c



   
 

Read M


 
{ chapter 8.6.

îY escribe the types of electromagnetic waves that are located on the electromagnetic spectrum.

Gamma Rays{ X-Rays{ Ultraviolet{ Visible{ Infrared{ Microwaves{ Radio

îY Mompare the wavelengths{ frequency{ and energy of the different types of electromagnetic waves.

îY 0hat is an electromagnetic wave?

An electromagnetic wave is a wave of energy produced when an electric charge accelerates (Figure 8.9).

îY Ñow are all electromagnetic waves the same? Ñow do they differ?

In a vacuum{ all electromagnetic waves move at the same speed²the speed of light{ c. Ñow they differ
from one another is in terms of their frequency.

Use the websites and chapter sections listed to research applications of the electromagnetic spectrum.

îY M


 
{ chapter 10.2
îY  A Technology and Genomics (Biology E-text located in Mourse Mompass)
îY http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html
îY http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ems2.html
îY http://www.comet.ucar.edu/nsflab/web/satellite/224.htm

Applications to research:

îY Gamma Rays
îY X-rays
îY Ultraviolet Radiation
îY Infrared
îY Microwaves
îY Radio 0aves (AM and FM)

Review M


 
{ chapter 8.

îY Montrast the types of electromagnetic waves found in the electromagnetic spectrum.

îY 0hy do submerged objects appear to be nearer the surface than they actually are?

Because of refraction{ submerged objects appear to be magnified.

îY efine reflection{ refraction{ and diffraction of sound and light.

@
 The returning of a wave to the medium from which it came when it hits a barrier.
@

The bending of waves due to a change in the medium.



Any bending of light by means other than reflection and refraction.

îY Ñow does light act as both a wave and a particle?

åight behaves as a stream of photons when it interacts with a sheet of metal or other detector and it behaves as a wave in traveling
from a source to the place where it is detected. åight travels as a wave and hits as a stream of photons.

Topic: 2.1 - Forces and Energy

Go to 0eek 2 of Integrated atural Science and watch the video The Inverse-Square åaw.
Reading: Mhapter 5{ Monceptual Integrated Science
0hat is gravitational force? The attractive force between objects due to mass.
Explain what happens to the gravitational force when there is a change in mass and/or distance. As mass
decreases so does gravitational force{ and as distance increases gravitational force decreases.
Use an example to explain the inverse-square law. If a person weighs 100 lbs at a distance from earth¶s
surface{ then that person would weigh 1/(2  2 when at a distance of 2 from earth¶s center.
0hat is projectile motion? Any object that is projected by some means and continues in motion by its own
inertia.
Ñow does an object become a satellite? A projectile moving horizontally at 8 kilometers in 1 second.
0hat happens to a satellite when its speed exceeds 8 km/s? It overshoots a circular orbit and instead follows
an elliptical path.
Reading: Mhapters 27.1{ 27.2{ 27.6{ 28.4{ and 28.6{ Monceptual Integrated Science
Explain the role of gravity in the formation of solar systems and galaxies. 0ith the help of gravity{ nebula{
which is made up of gas and dust{ compacts{ heats up and finally forms solar system and galaxies.
åist the ways that gravity affects the objects in the solar system. Gravity keeps them ³in place´ and in orbit{
it controls their movement.
0hy does the same side of the Moon always face the Earth? The earth¶s moon spins at the same time it
rotates{ and it does at a rate such that the same side of the moon faces the same part on earth{ as if the
sections were matched.
Explain the relationship between thermal energy and gravitational force in a star's life cycle. Thermal energy
exerts a force from the center of the star outwards{ whereas gravitational force exerts it from the outside
inwards towards the center{ when these two forces balance out{ the star has reached it size and mass.
Ñow does gravity affect light in a black hole? Gravitation near the surfaces of these shrunken stars is so enormous
that light cannot escape from them.
Ñow does gravitational field affect light (refer to the footnote on p. 658)? light á  curve in a gravitational field.
Reading: Mhapters 4.5-4.10{ 6.1{ and 7.4{ Monceptual Integrated Science
0hat is potential energy? An object can store energy because of its position{ shape{ or state. Such stored
energy is called potential energy (PE){ because{ in the stored state{ it has the potential to do work.
Give some examples of different types of potential energy{ electrical potential energy{
chemical potential energy{ and gravitational potential energy. The chemical energy in fuels is potential energy{ The
potential energy due to elevated positions is called gravitational potential energy{ electric batteries give electrical PE{ this energy is
available when atoms are /rearranged²that is{ when a chemical change occurs.
0hat factors affect the amount of gravitational potential energy? Ñow much of a ³fall´{ or travel towards the center of
the earth
Explain what happens to kinetic energy when the mass and speed of an object changes. KE also changes
åist examples of different types of kinetic energy.
Explain the law of conservation of energy. 0henever energy is transformed or transferred{ none is lost and none is
gained{ just changed.
efine thermal energy. It¶s energy in the form of heat{ for example the sun radiates energy to earth in the
form of light and heat.
Reading: Mhapters 7.3-7.15{ Monceptual Integrated Science
0hat happens when a charged particle enters an electric field? If you place a charged particle in an electric field{ it
will experience a force.
Ñow can electric potential energy increase? the work done in pushing a positively charged particle closer to the positively
charged sphere in Figure 7.9b increases the potential energy of the charged particle.
Explain what volt means when referring to a nine-volt battery. The unit of measurement for electric potential is the volt{
so electric potential is often called  . A potential of 1 volt (V) equals 1 joule (J) of energy per coulomb (M) of charge.
Explain why glass is an insulator whereas silver is a conductor. Electrical á  are materials that allow charged
particles (usually electrons) to pass through them easily. Mopper{ silver{ and other metals are good electrical conductors for the same
reason they are good heat conductors: atoms of metals have one or more outer electrons that are loosely bound to their nuclei.
These are called free electrons. It is these free electrons that conduct through a metallic conductor when an electric force is applied to
it{ making up a current. The electrons in other materials²rubber and glass{ for example²are tightly bound and belong to particular
atoms. Monsequently{ it isn¶t easy to make them flow. These materials are poor electrical conductors for the same reason they are
generally poor heat conductors. Such a material is called a good  
 .
0hy is a potential difference needed for an electric current? 0hen the ends of an electrical conductor are at different
electric potentials²when there is a  
á

 ²charges in the conductor flow from the higher potential to the lower
potential. The flow of charges persists until both ends reach the same potential. 0ithout a potential difference{ no flow of charge
will occur.
0hat is an ampere? The rate of electrical flow is measured in amperes. An ampere is the rate of flow of 1 coulomb of charge per
second.
Explain the difference between direct current (M) and alternating current (AM). By M{ we mean á  {
which refers to charges flowing in one direction.  
 acts as the name implies. Electrons in the circuit are
moved first in one direction and then in the opposite direction{ alternating to and fro about relatively fixed positions (Figure 7.16).
Explain the relationship between current{ resistance{ and voltage in Ohm's law. ERROR PG 127 PRB #1
Murrent equals voltage divided by resistance.
0hat is a resistor? The current inside these and all other electrical devices is regulated by circuit elements called   (Figure
7.18){ whose resistance may be a few ohms or millions of ohms.
Ñow does a parallel circuit differ from a series circuit? A simple series circuit is shown in Figure 7.21. Three lamps are
connected in series with a battery. A simple parallel circuit is shown in Figure 7.22. Three lamps are connected to the same two points{
A and B. Electrical devices connected to the same two points of an electrical circuit are said to be 

 
.
Ñow does magnetic force differ from electric force? 0hereas electric charges produce electrical forces{ regions called

   give rise to magnetic forces.
Explain what makes an object magnetic.  
       
   0here{ then{ is this
motion in a common bar magnet? The answer is{ in the electrons of the atoms that make up the magnet.
Ñow does a compass work? If you suspend a bar magnet at its center by a piece of string{ you¶ve got a compass. One end{ called
the north-seeking pole{ points northward. The opposite end{ called the south-seeking pole{ points southward.
0hat is an electromagnet? If a piece of iron is placed in a current-carrying coil of wire{ the alignment of magnetic domains in the
iron produces a particularly strong magnet known as an   
 .
escribe how moving charges interact with a magnetic field. A charged particle has to be moving to interact with a
magnetic field. Mharges at rest don¶t respond to magnets. But{ when they are moving{ charged particles experience a deflecting force.
0hy does a magnet deflect a current-carrying wire? But magnetic force acts at right angles to the magnetic field and the
velocity of the charged particle.
Explain electromagnetic induction. Faraday and Ñenry both discovered that electric current could be produced in a wire simply
by moving a magnet into or out of a coil of wire (Figure 7.44). o battery or other voltage source was needed²only the motion of a
magnet in a coil or a wire loop. They discovered that voltage is caused{ or 
 { by the relative motion between a wire and a
magnetic field.
0atch the Magnetic Forces on Murrent Marrying 0ires Video
Go to 0eek 2 of Integrated atural Science{ watch the video Magnetic Forces on Murrent
Marrying 0ires{ and answer the following question:
Ñow do electric motors work?
Reading: Mhapters 7.1 and 7.2{ Monceptual Integrated Science

0hat is the electrical force? The terms   and
 refer to electric charge{ the fundamental quantity that underlies all
electric phenomena.
Explain the conservation of charge. Another basic fact of electricity is that{ whenever something is charged{ no electrons
are created or destroyed. Electrons are simply transferred from one material to another. Mharge is 
 .
Ñow is Moulomb's law regarding electrical force similar to ewton's law of universal gravitation? The electrical
force{ like gravitational force{ changes inversely as the square of the distance between the charges.
Ñow does Moulomb's law differ from ewton's law of universal gravitation? The proportionality constant  in
Moulomb¶s law is similar to  in ewton¶s law of gravity. Instead of being a very small number{ like {  is a very large number
escribe the inverse-square law. Force ~ (mass1 >Ymass2 ) / distance2
 Topic: 2.1 - uclear Reactions
@   
  

@    
@ 
    M


 

! 
"    

 
  #$ Most of these elements have very short half-lives{ but some have half-lives of
thousands of years. Safely disposing of these waste products (as well as materials made radioactive in the production of nuclear fuels) requires
special storage casks and procedures. Although fission has been successfully producing electricity for a half century{ the search for satisfactory ways
of disposing of radioactive wastes in the United States has remained unsuccessful. Risks attend nuclear power{ but so do benefits. The potential
benefits of fission power are: plentiful electricity; conservation of the many billions of tons of fossil fuels that every year are literally turned to heat
and smoke (which fuels{ in the long run{ may be far more precious as sources of organic molecules than as sources of heat); reduction of the carbon
dioxide emissions that occur with the combustion of fossil fuels and are linked to global warming; and the elimination of the megatons of sulfur
oxides and other poisons that are put into the air each year by the burning of fossil fuels.
@
á
 
á 
  
 á!  
" 
 
  
 


 
$ Each thermonuclear fusion reaction in the Sun
causes four hydrogen nuclei to fuse together to form one helium nucleus. The resulting helium has 99.3 percent of the original
hydrogen mass. The difference in mass is converted to energy{ which transfers away from the core in the form of X rays and gamma
rays. At the surface{ much is emitted as light{ a tiny bit of which nicely reaches Planet Earth.
"
  
 

$ Fusion brought about by high temperatures
%  
 #
  
&

 
&

 
A star starts out and lasts most of its
lifetime hydrogen burning. In the old age of an average-mass star like our Sun{ the supply of hydrogen fuel is diminished so gravity
overwhelms thermal pressure and the star pulls inward. As the burned-out hydrogen core contracts due to gravity{ its temperature
rises. At a certain point{ the temperature becomes high enough in the core to launch  

²the fusion of helium to carbon.
The star then has a structure consisting of concentric shells. Ñelium fuses to carbon at the star¶s center while hydrogen fuses to helium
in a surrounding shell.
@
á
 "#
á$ 
  
 á!  
å 
  #        
  '(    (
   
 
   
(   
(  
( 
@
á
 "# 
  
 á!  
%  
   
  atoms are made up of electrons{ neutrons{ and protons. The neutrons and protons
lie at the heart of the atom²in the nucleus{ the electrons occupy the outer space around the nucleus
"  
    $ Other atoms don¶t have the right mix of protons and neutrons or have the wrong amount
of energy. The nuclei of these atoms are unstable. Atoms with unstable nuclei are said to be radioactive.
)!
 
 #

 (   ( 
   An
 

 is the
combination of two protons and two neutrons (in other words{ it is the nucleus of the helium atom{ atomic number 2). A % 

 
is an electron ejected from a nucleus{ the difference is that a beta particle originates inside the nucleus²from a neutron. As we shall
soon see{ the neutron becomes a proton once it loses the electron that has become a beta particle. A beta particle is normally faster
than an alpha particle{ and it carries only a single negative charge ( -1). &


'are the high-frequency electromagnetic radiation
emitted by radioactive elements. åike photons of visible light{ a gamma ray is pure energy.
å     
 The leading source of naturally occurring radiation is radon-222{ an inert gas arising from uranium
deposits. About 20 percent of our annual exposure to radiation comes from sources outside of nature{ primarily medical procedures.
Televisions{ computer monitors{ cell phones{ fallout from nuclear testing{ and the coal and nuclear power industries are also
contributors. The coal industry far outranks the nuclear power industry as a source of radiation. The global combustion of coal
annually releases about 13{000 tons of radioactive thorium and uranium into the atmosphere (in addition to other environmentally
damaging molecules). Both of these elements are found naturally in coal deposits{ so their release is a natural consequence of burning
coal. 0orldwide{ the nuclear power industries generate about 10{000 tons of radioactive waste each year. Most of this waste{ however{
is contained and
  
  


.
"   
 #
  ' 
   
  ' 


*
 $ Radiation dosage is commonly measured in   (adiation bsorbed ose){ a unit of absorbed energy. One
á
is equal to 0.01 joule of radiant energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue. The unit of measure for radiation dosage based on potential
damage is the (roentgen equivalent man).* In calculating the dosage in rems{ we multiply the number of rads by a factor that
corresponds to different health effects of different types of radiation as determined by clinical studies.
)!
 

   
    

  0e know that electrical charges of like signs repel
one another. The   

  { which acts between all nucleons is very strong{ but only over extremely short distances.
Repulsive electrical interactions{ on the other hand{ have a relatively long range. For protons that are close together{ as in small nuclei{
the attractive strong nuclear force easily overcomes the repulsive electrical force. But for protons that are far apart{ such as those on
opposite edges of a large nucleus{ the attractive strong nuclear force may be weaker than the repulsive electrical force. 0e see that
there is a limit to the size of the atomic nucleus. It is for this reason that all nuclei having more than 82 protons are radioactiveERROR
PG 196{ IAMETER OF A UMåEUS
"   

    
 

  
 $Otherwise the protons would repell each other
+ #   ,  
    
   

   
 
 $
" 
 

 
$ A nucleus splits and energy is released
"         
     ! 
$ In a small piece of U-235{ neutrons
leak through the surface before an explosion can occur. In a bigger piece{ the chain reaction builds up to enormous energies before the
neutrons reach the surface and escape (Figure 10.21). For masses greater than a certain amount{ called the  

{ an explosion
of enormous magnitude may occur.
)!
 

   *
)- In this equation{ ) stands for the energy that any mass has at rest{  stands for
mass{ and  is the speed of light.
" 
    



 #
   
 
 From Figure 10.26{ we can see
how energy is released when a uranium nucleus splits into two nuclei of lower atomic number.
%    
 
 Energy is gained as light nuclei combine. This combining of nuclei is  


²the opposite of nuclear fission.
+ #    


 

 
$ 0e can see from Figure 10.28 that as we move along the list of
elements from hydrogen to iron{ the average mass per nucleon decreases. Thus{ when two small nuclei fuse²say{ a pair of hydrogen
isotopes²the mass of the resulting helium nucleus is less than the mass of the two small nuclei before fusion. Energy is released as
smaller nuclei fuse.

Topic: 2.1 - Solar System

@   
@
á
  
  
 á!  
"  

      $ In addition to the Sun itself{ the solar system contains at least nine planets{ their
approximately 150 moons{ a large number of asteroids (small{ rocky bodies){ and comets (small{ icy bodies). These objects exist in the
interplanetary medium{ a sparse blend of dust and gas particles.
%  #      
,  The Sun is at the center of the solar system and contains most of its mass²a
whopping 99.86 percent. Moving outward from the Sun are{ in order{ the   
 : Mercury{ Venus{ Earth{ and Mars. ext is the
main asteroid belt{ which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Then{ there are the    
 : Jupiter{ Saturn{ Uranus{
eptune{ and{ as we shall see{ controversial Pluto. Beyond eptune{ containing Pluto{ lies the disk-shaped (  ) (pronounced
³koy-per´) of comets and assorted objects. Far beyond the Kuiper Belt is the *  á(rhymes with  ){ a giant cometary
sphere completely surrounding the solar system.
%#     #   
     

      

%     
 The Sun{ Earth¶s nearest star{ is the solar system¶s power supply. Solar energy is generated
deep within the core of the Sun. The solar core comprises about 10 percent of the Sun¶s total volume. It is very hot²over 15{000{000
degrees Melsius. The core is also very dense{ with over 12 times the density of solid lead. Pressure in the core is 340 billion times
Earth¶s atmospheric pressure! espite this{ the hydrogen{ helium{ and minute quantities of other elements exist in the plasma state.
(Plasma{ recall{ is a state of matter similar to a gas except that it consists of ions and electrons rather than atoms{ because high
energies have stripped atoms of their electrons.) The most important thing about the core is that this is where energy is liberated
through
 
. Recall from Mhapter 10 that nuclear fusion is a kind of nuclear reaction in which lighter atomic nuclei
combine to form heavier nuclei. Fusion brought about by high temperatures{ as occurs in the Sun{ is called 
 
. All
fusion reactions release energy because the total mass of reactants is greater than the total mass of the products. The mass ³lost´ in the
reaction is converted to energy in accordance with Einstein¶s famous equation{ the mass-energy equivalence: .
)!
  
 
   
 Today we know that 
 are relatively large and cool bodies that
orbit a star.
+ #    
 
 
 . 

$ Mompared with the outer planets{ the four planets
nearest the Sun are close together. These are Mercury{ Venus{ Earth{ and Mars. These small and dense inner planets all have
atmospheres (though Mercury barely has one). They are also rocky planets{ each with a solid{ mineral-containing crust and an
earthlike composition. This is why they are sometimes called the  
. The more widely spaced outer planets beyond
Mars are much different from the inner planets. They¶re different in size{ in composition{ and in the way they were formed. The outer
planets{ Jupiter{ Saturn{ Uranus{ and eptune{ are gigantic{ gaseous{ low-density worlds. Because Saturn{ Uranus{ and eptune are
similar to Jupiter{ the nearest and largest of the outer planets{ all four of them are called . 
planets. All have ring systems{
Saturn¶s being the most prominent. Beyond these giants is outermost Pluto{ much dissimilar to the other planets. So if Pluto isn¶t a
planet{ then what is it? Monsider three clues: ‡ Pluto spends most of its time well beyond eptune{ in the region where the comets of
the Kuiper Belt are located. Though Pluto is most often located in the Kuiper Belt region{ its very elliptical orbit brings it closer to the
Sun than eptune at rare intervals.
‡ Pluto¶s orbit is highly elliptical{ like the orbits of comets{ and is steeply inclined (17 degrees) to the planetary plane{ like the brim of
a hat tipped to one side (Figure 27.20).
‡ Pluto¶s composition does not match any of the other planets but is a nearperfect match to the many Kuiper Belt objects.
So{ Pluto is now regarded as one of the many Kuiper Belt objects²much like a comet.
/   
       

  

  " 0 

  
 
#    +      

Topic: 2.1 - Stars

@   
@
á
  
  
 á!  
"   
    
 $ All stars have much in common with the Sun. All are born from clouds
of interstellar dust having roughly the same chemical composition as the Sun (Mhapter 27). About three-fourths of the interstellar
material from which any star forms is hydrogen; one-fourth is helium; and no more than 2 percent of the material from which a star
forms consists of heavier chemical elements.
)!
 #  
 

 
   Stars shine brilliantly for millions or billions of years because of the
nuclear fusion reactions that occur in their cores. And all stars{ the Sun included{ ultimately exhaust their nuclear fuel and die. If you
look into the night sky{ you will see that stars differ in two very visible ways: brightness and color. Brightness relates to how much
energy a star is producing{ while its color indicates its surface temperature.
"   +,
&@ '+&@ $ The Ñ @á

is a plot of the luminosity versus surface temperature
of stars. åuminous stars are near the top of the diagram{ and dim stars toward the bottom. Ñot bluish stars are toward the left side of
the diagram and cool reddish stars are toward the right side.
)!
 
 
   #
   1 
*
 (  
( 

# #/
 )23)M)&most of a star¶s lifetime{ on the main sequence{ with thermal pressure keeping gravity at bay.
Speaking more generally{ a star¶s hydrogen-burning lifetime. @)% 
4 At a certain point{ the temperature becomes high
enough in the core to launch  

²the fusion of helium to carbon "+
4) %"@ the star becomes (or is becoming)
planetary nebula{ shedding away its outer layers into space. The nebula will disperse within a million years{ leaving the Sun¶s cooling
carbon core behind as a white dwarf.
%       
     1   (   


(  

( 

( 
  ( # #(
5
(

( 
  6@ 4 4@ The hot
central bulge of a nebula is called a   .@7
44
å M åå6) 0hile low- and medium-mass stars become white
dwarfs{ the fate of stars more than about 10Msun is quite different. Such a star does not shrink to become a white dwarf. Instead{ carbon
nuclei in its core fuse and liberate energy while synthesizing heavier elements{ such as neon and magnesium. The fusion cycles repeat
until the element iron is formed. 0ith no possibility of energy coming from fusion in an iron core{ the center of the star collapses
without rekindling. The entire star begins its final collapse. Then it explodes violently{ hurling into space the elements previously
manufactured over billions of years. It is during this brief time that heavy elements like silver{ gold{ uranium. Such a stellar explosion
is a  +
)34@  4@ The inner part of a supernova star implodes to form a core compressed to neutron density.
Incredibly{ protons and electrons compress together to form a core of neutrons just a few kilometers wide. This superdense{ central
remnant of a supernova survives as a

 8åM9 + å) ying stars with their enormous gravitational field about the
imploding concentration of mass makes explosion impossible. Mollapse continues and the star disappears from the observable
universe. 0hat is left is a black hole. 7 If a white dwarf is a binary and if its partner is close enough{ the white dwarf may
gravitationally pull hydrogen from its companion star. It then deposits this material on its own surface as a very dense hydrogen layer.
Montinued compacting increases the temperature of this layer{ which ignites to embroil the white dwarf¶s surface in a thermonuclear
blast that we see as a +
. A nova is an event{ not a stellar object.

Topic: 2.1 - Studying the Universe

@


 
  
Before starting your notes on studying the universe, answer the following pre-reading questions.
Make a list of tools that are used in to study the universe.
Why is technology an important aspect of astronomy?
@    
        
Explain the big bang theory.
Explain how the following evidence supports the big bang theory: Hubble's law, cosmic background radiation,
Doppler red shift, and element abundance.
     
 
Go to the Integrated Natural Science course and click on "Week 4". Access the "Universe Quiz."
Answer the quiz questions, submit for grading, and then check your answers.
 @
  !

"#$
% 

Astronomy builds on the knowledge from other disciplines. Use these resources to research how
astronomers use chemistry, biology, earth science, and technology to study the universe:
Conceptual Integrated Science, Chapter 28.4 and 28.6 (PDF pp. 681 and 686)
Integrated Natural Science, Week 4
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/astro-e2/astronomy/index.html
Research Topics
Spectroscope
Spectral lines
Astrogeology
General theory of relativity
Infrared
Nuclear physics
Microscope
Mass spectrometers
Radio receiver
Atmospheric physics
Doppler shift
Math
Biology
Chemistry
Heisenberg's law
Drake's equation
Gamma rays
Spectral lines
Hubble's law
Parallax
HR diagram
@


  #&$
%#
Use these resources to research tools used in astronomy.
Conceptual Integrated Science, Chapters 27 and 28
Integrated Natural Science, Week 4
Tools to Research
Radio telescope
HR diagram
Hubble's law
Optical telescope
Radio telescope
Hubble space telescope
Very Large Array telescope
X-ray telescope
Infrared telescope
Gamma ray telescope

M


  
  



Topic: 2.4 Mells

 

@



 
  

Go to "Week 9" of Integrated Natural Science and watch the video "Comparing Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic Cells."

@    
' '()* #

Read chapter 12 "The Cell Cycle" and chapter 13 "Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles" in the Biology textbooks.

What are the roles of cell division? Mell division allows the reproduction of cells{ in turn{ the continuity of life.

Look at the diagram on pp. 222 and 223 of "The Cell Cycle" chapter. List the events that occur during mitosis. G2 of
Interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.

Look at the diagram on pp. 244 and 245 of the "Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles" chapter. List the events that occur during
meiosis.

Interphase Meiosis 1 separates homologous chromosomes

Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1

Meiosis 2 separates sister chromatids

Telophase 1 and Prophase 2 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2 and
cytokinesis cytokinesis

Use the Figure 13.9 (p. 246) in the "Meiosis and Life Cycles" chapter to compare the two types of cell division: mitosis and
meiosis.

What is the end result of meiosis? Four sister chromatids

How does meiosis contribute to variation in offspring? The four sister gametes produced are genetically different to the
parent cell and to each other.

0 "
 +


@,http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/bactcell.htm

Visit the Bacterial Cell Structure website at the above link and take notes on the following concepts.

Describe the pili, nucleoid, and capsule found in a prokaryotic cell.

@    '-       

Describe the characteristics of organisms. åiving things all share a set of characteristics. For one thing{ they all use energy. åiving
things{ such as the sunflowers and lions in Figure 15.2{ take energy from the environment and convert it to other forms of energy for
their own use.
Explain the size, structure, and characteristics prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. These are distinguished primarily by the
presence or absence of a   { a distinct structure within the cell that contains the cell¶s  A. 6    lack a nucleus (
means ³before´ and   refers to ³nut´ or ³nucleus´). )   (³true nucleus´) have a nucleus as well as other structures
not present in prokaryotic cells. Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called ,
' { and organisms with eukaryotic cells are
called ,
' . Figure 15.7 compares typical prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes have existed on Earth far longer than
eukaryotes. In fact{ prokaryotes first evolved 3.5 to 4 billion years ago{ and they were the only living things on Earth until about two
billion years ago{ when the first eukaryotes appeared. Prokaryotes now include two major lineages{ the bacteria and the archaea
(Mhapter 18). Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms and are very small{ ranging from about 0.1 to 10 micrometers ( meter) in
diameter. Their structure is considerably simpler than that of eukaryotes. The  A of prokaryotes is found in a single circular
structure called a   and is not contained within a nucleus. Most prokaryotes have an outer  # that helps protect
the cell. The prokaryote )  { an occupant of the human digestive tract and one of the best-studied organisms in the world{
is shown in Figure 15.8. Eukaryotes can be single-celled{ like prokaryotes{ or they can be composed of many cells. The fungus known
as baker¶s yeast{ commonly used in baking and brewing{ is a single-celled eukaryote (Figure 15.9). Plants{ animals{ and most other
fungi are multicellular eukaryotes. Eukaryotic cells have their  A in a distinct nucleus{ a feature that distinguishes them from
prokaryotes. In addition{ the  A of eukaryotic cells is found in linear{ rather than circular{ chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells also have
numerous  
  { structures that perform specific functions for the cell. Finally{ eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic
cells²where prokaryotic cells measure 0.1 to 10 micrometers{ eukaryotic cells generally measure 10 to 100 micrometers. Some
eukaryotic cells are even larger than that{ however. Some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells look suspiciously like whole
prokaryotes. -á 
(Figure 15.10){ organelles that obtain energy for the cell¶s use{ are contained within their own membrane
and have their own  A{ just like prokaryotes.
Which structures are the same in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Cell membrane, DNA,

How do plant cells differ from animal cells?

Describe the structure of the cell membrane.

Explain the various transport mechanisms the cell uses to transport specific types of materials:

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis (invagination), and

exocytosis.

Describe the stages of mitosis.

What is the end result of mitosis?

Topic: 2.4 Mhemical Reactions

 %  @  


Mour study of chemical reactions includes resources from Integrated Natural Science. Be sure to

utilize each of these resources as you work to achieve competency in this topic. In your study of

chemical reactions you will focus on photosynthesis and respiration, two important reactions for all

living things.

@



 
  

Go to "Week 9" of Integrated Natural Science and watch the videos "Overview of Photosynthesis"

and "Overview of Respiration."

@    
'-)'-'.       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapter 15.8-15.10. Be sure to define any vocabulary, clarify

any confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study notebook,
seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take notes on the

following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

Why is ATP (adenosine tripophosphate) important to cells?

How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells?

What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis?

Why is light needed in photosynthesis?

Explain how the light dependent and light independent reactions produce the products of

photosynthesis.

What happens during the Calvin cycle?

What are the reactants and products for cellular respiration?

Describe the three stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron

transport.

Why is cellular respiration aerobic?

What happens when oxygen is not present in a cell?

Explain the role of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis and respiration.

Identify the cell organelles needed for photosynthesis and respiration.

@    '(       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapter 13. Be sure to define any vocabulary, clarify any

confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study notebook,

seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take notes on the

following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

What happens during a chemical reaction?

Why is the law of conservation of energy important in chemical reactions?

Give an example of an acid-base reaction and an oxidation-reduction reaction.

Explain how the following factors affect the reaction rate of chemical reactions: concentration

of reactants, temperature, and the addition of a catalyst.

What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?

How can the addition of Sunlight affect chemical reactions?

 Topic: 2.4 Genetics

¦   


Mour study of genetics includes resources from Integrated Natural Science. Be sure to utilize these

resources as they provide a broad range of viewpoints on the topics you will need to master to

achieve competency in this topic. Mour study of genetics will focus specifically on how mutations

occur in the DNA and how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

@



 
  

Go to "Week 9" of Integrated Natural Science and complete the "DNA Fingerprinting Tutorial."

@
¦    


Use Conceptual Integrated Science pp. 361-364 and Biology chapter 20, "DNA Technology and

Genomics," to identify applications for the following genetic technologies:

DNA fingerprinting

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

Genetic engineering

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Genetic transformation

Recombinant restriction enzymes

Gene therapy

Genetic diagnosis

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Recombinant DNA technology

Cloning

Stem cells

@    
'/-)'/'.       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapter 16.5-16.10. Be sure to define any vocabulary, clarify

any confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study notebook,

seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take notes on the
following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

Explain how crossing over promotes genetic variation.

Describe the patterns Mendel observed when he experimented with pea plants.

Explain Mendel's two laws: the principle of segregation and the principle of independent

assortment.

Define the following terms related to Mendel's laws of inheritance: alleles, homozygotes,

heterozygotes, non-homologous chromosomes, and dominant and recessive alleles.

What causes genetic mutations?

What factors determine the effect of a genetic mutation?

Describe the different types of mutations and how each type affects the production of protein

and traits.

How does ionizing radiation from radioactive materials damage the DNA?

Why are bone marrow cells, hair cells, and cells in the gastrointestinal tract more vulnerable to

radiation damage?

Why do ultraviolet radiation and radon cause cancer?

Topic: 2.4 Matter

  

Mour study of matter includes resources from Integrated Natural Science and a website visit. Be

sure to utilize each of these resources as they provide a broad range of viewpoints on the topics

you will need to master to achieve competency in this topic. Investigating how matter is organized

helps us understand how elements, inorganic and organic compounds, and materials differ. We can

then apply our knowledge of these properties in crafting tools, building structures, generating

medications, and inventing new applications to improve our lives.

@



 
  

Go to "Week 5" of Integrated Natural and complete the "Atoms and Isotopes Tutorial."

@    
0 ''       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapters 9 and 11.7. Be sure to define any vocabulary, clarify
any confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study notebook,

seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take notes on the

following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

What are elements?

Describe the location and charge of the subatomic particles that make up an atom.

Why are atoms electrically neutral?

Define the following terms associated with the atom: atomic number, mass number, atomic

mass, and atomic mass unit.

How do the three isotopes of hydrogen (hydrogen-1, hydrogen-2, and hydrogen-3) differ?

Compare the mass, atomic number, electrical charge, and neutron number for isotopes of iron

(iron-55 and iron-56).

Explain the shell model of the atom.

What are valence electrons?

How can the number of valence electrons for a given element be determined using the

periodic table?

List and describe the characteristics for the groups of elements contained in the periodic table.

Identify the number of valence electrons for each of these groups.

How does the number of valence electrons affect the properties of each group of elements?

How can you determine the number of neutrons in an isotope if you know the atomic number?

@  1 
.).(       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, pages 202-203 (Chapter 10). Be sure to define any

vocabulary, clarify any confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your

study notebook, seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and

take notes on the following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

How does an atom of carbon-14 differ from an atom of carbon-12?

Does this difference between carbon isotopes affect how carbon behaves in a chemical

reaction?

Why is this difference important for isotopic dating of organic remains?

0 "
 +


@,http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/HBASE/Chemical/waterdens.html

Visit the Expansion of Water Upon Freezing website at the above link and take notes on the

following concepts.

Why does water expand when it freezes?

@    
'2' '/       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapters 14.1 and 16.2. Be sure to define any vocabulary,

clarify any confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study

notebook, seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take

notes on the following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

The introduction for chapter 14 explains the difference between organic and inorganic

compound. What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Classify the following compounds as organic or inorganic: water, RNA, gasoline, table salt,

carbon dioxide, vitamin C, amino acid, hydrochloric acid, fluorine molecule, sodium fluoride,

hydrogen gas, methane, carbohydrate, ethanol, DNA, silver, and oxygen gas.

What is a hydrocarbon?

Describe the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

If one strand of DNA is ATCTGCT, what is the order of base pairs on the other strand?

How would the opposing strand differ if it was a strand of RNA instead of DNA?

@    
'/ '       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapters 12.6 and 12.7. Be sure to define any vocabulary,

clarify any confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study

notebook, seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take

notes on the following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

Describe the difference between a pure substance and a mixture.

What is the difference between a heterogeneous and homogeneous mixture?

What is a solution?

As you read through the section, make a list of examples or pure substances, homogeneous
mixtures, heterogeneous mixtures, and solutions.

@    
/ ''       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapters 6 and 11. Be sure to define any vocabulary, clarify

any confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study notebook,

seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take notes on the

following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

Describe thermal energy and temperature.

Explain how thermal expansion affects substances.

What happens to the structure of water when it melts and freezes?

How does the freezing and melting of water differ from other substances?

Explain the differences between solids, liquids, and gases.

How does the addition of heat energy affect the motion of molecules?

Describe what happens at the molecular level during the following phase changes: melting,

boiling, evaporation, sublimation, freezing, frost (p. 594) and condensation.

How does a chemical change differ from a physical change?

Explain why some materials are conductors while some are insulators.

Why is it useful to have materials with different properties?

@    '       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapter 12. Be sure to define any vocabulary, clarify any

confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study notebook,

seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take notes on the

following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

Explain how the number of valence electrons in an atom affects its ability to bond with other

atoms.

Why do atoms form chemical bonds?

Compare the bonding behavior of Na (sodium) and Ne (neon).

Explain how elements form an ionic bond.

What is unique about a metallic bond?

How do elements form a covalent bond?

How can you use the periodic table to predict which atoms are likely to bond together?

Draw the structure and label the chemical bonds for the following compounds; NaCl (sodium

chloride), Al2O3 (aluminum oxide), F2 (fluorine molecule), O2 (oxygen molecule), N2 (nitrogen

molecule), H2O (water molecule), NH3 (ammonium molecule), CH4 (methane molecule), and

CO2 (carbon dioxide), HCl (hydrogen chloride), NaF (sodium fluoride).

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

Topic: 2.4 uclear Reactions

Topic: 2.4 Studying Organisms

# 3 
%


Mour investigation on how scientists study organisms includes resources from Integrated Natural

Science, "Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body" (WGU Library E-reserves), and website visits. Be

sure to utilize each of these resources as they provide a broad range of viewpoints on the topics

you will need to master to achieve competency in this topic. The activities in this topic will help you

understand how scientists study organisms.

@



 
  

Make a list of tools that we use to observe organisms. Why are some tools better suited to some

organisms than others?

@    '0       

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapter 19. Be sure to define any vocabulary, clarify any

confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study notebook,

seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take notes on the

following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

Describe how cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work together to perform human body

functions.

How does our body maintain homeostasis?

Explain how the neurons, spinal cord, and brain work together to respond to stimuli.

   3 
%
 

Go to the Integrated Natural Science course and click on "Week 9." Click the "Organisms Quiz."

Answer the quiz questions, submit for grading, and then check your answers.

Once you have completed the quiz and received your results, compare your lower scoring areas

with your study journal. Does your journal address these questions or are there holes in your notes?

Discuss any questions you may have with a course mentor or in the message board.

@


#3 
%


Use Conceptual Integrated Science, pp. 325-327 (Chapter 15) and 432 (Chapter 19), Biology

chapter 20: "DNA Technology and Genomics," and "Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body" (WGU

Library E-reserves) to identify tools that are used to study specific types of organisms.

Optical microscope

Transmission electron microscope

Scanning electron microscope

MRI

X-ray

fMRI

CAT/CT scans

Unaided eye

@    .      

Read Conceptual Integrated Science, chapter 20. Be sure to define any vocabulary, clarify any

confusing topics, and answer all of the listed questions (if applicable) in your study notebook,

seeking assistance in the message board as needed. Pay close attention to and take notes on the

following questions, concepts, and ideas as you read these selections.

Explain the functions of the cells, heart, arteries, and veins of the circulatory system in

transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

Describe how the cells, tissues, and organs associated with the digestive system break down

food.
Explain how the cells, tissues, and organs in the respiratory and circulatory system function

interdependently to provide cells with oxygen.

Describe how the cells, tissues, and organs in the urinary system aid in eliminating waste from

the body and maintaining water balance.

Explain the role of cells, tissues, and organs in the acquired immune response.