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ABSTRACT
Age can be explained in the terms, that the individuals matured personality disposition related to the attainment of
developmental tasks specific to each developmental tasks specific to each developmental phase and its influence on
individuals perception of the situations as stressful or otherwise. The present study was planned to investigate the
effect of Age on Occupational stress and job satisfaction among managers of different age groups. A sample of 105
industrial managers working in different large-scale organizations was selected randomly for the present study. The
Occupational Stress Index (OSI) developed by Srivastava and Singh (1983) and Job Descriptive Index (JDI) by
Smith Kendal (1963) were used to assess the level of job stress and job satisfaction of the sample. The findings of the
study reveals higher levels of job stress and less job satisfaction among managers of 25-35 years age than their
counterparts in the middle age (36-45 years) and the old age groups(46-55years). The study also found that the age
found to be negatively correlated with occupational stress and positively with job satisfaction.
Key words: Managers – job stress – job satisfaction – Age.
7 INDIAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE VOL. 7, NO. 2, MAY-AUGUST 2003
Table 2 : Means, SDs and ‘t’ values for 12 Sub factors of Occupational stress scores
SOURCE (A)25-35 Yrs (B) 36-45 Yrs (C) 46-60 Yrs ‘t’ Values
(n = 35) (n = 35) (n = 35)
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD AB AC BC
Role overload 17. 19 4.04 16.44 3.64 11.39 2.34 1.64@ 14.68** 13.77**
Role ambiguity 11.29 3.64 11.65 2.78 9.69 2.61 0.92@ 4.25** 6.10**
Role conflict 10.11 3.40 9.23 2.81 9.23 2.61 0.67@ 2.42* 1.94@
Unreasonable Group and Political Pressures 11.89 2.45 10.98 2.33 12.15 2.51 3.17** 0.89@ 4.04**
Responsibility for person 8.56 2.72 8.66 2.11 8.79 2.37 0.31@ 0.74@ 0.50@
Under participation 12.21 2.28 12.19 3.74 12.17 2.56 0.05@ 0.14@ 0.05@
Powerlessness 10.96 2.51 9.54 2.31 9.36 3.41 4.94** 4.46** 0.36@
Poor peer Relation 10.82 2.72 10.48 2.06 10.35 1.94 1.17@ 1.64@ 0.66@
Intrinsic Impoverishment 10.94 3.16 9.86 2.65 9.54 3.04 3.07** 3.77** 0.96@
Low status 8.79 3.16 7.77 2.4 7.03 2.00 2.95** 5.45** 2.78**
Strenuous Working Conditions 8.93 3.32 8.84 2.20 7.51 2.72 0.25@ 3.90** 4.59**
Un profitability 5.78 2.54 5.76 2.37 5.47 1.95 0.05@ 1.31@ 1.32@
** P < 0.01 * P < 0.05 @ Not Significant
found to have experienced more occupational stress found to be experiencing less stress than the younger
than the middle aged. and early middle aged. It is also reported that the
young adults (25-35 yrs) experiencing significantly
The scores of the subjects were further analyzed age
higher stress on low status than the middle aged.
wise and factor wise (OSI) using ‘t’ tests.
Job satisfaction: The ‘t’ values obtained in table 3
The results obtained in Table 2 show that the young
show that the late middle aged reported significantly
adults and the early middle aged were experiencing
Table 3 : Means, SDs and ‘t’ Values for
more stress due to role overload, role ambiguity and
Job Satisfaction Scores
strenuous working conditions compared to late
middle aged. Regarding role conflict, the two middle Age group Mean SD ‘t’ Values
age groups were similar to each other while the A 25-35 yrs 105.26 10.43 AB 1.05 NS
young adults were found to experience significantly ( n = 35)
more stress. On factor 4, that is unreasonable group B 36-45 yrs 106.57 10.18 AC 6.61 p < 0.01
and political pressures the young adults and those ( n = 35 )
late middle age were found to undergo more stress C 46-60 yrs 113.40 10.19 BC 5.65 p < 0.01
than the early middle aged. The stress regarding ( n = 35 )
powerlessness and intrinsic Impoverishment was Higher the score greater the Job satisfaction
found to be experiencing higher among the younger A = Young adults B = Middle age C = Late middle age
adults than the other two groups. As per the low
status was concerned the late middle aged were
THE MEAN SCORES ON JOB SATISFACTION (FACTOR WISE)
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND JOB SATISFACTION
140 AMONG MANAGERS 35
Mean Values Stress and
30
120
Job Satisfaction
Mean Values
25
100
20 YOUNGER AGE
YOUNGER AGE
Occupational Stress
O ccupational stress
80 MIDDLE
MIDDLE AGE
AGE
satis faction
Job Satisfaction
15 OLD AGE
OLD AGE
60
10
40
5
20
0
Work Supervision Co-Workers Pay Promotion
0
25-35 yrs. 36-45 yrs. 46-55 yrs.
Age Groups Factors
9 INDIAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE VOL. 7, NO. 2, MAY-AUGUST 2003
OCCUPATIONAL STRESS (FACTOR WISE)
18
M 16
E 14
A
N 12
10 YOUNGER
YOUNGER AGEAGE
V
A 8 MIDDLE AGE
MIDDLE AGE
L 6 OLD AGE
OLD AGE
U
E 4
S 2
0 OV AM CO GR RE UN PO RE IN LO ST UN
ER BI NF OU SP DE W LA TE W RA PR
LO GU LIC P ON R E RL T I RNS S N
TA IO OF
AD ITY T PR
ES S I B I
PA ES ONS IC TU US ITA
L R T S IM S W
SU
RE T Y
I IC
IP
N ES PO OR BILI
AT S VE KI T
S IO RI NG Y
N SH CO
ME ND
NT ITI
ON
S
FACTORS
As far as co-workers are concerned the late middle most of their intrinsic needs mighty have been met or
aged are more satisfied than the other two younger they altered their needs to expect less hence, the
groups. Regarding pay, the early middle aged seems resulting low occupational stress and high job
to be less satisfied than the remaining two groups. satisfaction in the late middle age group, compared
The late middle age group seem to be more satisfied with younger men.
with promotions also, when compared to the other
groups. CONCLUSION
Individuals under excessive stress tend to find their
The findings from the table 4, the presence of
jobs less satisfying. Some of their intrinsic or extrinsic
predominantly more job satisfaction among late
needs may be thwarted or not met sufficiently.
middle aged on all five facets of the job. Perhaps, in
Corroborating many studies in the literature
their long job tenure, they learned how to master the
(Hollingworth et. al. 1988; Keller, 1975), the findings
intricacies of work and thereby feel work as relatively
of the present study also reveal the same. The
less strenuous than younger managers. Findings of
subjects with lower job satisfaction were found
the study are in line with those of many others. Lawler
to experience more stress in the form of overload,
(1971), Khan (1972), Paul (1978) and Rao (1980)
role ambiguity, role conflict, under participation,
all reported that as individuals get older, there would
powerlessness and low status compared to those with
be changes in the values and needs at the mid life
higher job satisfaction.
point. Findings of Wernimount (1966) also support
dependence of job satisfaction on need satisfaction. Age, therefore, was found to be of importance in
Perhaps, by the time people are in later middle age these study findings. The results of the study reiterate
11 INDIAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE VOL. 7, NO. 2, MAY-AUGUST 2003