer than the
normal time between pulses.

This application makes use of the fact that this circuit

cannot be retriggered during the timing cycle.

4) PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

In this application, the timer is connected in the monostable
mode as shown in Figure. The circuit is triggered with a
continuous pulse train and the threshold voltage is
modulated by the signal applied to the control voltage
terminal (Pin 5).
 This has the effect of modulating the pulse width as the
control voltage varies.
5) TONE BURST GENERATOR
The 556 Bistable makes an excellent tone burst generator.
The first half is connected as a one-shot and the second
half as an oscillator.

The pulse established by the one-shot turns on the

oscillator, allowing a burst to be generated.

6) SEQUENTIAL TIMING
One feature of the Bistable is that by utilizing both
halves it is possible to obtain sequential timing. By
connecting the output of the first half to the input of
the second half via a 0.001μF coupling capacitor,
sequential timing may be obtained. Delay t1 is
determined by the first half and t2 by the second half
delay.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
 REFRENCES

1. www.doctronics.co.uk/pdf_files/555an.pdf

2. http://www.doctronics.co.uk/555.htm

3. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/555timer-
applications.html

4. http://www.eleinmec.com/article.asp?5

5. http://www.abcofelectronics.com/555timer.htm

6. http://www.epcity.com/shtml/57309.shtml