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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)—used for e-mail routing between mail
25/TCP,UDP
servers
42/TCP,UDP WINS
Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) Client; also used by Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
68/UDP
(DHCP)
88/TCP Kerberos—authentication system
143/TCP,U Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)—used for retrieving, organizing, and
DP synchronizing e-mail messages
The Session layer is responsible for dialog control between devices. It establishes, maintains, and terminates
session between applications, as well as data transfer control between processes and management. It organizes
communication between two presentation layer systems with three modes: simplex, half-duplex, and full-
duplex. It splits a session into three phases: connection establishment, data tranfer, and connection release,
which enables coordination of the requests and responses that result from the communication of different hosts.
E.g. NFS, RPC, SQL, X Windows.
TRANSPORT LAYER
The Host-to-Host Transport layer merges network layer connections and provides a reliable packet delivery
mechanism. Services segment, reassemble, and merge data from upper-layer apps, provide end-to-end data
transport, and establish a logical connection between the sending and receiving host. This layer is responsible
for reliable communication between end nodes as well as the maintenance and termination of virtual circuits.
The transport layer also provides mechanisms for sequencing, multiplexing upper-layer apps, and session
establishment. It provides transparent data transfer and fault recovery and ensures data integrity via flow
control.
• The recipient sends an acknowledgment to the sender when it receives the segments
• Any unacknowledged segments are retransmitted
• Segments are sequenced into their proper order upon arrival
• A manageable data flow is maintained to avoid congestion and data loss.