Midterm review for social studies Grade 8

Study all notes, handout, readings. Study over a period of time; do not cram th
e information in a short period.

1. What led to the rise to the rise of Big Business? Industrial growth in Ame
rica- late 1800s- capitalist system; new business model called corporation; lais
sez-faire system of no government regulation or interference.
1b- Capitalism Profit motive, private ownership in business
2.laissez-faire Government does not regulate or interfere with business or econo
my. This helped businesses grow
3. free enterprise system Economic system with private control of a busine
ss. Must have competition between businesses
4. Why were corp. allowed to grow and eliminate competition? Government polic
y of laissez- faire
Few restrictions on corporate growth
5. Methods industrialists used to eliminate competition Rebates, sell product be
low cost then raise price when competitor goes out of business
5b.Famous industrialists Carnegie- steel
Rockefeller-oil
Morgan- banking
Vanderbilt - railroads
Robber Baron or Captain of Industry???
6. Monopolies Control of entire industry by one corporation. No competition.
7. Govt s response to big business Began to regulate because of public outc
ry.
8. Interstate Commerce Act Government regulates interstate business (commer
ce) such as railroads
9. Labor unions helped workers People united to improve working conditions; Dec
line due to association with violence
10. Methods workers used against employers picketing, boycotts, strikes
11. Problems associated with urbanization Growth of cities especially in N
ortheast.
Overcrowding, unsanitary housing,
12. How did child labor laws impact adult workers? Progressives and labor u
nions fought to limit or restrict child labor. More jobs for adults.
13. What caused the rise in immigration? Old immigrants: free land, settl
ed in west
New immigrants of industrial age: jobs, settled in north, discrimination
13b. What was the impact of immigration to nation? Greater diversity;
Cultural diversity
14. What happened once they arrived on Ellis Island? New Immigrants landed he
re to be processed. Health inspections kept some out. Names changed sometimes
15. Ethnic Ghettos or ethnic neighborhoods Ethnic neighborhoods where immig
rants settled. Little Italy, Chinatown
16. Purpose of Homestead Act
1862 free land; led to settling of the West
17. Which groups did the Populist Party help? Farmers and laborers/workers uni
ted to form this Third Party
18. Why were third parties created? Third parties were created because they re
sponded to people s special needs like farmers. Not satisfied with Democrats or Re
publicans
19. What did the Progressive Party want to change/ reform? Sought to bring
justice and fairness to the people. Wanted government to take a greater role to
regulate and protect
20. What did muckrakers do to inform people about problems? wrote articles,
books, photos, cartoons to inform people.
Some writers who wanted to reform society were:
Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives (tenement life)
Ida Tarbell: History of Standard Oil (oil monopoly)
Upton Sinclair: The Jungle (meatpacking
21. What was Theodore Roosevelt s position on good trusts vs. bad trusts? Good tru
sts (are ok) vs. bad trusts (not ok)
Trustbuster (bad trusts only); conservationist.
22- 18th amendment Prohibition
Ban alcohol; temperance movement; Carry A. Nation and Women s Christian Temperance
Movement
21 amendment repeal ban because it was ineffective. Govt can t legislate morality
23- 19th amendment Women s suffrage or right to vote. After their contributi
ons during World War I.
24- Suffrage Right to vote-
Foreign policy Dealings with other nations
25-Imperialism Taking over other nations
26-Isolationism Not getting involved with other nations' affairs. After WWI.
27-Neutrality Do not take sides in a war or issue. Before WWI.
28-Expansionism To protect our interests (and investments) the U.S. adopted this
policy.
29-Big Stick Policy Pres. Teddy Roosevelt; use force when necessary to enfor
ce our demands; especially Latin America
30-Spanish American War 1898; yellow journalism; sinking of Maine; helped Cuba w
in independence from Spain. Gained many territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam,
Philippines;
U.S. becomes a colonial empire
31Yellow journalism Exaggerated news stories to sell papers;
you furnish the pictures, I ll furnish the war
32-World War I MANIA; we sold goods to Allies before we entered war, at first-n
eutral then Germany used unrestricted sub (U-boats) warfare
33-Trench warfare WWI - war fought in trenches of Europe
34-Treaty of Versailles Ended WWI; Germany pays reparation and loses colonies an
d military; considered harsh by some. Set the seeds for WWII; U.S. Senate did n
ot ratify it. Foreign entanglements.
35-Why was the League of Nations so important to Wilson?
35b- Senate opposed it Saw this as a way to resolve conflicts and avoid war.

Senate believed it would increase chance of conflict or war.

36. Key changes of the1920 s
-
-booming economy
-buying consumer goods due to easy credit installment buying; -growth of auto in
dustry and related industries
-rise of KKK; -rise of religious fundamentalism (ex. Scopes trial evolution iss
ue)
-prohibition rising crime
-flappers; jazz, Harlem Renaissance
37-Conservation during WWI Patriotism during war; conserved food and fuel;
meatless Mondays, wheatless Wed.; save fuel/ resources
38-immigration quotas / limits Nativists believed immigrants brought bad ideas er
a of Red Scare. 1920s
39. Changes for women after World War 1
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40. Third parties?
Roosevelt Corollary to
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41.Monroe Doctrine
Worked during war in men s jobs resulted in more respect. Later gained suffrage.
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They meet the needs of people who don t believe the Democrats or Republicans serve
them.
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Teddy Roosevelt added this Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine so the U.S. could in
tervene in a nation s affairs when it wanted to do so.
42-primary source Eyewitness account; first hand account; document; diary,
map, photo
43. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Many working women and girls died due to lack of
fire safety. LED to regulations in workplace.
44. Use of assembly line impact economy Cars produced cheaply and efficiently.
Led to growth in other industries such as glass, rubber, travel, and to suburbs.

Possible Midterm essay question for 8th grade

Change Turning Points
Turning points are major events that changed U.S. history.
Some major turning points were:
A. Expansion westward- increased size and population of the U.S. ; encourag
ed by the Homestead Act; Think about Manifest Destiny.
B. Industrial Revolution more machines, more goods produced; more jobs; nee
d for immigrants to work in factories; more child labor; rise of urbanization a
nd all the problems of the cities
C. Progressive Movement people sought to fix the problems caused by the ind
ustrial era; Consider the muckrakers and the issues they highlighted. Power of
the people to solve problems.
D. U.S. in the Spanish American War we gain territories and become a coloni
al power. We have more power and prestige.
E. U.S. involvement in WWI we try to stay neutral, but are still helping th
e Allies by trading with them. We gain prestige as we helped Europeans win the
war.

continued
Foreign Policy
1. What is foreign policy?
2. What determines a nation's foreign policy?
Domestic issues
Foreign events
3. Types of foreign policy we have used and
why.
Ex. -Isolationism-early years of republic and after WWI
- Expansionism - China, Hawaii, Alaska
- Imperialism (colonies); After Spanish American War; Puerto Rico, Guam, P
hilippines
- Neutrality - prior to entry into WWI
Reform Movements
A. Populist Movement
1. farmers had problems with banks and railroad owners; difficulty paying b
ack loans, high freight rates, drought, insects, low prices
2. looked to politicans to help them.
3. formed Populist Party joined farmers and workers
4. WANTED: more govt control of railroads, secret ballot, direct election
of Senators, 8-hour work day, restrictions of immigration, free and unlimited co
inage of silver (to make loans cheaper to pay back).
B. LABOR MOVEMENT
1. workers had suffered with terrible working conditions
2. organized unions to solve these problems
3. Knights of Labor skilled and unskilled workers- 8 hour day, no child lab
or, equal pay for men and women
4. American Federation of Labor higher wages, insurance, only skilled worke
rs.
5. methods strikes, boycotts, picketing,
6. violence associated with strikes hurt unions.
C. Progressive Movement
1. problems of industrial era needed to be solved; hard working conditions,
lack of competition, environmental concerns.
2. muckrakers sought to publicize problems so they could be solved. Who we
re they?
3. initiative, referendum, recall
D. Temperance Movement
2. effort to ban alcohol- 18th amendment
3. seen as evil; impact on families; desire to legislate morality
4. 1920 s associated with rise in crime
5. called the Noble Experiment
6. failed 21st amendment
E. Women s Rights Movement
1. centered on right to vote- 19th amendment
2. women s work during WWI led to support for passage of amendment
3. gained more respect; sought more rights in later years.