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  , Ex-Scientist CRRI, Consultant, New Delhi  c
, Senior Engineer,
Alchemist Touchnology. Ltd., New Delhi

In Pavement Design and Construction, there is an urgent need of economical and innovative
Technology that reduces energy consumption and Green House Gas (GHG) emission apart from
providing sufficient strength and durability to pavement. Soil and aggregate Stabilization is one of the
solutions for obtaining sustainable pavement and economically mitigating the critical issues such as
energy consumption and GHG emissions. Stabilization with RBI Grade 81 is one such solution. It is a
natural inorganic material that is used in aggregate and soil as pavement material and soil Stabilizer.
Soil or aggregate can be stabilized with RBI grade 81 and then can be used in Subgrade and also as
Sub base and base Layers.

This paper presents and analyses various lab test results of RBI Grade 81 with five different type of
soils, mixture of Black cotton and stone dust and a mixture of 10mm down Aggregate and stone dust
to prove its suitability as a soil Stabilizer and Pavement material in Sub base and Base layers.

 


µSustainability¶ is becoming a central concern for all. It is a concern that has grown out of wider
recognition that rising population and economic development are threatening a progressive
degradation of the earth¶s resources and polluting environment.

In Pavement Design and Construction, there is an urgent need of economical and innovative
Technology that provides sufficient strength and durability to pavement and also reduces energy
consumption and Green House Gas (GHG) emission. Presently, there is lot of energy consumption and
GHG emission in the manufacture of pavement material as well pavement construction. Soil and
aggregate Stabilization is a solution for obtaining sustainable pavement and economically mitigating
the critical issues such as energy consumption and GHG emissions.

Stabilization with RBI Grade 81 is one such solution. It is a natural inorganic material that is used with
aggregate and soil as pavement material and soil Stabilizer. Soil or aggregate can be stabilized with
RBI grade 81 and then can be used in Subgrade and also as Sub base and base Layers. The whole
Pavement can be constructed by using RBI grade 81 thus reducing energy consumed and GHG
emissions in manufacturing and placing of unbound granular material (WBM/WMM) and bituminous
bound granular material (DBM/BM) without compromising on Strength and durability.

This paper presents and analyses various lab test results of RBI Grade 81 with five different soils,
mixture of Black cotton and stone dust and a mixture of 10mm down Aggregate and stone dust to
prove its suitability as a pavement material and soil stabilizer. Firstly CBR and PI lab test are
conducted with different low CBR soils to prove its suitability as Subgrade Stabilization and then PI,
CBR and UCS lab test are conducted with Black Cotton soil and Black Cotton soil mixed with different
percentage of Stone dust to verify its suitability in Sub base Layer. Compressive Strength and Modulus
of Elasticity test are conducted with aggregate mix to verify its suitability in Base Layer. Lab Test
Results verifies that RBI grade 81 can be used in Stabilizing Subgrade as well as Sub Base and Base.

Layers in Pavement. RBI Grade 81 suitability to stabilize Sub Base and base layer are proved by
comparing the strength requirement in Design specifications of different countries.






The Objective of this paper is to prove by lab test results that:

 1. RBI Grade 81 can be used for Subgrade Stabilization.
2. RBI Grade 81 stabilized mixtures of very weak soil like Black cotton soil and Stone dust is
suitable for Sub base Layer.
3. RBI grade 81 Stabilized mixtures of 10mm down aggregate and Stone dust is Suitable for base
Layer.

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Four different types of soils are tested with RBI Grade 81 to check its suitability in Subgrade
Stabilization. As the Subgrade stabilization is done in most of the cases when the Subgrade CBR
strength is low hence the four soil samples are selected having CBR in the range of 2% to 4%.

The details of the soil samples are as follow:

= Soil A: This soil is taken from Dadri, Uttar Pradesh at Ansal API site. The gradation of the Soil
is 0% Gravel, 17% Sand and 83% Silt and Clay.
= Soil B: This soil is taken from Mohali, Punjab at Ansal site. The gradation of the Soil is 10%
Gravel, 38% Sand and 52% Silt and Clay.
= Soil C: This soil is taken from Noida, Uttar Pradesh at 3C site. The gradation of the Soil is 14%
Gravel, 34 Sand and 52% Silt and Clay.
= Soil D: This soil is taken from Jajjhar Bye Pass Haryana, near the site of State Highway. The
gradation of the Soil is 1% Gravel, 55% Sand and 44% Silt and Clay.

The samples for CBR are first cured for 7 days and then soaked for 4 days. The cured samples are
tested for CBR as per IS 2720, part-XIV. Lab Test Results are shown in Table 1.


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Gravel 0 0 25.5 15 11 4
Sand 17 2 27.7 22 5.7 70
Soil A
Silt & 3 28.3 22.8 5.5 109
83
Clay 4 28.6 24 4.6 148
Gravel 10 0 31 24.6 6.4 2
Sand 38 2 32 27.2 4.8 8
Soil B
Silt & 3 34 30.5 3.5 21
52
Clay 4 33 31.4 1.6 35
Gravel 14 0 38 30.7 7.3 2
Sand 34 2 40 32.9 7.1 17
Soil C
Silt & 3 38.1 32.4 5.8 19
52
Clay 4 38.1 32.6 5.5 34
Gravel 1 0 17.4 NP NP 3
Sand 55 2 19.6 NP NP 35
Soil D
Silt & 3 19.8 NP NP 83
44
Clay 4 20.7 NP NP 93
In Soil A PI is reduced to 5.7 from 10.5 and in Soil B PI is reduced to 4.8 from 6.4 with 2% RBI Grade
81, hence in both the cases PI<6 and thus 2% RBI Grade 81 stabilized soil can be used as Subgrade.
In Soil C PI is reduced from 7.3 to 7.1 with 2% RBI Grade 81 and to 5.7 with 3% RBI Grade 81 and
hence with 3% RBI Grade 81 stabilized Soil C can be used as Subgrade.

Figure 1: Plasticity index variation of sample soils Figure 2: CBR variation of sample soils with
with different dosage of RBI Grade 81 different dosage of RBI Grade 81

In Soil A CBR is increased 17.5 times with 2% dosage, 27.3 times with 3% dosage and 37 times with
4% dosage.


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Soil Summary
Gradation
Gravel (%) 0
Sand (%) 13.2
Silt and Clay (%) 86.8
LL (%) 41.5
PL (%) 14.2
PI (%) 27.3
MDD (gm/cc) 1.91
OMC (%) 13.5
CBR (%) 2


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RBI Grade
3% 4% 5% 6%
81(%)
PI (%) 15 12 10 7.5
CBR (%) 40 67 79 107
UCS (MPa) 7
2.3 2.7 3.4 3.8
Days Curing
In Soil B CBR is increased 4 times with 2% dosage, 10.5 times with 3% dosage and 17.5 times with
4% dosage.
In Soil C CBR is increased 8.5 times with 2% dosage, 9.5 times with 3% dosage and 17 times with 4%
dosage.

In Soil D CBR is increased 11.6 times with 2% dosage, 27.6 times with 3% dosage and 31 times with
4% dosage.

In Soil A the increase of the CBR is the highest. Soil B and Soil C shows nearly same rate of increase
of CBR for 3% and 4% dosage of RBI Grade 81.On an Average considering these four soil samples the
increase in CBR with dosage of 2% RBI grade 81 is 10 times, with dosage 3% 19 times and with 4%
26 times.

The trends of reduction in PI and increase in CBR for all the soil samples are shown in Fig 1 and Fig 2
respectively.

RBI Grade 81 Suitability in Subbase Layer

For checking the suitability of RBI Grade 81

Stabilized materials in a sub base layer, a soil sample of low CBR (2%), Black cotton soil is chosen for
the lab test. Black cotton soil sample is taken from jajjhar district of Haryana for testing. The
gradation and the properties of the soil are given in Table 2.

CBR test was conducted as per IS 2720, part-XIV and UCS test are conducted as per IS 2720, part±X.
The Samples are cured for 7 days and soaked for 4 days and UCS samples are cured for 7 days.

The Results of PI, CBR and UCS for Black Cotton Soil stabilized are sown in Table 3.

In order to further reduce the PI and increase CBR and UCS a sample of Black Cotton soil mixed with
some percentage of stone dust is stabilized with RBI Grade 81 to make the material more suitable to
act as a Sub Base layer. Two different mixtures are chosen for testing. The mixtures are 80% Black
Cotton Soil + 20% Stone dust and 70% Black Cotton Soil + 30% Stone dust

The Results of PI, CBR and UCS for both the mixtures are shown in Table 4 and Table 5 respectively.


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RBI Grade RBI Grade
3% 4% 5% 6% 3% 4% 5% 6%
81 (%) 81 (%)
PI (%) 12 10 8 6.5 PI (%) 7 5 5 4.6
CBR (%) 95 100 109 141 CBR (%) 82 121 143 153
UCS (MPa) UCS (MPa)
7 Days 2.1 2.5 3 4.4 7 Days 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.8
Curing Curing

CBR and UCS values are increased considerably and PI values reduced with the addition of different
dosages of RBI Grade 81 in all the three different samples. With 6% dosage PI is reduced from 27.3 to
7.5 in Black Cotton soil, reduced to 6.5% in 80% Black Cotton Soil + 20 % Stone dust and reduced to
4.6 % in 70% Black Cotton Soil + 30 % Stone dust.

The graphs of behavior of each of the parameter values i.e. PI, CBR and UCS with different dosage of
RBI grade 81 for all the three test sample are shown below in Fig 3, Fig 4 and Fig 5.

Figure 3: Plasticity index values with different Figure 4: CBR Values with different dosage of RBI
dosage of RBI Grade 81 Grade 81

In all the three tested samples, the minimum value of CBR is 40 for Black Cotton soil with 3% dosage
and minimum value of UCS is 2.1 MPa for 80% Black Cotton soil + 20% Stone dust with 3% dosage.
IRC code strength criteria are verified against these minimum values.

As per IRC: 51-1992 ³Guidelines for the use of Soil-Lime Mixes in Road Construction´, Minimum CBR
value for the lime stabilized sub base should be 15% for low trafficked rural roads, 20% for
cumulative traffic up to 2 Msa and 30% for traffic exceeding 2 Msa.

This strength criterion of CBR is satisfied by the stabilized samples as the minimum CBR is 40%. For
the UCS, the lime stabilized soil used for sub base should have a strength 700 KN/sq m (0.7 MPa),
this strength criterion of UCS is satisfied by the stabilized samples as the minimum UCS is 2.1 MPa.
Hence RBI grade 81 Stabilized soil layer can be used as Sub Base layer in the pavement.

Figure 5: UCS Values with different dosage of RBI Figure 6: Variation of Compressive Strength of
Grade 81 Aggregate mixture with number of days

By analyzing the figure 4, 5 and 6 it can be concluded that 70% Black cotton Soil + 30% Stone dust is
the best sample mixture to be used as Sub Base layer. PI is reduced to less than 6 in this sample and
the average increase of CBR and UCS are maximum.RBI Grade 81 dosage of 4% and 5% is best as it
is economical apart from high Strength. The results of this composition are compared with Design
specifications of different Countries.

As per USA practice (AASHTO 1993), it is expected to have a 7 day strength of at least 2 MPa for
Stabilized layer. The selected sample satisfies this criterion with values of 3.3 MPa and 3.6 MPa at 4 %
and 5% of RBI Grade 81 respectively.
 
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UCS (MPa) after 7
Days
Stabilized
100% 97%
material
mod mod
Classification
AASHTO AASHTO
Max. Min. Max. Min.
C1 6 12 4 8
C2 3 6 2 4
C3 1.5 3 1 2
C4 0.75 1.5 0.5 1


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Properties of Cement (or
Lime) Stabilized materials
Material UCS
Description
Code (Mpa)
Stabilized
CB1 3 to 6
Road Base
Stabilized 1.5 to
CB2
Road Base 3
Stabilized 0.75
CS
Sub Base to 1.5


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Average
Dosage Number Compressive
S.No
(%) of days Strength
(MPa)
7 3.0
1 4 14 3.7
28 3.8
7 4.2
2 6 14 5.1
28 5.3
 7 4.5
3 8 14 5.3
28 5.8


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Dosage Average
Elastic
of RBI Elastic
S.No Modulus
Grade Modulus
(Mpa)
81(%) (Mpa)
1322
1 4 1582 1518
1651
1780
2 6 1610 1829
2097

Photo 1: Elastic Modulus Testing Machine

As per South Africa Manual TRH 14, 1985 (Guidelines for Road Construction Materials), there are four
classes of Stabilized material C1-C4, where C1 is the strongest. The Specifications limits become less
strict as the material is used further below the road surface. C1 materials are seldom used because of
their tendency to form wide shrinkage cracks. Material class C2 is used for high Quality Sub base. The
lower strength materials C3 and C4 are used for lower layers or for bases on low volume roads. The
table 6 shows the UCS Values suggested for Stabilized materials

According to the above table C2 material classification UCS Strength requirement is satisfied by the
selected sample. Hence according to the South African manual RBI grade 81 stabilized layer is
considered as high quality sub base and also the other RBI grade 81 tested samples satisfies Strength
requirement of C3.

As per Philippines Standard specifications for Public Works and Highways, Volume 2 (DPWH, 1995), for
fine textured soils, UCS test seven day compressive strength should be minimum of 2.1 MPa. This
Strength requirement is also satisfied by the selected sample and also other samples tested with RBI
Grade 81.

As per UK specification TRL ORN31 design guide, the Stabilized materials recommended are road base
(CB1 and CB2) and Sub Base (CS), with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values as shown in
Table 7

The Strength requirement of CB1 is satisfied by the selected sample and also the other RBI grade 81
tested samples satisfies Road base Strength requirement of CB2. Moreover, according to this design
guide for stabilized sub Base material, the CBR test can be used as an alternative to the UCS
requirement. A minimum value of CBR 70% after 7 days moist curing is recommended. This Strength
requirement is also satisfied by the selected sample.

Hence RBI Grade 81 stabilized layer can be used as sub base layer in a pavement.

 
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9

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For checking the suitability of RBI Grade 81 stabilized materials as a base layer, compressive Strength
test are performed on a sample of mixture of 50% 10mm down aggregate + 50% Stone dust. Dosage
of 4%, 6% and 8% of RBI grade 81 by weight of the sample are used in this testing.

Reason to select 50% 10mm down aggregate and 50% Stone dust composition is to have a dense and
strong mixture with lot of fines for the reaction to take place with RBI Grade 81 .The other reason is to
also take into account the effect RBI Grade 81 with marginal aggregate as the size of aggregates
selected in sample mixture are 10mm down along with quarry dust or stone dust.

Three samples are tested each after 7 days, 14 days and 28 days for each dosage. The Test Results
are shown in table 8.

The trend of increase of compressive strength is shown in Fig 6

Compressive Strength of sample increases with increase in number of days of curing and dosage of
RBI Grade 81.

Elastic Modulus test are conducted in order to check whether RBI grade 81 Stabilized Aggregate
mixture layer act as flexible or Rigid, so that if the Modulus of Elasticity is high the pavement
consisting of RBI Grade 81 Aggregate Stabilized layer and Bituminous layer will be considered as
Semi-Rigid and then the suitability of RBI grade 81 Stabilized layer as a base layer will be compared
with respect to semi rigid pavement. Moreover, for Pavement Design the value of Elasticity Modulus of
stabilized layer is needed.For this purpose Four Point Loading beam test are conducted. The
equipment is a computerized cyclic beam loading set up.

The Testing Equipment for Elastic Modulus is shown in Photo 1. Three Beam samples
(500mmX100mmX100mm) of each 4% and 6% dosage with Aggregate mixture is prepared at
Maximum dry density and OMC. The prepared beams were kept for curing for 28 days. After Curing
the Beam samples is put on the four point Cyclic Loading beam set up and load was applied at 0.01
KN per second. Deflections and applied load were measured by using LVDT (linear variable
displacement transducers) and load cell respectively. From the test measurements, elastic modulus
values were calculated and are given in Table 9.

As the Modulus of Elasticity values are high above 1500 MPa in both the case, Pavement consisting of
RBI grade 81 stabilized Aggregate layers and Bituminous layer is considered as semi rigid pavement
and thus the strength criteria of RBI grade 81 stabilized layers as base layer is considered based on
semi rigid pavement.

Therefore, as per IRC 74-1979 ³Tentative Guidelines for Lean-Cement concrete and Lean Cement-Fly
Ash Concrete as a Pavement Base or Sub Base´, to act as a semi rigid pavement layer, lean cement
concrete/ lean cement fly ash concrete should be designed to give a minimum compressive strength of
40 -60 Kg/cm2 (4-6MPa) at 28 days in the field and having regard to process variations in the field,
the laboratory mix should be designed for 1.25 times the required 28 days field strength.

Hence in laboratory the minimum compressive strength of 28days is 50-75 kg/cm2 (5-7.5 MPa). The
28 days Laboratory compressive strength of RBI grade 81 stabilized Aggregate mixture sample with
6% dosage is 5.3 MPa and with 8% dosage is 5.8 MPa which are greater than 5 MPa. Hence the RBI
grade 81 stabilized Aggregate Layer is suitable as a base layer.

As the pavement consisting of Aggregate stabilized layer and bituminous layer is semi rigid, Danish
Road institute Report on Semi Rigid pavement is also taken into consideration.

As per ³Mechanistic Design of Semi-Rigid Pavements´ by Danish Road Institute Report 138, 2004,
there are three different types of mix design for the treated material: A high rigidity mix (lean
concrete) with a 7-day compressive strength greater then 10MPa and Elasticity modulus in the range
of 15,000-30,000; a low strength soil cement or sand cement type mix with a 7- day compressive
strength less than 2 MPa and Elasticity modulus in the range of 1000-2000 MPa or an intermediate
mix type with 7 day compressive strength of 2.5 ± 4.5 MPa and Elasticity modulus of 7000-10000
MPa. As per the lab test result of 7 days compressive strength and Elasticity modulus of Aggregate
mix with 4% and 6% the values of low strength mix is fulfilled and hence the suitability of Stabilized
Aggregate as base layer material is verified.



# 


I. Plasticity index is reduced and CBR is considerably increased with the addition of RBI Grade 81
stabilizer in all the four soil samples of low CBR. PI is reduced to less than 6 with 2% or 3%
dosage in all the four soil samples and considering all the soil samples the average increase in
CBR with 2% dosage is 10 times as compared to conventional, with 3% dosage 19 times and
with 4% dosage 26 times. Hence RBI grade is suitable to stabilize Subgrade.
II. With Black cotton soil PI is reduced from 27 to 15 with 3% dosage, 4% dosage PI is reduced
to 12, 5% dosage PI is reduced to 10 and 6% dosage PI is reduced to 7.5. CBR is increased
from 2 to 40 with 3% dosage, 4% dosage CBR is increased to 67, 5% dosage CBR is increased
to 79 and 6% dosage CBR is increased to 107. UCS is 2.3 MPa with 3% dosage, 4% dosage
UCS is increased to 2.7 MPa, 5% dosage UCS is increased to 3.4 MPa and 6% dosage UCS is
increased to 3.8 MPa.
III. With the mixture of 80% Black cotton soil and 20% Stone dust PI is reduced from 27 to 12
with 3% dosage, 4% dosage PI is reduced to 10, 5% dosage PI is reduced to 8 and 6%
dosage PI is reduced to 6.5. CBR is increased from 2 to 95 with 3% dosage, 4% dosage CBR is
increased to 100, 5% dosage CBR is increased to 109 and 6% dosage CBR is increased to 141.
UCS is 2.1 MPa with 3% dosage, 4% dosage UCS is increased to 2.5 MPa, 5% dosage UCS is
increased to 3 MPa and 6% dos- age UCS is increased to 4.4 MPa.
IV. With the mixture of 70% Black cotton soil and 30% Stone dust PI is reduced from 27 to 7 with
3% dosage, 4% dosage PI is reduced to 5.2, 5% dosage PI is reduced to 5 and 6% dosage PI
is reduced to 4.6. CBR is increased from 2 to 82 with 3% dosage, 4% dosage CBR is increased
to 121, 5% dosage CBR is increased to 143 and 6% dosage CBR is increased to 153. UCS is
2.9 MPa with 3% dosage, 4% dosage UCS is increased to 3.3 MPa, 5% dosage UCS is
increased to 3.6 MPa and 6% dosage UCS is increased to 3.8 MPa.
V. The mixture of 70% Black cotton soil + 30% Stone Dust gives the best results with RBI Grade
81 in all respect. PI is reduced to less than 6 in this sample and the average increase of CBR
and UCS are maximum.
VI. As per IRC:51-1992, AASHTO 1993, South African Manual TRH 14, Philippines Standard
specifications for Public Works and Highways, Volume 2 (DPWH, 1995) and UK Specification
TRL ORN31 the Strength requirement for sub base layer is satisfied by the tested samples.
Hence RBI grade 81 stabilized layers are suitable as Sub Base Layer.
VII. The 28 days Compressive Strength of mixture of 50% 10mm down aggregate and 50% Stone
dust stabilized with 4% RBI grade 81 is 3.8 MPa, 6% dosage 5.3 MPa and 8% dosage 5.8 MPa.
Elastic Modulus of Aggregate mixture with 4% dosage is 1518 MPa and with 6% dosage is
1829 MPa. As Elastic modulus is high the pavement consisting of RBI grade 81 Stabilized
Aggregate layer and bituminous layer is semi rigid.
VIII. As per IRC 74-2979, the minimum 28 days lab compressive strength should be in the range of
5-7.5 MPa which is satisfied by the Aggregate mixture stabilized with RBI grade 81 dosages of
6% and 8%. As per ³Mechanistic Design of Semi-Rigid Pavements´ by Danish Road Institute
Report 138, 2004, there are three different types of mix design for the treated material and
criteria of low strength mix is fulfilled by RBI grade 81 stabilized Aggregate Mix. Hence RBI
Grade 81 Aggregate Stabilized layer is suitable as a base layer.

'


 

1. Similar more Lab tests have to be conducted on various soils and aggregate mixtures with
different dosage of RBI grade 81 to have more concrete and precise results for further
analysis. For Aggregate mixture lab test has to be performed on different percentage
composition of 10mm down aggregate and stone dust and also on different gradation of
aggregate.
2. In order to check the durability of RBI Grader 81 stabilized layers, durability lab test has to be
conducted on various soils, mixture of soil with stone dust and mixture of 10mm down
aggregate and stone dust.
3. Cyclic beam load test or triaxial cyclic loading test has to be conducted on various soils and
aggregate mixture with different dosage of RBI grade 81 to develop the Fatigue equation.
4. Once the fatigue equation is developed, thickness of RBI Stabilized layers can be estimated by
using the Mechanistic Empirical methodology. Pavement Design of RBI grade 81 layers can be
done by using available Elastic layered software e.g. EVERSERIES and KENLAYER.
5. Trial Patch has to be constructed and the trial thickness of RBI Grade 81 Stabilized layer used
in trial patch is taken from the pavement design done as described in previous point. Field
Evaluation has to be performed on trial patch over a period of time say one to two year and
deterioration model of RBI Grade 81 Stabilized pavement has to be developed.






= DFID (Department for International Development), UK Project Report ³Stabilised Sub-Bases

for Heavily Trafficked Roads´
= Bujang B.K.Huat, Asmidar Alias and Azlan Abdul Aziz, ³Evaluation, Selection and Assessment
of Guidelines for Chemical Stabilization of Tropical Residual Soils´, American Journal of
Environmental Sciences 4(4):303-309, 2008
= Abu Siddique and Bipradas Rajbongshi, ³An Analytical Study on Design and Analysis of
Stabilized Rural Roads,´ Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies,
Vol. 5 pp. 813-828,2005
= Dr.Animesh Das and Dr.B.B.Pandey, ³Trial Design of Bituminous pavement with cemented
base/Sub-Base´
= Final Contract Report VTRC (Virginia Transportation Research Council) 09-CR2, ³Composite
Pavement Systems: Synthesis of Design and Const. Practices´
= IRC :50-1973, ³Recommended Design criteria for the use of Cement ± Modified Soil in Road
Construction´
= IRC:51-1992,´Guidelines for the use of Soil-Lime mixes in Road Construction´
= IRC:88-1984 ³Recommended Practice for Lime Flyash Stabilised Soil Base/Sub Base in
Pavement Construction´
= IRC:74-1979, ³Tentative Guidelines for Lean-Cement Concrete and Lean Cement-Fly Ash
Concrete as a Pavement Base or Sub Base´