CONTENTS

• Why analyze power system fault ?

• Representing power system elements for fault analysis study

Power System Fault Analysis • Per unit system and impedance

• Balanced (3 Phase) Fault Analysis

• Decaying DC considerations

• Examples

• Unbalanced Fault Analysis

Instructor:
Mital Kanabar, • Sequence / Symmetrical components
Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Western Ontario. • Sequence Impedances of Power System Components
Email: mkanaba@uwo.ca
• Constructing sequence networks

• Examples

A Typical Power System Power System Fault Analysis

23 MVA 23 MVA
X’d = 40% X’d = 40%
• Calculate power system currents and voltages during fault
H 1200/5 H

115 MVA (3Ø) 11 kV

conditions

450/5 G 450/5 G • Maximum contributions affect coordination and reach of

0.2 Ohms 0.2 Ohms
11 kV
instantaneous protection
450/5 450/5
F F

105 MVA (3Ø) 11 kV

• Minimum contributions affect sensitivity

150/5 E • Select the best relay characteristics and relay settings for
2.5 MVA
X = 10%
fault detection and discrimination
450/5 D

20.2 MVA (3Ø) 3.3 kV

• Consider Stability Condition >> Required fault clearance time
3.3 kV

150 A A 75A 75/5 B 100/5 C • Check breaking capacity of switchgear

HRC Fuse

T. Sidhu © 2009 M T. Sidhu © 2009

CONTENTS
Representation of Power System Elements
• Why analyze power system fault ?

• Representing power system elements for fault analysis study

• Lines & Cables
• Per unit system and impedance

• Balanced (3 Phase) Fault Analysis

• Generators
• Decaying DC considerations

• Examples • Transformers

• Unbalanced Fault Analysis

• Auto Transformers
• Sequence / Symmetrical components

• Sequence Impedances of Power System Components • Motors

• Constructing sequence networks

• Examples
T. Sidhu © 2009
 Line & Cables Decaying DC Component

∠∅
Z∠∅

L L L L
R R R R R + jwL
C C C
iF
VM sin (wt + α)
iF = id.c. + ia.c.
V VM
= - M sin (∝ - ∅ )e-Rt/L + sin (wt + ∝ - ∅ )
-j Z Z
ωL
X L = jω XC = ↓ ↓
ωC Fault Applied
iF D.C. Transient Symmetrical A.C.
Component Component
at FN (60Hz) XC = large :-
↓
π 3π
Max. value when (∝ - ∅ ) = - or
2 2
id.c
If ∅ = 90 °, this occurs when ∝ = 0 or 180 °,
.
L i.e. when the fault occurs at voltage zero.
R

ia.c.

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Generator Short Circuit Current Simple Generator Models

The AC Symmetrical component of the short circuit current varies
with time due to effect of armature reaction. Generator model to calculate the initial symmetrical S/C current
or sub-
sub-transient current.

i
jX"d
TIME

Magnitude (RMS) of current at any time t after instant of short circuit :

Ι ac = (Ι" - Ι' )e- t/Td" + (Ι' - Ι )e- t/Td' + Ι E

where :
I" = Initial Symmetrical S/C Current or Sub-transient Current
= E/Xd” ≈ 50ms
I' = Symmetrical Current a Few Cycles Later ≈ 0.5s or
Transient Current = E/Xd’
I = Symmetrical Steady State Current = E/Xd

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Simple Generator Models Simple Generator Models

Generator model to obtain the S/C current a few cycles later,

Generator model to obtain the steady state current.
i.e. the transient current.

jXd’ jXd

E E

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

 Positive Sequence Impedances Motors
of Transformers
Transformers
• Fault current contribution decays with time
ZP = Primary Leakage Reactance
P S
ZS = Secondary Leakage • Decay rate of the current depends on the system. From
Reactance
ZM = Magnetising impedance
= Large compared with ZP
tests, typical decay rate is 100 - 150ms.
ZP ZS and ZS
P1 S1
ZM
Infinity ∴ Represented by • Typically modelled as a voltage behind an impedance
an Open Circuit
ZT1 = ZP + ZS = Positive
ZM Sequence Impedance

N1
Xd"

ZT1 = ZP + ZS
P1 S1
ZP and ZS
both expressed
on same voltage
base. M 1.0

N1

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Induction Motors – IEEE Recommendations Synchronous Motors - IEEE Recommendations

Small Motors
Large Synchronous Motors
Motor load <35kW neglect
Motor load >35kW SCM = 4 x sum of FLCM SCM ≈ 6.7 x FLCM for Assumes X”d = 15%
1200 rpm

Large Motors
≈ 5 x FLCM for Assumes X”d = 20%
SCM ≈ motor full load amps 514 - 900 rpm
Xd”
≈ 3.6 x FLCM for Assumes X”d = 28%
Approximation : SCM = locked rotor amps 450 rpm or less
SCM = 5 x FLCM ≈ assumes motor
impedance 20%
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

CONTENTS
Per Unit System
• Why analyze power system fault ?

• Representing power system elements for fault analysis study

• Per unit system and impedance Used to simplify calculations on systems with more
than 2 voltages.
• Balanced (3 Phase) Fault Analysis

• Decaying DC considerations Definition

• Examples P.U. Value = Actual Value
of a Quantity Base Value in the Same Units
• Unbalanced Fault Analysis

• Sequence / Symmetrical components

• Sequence Impedances of Power System Components

• Constructing sequence networks

• Examples
T. Sidhu © 2009
 Base Quantities and Base Quantities and
Per Unit Values Per Unit Values

11 kV 11/132 kV 132/33 kV
Base quantities normally used :-
20 MVA 50 MVA 50 MVA
O/H LINE FEEDER
BASE MVA = MVAb = 3∅ MVA
ZG = 0.3 p.u.
ZT = 10%
ZL = 40Ω
ZT = 10%
ZL = 8Ω Constant at all voltage levels
Value ~ MVA rating of largest item
of plant or 100MVA
Particularly useful when analysing large systems with several
BASE VOLTAGE = KVb = ∅/∅ voltage in kV
voltage levels Fixed in one part of system
All system parameters referred to common base quantities This value is referred through
transformers to obtain base
Base quantities fixed in one part of system
voltages on other parts of
Base quantities at other parts at different voltage levels system.
depend on ratio of intervening transformers
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Base Quantities and Base Quantities and

Per Unit Values Per Unit Value

Other base quantities :- Per Unit Values = Actual Value

Base Value

MVA a
(kVb )2 Per Unit MVA = MVAp.u. =
Base Impedance = Zb = in Ohms MVAb
MVAb
KVa
Per Unit Voltage = kVp.u. =
KVb
MVAb
Base Current = Ιb = in kA Za MVAb
3 . kVb Per Unit Impedance = Zp.u. = = Za .
Zb (kVb )2
Ιa
Per Unit Current = Ιp.u. =
Ιb

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Conversion of Per Unit Values from

One Set of Quantities to Another Example -1

Calculate the fault currents in 11KV, 132KV and 33KV

system for the three phase fault shown
Za
Z p.u. 1
Z p.u. 2 Zp.u.1 =
Zb1
Za Z
Zp.u.2 = = Zp.u.1 x b1 11 kV 11/132 kV 132/33 kV
Zb2 Zb2
20 MVA 50 MVA 50 MVA

Zb1 Zb2 (kVb1)2 MVAb2

= Zp.u.1 x x
MVAb1 MVAb2 MVAb1 (kVb2 )2 0.3p.u.
10%
40Ω 10%
8Ω

(kVb1)2
3∅
kVb1 kVb2 MVAb2
= Zp.u.1 x x FAULT
MVAb1 (kVb2 )2
Actual Z = Za

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

 Example - 1 Parallel Generators
11kV 11kV

11 kV 11/132 kV 132/33 kV
20 MVA 50 MVA 40 MVA XG=0.1pu 11kV
j0.05 j0.1
1.457p.u.
0.3p.u. 40Ω 8Ω V 1p.u.
10% 10%
3∅ 20MVA
FAULT
kV 11 132 33
b
IF = 1 = 0.686p.u.
MVA 50 50 50 1.457
b
XG=0.2pu
Z b = kV 2
b 2.42 Ω 348.5 Ω 21.8 Ω
MVA
b

I b = MVA b 2624 A 219 A 875 A

I11 kV = 0.686 x Ib 10mVA

√3kV = 0.686 x 2624 = 1800A

b
I132 kV = 0.686 x 219 = 150.23A
0.3 x 50 40
8 = 0.367p.u. I33 kV = 0.686 x 875 = 600.25A
Z
p.u.
= 0.75p.u.
20
0.1p.u. 348.5 0.1x 50
40 21.8 If both generator voltages are equal, they can be
= 0.115p.u. = 0.125p.u.
thought of as resulting from the same ideal source -
thus the circuit can be simplified.
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Parallel Generators Classification of Faults

• Balanced faults
j0.05 j0.1 j0.05 j0.1
– 3 Phase faults (L-L-L, L-L-L-G)

j0.1 j0.2 j0.1 j0.2 • Unbalanced faults

IF IF
– Single phase (L-G)
⇒ – Two phase (L-L)
1.0 1.0 1.0
– Two phase to ground (L-L-G)

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

CONTENTS
Power System Fault Statistics
• Why analyze power system fault ?

• Representing power system elements for fault analysis study

• Line - Ground (65 - 70%)
• Per unit system and impedance
• Line - Line - Ground (10 - 20%)
• Balanced (3 Phase) Fault Analysis
• Line - Line (10 - 15%)
• Decaying DC considerations
• Line - Line - Line (5%)
• Examples

Fault Incidence • Unbalanced Fault Analysis

• 85% of faults are overhead line faults. • Sequence / Symmetrical components

• 50% of these due to lightning strikes. • Sequence Impedances of Power System Components

• Constructing sequence networks

• Examples
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
 Balanced Faults Balanced Faults

• 3Ø faults may be represented by 1Ø circuit

• RARE :- Majority of faults are unbalanced
• Valid because system is maintained in a BALANCED state
• CAUSES :-
during the fault

1. System energization with maintenance earthing • Voltages equal and 120° apart

• Currents equal and 120° apart

clamps still connected.
• Power System Plant Symmetrical
2. 1Ø Faults developing into 3Ø Faults • Phase Impedances Equal

• Mutual Impedances Equal

• Shunt Admittances Equal

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Balanced Faults Balanced Faults

LINE ‘X’ LINE ‘Y’ IcF

Ea
LOADS
GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

3Ø FAULT

IaF
Ea ZG ZT ZLX IaF ZLY

Eb IbF Ec Eb

Ec IcF
Single Phase Circuit :-
Ea IbF
ZG1 ZT1 ZLX1 F1 ZLX2
ZLOAD
Ia1 = IaF ZLOAD
N1
Note: All Impedances are in “per unit”
Note: All Impedances are in “per unit”
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Power System Fault Analysis Example 1

• Contents 34.5kV
– Classification of Faults SCC = 1200 MVA

– Balanced Fault Analysis

– Example
10/12.5 MVA
6%

13.8 kV

Calculate the fault current at F

T. Sidhu © 2009
 Example 1 Example 1

34.5kV 34.5kV
SCC = 1200 MVA Step 1: Calculate Base Values SCC = 1200 MVA
MVAbase = 100 Step 2: Calculate p.u impedances
kVbase = 34.5 MVAbase
Z Tpu = Zt ×
2
kVbase MVAoldbase
10/12.5 MVA
Z base = 10/12.5 MVA 100
6% MVAbase 6% = 0.06 × = 0.48
2 12.5
34.5
= = 11.9ohms
100
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
MVAbase 100MVA
I base = =
F 3kVbase 3 × 34.5kV F

= 1673.48 A
Calculate the fault current at F Calculate the fault current at F

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Example 1 Example 1

34.5kV Step 2: Calculate p.u impedances 34.5kV

Step 3: Calculate fault current
SCC = 1200 MVA SCC = 1200 MVA
MVA base
Z Tpu = Zt x Vpu
MVA oldbase IFpu =
100 Z total
= 0.06 x = 0.48 1 .0
12.5 = = 1.775 pu
10/12.5 MVA 10/12.5 MVA 0.48 + 0.0833
6% 6%

MVAbase kVoldbase
13.8 kV
Z utility = × 13.8 kV
SCC kVbase
100 34.5
F = × F
1200 34.5
Calculate the fault current at F = 0.0833 Calculate the fault current at F
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Example 1 Example 2 – Addition of a Generator

Step 3: Calculate fault current 34.5kV

34.5kV
Vpu SCC = 1200 MVA
SCC = 1200 MVA IFpu =
Z total
1 .0
= = 1.775 pu
0.48 + 0.0833 10/12.5 MVA
5MVA
6%
Xd”=0.12
10/12.5 MVA
6%
I FHV = I Fpu × I base
= 1.775 ×1673.48 = 2970 A 13.8 kV
13.8 kV
I
I FLV = FHV × 34.5 F
F 13.8
Calculate the fault current at F
= 7426 A Calculate the fault current at F

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

 Example 2 – Addition of a Generator Example 2 – Addition of a Generator

Step 1: Calculate impedances Step 1: Calculate impedances

MVAbase kVoldbase
34.5kV 34.5kV Z utility = ×
SCC = 1200 MVA MVAbase kVoldbase SCC = 1200 MVA SCC kVbase
Z utility = ×
SCC kVbase 100 34.5
= ×
10/12.5 MVA 100 34.5 10/12.5 MVA 1200 34.5
6%
5MVA
= × 6%
5MVA = 0.0833
Xd”=0.12 1200 34.5 Xd”=0.12
= 0.0833 MVA base
Z Tpu = Zt x
MVA oldbase
100
13.8 kV 13.8 kV = 0.06 x = 0.48
12.5
F F

Calculate the fault current at F Calculate the fault current at F

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Example 2 – Addition of a Generator Example 2 – Addition of a Generator

MVAbase kVoldbase
Step 1: Z utility = × Step 2: Calculate equivalent impedances
Calculate impedances SCC kVbase
34.5kV
34.5kV 100 34.5
SCC = 1200 MVA = ÷ SCC = 1200 MVA
1.0V
1200 34.5
= 0.0833
10/12.5 MVA 0.0833
10/12.5 MVA 6%
MVA base 5MVA
6%
5MVA Z Tpu = Zt x Xd”=0.12
Zutility
ZGpu
Xd”=0.12 MVA oldbase 2.4
100
= 0.06 x = 0.48
12.5 ZTpu 0.48
MVA base 13.8 kV
13.8 kV ZGpu = ZG x
MVA oldbase
F
100
F
= 0.12 x = 2. 4 Calculate the fault current at F
Calculate the fault current at F 5
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Example 2 – Addition of a Generator

Example 2 – Addition of a Generator

Step 2: Calculate equivalent impedances Step 3: Calculate fault current

1.0V
1.0V
0.5633 × 2.4
0.0833 Z Eq = = 0.456
0.5633 × 2.4 0.0833 0.5633 + 2.4
Zutility Z Eq = = 0.456
2.4 0.5633 + 2.4 Zutility
2.4
Vpu 1. 0
ZGpu 0.456
ZGpu 0.456
IFpu = = = 2.192 pu
ZTpu 0.48
ZTpu
ZEq 0.456
0.48

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

 Example 1 & 2 Comparison
Example 2 – Addition of a Generator
34.5kV 34.5kV
Step 3: Calculate fault 0.5633 × 2.4
Z Eq = = 0.456 SCC = 1200 MVA SCC = 1200 MVA

current 0.5633 + 2.4

10/12.5 MVA
1.0V Vpu 1. 0 6%
IFpu = = = 2.192 pu 5MVA
ZEq 0.456 10/12.5 MVA Xd”=0.12
0.0833 6%

Zutility
2.4
I FHV = I Fpu × I base
= 2.192 × 1673.48 = 3668 A 13.8 kV 13.8 kV
ZGpu 0.456
ZTpu 0.48
I FHV
I FLV = × 34.5 F F

13.8
= 9170 A IF =7426 Amps IF =9170 Amps
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor

34.5kV
Step 1: Calculate impedances
SCC = 1200 MVA
34.5kV
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA SCC = 1200 MVA
6% MVAbase kVoldbase
Xd”=0.12
Z utility = ×
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA SCC kVbase
6% Xd”=0.12
13.8 kV 100 34.5
= ×
1200 34.5
F 3 MVA
13.8 kV
= 0.0833
5%

2.4 kV F 3 MVA
5%

M 2500 HP 2.4 kV
Xd”=0.17
2500 HP
M Xd”=0.17
Calculate the fault current at F Calculate the fault current at F
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor

Step 1: Calculate impedances Step 1: Calculate MVAbase kVoldbase

Z utility = ×
34.5kV MVAbase kVoldbase impedances SCC kVbase
SCC = 1200 MVA Z utility = × 34.5kV
SCC kVbase SCC = 1200 MVA 100 34.5
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA
= ×
6% Xd”=0.12 100 34.5 10/12.5 MVA 5MVA 1200 34.5
= × 6% Xd”=0.12
= 0.0833
1200 34.5
13.8 kV
= 0.0833 13.8 kV Z Tpu1 = Zt x
MVA base
MVA oldbase
MVA base
F 3 MVA Z Tpu1 = Zt x 100
5% MVA oldbase F 3 MVA
5%
= 0.06 x = 0.48
12.5
100
2.4 kV
= 0.06 x = 0.48 2.4 kV
MVA base
12.5 ZGpu = ZG x
M 2500 HP MVA oldbase
Xd”=0.17 M 2500 HP
Xd”=0.17 100
Calculate the fault current at F Calculate the fault current at F = 0.12 x = 2.4
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009
5
 Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor

Step 1: Calculate impedances Step 1: Calculate impedances

34.5kV 34.5kV Zutility = 0.0833 pu
Zutility = 0.0833 pu
SCC = 1200 MVA SCC = 1200 MVA
Z Tpu1 = 0.48 pu
Z Tpu1 = 0.48 pu
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA 10/12.5 MVA 5MVA ZGpu = 2.4 pu
6% Xd”=0.12 ZGpu = 2.4 pu 6% Xd”=0.12
Z Tpu2 = 1.667 pu
13.8 kV 13.8 kV
MVA base 2500 × 0.746
Z Tpu2 = Zt x Motor rating =
MVA oldbase pf
F 3 MVA F 3 MVA
100 1865kW
5%
= 0.05x = 1.667 5% = = 2.154MVA
3 0.866
2.4 kV 2.4 kV
MVAbase
Z Mpu = Zm ×
2500 HP, MVAoldbase
M 2500 HP M 0.866 pf,
Xd”=0.17 Xd”=0.17 100
= 0.17 × = 7.89
2.154
T. Sidhu © 2009 Calculate the fault current at F T. Sidhu © 2009 Calculate the fault current at F

Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor

Step 1: Calculate impedances Step 2: Calculate Equivalent impedances

34.5kV 34.5kV

SCC = 1200 MVA Zutility = 0.0833 pu SCC = 1200 MVA

1.0V
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA Z Tpu1 = 0.48 pu 10/12.5 MVA
6%
5MVA
Xd”=0.12
6% Xd”=0.12
Z Gpu = 2.4 pu 0.0833
Zutility 7.89
13.8 kV Z Tpu2 = 1.667 pu 13.8 kV
2.4
ZMpu

Z Mpu = 7.89 pu 3 MVA

ZGpu
F 3 MVA F
5% ZTpu1 0.48 1.667
5% ZTpu2
2.4 kV 2.4 kV

2500 HP
M Xd”=0.17 M 2500 HP
Xd”=0.17
Calculate the fault current at F
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009 Calculate the fault current at F

Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor Example 3 –Presence of transformer & motor

Step 3: Calculate fault current

Step 2: Calculate Equivalent impedances
Vpu 1.0
IFpu = = = 2.297 pu
1.0V 1.0V 1.0V ZEq 0.4354

0.0833 1.667
Zutility I FHV = I Fpu × I base
ZMpu
2.4 0.4354 0.4354 = 2.297 × 1673.48 = 3844 A
ZGpu I
ZTpu1 0.48 I FLV = FHV × 34.5
7.89 ZTpu2 13.8
= 9609 A

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

 CONTENTS
Symmetrical Faults Summary
• Why analyze power system fault ?

• Representing power system elements for fault analysis study

34.5kV
34.5kV 34.5kV
SCC = 1200 MVA
SCC = 1200 MVA • Per unit system and impedance
SCC = 1200 MVA
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA
6% Xd”=0.12 • Balanced (3 Phase) Fault Analysis
10/12.5 MVA
10/12.5 MVA
6%
• Decaying DC considerations
6%
5MVA 13.8 kV
Xd”=0.12 • Examples
3 MVA
F
5%
• Unbalanced Fault Analysis
13.8 kV 13.8 kV 2.4 kV • Sequence / Symmetrical components
2500 HP
F M Xd”=0.17
• Sequence Impedances of Power System Components
F

• Constructing sequence networks

IF =7426 Amps IF =9170 Amps IF =9609 Amps
• Examples
T. Sidhu © 2009

Decaying DC Component Consideration

Source of Decaying DC Component
∠∅
Z∠∅ • Decaying DC component is considered in Fault analysis using
diF (t )
VM sin( wt + α ) = iF (t ) R + L Asymmetry Factor (AF)
dt
R + jwL • AF is the ratio of maximum single phase RMS current at half cycle to
VM sin (wt + α) iF i F (t) = i d.c. + i a.c. symmetrical single phase RMS current
VM V
=- sin ( α - ∅)e -Rt/L + M sin (wt + α - ∅)
Z Z
↓ ↓ Short circuit AF
Fault D.C. Transient Symmetrical A.C.
Applied iF X/R
Component Component
↓ 100 1.696
3π π 10 1.44
id.c Max. value when ( α - ∅) = - 2 or 2
5 1.25
. If ∅ = 90°, this occurs when α = 0 or 180°,
i.e. when the fault occurs at voltage zero.

ia.c.
I F , Asym = AF × I F , Sym
T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

CONTENTS
Table of Asymmetry Factors
• Why analyze power system fault ?

• Representing power system elements for fault analysis study

• Per unit system and impedance

• Balanced (3 Phase) Fault Analysis

• Decaying DC considerations

• Examples

• Unbalanced Fault Analysis

• Sequence / Symmetrical components

• Sequence Impedances of Power System Components

• Constructing sequence networks

• Examples
T. Sidhu © 2009
 Example
Symmetrical Faults Summary – Without AF
34.5kV
• Let’s consider X/R = 5 in last example
34.5kV 34.5kV
SCC = 1200 MVA • We obtained symmetrical fault currents as ,
SCC = 1200 MVA
SCC = 1200 MVA IF1=7426 A; IF2=9170 A; IF3=9609 A
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA
6% Xd”=0.12

10/12.5 MVA
• For, X/R=5, AF=1.25
10/12.5 MVA
6% 6%
5MVA 13.8 kV
Xd”=0.12
• Hence, I F , Asym = AF × I F , Sym
F 3 MVA
5%

13.8 kV 13.8 kV 2.4 kV

I F 1 , Asym = 1 . 25 × 7 426 = 9281.25 A
2500 HP
M
I F 2 , Asym = 1 . 25 × 9 170 = 11462.5 A
F F Xd”=0.17

IF =7426 Amps IF =9170 Amps IF =9609 Amps I F 3 , Asym = 1 . 25 × 9 609 = 12011.25 A

T. Sidhu © 2009 T. Sidhu © 2009

Symmetrical Faults Summary – With AF

34.5kV
34.5kV 34.5kV
SCC = 1200 MVA
SCC = 1200 MVA SCC = 1200 MVA
10/12.5 MVA 5MVA
6% Xd”=0.12

10/12.5 MVA 10/12.5 MVA

6% 6%
5MVA 13.8 kV
Xd”=0.12

F 3 MVA
5%

13.8 kV 13.8 kV 2.4 kV

2500 HP
F F
M Xd”=0.17

IF =9281.25 Amps IF =11462.5 Amps IF =12011.25 Amps

T. Sidhu © 2009