Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and fed the same pretreatment diet (GSC + RPMet; tents of DM, CP, ether extract, Ca, and P. The per-
Table 1 ) for the first 21 d postcalving; measurements centages of ADF and NDF in the diet were increased,
for covariate adjustment of data were taken during d and the percentage of starch in the diet was
15 to 21 postcalving. Alfalfa hay ( 2 kg/d) was offered decreased, by replacing GSC with CGF. The RPMet
to each cow for the first 7 d postcalving. On d 22 was top-dressed onto the TMR of the appropriate cows
postcalving, cows were assigned randomly to one of at each feeding (10 g per cow per feeding).
four treatments and were fed either a diet containing
a large proportion of GSC in the concentrate mixture Sampling, Measurements,
or a diet containing a large proportion of CGF in the and Analyses
concentrate mixture and either 0 or 20 g/d of RPMet
Cows were milked twice daily at 0530 and 1530 h,
until d 204 of lactation. The RPMet was supplied as
and milk yield of individual cows was recorded at
Mepron M85 (Degussa Corp., Allendale, NJ) and
each milking. Milk was sampled at each milking on d
contained 85% DL-Met by weight. The four treat-
19 to 21 of lactation and then weekly from two con-
ments were 1 ) GSC – RPMet, 2 ) GSC + RPMet, 3 )
secutive milkings. Milk samples from each milking
CGF – RPMet, and 4 ) CGF + RPMet. Diets were fed
were preserved with 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
as TMR twice daily at 1100 and 1700 h. The ingre-
and composited on a daily basis according to milk
dient and nutrient compositions of the diets are
yield. Composite milk samples were analyzed for con-
shown in Table 1. The diets contained similar con-
tents of fat, CP, and true protein by midinfrared
spectrophotometric analysis [(21); Northeast DHIA
Laboratory, Ithaca, NY]. Fat was measured using the
TABLE 1. Ingredient and nutrient composition of the total mixed
A filter (21). The total solids content was determined
diets (DM basis). in our laboratory by drying (100°C ) a weighed
amount of milk. Samples taken during the covariate
Diet1
period and every 4 wk during the treatment period
Composition GSC CGF also were analyzed for N fractions. Noncasein N was
Ingredient (%) determined by Kjeldahl analysis of the filtrate after
Alfalfa silage 36.5 36.5 precipitation with 10% acetic acid and 1N sodium
Corn silage 17.4 17.4 acetate ( 9 ) . Casein N was calculated as the difference
GSC 21.6 9.0
CGF . . . 14.3 between total N and noncasein N, NPN was calcu-
Soybean meal (48% CP) 10.6 7.0 lated as the difference between total N and true
Soybean hulls 6.3 8.3 protein N, and whey N was calculated as the differ-
Fat2 3.3 3.3
Limestone 1.05 1.05 ence between true protein N and casein N.
Sodium bicarbonate 1.00 1.00 Samples of the alfalfa silage, corn silage, and con-
Dicalcium phosphate 0.95 0.85 centrate mixtures were obtained weekly throughout
Sodium sulfate 0.70 0.70
Mineral and vitamin mix3 0.20 0.20 the experiment, DM content of the feeds was deter-
Sodium chloride 0.20 0.20 mined (110°C for 18 h), and the diet was adjusted for
Magnesium oxide 0.20 0.20 changes in the DM content of the feeds. Feed samples
Nutrient4
DM 69.6 69.8 were composited at 4-wk intervals and analyzed for
CP 15.7 16.2 DM, CP, ADF, NDF, Ca, and P using wet chemistry
ADF 22.7 25.0 techniques (Northeast DHIA Forage Laboratory).
NDF 31.6 37.8
Starch 20.8 14.5 Samples also were analyzed for the content of ether
Ether extract 5.51 5.65 extract ( 3 ) and starch (10).
Ca 1.16 1.11 Orts were weighed daily prior to the 1100-h feeding
P 0.44 0.47
and were scored on a four-point scale ( 1 = dry to 4 =
1Diets were formulated to contain either ground shelled corn
wet). Orts were periodically sampled and dried
(GSC) or corn gluten feed (CGF) and were fed with or without 20
g/d per cow of rumen-protected Met (Mepron M85; Degussa Corp., (110°C for 18 h ) to determine the mean DM that
Allendale, NJ). corresponded with each bunk score. The DMI was
2Animal fat marketed as Qual-Fat (National By-Products Inc., calculated from the quantity of feed offered and its
Des Moines, IA). DM content, the quantity of orts, and the DM percent-
3Contained 5.0% Mg, 7.5% K, 10.0% S, 3.0% Zn, 3.0% Mn, 2.0%
age that corresponded with the bunk score assigned
Fe, 0.5% Cu, 0.025% I, 0.015% Se, 0.004% Co, 2200 IU/g of vitamin
A, 660 IU/g of vitamin D3, and 8 IU/g of vitamin E. to the orts.
4Mean of 12 monthly composite samples, each prepared from Blood was sampled from the coccygeal vein or ar-
four weekly samples. tery into heparinized vacutainers (Becton Dickin-
son, Rutherford, NJ) at 0700 h on one day during d mastitis; and data from 1 cow fed the CGF – RPMet
17 to 21 postcalving and on one day during both d 33 treatment were deleted because of chronic mastitis.
to 37 and d 54 to 58 postcalving. Plasma was har- Therefore, least squares means are presented
vested by centrifugation of whole blood for 5 min at throughout. Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05,
1500 × g at 20°C. A portion (4.5 ml) of the plasma and trends were declared at P > 0.05 to P < 0.15.
was deproteinized with sulfosalicylic acid (250 mg)
and assayed for AA content by ion-exchange chro- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
matography utilizing a Beckman 6300 AA Analyzer
(Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA); L-a-amino-b-
guanidino propionic acid (0.5 ml; 3000 nmol/ml; DMI, Milk Yield, and Milk Composition
Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) was used as an Interactions between treatment and time were not
internal standard. The remaining plasma was frozen significant for DMI, milk yield, or milk composition
at –20°C until analysis for urea N (kit 640; Sigma measurements in this experiment. The DMI was not
Chemical Co.). affected by type of diet or RPMet during either d 22 to
The BW of each cow was measured on d 1 postcalv- 105 or d 22 to 204 (Table 2), but a trend for an
ing, on one day during d 15 to 21 postcalving, and interaction between type of diet and RPMet for DMI
weekly after assignment to treatment. All BW were during d 22 to 204 was observed. The DMI was
measured after the morning milking and prior to greater when GSC + RPMet and CGF – RPMet were
feeding. Body condition scores were determined on fed to the cows than when GSC – RPMet and CGF +
one day during d 15 to 21 postcalving and every 14 d RPMet were fed to the cows. Milk yield was not
from d 22 to 204 by three individuals using a five- affected by treatment and averaged 41.4 kg/d from d
point scale [1 = thin to 5 = fat; (23)]. 22 to 105 and 38.0 kg/d from d 22 to 204. However,
Milk yield and DMI were reduced to weekly means milk fat percentage was increased by CGF, and there
prior to statistical analysis. Data were analyzed for was a trend for an interaction such that both milk fat
both d 22 to 105 and for d 22 to 204 to determine percentage and yield were increased when GSC +
whether responses were altered during different RPMet and CGF – RPMet were fed. The increased
stages of lactation. Data were adjusted by analysis of milk fat yield by cows fed GSC + RPMet and CGF –
covariance using data collected during d 15 to 21 of RPMet resulted in an interaction between type of diet
lactation as covariates. All data were subjected to and RPMet for yield of 3.5% FCM during both d 22 to
ANOVA for a completely randomized design with 105 and d 22 to 204. Yield of 3.5% FCM was increased
repeated measurements using the general linear by RPMet only when GSC was fed. Rumen-protected
models procedure of SAS (17). The model contained Met tended to increase the percentages of CP and
the effects of treatment, cow within treatment, time, true protein in milk during d 22 to 105, but yields of
and the interaction between treatment and time; cow CP and true protein in milk were not different during
within treatment was used as the error term to test d 22 to 105 because milk yield was not increased by
the effect of treatment. Maximum loss of BW was RPMet. Neither percentages nor yields of CP and true
calculated by subtracting the lowest BW for each cow protein in milk were affected by treatment during d
after assignment to treatment from the BW measured 22 to 204 of lactation. The trend for an interaction
during the covariate period. These data were not between type of diet and RPMet for the total solids
covariately adjusted and were analyzed as a com- content of milk during d 22 to 105 of lactation oc-
pletely randomized design; cow and treatment were curred because GSC + RPMet increased the content of
the terms used in the model. Single degree of freedom milk fat compared with GSC – RPMet and because
orthogonal contrasts utilized in both analyses were 1 ) the numerical decrease in fat content offset the nu-
GSC versus CGF, 2 ) 0 g/d of RPMet versus 20 g/d of merical increase in protein content when CGF +
RPMet, and 3 ) the interaction between diet and RPMet was compared with CGF – RPMet. During d
RPMet. Prior to analysis, data from 7 cows were 22 to 204 of lactation, CGF or RPMet tended to
deleted from the data file. Data from 2 cows on the increase the percentage of total solids in milk, but the
GSC + RPMet treatment were deleted because of interaction between type of diet and RPMet for the
chronic mastitis and recurring infection following sur- percentage of total solids was not significant. A trend
gery for displaced abomasum; data from 1 cow fed the also existed for an interaction between type of diet
GSC – RPMet treatment were deleted because of and RPMet for yield of total solids in milk during d 22
chronic rumenitis; data from 3 cows fed the CGF + to 105 and d 22 to 204 of lactation. Cows fed GSC +
RPMet treatment were deleted because of chronic RPMet and CGF – RPMet had greater yields of total
solids in milk than did cows fed GSC – RPMet and when RPMet was fed with GSC is similar to findings
CGF + RPMet. The increased yield of total solids in from our previous experiment (12). Increased yields
milk by cows fed GSC + RPMet and CGF – RPMet of both milk fat and 3.5% FCM were obtained in this
occurred because yields of both milk and milk fat experiment and the experiment of Overton et al. ( 1 2 )
were increased slightly when these two diets were fed when RPMet was fed with GSC to cows. Sharma and
to the cows. Erdman ( 1 9 ) suggested that choline synthesized
These data are similar to those reported by others from Met may be at least partially responsible when
(4, 6, 8, 20) in that replacing GSC with CGF had milk fat content is increased by supplemental Met.
little effect on DMI, yield of milk, and percentage and Reasons for the lack of an increase in yields of milk
yield of milk protein. Corn gluten feed in the diet fat and 3.5% FCM when CGF + RPMet was fed in this
increased (6, 20) or did not affect ( 8 ) the percentage experiment are unknown; however, differences in
of fat in milk. In another experiment ( 4 ) , the diet responses to RPMet might be related to differences in
that contained dry CGF decreased milk fat percent- ruminal fermentation (e.g., amounts of acetate and
age compared with the control diet; however, the diet propionate produced or differences in microbial popu-
that contained CGF also contained less corn silage lations) that could have occurred when CGF replaced
than did the control diet. GSC in the diet. The increased protein content of milk
The magnitude of the increases in yields of milk obtained in this experiment when RPMet was fed
and 3.5% FCM and milk fat percentage and yield agrees with data from other experiments (1, 14, 15,
TABLE 2. Least squares means for DMI and yield and composition of milk from cows fed diets containing either ground shelled corn
(GSC) or corn gluten feed (CGF) with ( + ) or without ( – ) supplemental rumen-protected Met (RPMet) from d 22 to 204 of lactation.
Treatment
GSC CGF Effect
Item –RPMet +RPMet –RPMet +RPMet SEM Diet Met Diet × Met
P
DMI, kg/d
d 22 to 105 23.2 24.1 24.1 23.4 0.7 0.87 0.90 0.24
d 22 to 204 22.7 23.9 24.2 22.9 0.7 0.67 0.97 0.06
Milk, kg/d
d 22 to 105 41.0 42.2 41.6 40.8 1.2 0.73 0.87 0.36
d 22 to 204 37.6 38.9 38.6 37.0 1.3 0.70 0.88 0.23
Fat, %
d 22 to 105 3.20 3.42 3.54 3.44 0.08 0.02 0.41 0.04
d 22 to 204 3.25 3.45 3.56 3.48 0.08 0.03 0.44 0.07
Fat, kg/d
d 22 to 105 1.32 1.43 1.47 1.37 0.05 0.29 0.94 0.03
d 22 to 204 1.22 1.33 1.37 1.27 0.05 0.36 0.93 0.02
3.5% FCM,1 kg/d
d 22 to 105 39.1 41.5 41.9 39.8 1.2 0.62 0.90 0.04
d 22 to 204 36.1 38.4 38.8 36.5 1.2 0.71 0.99 0.04
CP, %
d 22 to 105 2.91 2.94 2.90 2.98 0.03 0.59 0.09 0.46
d 22 to 204 2.94 2.98 2.95 3.02 0.05 0.61 0.16 0.68
CP, kg/d
d 22 to 105 1.18 1.25 1.19 1.21 0.04 0.75 0.29 0.60
d 22 to 204 1.10 1.17 1.12 1.11 0.04 0.65 0.45 0.35
True protein, %
d 22 to 105 2.72 2.74 2.70 2.78 0.04 0.74 0.12 0.43
d 22 to 204 2.75 2.79 2.80 2.83 0.04 0.69 0.17 0.67
True protein, kg/d
d 22 to 105 1.10 1.15 1.12 1.13 0.03 0.96 0.31 0.47
d 22 to 204 1.03 1.08 1.06 1.04 0.03 0.81 0.53 0.23
Total solids, %
d 22 to 105 11.81 12.17 12.22 12.22 0.12 0.04 0.12 0.10
d 22 to 204 11.87 12.20 12.25 12.31 0.13 0.06 0.13 0.30
Total solids, kg/d
d 22 to 105 4.83 5.08 5.09 4.91 0.14 0.75 0.81 0.12
d 22 to 204 4.45 4.71 4.71 4.50 0.15 0.88 0.86 0.10
13.5% FCM = 0.4324 (kilograms of milk) + 16.216 (kilograms of fat).
16) in which percentages of CP in milk were in- 22 to 204. Increases in the percentages of casein N in
creased when RPMet was added to the basal diet fed milk during both d 22 to 105 and d 22 to 204 reflected
to cows. the increased percentages of CP and true protein in
The inclusion of CGF in the diet did not affect the milk. The percentage of whey N in milk was not
distribution of N components in milk, except for a affected by treatment. A trend for an interaction be-
trend for a small decrease in NPN as a percentage of tween type of diet and RPMet for the percentage of N
total N (Table 3). Percentages of total N and true as NPN in milk existed, but these differences were
protein N in milk tended to increase when RPMet was small.
fed during both d 22 to 105 and d 22 to 204. This Yields of total N, true protein N, casein N, whey N,
trend occurred because RPMet tended to increase the and NPN were not affected by treatment (Table 3);
percentage of casein N in milk during d 22 to 105 and however, RPMet increased casein N as a percentage
increased the percentage of casein N in milk during d of true protein N and decreased whey N as a percent-
TABLE 3. Least squares means for distribution of N components in milk from cows fed diets containing either ground shelled corn (GSC)
or corn gluten feed (CGF) with ( + ) or without ( – ) supplemental rumen-protected Met (RPMet) from d 22 to 204 of lactation.1
Treatment
GSC CGF Effect
Item –RPMet +RPMet –RPMet +RPMet SEM Diet Met Diet × Met
P
Total N, %
d 22 to 105 0.453 0.458 0.455 0.468 0.006 0.31 0.12 0.49
d 22 to 204 0.460 0.467 0.460 0.478 0.008 0.47 0.10 0.44
Total N, g/d
d 22 to 105 186.1 194.2 190.8 188.5 5.8 0.92 0.59 0.33
d 22 to 204 172.6 182.0 178.9 175.6 5.9 0.99 0.55 0.23
True protein N, %
d 22 to 105 0.422 0.427 0.424 0.437 0.006 0.29 0.11 0.52
d 22 to 204 0.430 0.436 0.430 0.446 0.008 0.49 0.12 0.46
True protein N, g/d
d 22 to 105 173.1 180.9 177.8 175.9 5.4 0.98 0.55 0.33
d 22 to 204 161.0 170.0 167.1 164.0 5.4 0.99 0.54 0.22
Casein N, %
d 22 to 105 0.348 0.356 0.349 0.361 0.006 0.59 0.07 0.72
d 22 to 204 0.350 0.362 0.351 0.367 0.007 0.66 0.03 0.79
Casein N, g/d
d 22 to 105 142.8 150.4 146.3 145.6 4.5 0.88 0.41 0.32
d 22 to 204 131.2 140.9 136.5 135.4 4.5 0.97 0.29 0.18
Casein N, % of true
protein N
d 22 to 105 82.5 83.1 82.3 83.0 0.5 0.82 0.19 0.96
d 22 to 204 81.4 82.7 81.7 82.6 0.5 0.77 0.02 0.55
Whey N, %
d 22 to 105 0.074 0.072 0.075 0.075 0.002 0.28 0.68 0.69
d 22 to 204 0.080 0.075 0.079 0.078 0.002 0.52 0.21 0.24
Whey N, g/d
d 22 to 105 30.8 30.9 31.0 29.6 1.2 0.67 0.57 0.51
d 22 to 204 30.2 29.4 30.2 28.2 1.2 0.58 0.21 0.55
Whey N, % of true
protein N
d 22 to 105 17.5 16.9 17.7 17.0 0.5 0.82 0.19 0.96
d 22 to 204 18.6 17.3 18.3 17.4 0.5 0.77 0.02 0.55
NPN, %
d 22 to 105 0.031 0.031 0.031 0.031 <0.001 0.78 0.49 0.07
d 22 to 204 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.031 <0.001 0.12 0.03 0.09
NPN, g/d
d 22 to 105 13.0 13.3 13.0 12.6 0.4 0.38 0.89 0.51
d 22 to 204 11.6 12.0 11.8 11.7 0.5 0.91 0.71 0.54
NPN, % of Total N
d 22 to 105 7.0 6.8 6.8 6.7 0.1 0.08 0.18 0.64
d 22 to 204 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 0.1 0.93 0.99 0.48
1Samples taken from each cow at 4-wk intervals were analyzed for N fractions.
TABLE 4. Least squares means for BW and body condition score of cows fed diets containing either
ground shelled corn (GSC) or corn gluten feed (CGF) with ( + ) or without ( – ) supplemental rumen-
protected Met (RPMet) from d 22 to 204 of lactation.
Treatment
GSC CGF Effect
Item –RPMet +RPMet –RPMet +RPMet SEM Diet Met Diet × Met
P
BW,1 kg
d 22 to 105 593 618 607 594 8 0.51 0.45 0.01
d 22 to 204 597 628 616 607 10 0.85 0.24 0.04
Body condition
score2
d 22 to 105 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 0.1 0.74 0.28 0.36
d 22 to 204 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 0.1 0.65 0.21 0.73
1Values are means of weekly measurement.
2Five-point scale where 1 = thin to 5 = fat (23).
age of true protein N during d 22 to 204. These BW and Body Condition Scores
findings agree with other reports (2, 7), which indi-
cate that percentages of milk protein increased when An interaction between type of diet and RPMet
rumen-protected AA were fed. These increases in milk existed for BW such that cows fed GSC + RPMet and
protein were primarily because of the increased syn- CGF – RPMet had greater BW during both d 22 to
thesis of casein. 105 and d 22 to 204 (Table 4). This increase cor-
TABLE 5. Least squares means for concentrations of AA and urea N in plasma of cows fed diets containing either ground shelled corn
(GSC) or corn gluten feed (CGF) with ( + ) or without ( – ) supplemental rumen-protected Met (RPMet) from d 22 to 204 of lactation.
Treatment
GSC CGF Effect
AA –RPMet +RPMet –RPMet +RPMet SEM Diet Met Diet × Met
( mmol/dl) P
Essential
Arg 7.69 7.45 8.07 7.10 0.34 0.97 0.07 0.27
His 2.87 2.12 3.24 3.03 0.25 0.01 0.05 0.26
lle 12.84 12.43 15.30 15.55 0.75 0.01 0.91 0.64
Leu 15.30 14.69 18.70 18.48 0.84 0.01 0.61 0.81
Lys 7.57 7.36 7.81 6.61 0.40 0.50 0.07 0.20
Met 1.94 2.36 2.05 2.28 0.13 0.90 0.01 0.45
Phe 5.03 5.21 5.57 5.08 0.20 0.30 0.42 0.09
Thr 11.56 13.01 12.41 11.70 0.58 0.68 0.51 0.06
Val 26.91 25.41 32.76 33.05 1.40 0.01 0.65 0.50
Nonessential
Ala 23.77 25.53 25.01 23.93 1.44 0.90 0.80 0.31
Asn 7.68 7.61 7.87 7.23 0.44 0.82 0.40 0.50
Asp 1.73 1.72 1.54 1.65 0.07 0.07 0.44 0.39
Cit 9.55 8.48 9.00 9.42 0.58 0.72 0.55 0.18
Cys 1.39 1.47 1.34 1.15 0.07 0.01 0.45 0.06
Gln 11.46 10.81 11.67 10.88 0.70 0.84 0.28 0.92
Glu 12.42 12.36 12.19 11.65 0.60 0.41 0.60 0.67
Gly 42.88 42.56 37.68 39.86 2.49 0.10 0.70 0.60
Orn 4.12 3.70 4.24 3.86 0.25 0.56 0.10 0.93
Pro 8.15 7.86 8.52 8.44 0.39 0.20 0.62 0.78
Ser 9.42 8.84 8.53 8.40 0.42 0.10 0.38 0.56
Tyr 5.72 5.72 6.26 5.90 0.35 0.29 0.59 0.59
(mg/dl)
Urea N 10.48 9.91 10.72 10.47 0.59 0.47 0.46 0.77
lactating cows to abomasal infusion of amino acids. J. Dairy Sci. acids on the accuracy of milk fat analyses by the mid-infrared
59:1254–1270. spectroscopic method. J. Food Prot. 54:890–893.
19 Sharma, B. K., and R. A. Erdman. 1988. Abomasal infusion of 22 Stern, M. D., G. A. Varga, J. H. Clark, J. L. Firkins, J. T.
choline and methionine with or without 2-amino-2-methyl- Huber, and D. L. Palmquist. 1994. Evaluation of chemical and
1-propanol for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2406–2411. physical properties of feeds that affect protein metabolism in
20 Staples, C. R., C. L. Davis, G. C. McCoy, and J. H. Clark. 1984. the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 77:2762–2786.
Feeding value of wet corn gluten feed for lactating dairy cows. 23 Wildman, E. E., G. M. Jones, P. E. Wagner, R. L. Boman, H. F.
J. Dairy Sci. 67:1214–1220. Troutt, Jr., and T. N. Lesch. 1982. A dairy cow body condition
21 Stegeman, G. A., R. J. Baer, D. J. Schingoethe, and D. P. scoring system and its relationship to selected production
Casper. 1991. Influence of milk fat higher in unsaturated fatty characteristics. J. Dairy Sci. 65:495–501.