Numerical Tools For Moisture-Stress and Fracture Analysis of Timber Structures

PhD Final Examination - February 3rd, 2011 - Rende, Italy
University of Calabria - Rende, Italy

Engineering Modeling Department
Computational Mechanics PhD course
Numerical tools for moisture-stress and fracture

analysis of timber structures
Student Tutors
Antonio Lorenzo Dr. Antonio B ILOTTA
M ENDICINO Dr. Stefania F ORTINO
Improved Moisture
COST E55
A. Lorenzo Mendicino (UniCal, Italy) PhD Final Examination February 3rd, 2011 1 / 49
Contents
1 Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures

Modeling
Multi-Fickian approach
Stress Analysis
Application
Wadso experiments
Jonsson experiments
Lisbon pedestrian bridge measurements
KTH experiments
2 Crack growth in glulam structures

Modeling
Cohesive elements and damage evolution
Application
Mode I fracture - modified DCB specimen - short-term case
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures
PhD Final Examination - A. Lorenzo Mendicino

Modeling
Stress Analysis
Application
Wadso experiments
Jonsson experiments
Lisbon pedestrian bridge measurements
KTH experiments
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Modeling
Why and how to take into account humidity?
Humidity dynamics can lead to swelling and shrinkage

phenomena, where moisture concentration gradients can cause
cracking
Serviceability of timber can be significantly affected by the
combination of mechanical loading and humidity history
EC5 - Deformation Factor

EC5 - Resistance Reduction
Rk Emean
Rd = kmod Emean,fin =
γm 1 + kdef
Humidity variability produces mechano sorptive effects.

You should know its distribution and dynamics to take into
account them.
Mechano sorptive model requires

knowledge of MC distribution and dynamics
Presence of sustained loads and varying moisture content
Modeling of moisture transfer in wood
Goal: m = m(x, y , z, t)
Standard modeling: Fick’s equation
∂u
= ∇ · (D · ∇u)
∂t Ω
Single-Fickian model doesn’t give good results in the presence of

high values of RH (relative humidity)
Multi-Fickian model, Frandsen et al.
Domain equations
∂ Boundary conditions
(cb ) = ∇ • (Db (cb ) • ∇cb ) + ċ
∂t n • Jb = 0
n • Jv = kp (pvs − pva )
∂
(cv ) = ∇ • (Dv (cv ) • ∇cv ) − ċ
∂t
The model describes the moisture
transport process in wood which is
characterized by three phenomena:
bound water diffusion,
water vapour diffusion and
coupling between the two phases
through sorption.
Domain equations
∂ Boundary conditions
(cb ) = ∇ • (Db (cb ) • ∇cb ) + ċ
∂t n • Jb = 0
n • Jv = kp (pvs − pva )
∂
(cv ) = ∇ • (Dv (cv ) • ∇cv ) − ċ
∂t
Constitutive Modelling for wood
wood as orthotropic material

extension to 3D of previous 1D models: Toratti (1992), Toratti
and Svensson (2002)
elastic strain
hygroexpansion
viscoelastic creep
mechanosorption
(recoverable part)
p q
X X mechanosorption
ε = εe + εu + εve
i + εms
j + εms,irr
(irrecoverable part)
i=1 j=1
Computational wood mechanics via Abaqus
Abaqus/CAE
geometry, material properties, BC, mechanical loading, initial fields, etc.

3D elements: C3D6T, C3D8T, DC3D6, DC3D8
Abaqus/User-subroutines
UMAT (constitutive model and algorithm for stress-update)

DFLUX (external flow)
HETVAL (internal source)
Abaqus/Standard
coupled moisture-stress analysis (with Fick’s law)

sequential moisture/stress analysis (for multi-Fickian models)
Implementation of multi-fickian model:

ABAQUS R
Sequential Analysis Scheme
The model is implemented into the Abaqus FEM code.
∂cb ∂cv
+ ∇ · Jb = ċ (1) +∇·Jv = −ċ (2)
∂t ∂t
1 Evaluation of cv (t) and cb (t), by
equation (2)
cb (t + ∆t) = cb (t) + ċ∆t
2 Evaluation of cb (t), by equation (1) and the value of cv (t)
calculated in the previous step
3 Evaluation of cv (t) by equation (2) and the value of cb (t)
calculated in the previous step
4 repeat 2-3 till convergence to experimental results
Implementation. Using Heat transfer analysis
∂ρcT
= div (K · ∇T ) + q, on Ω
∂t
n(K · ∇T ) = f , on ∂Ω
T = T̄ , on ∂Ω
ABAQUS procedure T q K f
Vapor Equation h −ċ p1s 1

ϕMH O Dv −kp (hs − ha ) ϕM1H
2 2O
RT RT
Bound Water Equation m +ċ/ρ0 Db 0
Implementation. Using Heat transfer analysis
∂ρcT
= div (K · ∇T ) + q, on Ω
∂t
*MATERIAL. To define a conductivity (diffusivity)
solution-dependent for heat transfer analyses
HETVAL allows you to define a heat flux (sorption rate) due to
internal heat generation for heat transfer analysis
DFLUX allows you to define the Neumann BC
Implementation
Sequential analysis: when you solve an equation you need the

unknown of the other
∂ρcT
= div (K · ∇T ) + q, on Ω
∂t
State variable to store bound water unknown. It will be updated by
Hetval
SDVINI user subroutine. To set m0 in the first step analysis
*FIELD input option To read and use the other phase solution
calculated in the previous analysis.
Output requests. To write the solution which will be used in the
next analysis.
$"%&'()*"% "&*!"# )$%+#,-
Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures Application
$"%+#,*&+(
Testing and)#"
)($ %!)," ,)#)."-Frandsen’s Results
Validation. K/OPL 6R/O5 -65/RT
"#"(*&)*&(' 23/ 4567 &*! #"%," * *+ K/R55 66/P6 -T/L<R
Comparison with literature computational results
-&.%/ 1 56( *6'#( #'"'7($("* !8 $6( 9'%.:!!
9!""!<%&
Simulation Results from the paper by%*!$6("7
Frandsen '.%<"'$(-
et al.,$! A$6(revised
7('*="(7(&$*
#%&(model
multi-Fickian moisture transport '$ 12 > to
<? describe
@6.A"(& +BC314/
non-Fickian
45<7
effects in Wood.
=!" steps;
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Testing and Validation.
Choose parameter values

Wood type properties ϕ = 0.65, ρ0 = cost,
External ambient properties T = 20 ◦ C, vair = 3 m/s.
An adsorption path with a single isotherm defined by values of
f1 , f2 , f3 ;
Parametric analysis to determine best fi and Ci values

Db0 = 7e − 6m2 /s, from Frandsen’s Thesis

0 −Eb
Db = Db exp
RT
ξ = 0.03, from Frandsen’s Thesis
1.81 !!
−5 patm T
Dv = ξ 2.31 × 10 m2 s−1
patm + pv 273K
An adsorption path with a single isotherm

ċ = Hc (cbl − cb ) (3)
 C 3
c
 C1 exp −C2 cblb + C4 cb < cbl


Hc = C3 (4)
c
 C1 exp −C2 2 − cblb + C4 cb > cbl


C1 C3 C4
(s−1 ) (s−1 ) c21 c22
2.6e-6 50 8e-8 5.21e-6 19.0
Table: Shape parameters of the Hc Table: Shape parameters of C2

function
Wadsö‘s specimen.
Comparison with literature computational results Frandsen’s results
I RH step. Multi-Fickian: 1st step results
I RH step. Multi-Fickian: 2nd step results
I RH step. Multi-Fickian: 1st/2nd step results
Specimen analyzed by Jönsson (2004)
Experimental Results by Jönsson et al., Moisture Induced

Stresses in Timber Structures, Doctoral Thesis.
Abaqus model for Jönsson’s specimen.
Wetting at RH=80%. Initial MC: 4 months with RH=40%.
Abaqus model and results after 38 days. Top: tangential
stress in the material coordinate system), centre: tangential
stress in the global coordinate system, bottom: moisture
content distribution ⇒
Jönsson’s specimen - Mendicino et al. (2010)

Fickian model for moisture transfer
∂u
= ∇ · (D · ∇u)
∂t Ω
multi-Fickian model (Frandsen et al. model, 2007)
∂cv
= ∇ · (Dv · ∇cv ) − ċ
∂t
∂cb
= ∇ · (Db · ∇cb ) + ċ
∂t
Jönsson’s specimen - Mendicino et al. (2010)

Fickian model for moisture transfer
∂u
= ∇ · (D · ∇u)
∂t Ω
multi-Fickian model (Frandsen et al. model, 2007)
∂cv
= ∇ · (Dv · ∇cv ) − ċ
∂t
∂cb
= ∇ · (Db · ∇cb ) + ċ
∂t
Moisture content on a glulam beam
Pedestrian bridge, Parque das Nações, Lisbon, Portugal. Experimental data by Lina Nunes and Pedro Palma
from LNEC, project EU-INTERREG "MEDACHS"
The moisture content values are based on measurements of electric resistance of wood by a sensor/logger
"Scanntronik Materialfox Mini"
The electrodes are stainless steel screws
Bridge erected in 2006; measured values since 17.01.2007 to 11.09.2007. The period for the analysis reaches
11208 hours (from 01.06.2006 to 11.09.2007)
The period for the analysis reaches 11208 hours (from 01.06.2006 to 11.09.2007)
KTH simulations
Proton NMR imaging was applied for recording the moisture

spatial distribution of various samples of Norway Spruce
The time-dependent moisture distribution along the radial,
tangential and longitudinal directions in wood was monitored upon
three consecutive changes of relative humidity: (1) from 65 to 94
%; (2) from 94 to 33 %; (3) from 33 to 65 %.
Uncoated samples and specimens coated with Aquatop and oil
(Linogurad) were studied. Adhesive (MUF) bond samples were
also tested.
The experiments were numerically simulated by using the
multi-Fickian model.
The numerical results are found to be in agreement with the
experimental data.
KTH simulations
Figure: KTH simulation: Load Region
KTH simulation: uncoated T specimen
KTH simulation: uncoated L specimen
Crack growth in glulam structures
PhD Final Examination - A. Lorenzo Mendicino

Modeling
Cohesive elements and damage evolution
Application
Mode I fracture - modified DCB specimen - short-term case
Crack growth in glulam structures Modeling
The cohesive zone
    
 tn  Knn Kns Knt  εn 
t= ts =  Kns Kss Kst  εs = Kε
tt Knt Kst Ktt εt
   
(1 − D)t¯n , t¯n ≥ 0

tn =
tn otherwise
ts = (1 − D)t¯s
tt = (1 − D)t¯t
The cohesive zone
Parameters of the exponential law
Maximum nominal traction stress Tmax → damage
initiation
Maximum separation displacement δmax → the
element doesn’t contribute anymore to stiffness
Damage parameter α as exponent of the
exponential law
max −δ 0

0
δm 1 − exp −α δδmf −δ 0
m
m m
D =1− max {1 − }
δm 1 − exp(−α)
Stanzl-Tschegg et al. specimen - Zagari, Fortino et

al., 2009
ER ET EL νRT νRL νTL GRT GRL GTL
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
900 500 12000 0.558 0.038 0.015 40 700 700
Crack growth in glulam structures Application
Specimens with PU and MUF glues tested (at MPA)

Crack forced to propagate along the glueline
Abaqus mesh and cohesive element
Load-displacement curves
Load-displacement curves
Material properties and parameters
Material properties for wood lamellas

ER ET EL νRT νRL νTL GRT GRL GTL
[MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
900 600 13500 0.558 0.038 0.015 40 700 700
Young modula for the adhesives

PU09 adhesive MUF07 adhesive
EL [MPa] 2650 1650
ET [MPa] 10 10
Optimal cohesive parameters and fracture energy Gf

Tmax [MPa] δmax [mm] α[−] Gf [Nm/m2 ]
MUF07 1.75 0.08 1.6 141.37
PU09 2.15 0.12 1.0 164.74
Conclusions and next developments
Conclusions and future work 1/3
A numerical method for the evaluation of moisture induced stresses in

wood is used for the analysis of glulam beams showing
mechanosorptive effets
The method was previously presented in (Fortino 2009) by using a
single- Fickian approach for moisture transfer model and now has been
enriched by using a multi- Fickian approach.
The numerical values of moisture content and stresses are found to be
in good agreement with the experimental data. This is promising for the
development and the extension of the method to more general cases of
timber connections under natural humidity conditions. However, the
whole method becomes computationally more expensive.
The method can be extended for the analysis of cracked timber
structures
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More experimental data in different RH environments and in

the presence of different coatings are needed for the
validation of the moisture diffusion model
Improved Moisture
COST E55

Numerical Tools For Moisture-Stress and Fracture Analysis of Timber Structures

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PhD Final Examination - February 3rd, 2011 - Rende, Italy

University of Calabria - Rende, Italy

Computational Mechanics PhD course

Numerical tools for moisture-stress and fracture

1 Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures

2 Crack growth in glulam structures

PhD Final Examination - A. Lorenzo Mendicino

1 Evaluation of moisture induced stresses in timber structures

2 Crack growth in glulam structures

Why and how to take into account humidity?

Humidity dynamics can lead to swelling and shrinkage

EC5 - Deformation Factor

Humidity variability produces mechano sorptive effects.

Mechano sorptive model requires

Single-Fickian model doesn’t give good results in the presence of

Constitutive Modelling for wood

wood as orthotropic material

Computational wood mechanics via Abaqus

geometry, material properties, BC, mechanical loading, initial fields, etc.

UMAT (constitutive model and algorithm for stress-update)

coupled moisture-stress analysis (with Fick’s law)

Implementation of multi-fickian model:

Implementation. Using Heat transfer analysis

Vapor Equation h −ċ p1s 1

Bound Water Equation m +ċ/ρ0 Db 0

Implementation. Using Heat transfer analysis

Sequential analysis: when you solve an equation you need the

),,#+) !"% !)F" @""( %> "%%?>::9 &.-

Testing and Validation.

Choose parameter values

Testing and Validation.

Testing and Validation.

Table: Shape parameters of the Hc Table: Shape parameters of C2

Comparison with literature computational results Frandsen’s results

I RH step. Multi-Fickian: 1st step results

I RH step. Multi-Fickian: 2nd step results

I RH step. Multi-Fickian: 1st/2nd step results

Specimen analyzed by Jönsson (2004)

Experimental Results by Jönsson et al., Moisture Induced

Abaqus model for Jönsson’s specimen.

Wetting at RH=80%. Initial MC: 4 months with RH=40%.

Abaqus model and results after 38 days. Top: tangential

stress in the material coordinate system), centre: tangential

stress in the global coordinate system, bottom: moisture

Jönsson’s specimen - Mendicino et al. (2010)

multi-Fickian model (Frandsen et al. model, 2007)

Jönsson’s specimen - Mendicino et al. (2010)

multi-Fickian model (Frandsen et al. model, 2007)

Moisture content on a glulam beam

from LNEC, project EU-INTERREG "MEDACHS"

"Scanntronik Materialfox Mini"

The electrodes are stainless steel screws

11208 hours (from 01.06.2006 to 11.09.2007)

Moisture content on a glulam beam

Moisture content on a glulam beam

Moisture content on a glulam beam

Moisture content on a glulam beam

Proton NMR imaging was applied for recording the moisture

Figure: KTH simulation: Load Region

KTH simulation: uncoated T specimen

KTH simulation: uncoated T specimen

KTH simulation: uncoated T specimen

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