PROPOSAL

ON

GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENT

Submitted To
Dr. P.V. Desai

Submitted By
Deep Bhatt
Sheel Upadhyay
Rohan Pandya
Pratik Patel

[PGPIBM-2009-11]
 Executive Summary
Vision 2020 is to foresee the future world at present and the
proposal includes environmental scenarios and various issues like:
• Global Energy Crisis
• Global Water Crisis
• Global Warming
• Pollution

Global energy crisis:

The global energy situation is reaching a crisis point both in terms

of sustainability and climate change due to emissions of greenhouse
gases and depletion of fossil fuel would only be faster considering
the kind of development and pace of energy consumption
worldwide. India is on track with its renewable energy plans, coal
will still account for about 55% of its power supply by 2030.

Global Water Crisis

The Earth has a limited supply of fresh water, stored in aquifers, surface
waters and the atmosphere There are several principal manifestations of
the water crisis.

• Inadequate access to safe drinking water for about 884 million people
• Inadequate access to water for sanitation and waste disposal for 2.5
billion people
• Groundwater overdrafting (excessive use) leading to diminished
agricultural yields
• Overuse and pollution of water resources harming biodiversity
• Regional conflicts over scarce water resources sometimes resulting in
warfare

Global Warming:

Under UNFCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic

Changes) industrialized nations entered into a legally binding
agreement to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2%
compared to 1990 level, calculated at an average over the five year
period from 2008-2102. India has committed to contributing
towards reducing “carbon intensity”. It has set a goal to rein the
amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted per unit of economic
output by 20-25% until 2020.

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Pollution

Pollution became a popular issue after World War II, due to radioactive
fallout from atomic warfare and testing. Growing evidence of local and
global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given
rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which
generally seek to limit human impact on the environment. About 400
million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year.
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. The following
are the types of pollution:

→ Air Pollution
→ Water Pollution
→ Land Pollution
→ Noise Pollution
→ Radioactive Pollution
→ Thermal Pollution

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 INDEX

Sr No. Content Page

No.
1 Introduction 5
2 Vision 2020 6-7
3 Environmental Issues 8-14
4 Literature Review 15-22
5 Objective of the study 23
6 Scope of the study 23
7 Limitations of the study 23
8 Type of Research 23
9 Data Collection 23
10 Time table 24
11 Bibliography 25

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 INTRODUCTION

Global Environment
Environment refers to the surroundings of an object. The natural
environment encompasses all living and non-living things
occurring naturally on Earth or some region thereof. It is an environment
that encompasses the interaction of all living species. The concept of
the natural environment can be distinguished by components-

→ Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without

massive human intervention including all vegetation,
microorganisms, soil, rocks, atmosphere & natural phenomena that
occur within their boundaries.
→ Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack
clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water, and climate, as well
as energy, radiation, electric charge, and magnetism, not
originating from human activity.

The natural environment is contrasted with the built environment, which

comprises the areas and components that are strongly influenced by
humans.

Environmental quality is a set of properties and characteristics of the

environment, either generalized or local, as they impinge on human
beings and other organisms. It is a measure of the condition of an
environment relative to the requirements of one or more species and or
to any human need or purpose. Environmental determinism, also known
as climatic determinism or geographical determinism is the view that the
physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture.
Those who believe this view say that humans are strictly defined
by stimulus-response (environment-behaviour) and cannot deviate.

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 Vision 2020

Millenium Development Goals

As per millenium development goals (MDG) one of the goal is to:

Ensure environmental sustainability

• Integrate the principles of sustainable development into

country policies and programs; reverse loss of
environmental resources
• Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant
reduction in the rate of loss
o Proportion of land area covered by forest
o CO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)
o Consumption of ozone-depleting substances
o Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits
o Proportion of total water resources used
o Proportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected
o Proportion of species threatened with extinction
• Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without
sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic
sanitation (for more information see the entry on water
supply)
o Proportion of population with sustainable access to an
improved water source, urban and rural
o Proportion of urban population with access to improved
sanitation
• By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the
lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers
o Proportion of urban population living in slums

The Japanese government's "Cool Earth 50" initiative published in May,

2007, which aims to establish a low-carbon society, calls for targeting a
halving of the current levels of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
Achieving this target will require the cooperation of the whole world.

However, the further economic development predicted primarily for the

newly industrializing nations makes it extremely difficult to halve
greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve this target will require innovative

Page | 6
new technology, systematic reforms, and structural changes to markets,
etc., and various innovations affecting society will be essential. It is in
creating these innovations that the Fujitsu Group see IT playing a vital
role. For its own part, the Fujitsu Group has laid out a new medium-term
environmental vision for dealing with global environmental issues in
terms of the role the Group should play as a global IT leader and how it
plans to carry out its role.

The Concepts of Green Policy 2020

The prosperous, low-carbon society that we aim to achieve will not only
use little carbon, it will also take into account the contributions that
biodiversity and a safe living environment make to well being.

As well as reducing the environmental load that our own company

imposes, the mainstays of our contributions to customers and society will
be the reformation of the Fujitsu Group itself and the provision of
information technology and the creation of IT solutions, contributing
environmental innovations not confined to the Group but extending to the
world beyond it. They will seek to maximize the volume of such
contributions.

They also aim to collaborate with their customers and partners, and
indeed with all the various influential bodies that have a stake in
international society, in making the industrial and other contributions
needed for a low-carbon society.

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The major issues related to the global environment considering 2020 are
as follows:
1) Global Energy crisis
2) Global Water crisis
3) Global Warming
4) Pollution

Global Energy Crisis

Fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas, and their derivatives) provide
more than 85% of the energy used by mankind today. Unfortunately, the
reserves of those fuels are not infinite. Scientists predict that within the
next two centuries we will run out of those valuable energy sources. This
is you experience energy crisis. Before the Industrial Revolution of the
1890s, human beings had only a moderate need for energy. Man mostly
relied on the energy from brute animal strength to do work. Man first
learn to control fire around 1 million BC. Man has used fire to cook food
and to warm his shelters ever since. Fire also served as protection against
animals. Thousands of years ago, human beings also learned how to use
wind as an energy source. Wind is produced by an uneven heating by the
sun on the surface of the earth because of the different specific heats of

Page | 8
land and water. Hot air has lower pressure than cold air and since high
pressure tries to equalize with low pressure the current called wind is
produced.

Around 1200 BC, in Polynesia, people learned to use this wind energy as
a propulsive force for their boats by using a sail. About 5 thousand years
ago, magnetic energy was discovered in China. Magnetic force pulled iron
objects and it also provided useful information to navigators since it
always pointed North because of the Earth's magnetic field. Electric
energy was discovered by a Greek philosopher named Thales, about 2500
years ago. Thales found that, when rubbing fur against a piece of amber,
a static force that would attract dust and other particles to the amber was
produced which now we know as the "electrostatic force". Around 1000
BC, the Chinese found coal and started using it as a fuel.
An energy crisis is any great shortfall (or price rise) in the supply of
energy resources to an economy. It usually refers to the shortage of oil
and additionally to electricity or other natural resources.

The crisis often has effects on the rest of the economy, with many
recessions being caused by an energy crisis in some form. In particular,
the production costs of electricity rise, which raises manufacturing costs.

For the consumer, the price of gasoline (petrol) and diesel for cars and
other vehicles rises, leading to reduced consumer confidence and
spending, higher transportation costs and general price rising.

Webster defines crisis as a “decisive moment “or “turning point”. We are

now at an extremely critical stage of using energy beyond a practical
limit. We have increased our usage enormously, especially oil, in the past
decade. The consequence is we are quickly exhausting our finite supplies
of oil and natural gas. As a result, we are becoming more dependent on
foreign sources of oil to keep our country functioning. In 1977 the United
States with only 6 percent of the world’s population consumed
approximately 30 percent of the energy produced in the world. These
statistics are startling reminders of our insatiable energy appetite. Some
people may ask “do we have an energy crisis”. The answer is a definite
yes. Our next step is to realize we are at a crucial time if we are to
reverse our terrible trip towards energy starvation. We will have to
recognize our mounting trouble and act decisively to stem the tide.

About 60% of all the energy used in the world today comes from burning
oil and natural gas. Despite massive exploration program, very few large
outfields have been found in recent years. This could well mean that most
of the world's oil has been already discovered, and that, in the future oil
can be run out faster than anticipated. Today, the world is producing
enough oil to meet its present needs. If only we could use oil at its
present rate then world's reverse could last for over 100 years.
Unfortunately world's energy demand has been growing steadily over the
past 50 years, and most experts believe that this trend will continue. No

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one can exactly tell that how much the energy will cost in the future and
no one can exactly tell that how much the energy will needed in the
future. The problem about the world's future energy supplies is called the
world’s energy crisis.

KEY STATISTICS

Tides, waves, and the heat differential within the world’s tropical oceans
are potent sources of clean energy. Various countries around the world
are investing time and money into the technologies that may tap these
renewable power producers, but overcoming the obstacles inherent in
these systems will be difficult. The media and industry claim that
renewable energies are not yet economically competitive with fossil fuels.
Perhaps not but when one considers the health and environmental costs
associated with burning coal and oil, the price of renewable energy
becomes more attractive. No renewable energy system will single-
handedly replace oil, but together they will become a very important part
of the energy mix of the future. Traditional renewable systems are a
logical step in the transition to advanced alternative energy sources such
as cold fusion.

Although scientists and engineers are working feverishly to overcome the

various obstacles associated with “new energy” technologies, society
should not stand by quietly while researchers wait for a breakthrough.

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Global Water Crisis

Water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of the
population increase during the last century, while the fresh-water
resources availability remained unchanged. Therefore the water problem
is perceived mostly as a physical shortage.

Most of us believe that there is an endless supply of water on the planet

but the assumption is tragically false. Available freshwater amounts to
less than one-half of 1 percent of all the water on earth. The rest is sea
water, or is frozen in the polar ice. Fresh water is renewable only by
rainfall, at the rate of 40000 to 50000 cubic kilometres per year. Due to
intensive urbanisation, deforestation, water diversion and industrial
farming, the earth’s surface is drying. If present trends persist, the water
in all river basins on every continent could steadily depleted. Global
consumption of water is doubling every 20 years, more than twice the
rate of human population growth. According to the United Nations, more
than one billion people on earth already lack access to fresh drinking
water.

The governments are signing away their control over domestic water
supplies by participating in trade agreements such as the NAFTA; its
proposed successor, the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and the
World Trade Organisation (WTO). These global institutions effectively give
transnational corporations unprecedented access to the water of
signatory countries. Corporations have started to sue governments in
order to sue governments in order to gain access to domestic water
sources. With the protection of these international trade agreements,
companies are setting their sights on the mass transport of bulk water by
diversion and by super tanker. Each generation must ensure that the
abundant and the quality of water is not diminished.

KEY STATISTICS

• Nearly 70 percent of the world is covered by water, only 2.5 percent of it

is fresh
• Only 0.007 percent of the planet's water is available to fuel and feed its
6.8 billion people.
• If current trends persist, by 2020 the demand for freshwater is
expected to rise to 51% above the amount that is currently
available.
• By 2025, an estimated 1.8 billion people will live in areas plagued by
water scarcity, with two-thirds of the world's population living in water-
stressed regions as a result of use, growth, and climate change.

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Global Warming

Global warming begins when sunlight reaches Earth. The clouds,

atmospheric particles, reflective ground surfaces and ocean surface then
reflected about 30 percent of it back into space, while the remaining is
absorbed by oceans, lands and air. This in turn heats the planet’s surface
and atmosphere, making life possible. As Earth warmed up, this solar
energy is radiated by thermal radiation or infrared heat, travelling directly
out to space, thus cooling the Earth. However, some of the outgoing
radiation is re-absorbed by carbon dioxide, water vapor and other gases
in the atmosphere and is radiated back to Earth’s surface; these gases
are known as greenhouse gases due to their heat-trapping capacity. This
re-absorption process is naturally good; the Earth’s average surface
temperature would be very cold if not for the greenhouse gases. Global
Warming is caused by green house gases, which trap in the sun’s infrared
rays in the Earth’s atmosphere, which in turn heat up the Earth’s
atmosphere. These green house effect warming is called as global
warming. The effects of green house effect are visible more prominently
in the recent years, with number of natural calamities on the rise in the
whole world.

The problem begins when the concentration of greenhouse gases in the

atmosphere were artificially raised by humankind at an ever-increasing
rate since the past 250 years. As of 2004, over 8 billion tons of carbon
dioxide was pumped out per year; natural carbon sinks such as forests
and the ocean absorbed some of this, while the rest accumulated in the
atmosphere by nitrogen-based fertilizers and other soil management
practices. Once released, these greenhouse gases stay in the atmosphere
for decades or longer. According to the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC), carbon dioxide and methane levels have
increased by 35 and 148 percent since the 1750 industrial revolution.
Pale climate readings taken from ice cores and fossil records dating back
to 650 000 years show that both gases are at their highest levels.
Thermal radiation is obstructed further by the increased concentrations of
greenhouse gases, resulting in what is known as
enhanced global warming.

KEY STATISTICS

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 Source: Instrumental Temperature Record (NASA).

The Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) and the Kyoto

Protocol (1997) represent the first steps taken by the international
community to protect the Earth's climate from dangerous man-made
interference. Currently, nations have agreed to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions by an average of about 5% from 1990 levels by the period
2008 to 2012. The UK, through its Climate Change Programme, has
committed itself to a 12.5% cut in greenhouse gas emissions. Additional
commitments for further greenhouse gas emission reduction will need to
be negotiated during the early part of the 21st century, if levels of
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere are to be stabilised at
reasonable levels. Existing and future targets can be achieved by
embracing the concept of sustainable development - development today
that does not compromise the development needs of future generations.
In practical terms, this means using resources, particularly fossil-fuel-
derived energy, more efficiently, re-using and recycling products where
possible, and developing renewable forms of energy which are
inexhaustible and do not pollute the atmosphere.

Climate change is any substantial change in Earth’s climate that lasts for
an extended period of time. Global Warming refers to climate change that
causes an increase in the average temperature of the lower atmosphere.
Global warming can have many different causes, but it is most commonly
associated with human interference, specifically the release of excessive
amounts of green house gases.

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Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that

causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e.
physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of
chemical substances, or energy, such as noise, heat, or light energy.
Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or
energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are
considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is
often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.

There are two types of the cause of pollution, natural and man-made.
Natural pollution occurs naturally and won't cause excessive harm to our
lives due to its regeneration ability. While the man-made pollution is
caused by human activities, and hard to get rid of. The backbones of
man-made pollution are human population and technology. Naturally
human needs contact to the environment, we get resources from nature.
This is for the sake of living. By the increase of human population, the
contact is getting more intensive, because needs are increasing. And by
the findings and development of new technologies, human can apply
them to get the resources. And it's common that new technologies would
bring their respective side effects besides their advantages.

Small population with any level of technology wouldn't have to exploit the
nature overwhelmingly. But big population with any level of technology
will surely exploit the nature more, and even overwhelmingly, this is all
for the needs of the people.

Pollution is a growing pain. Pollution is not a problem that came suddenly

from the sky; it's our fault and has been a part of our life through many
years. We must be wise in managing our resources, and take positive
action towards preventing any forms of pollution to the
environment. Make the world a better place to live.
There are 6 (six) types of pollution that are going to be discussed in this
site, namely air, water, noise, land, radioactive, and thermal.

→ Air Pollution
→ Water Pollution
→ Land Pollution
→ Noise Pollution
→ Radioactive Pollution
→ Thermal Pollution

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KEY STATISTICS

• For every one of the 6 billion people on earth, nearly four tons
of carbon dioxide is spewed into the air annually
• Americans consume 22% of the worlds oil, even though they
make up just 5% of the world's population - as a result the
past 100 years has seen heat trapping gases increase by 22%
• There are about 500 million cars on the planet and by 2030 it
is expected to double to 1 billion cars ... It is believed that
current fuel supplies peaked in 2006.
• University's Centre for Environment and Nature Conservation
(CENC) on November 28, 2010 pointed out that as many as
eight lakh people in Asia were dying every year due to air
pollution.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
Vision 2020-
http://www.chemicalvision2020.org/separations.html

→ Vision2020 conducted an analysis of Driving Gas Phase Equilibrium

Processes with Adsorbents and Membranes, a priority bio-based
technique that could significantly reduce the need for separation. In
2005, Vision2020 completed a literature review of commercial
practices. Analyze energy, environmental, and safety impacts; and
conducted a roadmap workshop to establish an R&D agenda. The
new roadmap will target 6 membrane and adsorbent processes-
• H2 industrial production in chemical, petrochemical, and
refining industries.
• Olefins production (light hydrocarbons).
• Hybrid distillation of azetropes.
• Driving reactions by dehydration processing.
• CO2 separation.
• Isomerisation

→ Of the six areas, H2 and CO2 separations were selected for the
complete studies listed above.
→ Successful implementation of this study will provide energy,
environmental, security, and economic benefits to the U.S.
chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries.
→ Identified and prioritized several potential collaborative research
areas: direct capture of products, water removal, oxygen/nitrogen
separations, synthesis matching criteria, biocatalysts, foams and
emulsions, analytical techniques, CO2 separations, selective
separations, alternative solvent separations, advanced electro
dialysis, water purification, catalytic processes for alternatives to
disposal, CO fuel cells (non oxidative processes), synthesis of new
highly selective materials, biopolymers, and sodium separations
associated with paper production. There was an AIChE Focus on
Separations which included a Bio-separations Networking Poster
Session in November 2002.

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GLOBAL ENERGY CRISIS
FRIDAY, MAY 14, 2010@ 11:17 PM
AUTHOR: ADMIN

Energy is the lifeblood of modern era. Oil is necessary for almost all
machines to move and we live in an era where oil is necessary to
produce, transport food, for movement of vehicles, airplanes etc. We live
in the age of oil. Oil is the most important ingredient for our lives, for
industry, for economic development, for our prosperity but unfortunately,
we are facing a global energy crisis with natural reserves being depleted
fast due to over consumption.

The reasons for global energy crisis are many. It can be the aging
infrastructure, the disrupting activities at oil refineries, over consumption
during the cold winters. In certain cases, accidents and pipeline failures
also caused a crisis in energy supplies. Unforeseen attacks by terrorists,
or certain political events like change in government regime, coup, etc,
may cause disruption in oil and gas production. Dependence on non-
renewable sources of energy instead on utilizing the renewable sources of
energy is also one major cause of this global energy crisis. Abundantly
available non-renewable sources of energy like coal, petroleum that can
be used immediately results in not exploiting the non-renewable sources
of energy like wind, water. Now, with the global energy crisis, nations are
aware of the threat of the current situation and new technologies and
developments are carried out to exploit the renewable source of energy.

The US is heavily dependent on oil imports for its ever-increasing needs

of energy. With its huge companies and growing economy, the US also
requires a growing energy base that has not been feasible. Instead, the
US is depending on imports and petroleum imports have grown steadily
and is said to be at record levels. The growing energy scare is evident
from the high rise of oil that has gone over $30 per barrel and is still on
the increase.

Almost 90% of the world’s energy needs are met by the non-renewable
sources of energy like coal, oil and natural gas. This has resulted in an
alarmingly increased rate of depletion of the natural resources. This is of
concern globally as the future generations would definitely be at threat.
Rapidly increasing oil prices are a threat to the economic growth of the
nation, by way of increasing inflation and rising unemployment.

All countries of the world are united to tackle the global energy crisis.
Certain countries who depend for oil on other countries find it difficult to
exercise foreign policy options. This poses a security threat for the
concerned nations. Global energy crisis is posing economic and security
threat to almost all countries of the world.

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1 OCT, 2010, 01.32AM IST, PARAMITA CHATTERJEE,ET BUREAU
FOR CLEAN, GREEN ENERGY

Early this week, when renewable energy company Auro Mira Energy
raised $21 million from a clutch of private equity investors, founder N
Srinivasan pegged the market opportunity for his young company as
‘enormous’, in light of what he termed the “exploding opportunity in
renewable energy”.

More entrepreneurs across the country are buying into this point of view,
as they set up start-up enterprises in areas such as solar energy
development, waste management, LEDs, biofuels and diversified clean
energy . Green is in, as the country grapples with multiple issues from
crippling power deficiency to high pollution levels.

“At a time when the domestic economy is poised to grow at 8.5% and the
government is focusing on financial inclusion, renewable energy offers
enormous potential to bridge India’s energy demand-supply gap, which
would be required to maintain this projected economic growth,” said
Pankaj Sehgal, managing director at SUN Group , a private equity firm.
“Almost half of India’s 1.2 billion people have no access to grid or power
supply. Of the 160, 000 mw of power generated in the country, about 18-
20% is lost due to inefficient grid and power distribution infrastructure,”
he added.

Much effort to drive a green agenda in the country is also coming from
the government, which is planning to make it mandatory for firms to
disclose “green initiatives” in their annual reports. Salman Khurshid,
minister of corporate affairs, had said earlier this year that companies
may be asked to account details on measures taken by them to move
towards green technology in their annual reports.

This slew of preferential fiscal and regulatory incentives from the

government, besides the rising concerns around energy security, is
prompting growth in the sector, says Vinod Kala, founder and CEO of
Emergent Ventures, a global consulting and finance firm focused on
providing services to mitigate climate change.

“High availability of resources, especially in waste management, and the

macro-level investment buzz around the sector are some of the key
factors that are driving significant entrepreneurial interest,” he adds.
Established in 2004 to support the development of clean development
mechanism projects in the carbon market, the firm specialises in areas of

Page | 18
wind, biomass gas, biomass combustion, solar and waste management.
The company is backed by IDFC.

GLOBAL WATER CRISIS OVERVIEW

Global Water Crisis Overview
Paul Alois, April 2007

Water, simply put, makes the existence of the human race on this planet
possible. With few exceptions, water has always been a natural resource
that people take for granted. Today, the situation has changed. Water
crisis refers is a term used to refer to the world’s water resources relative
to human demand.

The World Bank reports that 80 countries now have water shortages and
2 billion people lack access to clean water. More disturbingly, the World
Health Organization has reported that 1 billion people lack enough water
to simply meet their basic needs.

Population growth and groundwater depletion present the two most

significant dangers to global water stability. In the last century, the
human population has increased from 1.7 billion people to 6.6 billion
people, while the total amount of potable water has slightly decreased.

Much of the population growth and economic development experienced

in the last fifty years has been supported by subterranean water reserves
called groundwater. These non renewable reserves, an absolutely
essential aspect of the modern world, are being consumed at an
unsustainable rate.
→ Comparing Singapore and Ethiopia water resources.

Ethiopia-

In Ethiopia, only 42% of the population has access to an improved water

supply. In the rural areas of Ethiopia, the women and children need to
walk up to at least six hours to collect water. They collect their water from
shallow wells and ponds that are not protected. Both of their water
sources are contaminated as when it rains, rain water tends to wash the
wastes from the surroundings into the source. When there is drought,
water available is not enough for them to bathe regularly and thus result
in the people especially the children to suffer from diseases.

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Singapore-

Singapore gets half of its water from Malaysia and it is very expensive.
Four decades ago, Singapore raced towards urbanization, and water
shortages were a part of daily life. But today, Singapore enjoys reliable
and sustainable sources of water. This is thanks to the long-term water
policy. There are 15 reservoirs in Singapore; some of the examples are
Bedok reservoir, Kranji reservoir and Seletar reservoir. These reservoirs
provide water to the whole of Singapore. A few years back, NEWater,
which refers to the reclaimed water, is produced by the Singapore’s
Public Utilities Board. The water can be consumed by humans but is
mostly used for industry requiring high purity water.

Ethiopia VS Singapore-

As compared to Singapore, Ethiopia has very little water resources. Those

people living in Ethiopia do not even have proper water supply. Unlike
Singapore, they need to collect their own water. They do not even have
enough water to keep them alive, not to mention bathing.

To make a difference, start by thinking that our water source cannot and
will not be here forever. When brushing teeth, off the tap if you are not
using the water. Do not use a hose when cleaning the floor, use a pail and
fill the pail with water instead.

In conclusion, we all know that life on earth would not be possible without
water. Water is very precious to us, we must learn how to save water and
use it only when we really need it.

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WATER POLLUTION
http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org

The companion of modernization has always been pollution. In developing

countries that are just entering the industrial age, water pollution
presents a serious problem. According to United Nations Environmental
Program (UNEP), “in developing countries, rivers downstream from major
cities are little cleaner than open sewers”. The UNEP also reports that 1.2
billion people are being affected by polluted water, and that dirty water
contributes to 15 million child deaths every year.[14] In recent years,
scientists have become aware of the problems involved with the
contamination of groundwater. Aquifers move very slowly, so once they
are polluted it takes decades or centuries for them to cleanse
themselves.

Food production contributes significantly to water contamination. When

nitrogen fertilizer is applied to a field, the water runoff will contain excess
amounts of nitrates. Nitrates have been shown to have a very harmful
effect on plant and animal life, can cause miscarriages, and can harm
infant development. The industrial livestock business also presents a
serious danger to water systems. The disposal of vast amounts of animal
feces destroys nearby ecosystems and is very hazardous to humans.

Water pollution is reaching epic proportions. In the U.S. 40% of rivers and
lakes are considered too polluted to support normal activities. In China
80% of the rivers are so polluted that fish cannot survive in them. In
Japan 30% of groundwater has been contaminated by industrial
pollution. The Ganges River, which supports around 500 million people, is
considered one of the most polluted rivers in the world. And the list goes
on…

Page | 21
GLOBAL WARMING
Alvarado, Manuel, Robin Gutch & Tana Wollen (1987) Learning
the Media.
London: Macmillan.

On the surface global warming is simple: "the discernible increase in

mean global temperatures resulting from the release of greenhouse
gases produced by human activity (McCright, Dunlap 2000)." A careful
analysis and comparison of the key manifestations of global
warming discourse, taking into account their media and social presence
and influence, validity, and perhaps most importantly, the basic way in
which meaning is constructed and subsequently understood.

In one sense discourse can be said to refer to the "constructions of a

particular telling from a vastly larger potential story (Bertand, Hughes
213:2005)," the way in which understanding is given to a narrative via
interpretation, selection, omission, and cultural presentation of its
elements, or in the case of global warming, an interpretation of scientific
evidence, from a number of wide ranging perspectives potentially outside
the immediate realm of the science community. Consideration also needs
to be given to personal backgrounds, and our cultural stigmas and
tendencies, showing discourse as "a system of communicative practices
that are integrally related to wider social and cultural practices, and that
help to construct specific frameworks of thinking (McDonald 10:2003)."
Frameworks, that although they may provide meaning, do not necessarily
provide truth or reality, an issue that is at the heart of discourse analysis,
and the larger focus of this essay, as it is through an analysis of aligned
and conflicting discourse that a search for an ingrained truth can best be
executed. As exemplified by French philosopher and historian, Foucault's,
perspective, "reality may exist independently of discourse, but... it is only
through discourse that we can exchange ideas about it. (McDonald cites
Foucault 11:2003)."

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Sequential to this idea, it is then through media institutions, in the case of
such a large issue as global warming, that discourse will be presented,
recognised, and debated on a global scale. Thus, our knowledge of the
elements of global warming and our knowledge of dominant, diminishing,
or emerging discourses, is gleaned from the media, rendering issues of
gate-keeping, where gate-keepers are "the key personnel involved in the
decision making process of news production (Hartley 11:2002)," vital.
Other considerations also include the importance of media
representation, "construction of aspects of 'reality' such as people,
places, objects, events, cultural identities and other abstract concepts
(Alvarado, Gutch, Wollen 12:1987). And the further idea that media is
actively able to construct meaning.

Potentially, "reality remains profoundly unknowable since our only access

to it is through the constructionist prism of discourse (McDonald
17:2003)." The question seems to be: how can a constructed version of
reality ever accurately represent reality itself? My argument would be
through a careful analysis and deconstruction of a few key discourses an
attempt to highlight a basic truth will be possible, focusing not only on
"how (the) effects of truth are produced within discourses which in
themselves are neither true nor false (McDonald cites Gordon 18:2003),"
but rather by adopting a focus that takes into account the process of
discourse itself, as defined earlier, not as a single entity, but as stemming
from the realm of the non-discursive, "the institutions, political events,
economic practices and processes (McDonald cites Foucault 19:2003),"
that form the base narrative elements from which discourse is later
constructed.

Global warming is an immediate issue for science, and a popular scientific

discourse is evidenced via the earlier McCright, Dunlap definition.
However, global warming has a far greater power to generate meaning.
We can see it as a political concoction aimed at scoring points in the
voting polls, a curse on humanity's self-destructive nature, the fault of
globalisation, the result of a degradation of big business morality etc. Or
as presented in arguably the most popular global warming text of recent
times, Al Gore's An Inconvenient Truth, an objective issue of fact
irrelevant to debate that will see the destruction of our planet if nothing is
done. Yet even this text has a subconscious political discourse
omnipresent throughout in the narrative form of Al Gore's election
campaign. Clearly this is a complex issue. Furthermore, available
literature suggests, that although clearly a recognized and academically
examined issue, it is one that is yet to be exhaustively or even
adequately explored through discourse analysis.

In the last decade especially global warming has become more widely
accepted as an important social problem.

The specific scientific framing of global climate change has been

reinforced and reinforced by the technocratic inclinations of global

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climate management. The social organisation of climate change science
and its articulation with the political process raise important questions
about trust, uncertainty, and expertise (Demeritt 14:2001).

Clearly we are dealing with a dynamic issue. Scientific discourse can see
global warming as a golden opportunity, a lost cause, or even a ticking
time bomb, with just as many counter discursive interpretations clearly
abounding, meanings of which all are relatively contemporary and just as
susceptible to change.

Science and politics reside at the foundation of moral discourse and

public opinion in regard to global warming. The available literature,
although not by nature, discourse analysis, can clearly be used to identify
these three key main areas of science, politics, and morality, as some of
the key areas of global warming discourse analysis that require
attention.

Contradictory interpretations abound in relation to this issue, often

reinforced with scientific findings and expert opinion, in which we might
yet find a truthful sense of reality? That is the over-riding purpose of this
essay, to through a comparison of the more prominent scientific, political,
and moral discursive interpretations of global warming, ascertain a sense
of reality as informed via discourse. This should be a reality that is
independent of media jargon, gate-keeping, and sensationalism, in a
realm that is objective as possible, and essentially non-discursive.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To study the global environment with a vision of 2020.To find out and
study the various problems like energy crisis, water crisis, global warming
and pollution and suggest various solutions and strategies for saving the
environment in future.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The coming era of limited and expensive resources will be very difficult
for everyone on Earth but it will be even more difficult if it is not
anticipated. It is of utmost importance that the public and especially
policymakers understand the global environment and the underlying
sciences.

The resources like energy and water are limited so it is important that we
should make optimum use of it. The global warming also has a severe
impact on the global environment. The emission of various gases results

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in pollution so it is important to study them in order to make the world a
better place to live in by 2020.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Some of the recent data on global energy crisis and water crisis is not
available.

TYPE OF RESEARCH
Descriptive Research-
Mainly designed to gather descriptive information and provides
information for more sophisticated studies.

DATA COLLECTION
SECONDARY DATA-
Earlier records from journals, magazines, internet, newspapers other
sources.

TIME TABLE

DATE PROGRESS
8 Dec.
th
Proposal submission and
presentation
22nd Dec. Review 1
19th Jan. Review 2
24th Jan. Report finalisation
25th Jan. Rehearsal
27th Jan. Submission and Presentation

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

→ Wikipedia

→ www.iaea.org

→ www.energycrisis.com

→ www.worldwatercrisis.com

→ www.climatehotmap.org

→ www.greenstudentu.com

→ World Energy Council

→ Encyclopedia of energy

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→ www.Carbonfund.org

→ www.cpcb.nic.in

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