Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
811.111:34
ADINA RADULESCU
PART I
Unit 1. British Law vs. US Law ……………………………………... 7
Unit 2. Forms of Punishment ……………………………………….. 16
Unit 3. The European Court of Justice – Composition and Structure …24
Unit 4. Institutions of the Community ……………………………… 32
Unit 5. Daily Telegraph ……………………………………………… 39
Unit 6. Daily Telegraph ……………………………………………… 47
Unit 7. Home Confinement ………………………………………….. 53
PART II
Unit 1. Student First Amendment Case ……………………………. 59
Unit 2. Contempt of Court or Violation of Freedom of the Press? 67
Unit 3. The Role of Federal Courts in Balancing Liberties and Safety 75
Unit 4. United States Constitution: Amendments …………………. 81
Unit 5. Disclosure of Classified Information ……………………….. 88
Unit 6. Health Care Fraud …………………………………………... 95
Unit 7. Identity Theft ………………………………………………... 103
Key to Exercises
Part I ………………………………………………………………… 112
Part II ……………………………………………………………….. 114
Appendix A – Phrasal Verbs ………………………………………….. 116
Appendix B – English-Romanian Glossary of Legal Terms ………….. 121
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PART I
UNIT 1
BRITISH LAW vs. US LAW
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US law is based on English law and is represented by common
law, statute law, and the US Constitution. There are two types of
court, state and federal, with each state having its own distinctive
laws, courts and prisons. Federal law cases are first heard before a
federal district judge in a district court presided over by a Chief Judge.
Appeals are made to one of 13 Courts of Appeal or to the Supreme
Court, the highest in the country. The federal legal system has its own
police force, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
A sheriff in the USA is the chief law enforcement officer in a
county, with the power of a police officer in the matter of enforcing
criminal law. In his judicial role he is entitled to serve writs. He is
elected by the local people in all states except Rhode Island.
In England and Wales the sheriff is the principal officer of the
Crown in a county, with mainly ceremonial duties. In Scotland,
however, he is a judge in a sheriff court, which deals with most types
of crimes.
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Encyclopedic Dictionary)
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II. Complete the following sentences using the words in the box
in different expressions. Each word will be used more than once:
12
17. a trespasser 17.
18. a mugger 18.
19. an assassin 19.
20. a terrorist 20.
A B
to serve a sentence = a executa o sentinta
1. to pronounce a sentence a. a comuta o pedeapsa
2. to be released on probation b. cu domiciliu fortat
3. to be taken into custody c. a fi eliberat pe cautiune
4. to drop all the charges d. a suspenda o sentinta
5. to commute a sentence e. a depune un juramânt
6. to be released on bail f. a renunta la toate acuzatiile
7. to take an oath g. a pronunta o sentinta
8. to suspend a sentence h. a urma ri în justitie
9. under house arrest i. a fi arestat
10. to bring to court j. a fi pus în libertate sub supraveghere
VIII. Match the verbal tenses in the left column with their
corresponding grammatical term; the first one has been done for
you as an example:
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IX. Put the verbs in brackets into the corresponding verbal
tense indicated in italics:
1. I …………………. (see) my solicitor tomorrow. (Present Tense
Continuous)
2. What …………you (think) about? (Present Tense Continuous)
Why ………. you (not talk) to me about your problems? (Present
Tense Simple)
3. After deliberating for hours, the jury ……..……….. (decide) to
declare the defendant not guilty. (Present Perfect)
4. Why ………….. you (accept) to take this case if you consider
your client to be guilty? (Present Perfect)
5. Yesterday he ………. (come) into my office and ……… (ask) for
my help. I ……… (tell) him that I would help him but he ……….
(not seem) to trust my words. (Past Tense Simple)
6. I ………….. (wait) for you in front of the cinema when I ………
(realize) that somebody …………… (watch) me insistently. Soon
after I ……….. (decide) to leave. (Past Tense Continuous and
Past Tense Simple)
7. Judge Moony …………… (preside) in this court of law for more
than ten years. (Present Perfect Continuous) He ………… (retire)
next week. (Present Tense Continuous)
8. The journalist …………. (not make) the story public until he
…………. (find) enough hard evidence to incriminate the suspect.
(Past Tense Simple, Past Perfect)
9. They …………… (work) together for five years when they
………… (find out) that they ………….... (be married) to the
same woman. (Past Perfect Continuous, Past Tense Simple, Past
Perfect)
10. By the time you ……….. (arrive) at the airport, his plane
…………… (land) for more than half an hour. (Present Tense
Simple, Future Perfect)
11. When I ……….. (graduate) I was very determined to pursue a
career in the law field. (Past Tense Simple). But since then I
………….. (reconsider) my options and I …………… (decide) to
turn politician. (Present Perfect)
12. She …………... already (address) her appeal to the High Court of
Justice in London when she …………. (be summoned) to appear
in the local court. (Past Perfect, Past Tense Simple)
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UNIT 2
FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
When people are sent to prison in Britain after being found guilty
of a crime, they are given a sentence that specifies the length of their
punishment. Most, however, will be eligible for a remission of one third
of the period stipulated. This means that a person sentenced to a year’s
imprisonment will normally be released after eight months, and one
sentenced to three years will leave prison after two. Moreover, most
prisoners sentenced to 12 months or more are also eligible for parole
when they have served one third of the stated period, after a minimum
of six months in prison. At present, about three prisoners out of four
obtain parole. However, prisoners sentenced to five or more years for
serious offences involving violence, arson or sexual crimes are rarely
granted parole. A person on parole is released from prison on condition
that he or she remains in touch with a probation officer over the period
of time for which the original sentence would have run. If parole
conditions are abused, the offender is liable to be recalled to prison.
Although a ‘life sentence’ for murder rarely means imprisonment
for life, it can last for 20 years or more if the crime was the murder of a
police officer or prison officer, if it was carried out during a terrorist
attack or a robbery, or if it involved the sexual or sadistic killing of a
child. The government minister responsible for law and order, the
Home Secretary, decides when a prisoner sentenced to life should be
released. Such prisoners remain on parole for the rest of their lives, and
may be imprisoned again if it seems likely that they will commit a
further offence.
On the whole, many courts try to avoid passing prison sentences
in the first place, and instead impose some other punishment, such as a
fine, or probation, or a community service order. A court may impose a
prison sentence ‘suspended’ for up to two years: the offender will not
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have to serve the sentence unless he or she commits other offences
during the period. Fines are awarded in about eight cases out of ten.
‘Probation’ involves the offender leading a normal life but under the
supervision of a probation officer. Community service involves doing
unpaid physical work for between 40 and 240 hours, to be completed
within 12 months. Typical exemples of community service are painting
an elderly person’s house or building a playground for children.
Courts also have the power to allow a convicted person to go
free, ie to discharge him or her conditionally, especially if imprisonment
or other punishment seems inappropriate. If convicted for another
offence of the same kind, however, such a person will be brought back
to court and be liable for punishment that could have been imposed in
the first place. For a trivial offence, such as a single instance of drunk
and disorderly behaviour, the court may ‘bind over’ the offender,
requiring him or her to ‘keep the peace’ and ‘be of good behaviour’. If
this condition is not observed, the person may be given a punishment
for the original offence, or have to pay a sum of money stipulated
when ‘bound over’.
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Encyclopedic Dictionary)
A B
1. Almost all prisoners will be a. … will leave prison after two.
eligible…
2. A person on parole will have b. … doing unpaid physical work.
to remain in touch …
3. A convict sentenced to a c. … if imprisonment or other
year’s imprisonment will … punishment seems inappropriate.
4. Prisoners that are guilty of d. … he or she will be liable for
serious crimes will remain … the punishment imposed in the
first place.
5. A prisoner sentenced to three e. … with a probation officer over
years’s imprisonment … the period of time estimated.
6. The less severe forms of f. … for a remission of their initial
punishment are: … sentence.
7. Community service involvesg. … the offender may simply get
… away with a verbal warning.
8. Typical exemples of h. … normally be released after
community service are … eight months.
9. One of the trivial offences i. … to place a person under a
we can mention… legal obligation, such as one to
keep the peace.
10. For a trivial offence, … j. … on parole for the rest of their
lives.
11. If parole conditions are k. … have to pay a fine at a
abused, … second offence.
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12. Courts have the power to l. … is drunk and disorderly
allow a convicted person to go behaviour.
free, …
13. If a person on parole is m. … a fine, probation, or
convicted for the same offence, community service.
…
14. To ‘bind over’ means … n. … painting an elderly person’s
house or building a playground
for children.
15. If the offender fails to ‘keep o. … the offender is liable to be
the peace’, he or she will … recalled to prison.
VI. Select from the box below the legal terms that belong to
the class of FELONY (infractiune grava/act criminal) and those
that belong to the class of MISDEMEANOUR (delict/infract iune
minora). These two legal terms felony – misdemeanour were
known to have imposed two different forms of trial in England
and Wales until 1967.
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armed robbery shoplifting arson libel attempted murder
high treason manslaughter pickpocketing adultery
burglary kidnapping rape embezzlement prostitution
bigamy petty larceny terrorism extortion/blackmail
bribery smuggling poaching trespassing forgery perjury
grand larceny indecent exposure treason fraud hijacking
FELONY MISDEMEANOUR
armed robbery shoplifting
I. Fill in the gaps with the missing words from the text:
1. Luxembourg is the seat of the actual ...................................... .
2. The members of the European Court of Justice are appointed by
the .................................................. .
3. ...................................... has the right to nominate one of its own
nationals as a judge.
4. Five advocates-general are appointed by .............................., while
the other four are appointed by ............................. .
5. The disadvantage of ........................ is that a member of the Court
of Justice cannot be reappointed at the end of six years.
6. How do we know whether a decision of the Court of Justice was
reached by a ......................... or by unanimity?
7. The Council has the power to increase the number of ...............
.............................. .
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8. The right of the Court to form chambers was granted by the
.............................. .
9. The actual Court consists of .......................... of three judges and
of ...................... of seven judges.
10. The president of a chamber is elected ........................, according to
a rotation system.
II. Ask questions for the following answers; the first two
have been done for you as examples:
Answer: In 1992
Question: When did the reprezentatives of the member states agree on
the seat of the Court?
Answer: Fifteen judges and nine advocates-general.
Question: How many judges and advocates-general does the Court of
Justice consist of ?
4. Answer: Denmark
Question: ______________________________________________
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8. Answer: Seven.
Question: ______________________________________________
9. Answer: Austria, Finland and Sweden.
Question: ______________________________________________
10. Answer: Six chambers of judges.
Question: _____________________________________________
4. All decisions of the Court are signed by all the judges whether
they were in the minority or the majority, so it is impossible to
know whether the decision was reached by a bare majority or by
unanimity.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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increasing the number of cases that it handles in a chamber rather
than by a plenary session.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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5. The Court has coped with the increase in its workload in part by
1. The Minister of Justice is going to ................... presidency.
2. The debtor was .................... to appear before the magistrates.
3. The judges and advocates-general are ..……................ by the
governments of the member states.
4. The manager of the company has ................ an urgent meeting
with the shareholders.
5. James was ............... chairman by a majority of 25 voters.
6. The Court is now ................ in plenary session.
7. I do not think that his qualifications recommend him to .................
Parliament.
8. This case is far too important to be ............... in a chamber.
9. Who has the authority to ............... Parliament?
10. The Court ............... the case due to lack of hard evidence.
1. She will soon ................. trial for the part she played in the
recent robbery.
a) give b) perform c) make d) stand
2. Detectives are said to be ....................... into the causes of the
recent fire.
a) looking b) investigating c) checking d) searching
3. The victim ............... the law into her own hands by killing
her attacker.
a) took b) seized c) grabbed d) put
4. Ted Bundy was a hardened criminal who showed no
.................. for his crimes.
a) penance b) pity c) remorse d) reproach
5. His sentence has been commuted to six months on the
................ of failing health.
a) bases b) causes c) grounds d) reasons
6. He was convicted to 10 years of prison and ................. of his
property.
a) confiscated b) denied c) removed d) deprived
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7. If you can’t resolve the dispute, it will have to be settled
by.......................
a) arbitration b) court c) election d) referee
8. All his friends thought he was guilty, but no one could
................ anything against him.
a) accuse b) ensure c) point d) prove
9. As the result of a police ............. on the disco, twenty
teenagers were arrested.
a) invasion b) raid c) intrusion d) entry
10. As he didn’t have a criminal ............., the judge sentenced
him to 50 hours of community work.
a) case b) file c) record d) dossier
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UNIT 4
INSTITUTIONS OF THE COMMUNITY
Article 170
A Member State which considers that another Member State has
failed to fulfil an obligation under this Treaty may bring the matter
before the Court of Justice.
Before a Member State brings an action against another Member
State for an alleged infringement of an obligation under this Treaty, it
shall bring the matter before the Commission.
The Commission shall deliver a reasoned opinion after each of the
States concerned has been given the opportunity to submit its own case
and its observations on the other party’s case both orally and in writing.
If the Commission has not delivered an opinion within three
months of the date on which the matter was brought before it, the
absence of such opinion shall not prevent the matter from being brought
before the Court of Justice.
Article 171
1. If the Court of Justice finds that a Member State has failed to
fulfil an obligation under this Treaty, the State shall be
required to take the necessary measures to comply with the
judgement of the Court of Justice.
2. If the Commission considers that the Member State concerned
has not taken such measures it shall, after giving that State
the opportunity to submit its observations, issues a reasoned
opinion specifying the points on which the Member State
concerned has not complied with the judgement of the Court
of Justice.
If the Member State concerned fails to take the necessary measures
to comply with the Court’s judgement within the time-limit laid
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down by the Commission, the latter may bring the case before the
Court of Justice. In so doing it shall specify the amount of the
lump sum or penalty payment to be paid by the Member State
concerned which it considers appropriate in the circumstances.
If the Court of Justice finds that the Member State concerned has
not complied with its judgement it may impose a lump sum or
penalty payment on it.
This procedure shall be without prejudice to Article 170.
(Blackstone’s EC Legislation, Edited by Nigel G. Foster)
A B
1. to fulfil an obligation = a. a nu prejudicia
2. to bring a matter before = b. a împiedica/a nu permite
3. to bring an action against sb. = c. a prevedea/stabili/specifica
4. an alleged infringement of an d. a îndeplini o obligatie
obligation =
5. to deliver a reasoned opinion = e. a i mpune o plata forfetara sau
o amenda
6. to be given the opportunity = f. a se conforma/a respecta
7. to submit a case to = g. a supune o problema atentiei
8. to prevent smth. from + v-ing = h. a transmite o opinie întemeiata
9. to comply with = i. a intenta un proces cuiva
10. to lay (lai d, laid) down = j. a supune un caz spre examinare
11. to impose a lump sum or a k. o presupusa înca lcare/violare a
penalty payment = unei obligatii
12. to be without prejudice to = l. a i se da sansa
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UNIT 5
DAILY TELEGRAPH
II. Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false
(F); when the sentences are false, correct them as in the following
example:
Example: Lee Walker was sentenced to 12 years for two cases of rape. F
Correction: Lee Walker was sentenced to five years for a second case
of rape.
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found guilty on two charges of sexual assault at Luton Crown Court
and will be sentenced at a later date.
1. Paul Dyson was given a life sentence for a double rape. __
2. Amir Butt was a 24-year-old policeman who sexually assaulted
women in his car. __
3. Graham Price stole £15 million from 84 mainly elderly private
investors. __
4. Lee Walker was a former soldier fighting in the Gulf war. __
5. Paul Dyson committed suicide in prison, after he was convicted.
__
6. When brought before justice, Graham Price rejected all theft
charges. __
7. Amir Butt offered a lift home to women who left their office too
late to catch the bus. __
8. Paul Dyson’s fiancée was called Joanne Nelson and was 22 yeards
old. __
9. Paul Dyson killed his fiancée on Christmas Eve, by stabbing her
to death. __
10. Graham Price had no connection whatsoever with the Halifax
bank. __
11. Paul Dyson appeared on TV and offered a generous ransom for
his fiancée’s possible kidnappers. __
12. Amir Butt used his warrant card to lure women into his car. __
13. Graham Price was caught when his IOU for £7 million was found
in a safe. __
14. Judge Tom Cracknell congratulated Dyson on his well thought-out
plan of murdering his fiancée in cold blood. __
15. Graham Price became a bank robber because he needed money for
his fiancée’s surgery. __
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VI. Change the following sentences from Active Voice into
Passive Voice; the underlined direct objects will become the
subjects of the passive sentences:
Example: This Article entitles the holder of intellectual property rights
to financial compensations.
The holder of intellectual property rights is entitled to financial
compensations by this Article.
1. They all considered that the Court of First Instance had used
Article 86 improperly.
They all considered that Article 86 ………………………………
by …………………
2. The Court will take measures to reconcile the incompatibility of
national property rights with the pursuit of economic integration.
Measures…………………...............................................................
...............................
3. Smith Drug Pharmaceuticals had patented a drug called Negram
under British law.
A drug called Negram ..........………................... under British law
by ………………………
4. The Commission rejected this Article on the grounds of
unjustified discrimination.
This Article …………….. by ……………………………………..
5. The members of the Jury were still deliberating upon the matter
of reasonable doubt.
The matter of reasonable doubt …… still ……………………….
by ……………………
6. The client has just dropped all charges against the advertising
agency that did not respect its deadlines.
All charges ........................... ……………………………………...
7. Any lawyer grants the benefit of the doubt even to a hardened
criminal.
The benefit of the doubt …………………………………………..
Even a hardened criminal …………………………………………
8. The Court dismissed your appeal due to lack of further evidence.
Your appeal ……………………………………………………….
9. The members of the family will definitely contest this will.
This will ………………………………………… by …………….
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10. They wouldn’t have closed that controversial file if they had
found at least one eye witness to testify.
That controversial file
……………………………… if at least one
eye witness
………………………………………………….
VII. Choose the correct version by paying attention to the
use of Passive Voice:
10. Choose the correct equivalent sentence for the following: People
say that Mr. Johnson had business difficulties in the past.
a) Difficulties are said to have been had by Mr. Johnson in the past.
b) Mr. Johnson is said to having had business difficulties in the past.
c) Mr. Johnson is said to have had business difficulties in the past.
d) It is said that Mr. Johnson has had business difficulties in the past.
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7. Choose the correct passive form of the following active sentence:
UNIT 6
DAILY TELEGRAPH
2.
The judge said Salman had received a plastic bag from an
associate who asked him to hold on to it. Four months later Iraqi
security forces raided Salman's home and found Mrs Hassan's purse
and documents in the bag.
3.
Today's sentence is the first handed down in connection with the
abduction or killing of a foreign-born civilian in Iraq. More than
200 foreigners and thousands of Iraqis have been kidnapped since the
US-led invasion in 2003, and over 40 have been killed.
4.
Born in Dublin, 59-year-old Mrs Hassan had British, Irish and
Iraqi nationality and had lived in Iraq for 30 years with her Iraqi
husband. The CARE International head was taken hostage in October
2004 while travelling to work in Baghdad. She appeared in a video
appealing for the British forces to withdraw from Iraq, but was killed
just under a month later. Her body has never been found, and no group
has claimed responsibility for her death.
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5.
Her family has implored Foreign Secretaries Jack Straw and
Margaret Beckett, as well as the Foreign Office, to question the
suspects about the location of Mrs Hassan's remains. “They have
refused this request even though this is the only way that Margaret's
remains will be found and we can bring her home to be buried with
the dignity she deserves.”, they said.
6.
Yesterday her family said that, during her captivity, the
kidnappers made four calls to her Iraqi husband Tahseen in Baghdad,
demanding to speak to a member of the British Embassy. But the
British told him they would not speak to the hostage-takers.The
Foreign Office confirmed that Mrs Hassan's husband was called from
her phone by someone claiming to be holding her, but said they had
been unable to confirm the claims.
7.
Deidre, Geraldine, Kathryn and Michael Fitzsimons said in a
statement released yesterday: “We believe that the refusal by the
British Government to open a dialogue with the kidnappers cost our
sister her life.”
8.
During her kidnap, in which video recordings of her pleading for
her life were released, officials were keen to distance her from the
British Government and emphasise her charity work in Iraq. “Our
strategy was one of ‘personalisation and localisation’, minimising the
links between Mrs Hassan and the UK”, a Foreign Office spokesman
said. “We understand her family having criticisms of the Government
approach and we remain in regular contact with them.”
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I. Choose from A to H the sentence that best summarises each
paragraph (1-8) of the article above and insert them in the boxes
preceding each paragraph. The first one has been done for you:
A. Justice at work – the first sentence against an Iraqi hostage-taker
B. The British Embassy refuses any communication with Iraqi hostage-takers.
C. Life in prison for the abetter of Margaret Hassan’s kidnappers
D. The British Government’s strategy of assuming political distance
E. Finding evidence against Mustafa Salman
F. Iraqi citizen killed due to her British nationality?
G. Margaret Hassan’s family blame the British Government for her death.
H. The British authorities fail to comfort the grieved family.
II. For questions 1-5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which
you think fits best according to the test; sometimes more than one
option may be valid:
1. Why did Mustafa Salman keep Margaret Hassan’s purse and
documents in his house?
A. He wanted to ask Margaret’s family for a ransom.
B. The purse contained valuable possessions that he intended to sell.
C. Margaret Hassan’s purse and documents had been placed under
his care.
D. Mustafa’s associates threatened to kill him if he didn’t take them.
2. Why was Margaret Hassan allowed to appear in a video?
A. Her appeals might have determined the British forces to withdraw
from Iraq.
B. The hostage-takers wanted to offer a proof of life to her family.
C. The hostage-takers wanted to negociate a ransom with the British
Government.
D. That was the last chance she had to save her life.
3. Why did the kidnappers make contact with her Iraqi husband?
A. They wanted to negociate the ransom for Margaret’s release.
B. They needed an intermediary to establish a contact with the
British Embassy.
C. They wanted Margaret’s family to put some pressure on the
British Government.
D. They wanted to put Margaret’s future execution down to the
British Government.
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A. The British Government no longer considered Margaret Hassan
a British citizen.
B. The British Government didn’t want to give in to an Iraqi
technique of political manipulation.
C. The British Government chose to distance itself from any acts of
Iraqi terrorism.
D. Opening a dialogue with the kidnappers meant withdrawing
military forces from Iraq.
5. Margaret’s family criticisms of the British Government approach
were directed at …
A. the British Government refusal to pay the ransom requested by
the kidnappers.
B. the British Government strategy of minimising the links between
Mrs Hassan and the UK.
C. the British Government refusal to open a dialogue with the
kidnappers.
D. the British Government refusal to withdraw the military forces
from Iraq.
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9. The attack, attributed …... a new terrorist group, had many casualties.
a) with b) on c) to d) up to
10. How can the government prevent journalists …… endangering
their lives?
a) for b) to c) against d) from
11. I am sure that this is one of the exceptions …… the rule.
a) of b) to c) from d) with
12. The Ministry of Defence has laid ….. strict procedures for this
kind of situation.
a) on b) down c) up d) out
13. Quite ……… from this problem, can such tests predict what the
future holds in store for us?
a) aside b) apart c) away d) out
14. I generally agree …. you, but I strongly object ….. your behaving
so rudely.
a) to, to b) with, to c) to, at d) with, with
15. He pleaded guilty ….. manslaughter after trying to escape from
police custody.
a) of b) to c) against d) for
16. The lorry belonged …. an ex-convict that rented land on Smiths
Farm, in Northolt, west London.
a) with b) to c) of d) in
17. Both men were meant to be ……. surveillence at the time of the
killing.
a) on b) above c) under d) below
18. Another person at the scene said that children were ……. the
hostages taken by the gunmen.
a) between b) among c) within d) inside
19. This prisoner is not ….. our jurisdiction. We have to call the
district authorities.
a) above b) below c) under d) on
20. He draws evidence for his claim ….. Court history.
a) from b) out of c) within d) with
UNIT 7
HOME CONFINEMENT
A Supervision Tool
Home confinement is a tool that helps U.S. probation and
pretrial services officers supervise, or monitor, defendants and
offenders in the community. In the federal courts, home confinement
is not a sentence in and of itself but may be a condition of either
probation, parole, supervised release, or pretrial release. A person
placed under home confinement is confined to his or her residence,
usually linked to an electronic monitoring system, and required to
maintain a strict daily activity schedule. When the person is allowed to
leave home, and for what reasons, is determined case by case.
Home confinement's purpose depends on the phase of the criminal
justice process in which it is used. In all cases, it is a means to restrict a
person's activity and to protect the public from any threat the person
may pose. In pretrial cases, home confinement is an alternative to detention
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Officers screen defendants and offenders to determine eligibility
for the home confinement program. Certain categories of serious or
repeat offenders are not allowed to participate. Prior criminal record,
history of violence, and medical and mental health conditions and
needs are factors that officers carefully consider. Previous failures on
supervision, risk to the public that the person presents, third-party risk
(such as previous incidents of domestic violence in the household),
and the person's willingness to participate are considerations as well.
Close supervision by officers is a crucial component of the home
confinement program. The officer's job is demanding, time consuming,
and sometimes dangerous. It requires frequent phone calls to make
sure participants are adhering to their approved schedules; frequent
unannounced, face-to-face visits; and 24-hour, 7-day response to alerts
from the monitoring center.
A B
1. probation a. The release of a person who has been
arrested and charged with a federal crime
while he or she awaits trial; a pretrial services
officer supervises the person in the community
until he or she returns to court.
2. parole b. One of a number of people living together,
especially in a hospital, prison or some other
institution.
3. supervised release c. The penalty laid down in a law for
contravention of its provisions.
4. pretrial release d. Custody or confinement, especially of a
suspect awaiting trial.
54
used to ensure that defendants appear in court. In post-sentence cases,
home confinement is used as a punishment, viewed as more punitive
than regular supervision but less restrictive than imprisonment. Courts
may use home confinement as a sanction for persons who violate the
conditions of their supervision. Also, the Federal Bureau of Prisons may
use it for inmates released to serve the last part of their sentence under
the supervision of U.S. probation officers.
5. detenti on e. Instead of sending an individual to prison,
the court releases the person to the community
and orders him or her to complete a period of
supervision monitored by a U.S. probation
officer and to abide by certain conditions.
6. sanction f. A term of supervision served after a person
is released from prison; it does not replace a
portion of the sentence of imprisonment but is
in addition to the time spent in prison.
7. inmate g. The release of a prisoner before his
sentence has expired, on the condition that
he is of good behaviour.
II. Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false
(F); when the sentences are false, correct them:
1. Community Service is a special condition imposed by the court
that requires an individual to work – without pay – for a civic or
nonprofit organization. ___
2. When a parolee is released to the community, he or she is no
longer placed under the supervision of a U.S. probation officer.
___
3. During the probation period, an individual is supervised by a
probation officer. ___
4. A supervised release replaces a certain portion of the sentence of
imprisonment. ___
5. In post-sentence cases, home confinement is seen as more punitive
than imprisonment. ___
6. A person who violates the conditions of his/her supervision may
be sanctioned to home confinement. ___
7. All categories of offenders are allowed to participate in the home
confinement program. ___
8. Home confinement may include the use of electronic monitoring
equipment. ___
9. The only cases when a person placed under home confinement is
allowed to leave home are work and medical appointments. ___
10. The judges determine if offenders are eligible for the home
confinement program. ___
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III. From the verbs in column A, derive the corresponding
nouns (column B) and adjectives (column C), using the suffixes
given:
A B C
Verbs Nouns: -ance, -ion, Adjectives: -ed, -ing,
-ment, -al, -er -able, -ive
1. to punish punishment, punisher punished, punishable, punishing
2. to confine
3. to sentence
4. to release
5. to complete
6. to monitor
7. to possess
8. to select
9. to attend
10. to approve
11. to defend
12. to supervise
13. to restrict
14. to require
15. to consider
IV. Use the words given in capitals at the end of lines to form
a word that fits in the space in the same line; there is an example
on the first line:
Electronic Monitoring
In most cases, U.S. probation and pretrial services officers
use electronic monitoring in supervising persons placed
under home confinement. The individual wears a tamper- MONITOR
resistant ……………. on the ankle or wrist 24 hours a day.
The transmitter emits a radio ……………… signal that is TRANSMIT
detected by a …………/dialer unit connected to the home
phone. When the transmitter comes within range of the FREQUENT
receiver/dialer unit, that unit calls a monitoring center to
indicate that the person is in range, or at home. The personRECEIVE
must stay within 150 feet of the receiving unit to be
………… in range. The transmitter and the receiver/dialerCONSIDER
unit work together to detect and report the times the person
enters and exits his or her home.
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V. Choose the correct plural form of the following nouns to
complete the sentence:
1. We need a negotiator to talk to the ………………. .
a) hostages-takers b) hostage-takers c) hostags-takers
2. Many ……………. have been issued this week.
a) search warrants b) searches warrants c) searchs warrants
3. The ……………… will be punished sooner or later.
a) laws-breakers b) lows-breakers c) law-breakers
4. The number of …………….. in our city has been doubled this year.
a) holds-ups b) hold-ups c) helds-ups
5. Two ………………….. have been accused of perjury.
a) woman-diplomats b) women-diplomats c) womans-diplomats
6. “My beloved …………………., your claims will soon be solved.”
a) fellow-citizens b) fellows-citizens c) felows-citizens
7. My ………………… have been charged with indecent exposure.
a) sisters-in-laws b) sister-in-law c) sisters-in-law
8. These ……………… are the result of hard work.
a) analysis b) analyses c) analises
9. Which are the ……………. used in this classification?
a) criterions b) criteria c) criterias
10. Which are the daily …………… … of a prisoner?
a) activityes b) activitis c) activities
Example:
1. trial courts
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
4. ___________________
5. ___________________
6. ___________________
7. ___________________
8. ___________________
9. ___________________
10. ___________________
11. ___________________
12. ___________________
13. ___________________
14. ___________________
15. ___________________
58
PART II
UNIT 1
STUDENT FIRST AMENDMENT CASE
59
Notes:
U.S. District Courts = are the trial courts of the federal court system.
Within limits set by Congress and the Constitution, the district courts have
jurisdiction to hear nearly all categories of federal cases, including both civil
and criminal matters. Every day hundreds of people across the nation are
selected for jury duty and help decide some of these cases. There are
94 federal judicial districts, including at least one district in each state, the
District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Three territories of the United States –
the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands – have district
courtsU.S.
that Court
hear federal cases, =including
of Appeals bankruptcy
the 94 U.S. judicialcases.
districts are organized
into 12 regional circuits, each of which has a United States court of appeals.
A court of appeals hears appeals from the district courts located within its
circuit, as well as appeals from decisions of federal administrative agencies.
certiorari = an order of a superior court directing that a record of
proceedings in a lower court be sent up for review.
had let will return might have had had been sentenced fail
could get had announced made would ask may walk
66
UNIT 2
CONTEMPT OF COURT OR VIOLATION
OF FREEDOM OF THE PRESS?
Branzburg v. Hayes
9. If you have friends or relatives in your local area who have been
divorced, they ……….. (refer) you to a lawyer appropriate for your
situation.
71
VI. Choose the correct versions, paying attention to the use
of verbal tenses, conditionals and modal verbs in conditional
clauses:
1. If participants ……………. any problems with the monitoring
equipment, they must notify officers immediately.
a) will experience b) experience c) experiences d) would experience
2. If the defendant has a prior criminal record, his sentence
……………… harsher.
a) will be b) is c) would be d) should be
3. A grand jury decides if there …… a probable cause to indict
(accuse) individuals or corporations on criminal charges based upon
the evidence presented.
a) will be b) has been c) is d) would be
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17. Unless you …………. things out, we shall have to go to
court.
a) don’t work b) work c) will work d) won’t work
18. If the pedestrian ………………….. by a policeman, the
former should have made a complaint to the nearest police station.
a) has be assaulted b) is assaulted c) will be assaulted
d) were assaulted
19. If the journalist’s story …………… criminal activity, he
would have reported it.
a) has involved b) involves c) had involved d) will involve
20. If a prosecutor ………………….. a grand jury investigation
in bad faith, journalists might have a right to refuse to reveal their
sources.
a) were conducting b) is conducting c) had been conducting
d) will be conducting
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UNIT 3
THE ROLE OF FEDERAL COURTS
IN BALANCING LIBERTIES AND SAFETY
I. Extract from the text above the English equivalents for the
following Romanian words and expressions:
• a fi bagat la închisoare pe nedrept = __________________________
• a contesta legalitatea = _________________________________
• a înainta o petitie catre Curte = ___________________________
• a emite o hotarâre/ordonanta judecatoreasca = __________________
• a-si atinge scopul = __________________________
• a cântari/evalua = _____________
• a ceda (în fata/în favoarea) = ______________
• limitarea libertatii de expresie = _____________________________
• pierderea drepturilor de proprietate = _________________________
76
situation by saying “The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall
not be suspended unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the
public Safety may require it”.
II. Match the Latin legal terms in column A with th eir English
explanatory definitions in column B:
A B
1. (writ) capias a. ‘do not leave the country’ interdiction
(mandat de aducere) addressed to a debtor that is being prosecuted;
2. (writ) Habeas Corpus b. ‘because of lack of care’: decision wrongly
made by a court (which does not therefore
set a precedent);
3. (writ) certiorari c. ‘after the event’;
4. quid pro quo d. a writ directing a sheriff or other officer
to arrest a named person;
5. ne exeat regno e. ‘eason of the law’: the principle behind a
law;
6. nolle prosequi f. ‘n fact’: as a matter of fact;
7. per incuriam g. ‘on its own’ or ‘alone’;
8. per procurationem h. a writ ordering a person to be brought
(per pro) before a court or judge, esp. so that the
court may ascertain whether his detention is
lawful;
9. de facto i. ‘one thing for another’: action done in
return for something done or promised;
10. ex post facto j. with the authority of /on behalf of;
11. locus standi k. an order of a superior court directing that
a record of proceedings in a lower court be
sent up for review.
12. ratio legis l. ‘do not pursue’: power used by the
Attorney-General to stop a criminal trial;
13. per se m. ‘place to stand’: right to be heard in a court;
III. Use the Latin legal terms in exercise II. in your own
sentences, as in the following examples:
He didn’t lie to you. He is the de facto owner of the property.
The taxpayer does not have locus standi in this court.
The secretary signed per pro the manager.
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IV. Re-read the text The Role of Federal Courts in Balancing
Liberties and Safety. Then check your reading comprehension by
choosing the right version:
1. The writ of habeas corpus is:
a) a writ ordering a person to be released from prison immediately.
b) a writ ordering a person to be placed under house arrest.
c) a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or judge, to
see whether his detention is lawful.
2. The application of the Great Writ:
a) has never been suspended throughout United States history.
b) has been suspended during times of war (the Civil War) and
national crisis.
c) has been suspended whenever the newly elected president of the
United States so decided.
3. In Ex Parte Milligan (1866), Lamdin Milligan used the writ:
a) to successfully challenge the legality of his death penalty.
b) to successfully challenge the legality of his confinement.
c) to set a precedent for similar cases in lower courts.
4. The writ of habeas corpus was first mentioned in:
a) the Declaration of Independence.
b) the English Habeas Corpus Act of 1679.
c) the U.S. Constitution.
VI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive forms:
Can you help me find (find) better accomodation and a new job?
The judges seem …………….. (1. grant) me parole due to my good
behaviour in prison. But my parole officer doesn’t appear ………….
(2. share) their opinion. Every time something bad happens in my
neighbourhood, he expects me ………. (3. confess) to a crime I did
not commit. Sometimes he comes unexpectedly to check upon me. For
instance, yesterday, he pretended ………………. (4. forget) to give
me an application form which had .……… (5. sign) for my job
interview. In other words, things appear …………….. (6. go) from
bad to worse and sometimes I think I would rather ……… (7. serve)
the rest of my sentence in prison than ………… (8. enjoy) a so-called
freedom. As to getting a job, all employers consider ex-convicts
…….. (9. be) dangerous people. That’s why I am supposed …………
(10. accept) any job that is offered to me. I can do nothing but
………… (11. wait) till my probation period is over and then ………..
(12. start) a new life on my own. I hope soon ………….. (13. work)
in a new job and ……………. (14. live) in a flat of my own. Till then
I am just trying …………… (15. keep) in mind that I am not the first
ex-convict ………….. (16. treat) in this way.
80
UNIT 4
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION:
AMENDMENTS
Amendment IV [Annotations]
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment V [Annotations]
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand
Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the
Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor
shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to
be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be
taken for public use, without just compensation.
Amendment VI [Annotations]
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to
a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
81
Amendment VIII [Annotations]
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Amendment IX [Annotations]
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
83
Amendment XV
The right of _________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
IV. Practise the use of Gerunds after the following verbs and
expressions to say what we generally like or dislike doing:
Example:
I really like ……………………………. .
I really like spending time with my family and my friends.
He detests ………………………………
He detests being held responsible for something he did not do.
It’s no good ……………………………
It’s no good trying to be friendly with everybody.
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1. My boss really detests……………………………………………...
2. She does enjoy …………………………………………………….
3. I can’t tell you how much I hate…………………………………..
(passive gerund).
4. Everybody loves …………………………………………………..
5. I definitely prefer ……………………….. to ……………………..
(prefer + gerund + TO + gerund = prefer doing smth to doing
smth else)
6. My teacher resents ……… ………… …………… ………………...
7. It’s no use ………………………………………………………….
8. I am sure that it’s not worth ……………………………………….
9. If you think this is worth ……………….……………… , then
………………………..
10. There’s no point in ………………………………………………..
11. Old people can’t stand ……………………………………………
12. Though I hate saying this, I am used to …………………………...
13. Finally, I have got used to …………………………………………
14. I have to admit, I am not accustomed to ………………………….
15. Sometimes, students have difficulty in ……………………………
16. I can’t tell you how much I look forward to ………………………
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12. I suggest ...................... upon the case after a short break.
a) to deliberate b) deliberating c) to be deliberating d) deliberate
13. The judge admitted ..................... bribe from one of his
clients months before the trial.
a) to take b) to be taking c) having taken d) having took
14. He finds it hard .......................... the corrupt system of
justice in this third world country.
a) enduring b) to endure c) having endured d) for him to endure
15. He has been charged with .................... and taken into
custody.
a) trespass b) trespassing c) tresspassing d) to trespass
16. It surprises me ................. that he has been accused of money
laundering.
a) hearing b) to have heard c) to hear d) being heard
17. Would you mind ........……........... up when the verdict is
pronounced?
a) to stand b) stand c) being stand d) standing
18. ‘I strongly object to ...........……....... treated like a hardened
criminal!’
a) be b) is c) being d) been
19. We keep ………………. the law-makers that new laws
should be instituted against public corruption.
a) telling b) to be telling c) being told d) having tell
20. All foreigners complain that they are not used to
………………….. on the left.
a) drive b) have to drive c) driving d) having driven
87
UNIT 5
DISCLOSURE OF
CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
One of the only ways that the general public learns about the
activities of its government is through the leaking of classified
information to the press. The news about the NSA's eavesdropping
programs and the CIA's alleged “black sites” was leaked to the press,
which put the leaker at risk of being prosecuted for grave national
security violations. The federal government takes these leaks seriously
and has vowed to prosecute any person who has disclosed or has
possessed classified information.
Receiving or obtaining classified information is covered by
section 793. In order to convict an individual for the unlawful
possession of classified information, the government must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that:
• the defendant possessed certain enumerated information, whi ch
he knows has been obtained contrary to law;
• the defendant received it from any person or any source;
• the information related to the national defense and
• the information was received for the purpose of obtaining
information respecting the national defense with intent or
reason to believe that the information is to be used to the
injury of the United States, or to the advantage of any foreign
nation.
The punishment for a violation of section 793 is a fine,
imprisonment for up to 10 years, or both.
Section 798 covers disclosure of classified information. To
convict a person for disclosing classified information, the government
must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that:
• the defendant provided classified information to another person;
• that person was not authorized to receive the classified infor-
mation;
• the classified information concerns the nature, preparation, or
use of any code, cipher, or cryptographic system of the
88
United States or any foreign government; or concerns the
design, construction, use, maintenance, or repair of any device,
apparatus, or appliance used or prepared or planned for use by
the United States or any foreign government for cryptographic
or communication intelligence purposes; or concerning the
communication intelligence activities of the United States or
any foreign government; or is obtained by the processes of
communication intelligence from the communications of any
foreign government, knowing the same to have been obtained
by such processes;
• and the defendant knows that the information is to be used to
the prejudice of the United States, or for the benefit of any
foreign government to the detriment of the United States
The punishment for a violation of section 798 is a fine,
imprisonment for up to 10 years, or both.
_________
_______________________________________________
Remember the use of Were Subjunctive (unreal past)
_________
IV. Practise the use of were subjunctive/unreal past (verb +
-ed/ the 2nd form of irregular verbs) after the verbs in italics to
express unreal/improbable situations in the present:
Examples:
I wish I …….. (be) a first offender so that I could receive a lenient
sentence.
I wish I were a first offender so that I could receive a lenient sentence.
Suppose they ……….. (offer) to reduce your prison sentence, would
you co-operate?
Suppose they offered to reduce your prison sentence, would you
co-operate?
I’d rather she ……….. (spend) the rest of her life in jail than sell
drugs for a living.
I’d rather she spent the rest of her life in jail than sell drugs for a
living.
1. I wish they ………………. (not find) him guilty of obstruction of
justice.
2. If only they ………….. (do) something to reduce the increasing
number of identity thefts.
3. Suppose another Attorney General ………………. (be appointed)
to work with us, would it make any difference?
4. He puts on such a superior air as if he ………. (do) everybody a
huge favour by coming to Court.
5. I’d rather they ………… (keep) him behind bars for another year.
6. If I …………. (be) in your place, I would deny any involvement
in the murder case.
91
7. It’s time you ……………. (decide) how you want to spend the
rest of your life.
8. She wishes her lawyer …………… (find) more time to review her
deposition.
9. If only the jury ………… (find) him not guilty!
10. Imagine you ……………….. (be kidnapped) and ……… (ask) to
reveal the sources of your information!
11. If the commission ……… (vote) against the motion, a new
delegation would have to be sent to London next week.
12. You treat me as if I …………. (be) your slave!
13. I’d sooner the Congress ……………………. (criminalize) the use
of a false identity in committing a felony.
14. We all wish that those who attempt to commit such crimes
…………....... (be punished) accordingly.
15. If only we ………………. (know) what to do when witnessing
different crimes!
94
UNIT 6
HEALTH CARE FRAUD
A B
1. health care fraud a. a defrauda/însela/escroca
2. to oversee the investigation b. a executa separat teste/servicii în
vederea taxarii unor tarife mai mari
3. the forfeiture of assets c. serviciu rambursabil
4. to defraud d. taxari frauduloase
5. billing for service not e. frauda în cadrul sistemului medical
rendered
6. reimbursable service f. a fi supus unor proceduri medicale
nejustificate
7. kickback g. lezare corporala grava
96
8. to unbundle tests/services h. a supraveghea/controla investigatia
to generate higher fees
9. outpatient surgery fraud i. mita/bani dati contra unui serviciu
10. fraudulent billings j. confiscarea bunurilor
11. to undergo unwarranted k. fraudarea serviciilor operatorii
medical procedures pentru pacientii externi
12. serious bodily injury l. taxarea unor servicii neprestate
verbs nouns
1. to investigate 1. investigation
2. to forfeit 2.
3. to facilitate 3.
4. to engage 4.
5. to estimate 5.
6. to involve 6.
7. to incorporate 7.
8. to punish 8.
9. to injure 9.
10. to render 10.
97
IV. Answer the following questions, after re-reading the text:
1. Who investigates health care frauds?
________________________________________________________
7. What is the punishment for a person charged with a health care fraud?
________________________________________________________
8. What is the punishment for a health care fraud when the patient is
seriously injured?
________________________________________________________
9. What is the punishment for a health care fraud when the patient dies?
________________________________________________________
102
UNIT 7
IDENTITY THEFT
The Crime
It is a crime to do any of the following ten offenses listed in
section 1029(a):
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, produce, use, or traffic
in one or more counterfeit access devices;
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, traffic in or use one or
more unauthorized access devices during any one-year period,
and, by doing so, obtain anything of value aggregating $ 1,000
or more during that period;
103
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, possess fifteen or more
devices which are counterfeit or unauthorized access devices;
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, produce, traffic in, have
control or custody of, or possess device-making equipment;
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, effect transactions, with
1 or more access devices issued to another person or persons,
to receive payment or any other thing of value during any
1-year period the aggregate value of which is equal to or
greater than $ 1,000;
• without the authorization of the issuer of the access device,
knowingly, and with intent to defraud, solicit a person for the
purpose of either: offering an access device, or selling
information regarding or an application to obtain an access
device;
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, use, produce, traffic in,
have control or custody of, or possess a telecommunications
instrument that has been modified or altered to obtain
unauthorized use of telecommunications services;
• knowingly and with intent to defraud use, produce, traffic in,
have control or custody of, or possess a scanning receiver;
• knowingly use, produce, traffic in, have control or custody of, or
possess hardware or software, knowing it has been configured
to insert or modify telecommunication identifying information
associated with or contained in a telecommunications
instrument so that such instrument may be used to obtain
telecommunications service without authorization; or
• without the authorization of the credit card system member or its
agent, knowingly, and with intent to defraud, cause or arrange
for another person to present to the member or its agent, for
payment, 1 or more evidences or records of transactions made
by an access device.
2. Which are the weak points of the social security system that make
identity theft crimes possible?
I am inclined to believe that _____________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
107
1. There are still many countries which have not decided to
abolish the death penalty.
There are still many countries which have not decided to do away with
the death penalty.
Yes, this is the first thing I did after I registered myself at the hotel.
_______________________________________________
_________
8. I remained in good terms with my relatives, though they tried
to disinherit me.
________________________________________________________
VII. Choose the right version to form phrasal verbs that fit
in the context; check the list of the main phrasal verbs selected in
the alphabetical order of the adverbial particle present at the end
of the book before making your choice:
1. I don’t know how you can put …. ….. such an unbearable
situation.
a) by with b) up of c) up with
2. The good sales brought ………. an increase in the employee’s
salaries.
a) in b) around c) about
3. I guess the printer has either run …… ….. paper or has broken
……….
a) away with, down b) out of, down c) off with, off
4. Several companies have decided to lay …. employees and call
….. all investment projects.
a) off, off b) out, off c) up, down
109
5. You have to learn how to ……….. if you are suffering from
high stress levels.
a) draw back b) wind down c) hold up
6. My lawyer can bear ……. the truth of my story with
substantial evidence.
a) in b) away c) out
7. I called at the restaurant, but all the tables were ………. up.
a) cleaned b) booked c) reserved
8. We tried to bring the unconscious woman ……….. but
without any success.
a) round b) up c) over
9. Despite all difficulty, he finally managed to carry …… the
orders he had been given.
a) about b) off c) out
10. His joke caught …. right away and the public was very
excited.
a) on b) through c) out
11. The disastrous economic situation of our country …….
……. urgent measures.
a) brings about b) lays down c) calls for
12. If nobody comes …………. a solution soon, we shall go
bankrupt.
a) up with b) in with c) out with
13. If you don`t know my phone number, you could look it
……. in the phone directory.
a) into b)on c) up
14. Our travel agency will be taken ………. by a German
company.
a) in b) out c) over
15. Now it would be a good time to bring ……… the matter of
child support in Romania.
a) in b) up c) out
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16. I have a very urgent message. Could you put me ………….
to Mr. Leigh, please?
a) through b) off c) up
17. He put his failure in Court ………… bad luck.
a) up to b) down to c) back to
18. I must admit it was hard for me not to give ….. to his threats.
a) away b) out c) in
19. We can’t rule….. this argument for the final hearing.
a) out b) off c) down
20. Our plan to call the witness for the defence fell ………. due
to a miscarriage of justice.
a) about b) away c) through
21. You are wearing me …… with your annoying questions!
a) in b) out c) over
22. Everybody considered that the judge had a reason to let him
….. like that.
a) off b) on c) away
23. Why don’t you put …… your claim to be granted the right to
a fair trial?
a) in b) out c) forward
24. ‘Your Honour, I can stand ………… the defendant! I demand
to be heard!’
a) in for b) up for c) down to
25. Your skillful lawyer will talk him ……… testifying before
the jury.
a) into b) about c) against
111
KEY TO EXERCISES
PART I
UNIT 1
I. 1. i-q; 2. k-v; 3. f-m; 4. h-s; 5. a-x; 6. l-n; 7. d-p; 8. b-u; 9. j-o; 10. e-r;
11. g-t; 12. c-w
II. 1. evidence; 2. verdict; 3. appeal; 4. law; 5. crime; 6 . trial; 7. law,
law; 8. evidence; 9. v erdict, appeal; 10. trial, law; 11. evidence; 12. trial, law.
IV. 1. c; 2. d; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. c; 7. a; 8.c; 9. c; 10. a; 11. c; 12. c;
13. b; 14. c; 15. c.
VI. 1. c; 2.a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. d; 6. a; 7. d; 8. a; 9. b; 10. c.
VII. 1. g; 2. j; 3. i; 4. f; 5. a; 6. c; 7. e; 8. d; 9. b; 10. h.
VIII. 1. k; 2. d; 3. f; 4. g; 5. a; 6. h; 7. b; 8. i; 9. j; 10. e; 11. c.
IX. 1. am seeing; 2. are you thinking, don’t you talk; 3. has decided;
4. have you accepted; 5. came, asked, told, didn’t seem; 6. was waiting,
realized, was watching, decided; 7. has been presiding, is retiring; 8. didn’t
make, had found; 9. had been working, found out, had been married;
10. arrive, will have landed; 11. graduated, have reconsidered, have decided;
12. had already addressed, was summoned.
UNIT 2
I. 1. T; 2. T; 3. F; 4. F; 5. T; 6. F; 7. F; 8. F; 9. T; 10. T.
II. 1. f; 2. e; 3. h; 4. j; 5. a; 6. m; 7. b; 8. n; 9. l; 10. g; 11. o; 12. c;
13. d; 14. i; 15. k.
III. 1. c; 2. a; 3. c; 4. a; 5. b.
IV. 1. c; 2. i; 3. e; 4. j; 5. g; 6. h; 7. f; 8. a; 9. d; 10. b.
VII. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. d; 5. c; 6. a; 7. b; 8. b; 9. d; 10. d.
VIII. 1. c; 2. d; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. c; 8. a; 9. c; 10. d; 11. b; 12. b;
13. a; 14. b; 15. c.
UNIT 3
I. 1. Court of Justice; 2. governments of the member states; 3. Each
member state; 4. the largest states, the smaller member states; 5. rotation
system; 6. bare majority; 7. judges and advocates-general; 8. EEC Treaty;
9. four chambers, two chamb ers; 10 . annually.
112
IV. 1. j; 2. e, h; 3. f, i; 4. a; 5. b, g; 6. d; 7. c.
V. 1. run for; 2. summoned; 3. appointed; 4. convened; 5. elected;
6. sitting; 7. stand for; 8. heard; 9. dissolve; 10. dismissed.
VI. 1. d; 2. a; 3. a; 4. c; 5. c; 6. d; 7. b; 8. d; 9. b; 10. c.
VII. 1. b; 2. c; 3. b; 4. b; 5. b; 6. c; 7. a; 8. a; 9. b; 10. c; 11. c; 12. c;
13. a; 14. b; 15. c.
UNIT 4
I. 1. d; 2. g; 3. i; 4. k; 5. h; 6. l; 7. j; 8. b; 9. f; 10. c; 11. e; 12. a.
IV. breach of trust; breach of the peace; breach of confidence;
infringement of copy-right; infringement of patents.
V. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. d; 7. d; 8. c; 9. c; 10. a; 11. b; 12. b;
13. c; 14. a; 15. b.
VI. 1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b; 9. c; 10. a.
VII. 1. possibility; 2. inability; 3. necessity; 4. impossibility; 5. logical
assumption (affirmative); 6. criticism; 7. requests; 8. advice; 9. offers;
10. suggestions; 1 1. permission; 12. remote possibility; 13. obligation;
14. logical assumption (negative); 15. past ability; 16. absence of o bligation;
17. prohibition.
UNIT 5
II. 1. F; 2. T; 3. F; 4. T; 5. T; 6. F; 7. F; 8. T; 9. F; 10. F; 11. F; 12. T;
13. T; 14. F; 15. F.
V. 1. has been decided; 2. will be illustrated; 3. is caught; 4. was judged;
5. is prohibited; 6. has been considered; 7. had already been discussed;
8. were still being heard; 9. are now being escorted; 10. to have been reported;
11. will be issued; 12. wou ld have been allocated.
VII. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. c; 5. b; 6. c; 7. b; 8. c; 9. b; 10. c.
UNIT 6
I. 1. C; 2. E; 3. A; 4. F; 5. H; 6. B; 7. G; 8. D.
II. 1. C; 2. A; 3. B; 4. B; 5. B.
III. 1. c; 2. e; 3. h; 4. b; 5. f; 6. i; 7. a; 8. j; 9. g; 10. d.
IV. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. d; 5. a; 6. b; 7. c; 8. a; 9. c; 10. d; 11. b; 12. b;
13. b; 14. b; 15. a; 16. b; 17. c; 18. b; 19. c; 20. a.
UNIT 7
I. 1. e; 2. g; 3. f; 4. a; 5. d; 6. c; 7. b.
II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. T; 4. F; 5. F; 6. T; 7. F; 8. T; 9. T; 10. F.
IV. transmitter, frequency, receiver, considered.
V. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b; 9. b; 10. c.
VI. criminal matters; petit jury; first offender; death penalty; community
work; mental health; guidelines; member state; probation officer; citizenship;
tax exempt; shoplifting; self-esteem; manslaughter.
113
PART II
UNIT 1
I. 1. f; 2. d; 3. h; 4. a; 5. k; 6. i; 7. b; 8. e; 9. l; 10. c; 11. g; 12. j.
VII. 1. may walk; 2. fail; 3. will return; 4. had announced; 5 . would
ask; 6. might have had; 7. had let; 8. made; 9. could get; 10. had been
sentenced.
UNIT 2
I. 1. F; 2. T; 3. T; 4. F; 5. T; 6. F; 7. F.
V. 1. will be released; 2. approves/approved/had approved, will
have/would have/would have had; 3. hadn’t been summoned; 4. meets;
5. would have voted; 6. decides; 7. would have got; 8. want, prohibits; 9. may
refer; 10. am/were/had been, will fight/would fight/would have fought.
VI. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. c; 5. b; 6. a; 7. d; 8. b; 9. d; 10. b; 11. b; 12. a;
13. b; 14. a; 15. b; 16. c; 17. b; 18. a; 19. c; 20. a.
UNIT 3
II. 1. d; 2. h; 3. k; 4. i; 5. a; 6. l; 7. b; 8. j; 9. f; 10. c; 11. m; 12. e; 13. g.
IV. 1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. b.
V. 1. c; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. d; 6. c; 7. b; 8. b; 9. d; 10. b; 11. c; 12. a;
13. b; 14. d; 15. a.
VI. 1. to have granted; 2. to share/to be sharing; 3. to confess; 4. to
have forgotten; 5. to be signed; 6. to be going; 7. serve; 8. enjoy; 9. to be;
10. to accept; 11. wait; 12. start; 13. to work/to be working; 14. live/be living;
15. to keep; 16. to be treated.
UNIT 4
I. 1. to ratify; 2. personal effects; 3. infamous; 4. presentment; 5. to
ascertain; 6. compulsory; 7. to inflict; 8. prosecution; 9. indictment;
10. seizure; 11. construe; 12. disparage.
II. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. c; 5. b.
III. Amendment XV. The right of citizens of the United States to v ote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Amendment XXV. In case of the removal of the President from office
or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
VI. 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. a; 5. c; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b; 9. c; 10. c; 11. a; 12. b;
13. c; 14. b; 15. b; 16. c; 17. d; 18. c; 19. a; 20. c.
UNIT 5
I. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. a; 5. a.
IV. 1. didn’t find; 2. did; 3. were appointed; 4. did; 5. kept; 6. were;
7. decided; 8. found; 9. found; 10. were kidnapped, asked; 11. voted;
12. were; 13 . criminalized; 14. were punished; 15. knew.
114
V. 1. had voted; 2. had been implemented; 3. had proved; 4. had
submitted; 5. had certified; 6. had been violated; 7. had been; 8. had
considered, (had) approved; 9. had offered; 10. hadn’t had.
VI. 1. b; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. b; 6. b; 7. c; 8. a; 9. d; 10. d; 11. b; 12. c;
13. d; 14. a; 15. b.
UNIT 6
I. 1. e; 2. h; 3. j; 4. a; 5. l; 6. c; 7. i; 8. b; 9. k; 10. d; 11. f; 12. g.
II. 1. kickback; 2. bribe; 3. hush-money; 4. boodle.
VI. 1. should be introduced; 2. should adjourn; 3. should withdraw;
4. should have called; 5. should be released; 6. shouldn’t approach;
7. shouldn’t come; 8. should be burgled; 9. should be released; 10. should
have taken; 11. should have gone; 12. should have missed; 13. should read;
14. should have informed; 15. should have shared, shouldn’t have said.
VIII. 1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. c; 6. c; 7. d; 8. c; 9. a; 10. b; 11. b; 12. c;
13. d; 14. b; 15. d.
UNIT 7
I. 1. a; 2. b; 3. c; 4. b; 5. c.
V. 2. cut down on, put this down to; 3. let me down; 4. to break away,
to hold on; 5. come up with; 6. think this over; 7. to book up, checked in;
8. kept in with, cut me off; 9. have broken off, called off; 10. wear out.
VI. 2. replace; 3. met unexpectedly; 4. depend on my parents for
financial support; 5. be published; 6. inheriting, proved; 7. disclose, end the
relationship with; 8. raise to; 9. reach you; 10. has suffered, overcome.
VII. 1. c; 2. c; 3. b; 4. a; 5. b; 6. c; 7. b; 8. a; 9. c; 10. a; 11. c; 12. a;
13. c; 14. c; 15. b; 16. a; 17. b; 18. c; 19. a; 20. c; 21. b; 22. a; 23. c; 24. b; 25. a.
115
APPENDIX A – PHRASAL VERBS
Here are some of the main phrasal verb s with their equivalent, listed in
the alphabetical order of the adverbial particle:
ABOUT
bring about = to cause
come about = to happen
fall about = to laugh in an uncontolled manner
feel about = to find (one`s way) or perceive sth by touching
fuss about = to be worried or excited, esp over small things
get about = to circulate, spread (about news, rumours etc)
hang about = to waste time, loiter
see about = to make inquires or arrangements
AFTER
look after = to take care of
set about = to begin
run after = to pursue
throw about = to scatter sth everywhere
take after = to resemble (one`s parents, relatives)
AT
call at = to visit briefly
catch at sth = to try to seize sth
drive at = to imply
fly at sb = to rush to attack sb
get at sb = to criticize sb repeatedly; influence sb illegally
ACROSS
go at/ fall/
come sbrun= to attack
across sbsth or meet sb by chance
= to find
get (sth) across (to sb) = to (cause sth to) be communicated or understood
put oneself/ sth across (to sb) = to communicate or convey (one’s ideas,
personality) to sb
116
AWAY
break away = to escape from captivity
clear (sth) away = to remove (objects) in order to leave a
clear space
die away = to become so faint or weak that is no longer
noticeable
do away with sth = to get rid of sth, abolish sth
get away with = to escape punishment
give sth/sb away = to reveal or betray sth/sb; give sth free
BACK
answer
of charge (sb) back = to speak rudely (to sb) , esp when being
criticized
run away with = to steal sth and carry it away
cut
take (sth)
away back or cut back on sth = to reduce sth
= to remove
considerably
turn away = to refuse admittance to sb
fall
wearback (sth) (onaway
sb) ==to to retreat,
become turn thin,
back;damaged,
to go to sbweakfor help
by
DOWN
when
break in
down
constant use difficulty
= to collapse, cease to function; lose control of
hold
feelings sth/sb back = to prevent the development/advance of
sth/sb,
cut down to delay
on = to reduce (consumption)
look
get (sb)back = to=think
down about
to make sbone`s past or demoralized
depressed
takedown
get back = totosthwithdraw
= to begin a statement
to do sth,orgive comment
serious attention
to sth
let sb down = to disappoint sb, fail to help sb
look down on sb = to despise sb
note
IN, INTOdown = to write from speech
put in(sth)
break down
= to enter to (sth)
a building = interrupt
by force; to consider that sth is caused by
(a conversation)
bring in = to introduce (legislation) ; arrest sb; pronounce a verdict
sth; charge an item
come in = to become fashionable
to ainto
come particular
= to inherit account
check in = to register as a guest at a hotel
run (sb/sth) down = to criticize; to gradually stop
drop in = to visit unexpectedly
functioning; hit and knock 117
sth/sb to the ground
turn (sth/sb) down = to reject or refuse to consider; reduce
heat, noise etc
OFF
break off = to end sth suddenly
bring off = to succeed in sth difficult
call off = to cancel
come off = to succeed; take place, happen as arranged
cut (sb) off = to disconnect; stop the supply of sth to sb;
disinherit sb; isolate
drop off /fall off = to decrease
get off = to send
get off with = to nearly escape punishment
give
118 off = to send out or emit sth
go
eat off
into=sthto explode
= to consume a part of sth; destroy, corrode sth
let
fall in with = totoagree
sb off = not punish to severily
put
fit inoff== totomix postpone
well with others
ON
put
give
carry sb
onin off
=
(with to
) (sth)
= =
yield,
to distract
cease
continue to sb, disturb sb who is doing sth
resist
see
catch sb= off
on
gooninto = to=progress
to become topopular
accompany a traveller to a railway station,
investigate
get = to make
airport
go etc
gooninwithfor
= to=continue
to participate,
sth esp after atake
pause part in
show
keep in offwith
= tosbtry= to impress others
to continue b y all means
to be friendly with sb
take off = remove (clothing);
let sb in for = to cause sb to get into trouble leave the ground (of
aeroplanes);
put in = to make imitate sb in a request
an official
comic
run intoway = to meet by chance; collid e with
turn
stand in forto=switch
off = off temporarily
to replace
wear
take inoff= =totodeceive;
disappear gradually (the
to understand; effect clothes
to make of sth) smaller
talk sb into = to convince sb to do sth
turn in = to go to bed; to report to the authorities
turn into = to conv ert
hold on = to wait
keep on = to continue doing sth
live on sb/sth = to depend on sb/sth for financial support
look on = to watch sth without taking part in it
move on to = to change the subject
take on = to undertake work; employ staff; accept as an
opponent
OUT
back
try onout = tooftry= tothewithdraw from
fit (of clothes)
bear
turn oout n == switch
to support the truth
on; attack sb of
suddenly
bring
work on out/= come
to be out = to publish
occupied with
carry out = to fulfil or perform sth
check out = to pay one`s bill and leave the hotel
fall out with sb = to quarell with sb
give out = to come to an end; to announce; to distribute
look out = be carefu l; watch out
make out = to understand sth; claim to be; complete sth
put out = to extinguish
rule out = exclude, eliminate
run out of = to exhaust the supply of sth
OVER
see over
blow out==to to accompany
cease sb to an exit
or finish; be forgotten
come over = (of a feeling) affect sb; change from one side, opinion to another
turn
get overout
= to = to prove
recover to be; orproduce
from; overcome master sth;
wear
get out
sth over (with)== tobecome
commu nicateuseless
sth to sb;or exhausted
complete through
sth unpleasant but use
necessary
(clothes);
make over = to cause sbownership
transfer the to of sth
become
pass over (to)exhausted,
= to hand (to sb)tire sb out
see over = to inspect by making a tour of
work out = to find a solution by resoning; turn out
take over = to assume the control or management of
successfully
think over = to reflect upon sth before making a decision
turn (sth) over = to turn a page; to fall on one side; do business worth (the
specified amount); (of a shop) sell out and replace its stock 119
THROUGH
be through with = to put an end to (a friendship, practice)
break through = to make a discovery; come out from
behind cover
carry through = to complete sth in sp ite of difficulties
fall through = to fail to take place
get through = to make contact with sb, esp by telephone;
(with) sth = finish or
complete (a job, task)
UP
go through = to suffer; to examine sth closely and
be up to = to be required as a duty or obligation from sb; be left to sb to decide
systematically
book up = to make a reservation for
break
let sb up = to put an end
through to (aallow
= to relationship);
sb todissolve
pass orandisperse;
examlose orcontrol
a test
of emotions
run upthrough
bring = and
= to care for to train
rehearse
(a child); or
raisepractice;
a subject for exhaust (money) by
discussion; vomit
wasteful spending
catch up = to reach sb who is ahead;
come up to = to equal or meet a standard
be absorbed or involved in
see upthrough
come sb/sthor find
with = to produce = (annotidea)to be deceived by sb/sth; not
abandon sth until it is
draw up = to come to a stop (of vehicles)
give up = to stop doing sth; to surrender; admit one`s defeat or inability to do
finished;
sth; to reveal orhelp or information
disclose support sb esp in difficu lt times
hold up = to rob (a bank, vehicle); delay,hinder; survive or last
keep up with = stay at an equal level with
look up = to search for sth (a word) in a reference
look up to = to respect
make up = to invent a story; end a quarrel; compensate for sth; put cosmetics
on sb`s face
live up to = to reach the standard that may be expected
put up with = to tolerate
set up = to start a business; make (an apparatus) ready for use; establish (a record)
stand up for sb/sth = speak /work etc in favour of sb/sth , support sb/sth;
take up = to begin a hobby, sport, study, language etc; shorten a garmet;
occupy or fill (space or time)
work up = to arose the feelings of, excite; cause to grow or develop; advance
in business
120
APPENDIX B
ENGLISH-ROMANIAN GLOSSARY OF LEGAL TERMS
128 127