1300MathFormulas Part1

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1300 Math Formulas

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fp_k= =VVQVNMTTQN=
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`çéóêáÖÜí=«=OMMQ=^KpîáêáåK=^ää=oáÖÜíë=oÉëÉêîÉÇK=
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qÜáë=é~ÖÉ=áë=áåíÉåíáçå~ääó=äÉÑí=Ää~åâK=
i
Preface
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qÜáë= Ü~åÇÄççâ= áë= ~= ÅçãéäÉíÉ= ÇÉëâíçé= êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ= Ñçê= ëíì-
ÇÉåíë= ~åÇ= ÉåÖáåÉÉêëK= fí= Ü~ë= ÉîÉêóíÜáåÖ= Ñêçã= ÜáÖÜ= ëÅÜççä=
ã~íÜ=íç=ã~íÜ=Ñçê=~Çî~åÅÉÇ=ìåÇÉêÖê~Çì~íÉë=áå=ÉåÖáåÉÉêáåÖI=
ÉÅçåçãáÅëI=éÜóëáÅ~ä=ëÅáÉåÅÉëI=~åÇ=ã~íÜÉã~íáÅëK=qÜÉ=ÉÄççâ=
Åçåí~áåë= ÜìåÇêÉÇë= çÑ= Ñçêãìä~ëI= í~ÄäÉëI= ~åÇ= ÑáÖìêÉë= Ñêçã=
kìãÄÉê= pÉíëI= ^äÖÉÄê~I= dÉçãÉíêóI= qêáÖçåçãÉíêóI= j~íêáÅÉë=
~åÇ= aÉíÉêãáå~åíëI= sÉÅíçêëI= ^å~äóíáÅ= dÉçãÉíêóI= `~äÅìäìëI=
aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=bèì~íáçåëI=pÉêáÉëI=~åÇ=mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=qÜÉçêóK==
qÜÉ= ëíêìÅíìêÉÇ= í~ÄäÉ= çÑ= ÅçåíÉåíëI= äáåâëI= ~åÇ= ä~óçìí= ã~âÉ=
ÑáåÇáåÖ= íÜÉ= êÉäÉî~åí= áåÑçêã~íáçå= èìáÅâ= ~åÇ= é~áåäÉëëI= ëç= áí=
Å~å=ÄÉ=ìëÉÇ=~ë=~å=ÉîÉêóÇ~ó=çåäáåÉ=êÉÑÉêÉåÅÉ=ÖìáÇÉK===
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Contents
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1 krj_bo=pbqp=
NKN= pÉí=fÇÉåíáíáÉë==1=
NKO= pÉíë=çÑ=kìãÄÉêë==5=
NKP= _~ëáÅ=fÇÉåíáíáÉë==7=
NKQ= `çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉêë==8=
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2 îdb_o^=
OKN= c~ÅíçêáåÖ=cçêãìä~ë==12=
OKO= mêçÇìÅí=cçêãìä~ë==13=
OKP= mçïÉêë==14=
OKQ= oççíë==15=
OKR= içÖ~êáíÜãë==16=
OKS= bèì~íáçåë==18=
OKT= fåÉèì~äáíáÉë==19=
OKU= `çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=cçêãìä~ë==22=
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3 dbljbqov=
PKN= oáÖÜí=qêá~åÖäÉ==24=
PKO= fëçëÅÉäÉë=qêá~åÖäÉ==27=
PKP= bèìáä~íÉê~ä=qêá~åÖäÉ==28=
PKQ= pÅ~äÉåÉ=qêá~åÖäÉ==29=
PKR= pèì~êÉ==33=
PKS= oÉÅí~åÖäÉ==34=
PKT= m~ê~ääÉäçÖê~ã==35=
PKU= oÜçãÄìë==36=
PKV= qê~éÉòçáÇ==37=
PKNM= fëçëÅÉäÉë=qê~éÉòçáÇ==38=
PKNN= fëçëÅÉäÉë=qê~éÉòçáÇ=ïáíÜ=fåëÅêáÄÉÇ=`áêÅäÉ==40=
PKNO= qê~éÉòçáÇ=ïáíÜ=fåëÅêáÄÉÇ=`áêÅäÉ==41=
iii
PKNP= háíÉ==42=
PKNQ= `óÅäáÅ=nì~Çêáä~íÉê~ä==43=
PKNR= q~åÖÉåíá~ä=nì~Çêáä~íÉê~ä==45=
PKNS= dÉåÉê~ä=nì~Çêáä~íÉê~ä==46=
PKNT= oÉÖìä~ê=eÉñ~Öçå==47=
PKNU= oÉÖìä~ê=mçäóÖçå==48=
PKNV= `áêÅäÉ==50=
PKOM= pÉÅíçê=çÑ=~=`áêÅäÉ==53=
PKON= pÉÖãÉåí=çÑ=~=`áêÅäÉ==54=
PKOO= `ìÄÉ==55=
PKOP= oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=m~ê~ääÉäÉéáéÉÇ==56=
PKOQ= mêáëã==57=
PKOR= oÉÖìä~ê=qÉíê~ÜÉÇêçå==58=
PKOS= oÉÖìä~ê=móê~ãáÇ==59=
PKOT= cêìëíìã=çÑ=~=oÉÖìä~ê=móê~ãáÇ==61=
PKOU= oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=oáÖÜí=tÉÇÖÉ==62=
PKOV= mä~íçåáÅ=pçäáÇë==63=
PKPM= oáÖÜí=`áêÅìä~ê=`óäáåÇÉê==66=
PKPN= oáÖÜí=`áêÅìä~ê=`óäáåÇÉê=ïáíÜ=~å=lÄäáèìÉ=mä~åÉ=c~ÅÉ==68=
PKPO= oáÖÜí=`áêÅìä~ê=`çåÉ==69=
PKPP= cêìëíìã=çÑ=~=oáÖÜí=`áêÅìä~ê=`çåÉ==70=
PKPQ= péÜÉêÉ==72=
PKPR= péÜÉêáÅ~ä=`~é==72=
PKPS= péÜÉêáÅ~ä=pÉÅíçê==73=
PKPT= péÜÉêáÅ~ä=pÉÖãÉåí==74=
PKPU= péÜÉêáÅ~ä=tÉÇÖÉ==75=
PKPV= bääáéëçáÇ==76=
PKQM= `áêÅìä~ê=qçêìë==78=
= =
4 qofdlkljbqov=
QKN= o~Çá~å=~åÇ=aÉÖêÉÉ=jÉ~ëìêÉë=çÑ=^åÖäÉë==80=
QKO= aÉÑáåáíáçåë=~åÇ=dê~éÜë=çÑ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==81=
QKP= páÖåë=çÑ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==86=
QKQ= qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=`çããçå=^åÖäÉë==87=
QKR= jçëí=fãéçêí~åí=cçêãìä~ë==88=
iv
QKS= oÉÇìÅíáçå=cçêãìä~ë==89=
QKT= mÉêáçÇáÅáíó=çÑ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==90=
QKU= oÉä~íáçåë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==90=
QKV= ^ÇÇáíáçå=~åÇ=pìÄíê~Åíáçå=cçêãìä~ë==91=
QKNM= açìÄäÉ=^åÖäÉ=cçêãìä~ë==92=
QKNN= jìäíáéäÉ=^åÖäÉ=cçêãìä~ë==93=
QKNO= e~äÑ=^åÖäÉ=cçêãìä~ë==94=
QKNP= e~äÑ=^åÖäÉ=q~åÖÉåí=fÇÉåíáíáÉë==94=
QKNQ= qê~åëÑçêãáåÖ=çÑ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=bñéêÉëëáçåë=íç=mêçÇìÅí==95=
QKNR= qê~åëÑçêãáåÖ=çÑ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=bñéêÉëëáçåë=íç=pìã==97===
QKNS= mçïÉêë=çÑ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==98=
QKNT= dê~éÜë=çÑ=fåîÉêëÉ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==99=
QKNU= mêáåÅáé~ä=s~äìÉë=çÑ=fåîÉêëÉ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==102=
QKNV= oÉä~íáçåë=ÄÉíïÉÉå=fåîÉêëÉ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==103=
QKOM= qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=bèì~íáçåë==106=
QKON= oÉä~íáçåë=íç=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==106=
= =
5 j^qof`bp=^ka=abqbojfk^kqp=
RKN= aÉíÉêãáå~åíë==107=
RKO= mêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=aÉíÉêãáå~åíë==109=
RKP= j~íêáÅÉë==110=
RKQ= léÉê~íáçåë=ïáíÜ=j~íêáÅÉë==111=
RKR= póëíÉãë=çÑ=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë==114=
= =
6 sb`qlop=
SKN= sÉÅíçê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë==118=
SKO= sÉÅíçê=^ÇÇáíáçå==120=
SKP= sÉÅíçê=pìÄíê~Åíáçå==122=
SKQ= pÅ~äáåÖ=sÉÅíçêë==122=
SKR= pÅ~ä~ê=mêçÇìÅí==123=
SKS= sÉÅíçê=mêçÇìÅí==125=
SKT= qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=127=
= =
7 ^kîvqf`=dbljbqov=
TKN= låÉ=-aáãÉåëáçå~ä=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=póëíÉã==130=
v
TKO= qïç=-aáãÉåëáçå~ä=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=póëíÉã==131=
TKP= píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=áå=mä~åÉ==139=
TKQ= `áêÅäÉ==149=
TKR= bääáéëÉ==152=
TKS= eóéÉêÄçä~==154=
TKT= m~ê~Äçä~==158=
TKU= qÜêÉÉ=-aáãÉåëáçå~ä=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=póëíÉã==161=
TKV= mä~åÉ==165=
TKNM= píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=áå=pé~ÅÉ==175=
TKNN= nì~ÇêáÅ=pìêÑ~ÅÉë==180=
TKNO= péÜÉêÉ==189=
= =
8 afccbobkqfî=`î`rirp=
UKN= cìåÅíáçåë=~åÇ=qÜÉáê=dê~éÜë==191=
UKO= iáãáíë=çÑ=cìåÅíáçåë==208=
UKP= aÉÑáåáíáçå=~åÇ=mêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=aÉêáî~íáîÉ==209=
UKQ= q~ÄäÉ=çÑ=aÉêáî~íáîÉë==211=
UKR= eáÖÜÉê=lêÇÉê=aÉêáî~íáîÉë==215=
UKS= ^ééäáÅ~íáçåë=çÑ=aÉêáî~íáîÉ==217=
UKT= aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä==221=
UKU= jìäíáî~êá~ÄäÉ=cìåÅíáçåë==222=
UKV= aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=léÉê~íçêë==225=
= =
9 fkqbdoî=`î`rirp=
VKN= fåÇÉÑáåáíÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä==227=
VKO= fåíÉÖê~äë=çÑ=o~íáçå~ä=cìåÅíáçåë==228=
VKP= fåíÉÖê~äë=çÑ=fêê~íáçå~ä=cìåÅíáçåë==231=
VKQ= fåíÉÖê~äë=çÑ=qêáÖçåçãÉíêáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==237=
VKR= fåíÉÖê~äë=çÑ=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==241=
VKS= fåíÉÖê~äë=çÑ=bñéçåÉåíá~ä=~åÇ=içÖ~êáíÜãáÅ=cìåÅíáçåë==242=
VKT= oÉÇìÅíáçå=cçêãìä~ë==243=
VKU= aÉÑáåáíÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä==247=
VKV= fãéêçéÉê=fåíÉÖê~ä==253=
VKNM= açìÄäÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä==257=
VKNN= qêáéäÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä==269=
vi
VKNO= iáåÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä==275=
VKNP= pìêÑ~ÅÉ=fåíÉÖê~ä==285=
= =
10 afccbobkqfî=bnr^qflkp=
NMKN= cáêëí=lêÇÉê=lêÇáå~êó=aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=bèì~íáçåë==295=
NMKO= pÉÅçåÇ=lêÇÉê=lêÇáå~êó=aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=bèì~íáçåë==298=
NMKP= pçãÉ=m~êíá~ä=aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=bèì~íáçåë==302=
= =
11 pbofbp=
NNKN= ^êáíÜãÉíáÅ=pÉêáÉë==304=
NNKO= dÉçãÉíêáÅ=pÉêáÉë==305=
NNKP= pçãÉ=cáåáíÉ=pÉêáÉë==305=
NNKQ= fåÑáåáíÉ=pÉêáÉë==307=
NNKR= mêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=`çåîÉêÖÉåí=pÉêáÉë==307=
NNKS= `çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=qÉëíë==308=
NNKT= ^äíÉêå~íáåÖ=pÉêáÉë==310=
NNKU= mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë==311=
NNKV= aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~íáçå=~åÇ=fåíÉÖê~íáçå=çÑ=mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë==312=
NNKNM= q~óäçê=~åÇ=j~Åä~ìêáå=pÉêáÉë==313=
NNKNN= mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë=bñé~åëáçåë=Ñçê=pçãÉ=cìåÅíáçåë==314=
NNKNO= _áåçãá~ä=pÉêáÉë==316=
NNKNP= cçìêáÉê=pÉêáÉë==316=
= =
12 mol_^_fifqv=
NOKN= mÉêãìí~íáçåë=~åÇ=`çãÄáå~íáçåë==318=
NOKO= mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=cçêãìä~ë==319=
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vii
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qÜáë=é~ÖÉ=áë=áåíÉåíáçå~ääó=äÉÑí=Ää~åâK=
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viii
Chapter 1
Number Sets
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1.1 Set Identities
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pÉíëW=Î=_I=`=
råáîÉêë~ä=ëÉíW=f=
`çãéäÉãÉåí=W= ^′ =
mêçéÉê=ëìÄëÉíW= ^ ⊂ _ ==
bãéíó=ëÉíW= ∅ =
råáçå=çÑ=ëÉíëW= ^ ∪ _ =
fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=ëÉíëW= ^ ∩ _ =
aáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ëÉíëW= ^ y _ =
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1. ^ ⊂ f=
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2. ^ ⊂ ^=
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3. ^ = _ =áÑ= ^ ⊂ _ =~åÇ= _ ⊂ ^ .=
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4. bãéíó=pÉí=
∅⊂^=
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5. råáçå=çÑ=pÉíë==
` = ^ ∪ _ = {ñ ö ñ ∈ ^ çê ñ ∈ _}=
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1
CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS
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Figure 1.
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6. `çããìí~íáîáíó=
^∪_ = _∪^=
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7. ^ëëçÅá~íáîáíó=
^ ∪ (_ ∪ ` ) = (^ ∪ _ ) ∪ ` =
=
8. fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=pÉíë=
` = ^ ∪ _ = {ñ ö ñ ∈ ^ ~åÇ ñ ∈ _} = =
=
===== =
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Figure 2.
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9. `çããìí~íáîáíó=
^∩_ = _∩^=
=
10. ^ëëçÅá~íáîáíó=
^ ∩ (_ ∩ ` ) = (^ ∩ _ ) ∩ ` =
=
2
11. aáëíêáÄìíáîáíó=
^ ∪ (_ ∩ ` ) = (^ ∪ _ ) ∩ (^ ∪ ` ) I=
^ ∩ (_ ∪ ` ) = (^ ∩ _ ) ∪ (^ ∩ ` ) K=
=
12. fÇÉãéçíÉåÅó=
^ ∩ ^ = ^ I==
^∪^ = ^=
=
13. açãáå~íáçå=
^ ∩ ∅ = ∅ I=
^∪f= f=
=
14. fÇÉåíáíó=
^ ∪ ∅ = ^ I==
^∩f= ^
=
15. `çãéäÉãÉåí=
^′ = {ñ ∈ f ö ñ ∉ ^}
=
16. `çãéäÉãÉåí=çÑ=fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=råáçå
^ ∪ ^′ = f I==
^ ∩ ^′ = ∅ =
=
17. aÉ=jçêÖ~å∞ë=i~ïë
(^ ∪ _ )′ = ^′ ∩ _′ I==
(^ ∩ _ )′ = ^′ ∪ _′ =
=
18. aáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çÑ=pÉíë
` = _ y ^ = {ñ ö ñ ∈ _ ~åÇ ñ ∉ ^} =
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3
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Figure 3.
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19. _ y ^ = _ y (^ ∩ _ )
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20. _ y ^ = _ ∩ ^′
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21. ^y^=∅
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22. ^ y _ = ^ =áÑ= ^ ∩ _ = ∅ .
=
===== =
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Figure 4.
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23. (^ y _) ∩ ` = (^ ∩ `) y (_ ∩ `)
24. ^′ = f y ^
25. `~êíÉëá~å=mêçÇìÅí
` = ^ × _ = {(ñ I ó ) ö ñ ∈ ^ ~åÇ ó ∈ _}
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4
1.2 Sets of Numbers

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k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=k=
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêëW= kM =
fåíÉÖÉêëW=w=
mçëáíáîÉ=áåíÉÖÉêëW= w + =
kÉÖ~íáîÉ=áåíÉÖÉêëW= w − =
o~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=n=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=o==
`çãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêëW=`==
=
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26. k~íìê~ä=kìãÄÉêë
`çìåíáåÖ=åìãÄÉêëW k = {NI OI PI K} K=
27. tÜçäÉ=kìãÄÉêë
`çìåíáåÖ=åìãÄÉêë=~åÇ=òÉêçW= k M = {MI NI OI PI K} K=
=
28. fåíÉÖÉêë
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêë=~åÇ=íÜÉáê=çééçëáíÉë=~åÇ=òÉêçW=
w + = k = {NI OI PI K}I=
w − = {KI − PI − OI − N} I=
w = w − ∪ {M} ∪ w + = {KI − PI − OI − NI MI NI OI PI K} K=
=
29. o~íáçå~ä=kìãÄÉêë
oÉéÉ~íáåÖ=çê=íÉêãáå~íáåÖ=ÇÉÅáã~äëW==
 ~ 
n = ñ ö ñ = ~åÇ ~ ∈ w ~åÇ Ä ∈ w ~åÇ Ä ≠ M K=
 Ä 
=
30. fêê~íáçå~ä=kìãÄÉêë
kçåêÉéÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=åçåíÉêãáå~íáåÖ=ÇÉÅáã~äëK
=
5
31. oÉ~ä=kìãÄÉêë==
råáçå=çÑ=ê~íáçå~ä=~åÇ=áêê~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=oK=
=
32. `çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉêë
` = {ñ + áó ö ñ ∈ o ~åÇ ó ∈ o}I==
ïÜÉêÉ=á=áë=íÜÉ=áã~Öáå~êó=ìåáíK
=
33. k⊂ w⊂n⊂ o ⊂ `=
=
=== =
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Figure 5.
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6
1.3 Basic Identities

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oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=Å=
=
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34. ^ÇÇáíáîÉ=fÇÉåíáíó=
~+M=~ =
=
35. ^ÇÇáíáîÉ=fåîÉêëÉ=
~ + (− ~ ) = M =
=
36. `çããìí~íáîÉ=çÑ=^ÇÇáíáçå=
~ +Ä= Ä+~ =
=
37. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=çÑ=^ÇÇáíáçå=
(~ + Ä) + Å = ~ + (Ä + Å ) =
=
38. aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=pìÄíê~Åíáçå=
~ − Ä = ~ + (− Ä) =
=
39. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáîÉ=fÇÉåíáíó=
~ ⋅N = ~ =
=
40. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáîÉ=fåîÉêëÉ=
N
~ ⋅ = N I= ~ ≠ M
~
=
41. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=qáãÉë=M
~ ⋅M = M
=
42. `çããìí~íáîÉ=çÑ=jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=
~ ⋅Ä = Ä⋅~
=
=
7
43. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=çÑ=jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=
(~ ⋅ Ä)⋅ Å = ~ ⋅ (Ä ⋅ Å )
=
44. aáëíêáÄìíáîÉ=i~ï=
~ (Ä + Å ) = ~Ä + ~Å =
=
45. aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=aáîáëáçå=
~ N
= ~⋅ =
Ä Ä
=
=
=
1.4 Complex Numbers
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k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
fã~Öáå~êó=ìåáíW=á=
`çãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêW=ò=
oÉ~ä=é~êíW=~I=Å=
fã~Öáå~êó=é~êíW=ÄáI=Çá=
jçÇìäìë=çÑ=~=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêW=êI= êN I= êO =
^êÖìãÉåí=çÑ=~=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêW= ϕ I= ϕN I= ϕO =
=
=
46. áN = á = áR = á = á Q å +N = á =
á O = −N = á S = −N = á Q å+ O = −N =
á P = −á = á T = −á = á Q å + P = −á =
áQ = N= áU = N = á Qå = N =
=
47. ò = ~ + Äá =
=
48. `çãéäÉñ=mä~åÉ=
=
8
===== =
=
Figure 6.
=
49. (~ + Äá ) + (Å + Çá ) = (~ + Å ) + (Ä + Ç )á =
=
50. (~ + Äá ) − (Å + Çá ) = (~ − Å ) + (Ä − Ç)á =
=
51. (~ + Äá )(Å + Çá ) = (~Å − ÄÇ ) + (~Ç + ÄÅ )á =
=
~ + Äá ~Å + ÄÇ ÄÅ − ~Ç
52. = + ⋅á =
Å + Çá Å O + Ç O Å O + Ç O
=
53. `çåàìÖ~íÉ=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉêë=
|||||||
~ + Äá = ~ − Äá =
=
54. ~ = ê Åçë ϕ I= Ä = ê ëáå ϕ ==
=
9
=
=
Figure 7.
=
55. mçä~ê=mêÉëÉåí~íáçå=çÑ=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉêë=
~ + Äá = ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ) =
=
56. jçÇìäìë=~åÇ=^êÖìãÉåí=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=
fÑ= ~ + Äá =áë=~=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêI=íÜÉå=
ê = ~ O + ÄO =EãçÇìäìëFI==
Ä
ϕ = ~êÅí~å =E~êÖìãÉåíFK=
~
=
57. mêçÇìÅí=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
ò N ⋅ ò O = êN (Åçë ϕN + á ëáå ϕN ) ⋅ êO (Åçë ϕO + á ëáå ϕO ) =
= êNêO [Åçë(ϕN + ϕO ) + á ëáå(ϕN + ϕO )] =
=
58. `çåàìÖ~íÉ=kìãÄÉêë=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
|||||||||||||||||||||
ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ) = ê[Åçë(− ϕ) + á ëáå(− ϕ)] =
=
59. fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
N N
= [Åçë(− ϕ) + á ëáå(− ϕ)] =
ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ) ê
10
60. nìçíáÉåí=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
ò N êN (Åçë ϕN + á ëáå ϕN ) êN
= = [Åçë(ϕN − ϕO ) + á ëáå(ϕN − ϕO )] =
ò O êO (Åçë ϕO + á ëáå ϕO ) êO
=
61. mçïÉê=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=
ò å = [ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ)] = ê å [Åçë(åϕ) + á ëáå(åϕ)] =
å
=
62. cçêãìä~=±aÉ=jçáîêÉ≤=
(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ)å = Åçë(åϕ) + á ëáå(åϕ) =
=
63. kíÜ=oççí=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=
 ϕ + Oπâ ϕ + Oπâ 
å
ò = å ê(Åçë ϕ + á ëáå ϕ) = å ê  Åçë + á ëáå  I==
 å å 
ïÜÉêÉ==
â = MI NI OI KI å − N K==
=
64. bìäÉê∞ë=cçêãìä~=
É áñ = Åçë ñ + á ëáå ñ =
=
=
11
Chapter 2
Algebra
=
=
=
=
2.1 Factoring Formulas
=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=Å==
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
=
=
65. ~ O − ÄO = (~ + Ä)(~ − Ä) =
=
66. ~ P − ÄP = (~ − Ä)(~ O + ~Ä + ÄO ) =
=
67. ~ P + ÄP = (~ + Ä)(~ O − ~Ä + ÄO ) =
=
68. ~ Q − ÄQ = (~ O − ÄO )(~ O + ÄO ) = (~ − Ä)(~ + Ä)(~ O + ÄO ) =
=
69. ~ R − ÄR = (~ − Ä)(~ Q + ~ P Ä + ~ O ÄO + ~ÄP + ÄQ ) =
=
70. ~ R + ÄR = (~ + Ä)(~ Q − ~ P Ä + ~ O ÄO − ~ÄP + ÄQ ) =
=
71. fÑ=å=áë=çÇÇI=íÜÉå=
~ å + Äå = (~ + Ä)(~ å−N − ~ å −O Ä + ~ å −P ÄO − K − ~Äå −O + Äå −N ) K==
=
72. fÑ=å=áë=ÉîÉåI=íÜÉå==
~ å − Äå = (~ − Ä)(~ å −N + ~ å −O Ä + ~ å −P ÄO + K + ~Äå−O + Äå −N ) I==
12
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
~ å + Äå = (~ + Ä)(~ å−N − ~ å −O Ä + ~ å −P ÄO − K + ~Äå−O − Äå −N ) K=

=
=
=
2.2 Product Formulas
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=Å==
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêëW=åI=â=
=
=
73. (~ − Ä)O = ~ O − O~Ä + ÄO =
=
74. (~ + Ä)O = ~ O + O~Ä + ÄO =
=
75. (~ − Ä)P = ~ P − P~ O Ä + P~ÄO − ÄP =
=
76. (~ + Ä)P = ~ P + P~ OÄ + P~ÄO + ÄP =
=
77. (~ − Ä)Q = ~ Q − Q~ P Ä + S~ O ÄO − Q~ÄP + ÄQ =
=
78. (~ + Ä)Q = ~ Q + Q~ P Ä + S~ OÄO + Q~ÄP + ÄQ =
=
79. _áåçãá~ä=cçêãìä~=
(~ + Ä)å = å` M~ å + å`N~ å−NÄ + å` O~ å−OÄO + K + å` å−N~Äå−N + å` å Äå I
å>
ïÜÉêÉ= å ` â = =~êÉ=íÜÉ=Äáåçãá~ä=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíëK=
â> (å − â )>
=
80. (~ + Ä + Å )O = ~ O + ÄO + Å O + O~Ä + O~Å + OÄÅ =
=
81. (~ + Ä + Å + K + ì + î )O = ~ O + ÄO + Å O + K + ì O + î O + =
+ O(~Ä + ~Å + K + ~ì + ~î + ÄÅ + K + Äì + Äî + K + ìî ) =
13
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.3 Powers
=
_~ëÉë=EéçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëFW=~I=Ä==
mçïÉêë=Eê~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëFW=åI=ã=
=
=
82. ~ ã ~ å = ~ ã+å =
=
~ã
83. å
= ~ ã −å =
~
=
84. (~Ä)ã = ~ ã Äã =
=
ã
~ ~ã
85.   = ã =
 Ä Ä
=
86. (~ )
ã å
= ~ ãå =
=
87. ~ M = N I= ~ ≠ M =
=
88. ~N = N =
=
N
89. ~ −ã = =
~ã
=
ã
90. ~ = å ~ã =
å
=
=
=
=
=
14
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.4 Roots
=
_~ëÉëW=~I=Ä==
mçïÉêë=Eê~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëFW=åI=ã=
~ I Ä ≥ M =Ñçê=ÉîÉå=êççíë=E å = Oâ I= â ∈ k F=
=
=
91. å
~Ä = å ~ å Ä =
=
92. å
~ ã Ä = åã ~ ã Äå =
=
~ å~
93. å = I= Ä ≠ M =
Ä åÄ
=
å
~ åã ~ ã åã ~ ã
94. = = I= Ä ≠ M K=
ã
Ä åã Äå Äå
=
95. (~ )
å ã
é
= å ~ ãé =
=
96. ( ~)
å
å
=~=
=
åé
97. å
~ã = ~ ãé =
=
ã
98. å
~ =~ =
ã å
=
99. ã å
~ = ãå ~ =
=
100. ( ~)
å
ã
= å ~ã =
=
15
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
N å ~ å −N
101. = I= ~ ≠ M K=
å
~ ~
=
~ + ~O − Ä ~ − ~O − Ä
102. ~± Ä = ± =
O O
=
N ~m Ä
103. = =
~± Ä ~−Ä
=
=
=
2.5 Logarithms
=
mçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ñI=óI=~I=ÅI=â=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å==
=
=
104. aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=içÖ~êáíÜã=
ó = äçÖ ~ ñ =áÑ=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑ= ñ = ~ ó I= ~ > M I= ~ ≠ N K=
=
105. äçÖ ~ N = M =
=
106. äçÖ ~ ~ = N =
=
− ∞ áÑ ~ > N
107. äçÖ ~ M =  =
+ ∞ áÑ ~ < N
=
108. äçÖ ~ (ñó ) = äçÖ ~ ñ + äçÖ ~ ó =
=
ñ
109. äçÖ ~ = äçÖ ~ ñ − äçÖ ~ ó =
ó
16
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
110. äçÖ ~ (ñ å ) = å äçÖ ~ ñ =

=
N
111. äçÖ ~ å ñ = äçÖ ~ ñ =
å
=
äçÖ Å ñ
112. äçÖ ~ ñ = = äçÖ Å ñ ⋅ äçÖ ~ Å I= Å > M I= Å ≠ N K=
äçÖ Å ~
=
N
113. äçÖ ~ Å = =
äçÖ Å ~
=
114. ñ = ~ äçÖ ~ ñ =
=
115. içÖ~êáíÜã=íç=_~ëÉ=NM=
äçÖ NM ñ = äçÖ ñ =
=
116. k~íìê~ä=içÖ~êáíÜã=
äçÖ É ñ = äå ñ I==
â
 N
ïÜÉêÉ= É = äáã N +  = OKTNUOUNUOUK =
â →∞
 â
=
N
117. äçÖ ñ = äå ñ = MKQPQOVQ äå ñ =
äå NM
=
N
118. äå ñ = äçÖ ñ = OKPMORUR äçÖ ñ =
äçÖ É
=
=
=
=
=
17
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
2.6 Equations
=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=éI=èI=ìI=î=
pçäìíáçåëW= ñ N I= ñ O I= ó N I= ó O I= ó P =
=
=
119. iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçå=áå=låÉ=s~êá~ÄäÉ=
Ä
~ñ + Ä = M I= ñ = − K==
~
=
120. nì~Çê~íáÅ=bèì~íáçå=
− Ä ± ÄO − Q~Å
~ñ + Äñ + Å = M I= ñ NI O =
O
K=
O~
=
121. aáëÅêáãáå~åí=
a = ÄO − Q~Å =
=
122. sáÉíÉ∞ë=cçêãìä~ë=
fÑ= ñ O + éñ + è = M I=íÜÉå==
ñ N + ñ O = −é
 K=
 ñ N ñ O = è
=
Ä
123. ~ñ O + Äñ = M I= ñ N = M I= ñ O = − K=
~
=
Å
124. ~ñ O + Å = M I= ñ NI O = ± − K=
~
=
125. `ìÄáÅ=bèì~íáçåK=`~êÇ~åç∞ë=cçêãìä~K==
ó P + éó + è = M I==
18
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
N
ó N = ì + î I= ó OI P = − (ì + î ) ± P (ì + î ) á I==
O O
ïÜÉêÉ==
O O O O
è è  é è  è  é
ì=P − +   +   I= î = P − −   +   K==
O  O P O  O P
=
=
2.7 Inequalities
s~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=óI=ò=
~ I ÄI ÅI Ç
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=  I=ãI=å=
~N I ~ O I ~ P I KI ~ å
aÉíÉêãáå~åíëW=aI= añ I= aó I= aò ==
=
=
126. fåÉèì~äáíáÉëI=fåíÉêî~ä=kçí~íáçåë=~åÇ=dê~éÜë==
=
fåÉèì~äáíó= fåíÉêî~ä=kçí~íáçå= dê~éÜ=
~ ≤ ñ ≤ Ä= [~I Ä]=
=
~ < ñ ≤ Ä= (~I Ä] =
=
~ ≤ ñ < Ä= [~I Ä) =
=
~ < ñ < Ä= (~I Ä) =
=
− ∞ < ñ ≤ Ä I= (− ∞I Ä] =
ñ≤Ä= =
− ∞ < ñ < Ä I= (− ∞I Ä) =
ñ<Ä= =
~ ≤ ñ < ∞ I= [~I ∞ ) =
ñ≥~= =
~ < ñ < ∞ I= (~I ∞ ) =
ñ >~= =
19
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
127. fÑ= ~ > Ä I=íÜÉå= Ä < ~ K=

=
128. fÑ= ~ > Ä I=íÜÉå= ~ − Ä > M =çê= Ä − ~ < M K=
=
129. fÑ= ~ > Ä I=íÜÉå= ~ + Å > Ä + Å K=
=
130. fÑ= ~ > Ä I=íÜÉå= ~ − Å > Ä − Å K=
=
131. fÑ= ~ > Ä =~åÇ= Å > Ç I=íÜÉå= ~ + Å > Ä + Ç K=
=
132. fÑ= ~ > Ä =~åÇ= Å > Ç I=íÜÉå= ~ − Ç > Ä − Å K=
=
133. fÑ= ~ > Ä =~åÇ= ã > M I=íÜÉå= ã~ > ãÄ K=
=
~ Ä
134. fÑ= ~ > Ä =~åÇ= ã > M I=íÜÉå= > K=
ã ã
=
135. fÑ= ~ > Ä =~åÇ= ã < M I=íÜÉå= ã~ < ãÄ K=
=
~ Ä
136. fÑ= ~ > Ä =~åÇ= ã < M I=íÜÉå= < K=
ã ã
=
137. fÑ= M < ~ < Ä =~åÇ= å > M I=íÜÉå= ~ å < Äå K=
=
138. fÑ= M < ~ < Ä =~åÇ= å < M I=íÜÉå= ~ å > Äå K=
=
139. fÑ= M < ~ < Ä I=íÜÉå= å ~ < å Ä K=
=
~+Ä
140. ~Ä ≤ I==
O
ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M =I= Ä > M X=~å=Éèì~äáíó=áë=î~äáÇ=çåäó=áÑ= ~ = Ä K==
=
N
141. ~ + ≥ O I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M X=~å=Éèì~äáíó=í~âÉë=éä~ÅÉ=çåäó=~í= ~ = N K=
~
20
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
~N + ~ O + K + ~ å
142. å ~N~ O K~ å ≤ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~N I ~ O I KI ~ å > M K=
å
=
Ä
143. fÑ= ~ñ + Ä > M =~åÇ= ~ > M I=íÜÉå= ñ > − K=
~
=
Ä
144. fÑ= ~ñ + Ä > M =~åÇ= ~ < M I=íÜÉå= ñ < − K==
~
=
145. ~ñ O + Äñ + Å > M =
=
= ~ > M= ~ <M=
= = =
=
=
a>M=
=
= =
ñ < ñ N I= ñ > ñ O = ñN < ñ < ñ O =
= =
=
=
a=M=
=
=
ñ N < ñ I= ñ > ñ N = ñ ∈∅ =
= =
=
=
a<M=
=
=
= =
−∞< ñ <∞= ñ ∈∅ =
=
21
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
146. ~+Ä ≤ ~ + Ä =
=
147. fÑ= ñ < ~ I=íÜÉå= − ~ < ñ < ~ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M K=
=
148. fÑ= ñ > ~ I=íÜÉå= ñ < −~ =~åÇ= ñ > ~ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M K=
=
149. fÑ= ñ O < ~ I=íÜÉå= ñ < ~ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M K=
=
150. fÑ= ñ O > ~ I=íÜÉå= ñ > ~ I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ > M K=
=
Ñ (ñ ) Ñ (ñ ) ⋅ Ö (ñ ) > M
151. fÑ= > M I=íÜÉå=  K=
Ö (ñ ) Ö (ñ ) ≠ M
=
Ñ (ñ ) Ñ (ñ ) ⋅ Ö (ñ ) < M
152. < M I=íÜÉå=  K=
Ö (ñ ) Ö (ñ ) ≠ M
=
=
=
2.8 Compound Interest Formulas
=
cìíìêÉ=î~äìÉW=^=
fåáíá~ä=ÇÉéçëáíW=`=
^ååì~ä=ê~íÉ=çÑ=áåíÉêÉëíW=ê=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=óÉ~êë=áåîÉëíÉÇW=í=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=íáãÉë=ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ=éÉê=óÉ~êW=å=
=
=
153. dÉåÉê~ä=`çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=cçêãìä~=
åí
 ê
^ = ` N +  =
 å
=
22
CHAPTER 2. ALGEBRA
154. páãéäáÑáÉÇ=`çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=cçêãìä~=
fÑ=áåíÉêÉëí=áë=ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ=çåÅÉ=éÉê=óÉ~êI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=éêÉîáçìë=
Ñçêãìä~=ëáãéäáÑáÉë=íçW=
^ = `(N + ê ) K=
í
=
155. `çåíáåìçìë=`çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=
fÑ=áåíÉêÉëí=áë=ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ=Åçåíáåì~ääó=E å → ∞ FI=íÜÉå==
^ = `É êí K=
=
=
23
Chapter 3
Geometry
=
=
=
=
3.1 Right Triangle
=
iÉÖë=çÑ=~=êáÖÜí=íêá~åÖäÉW=~I=Ä=
eóéçíÉåìëÉW=Å=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
jÉÇá~åëW= ã ~ I= ã Ä I= ã Å =
^åÖäÉëW= α I β =
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 8.
=
156. α + β = VM° =
=
24
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~
157. ëáå α = = Åçë β =
Å
=
Ä
158. Åçë α = = ëáå β =
Å
=
~
159. í~å α = = Åçí β =
Ä
=
Ä
160. Åçí α = = í~å β =
~
=
Å
161. ëÉÅ α = = Åçë ÉÅ β =
Ä
=
Å
162. Åçë ÉÅ α = = ëÉÅ β =
~
=
163. móíÜ~ÖçêÉ~å=qÜÉçêÉã=
~ O + ÄO = Å O =
=
164. ~ = ÑÅ I= Ä = ÖÅ I==
O O
ïÜÉêÉ= Ñ= ~åÇ= Å= ~êÉ= éêçàÉÅíáçåë= çÑ= íÜÉ= äÉÖë= ~= ~åÇ= ÄI= êÉëéÉÅ-
íáîÉäóI=çåíç=íÜÉ=ÜóéçíÉåìëÉ=ÅK=
=
===== =
=
Figure 9.
=
25
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
165. Ü O = ÑÖ I===
ïÜÉêÉ=Ü=áë=íÜÉ=~äíáíìÇÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=~åÖäÉK==
=
O O
~ Ä
166. ã O~ = ÄO − I= ã OÄ = ~ O − I===
Q Q
ïÜÉêÉ= ã ~ =~åÇ= ã Ä =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ãÉÇá~åë=íç=íÜÉ=äÉÖë=~=~åÇ=ÄK==
=
=
=
Figure 10.
=
Å
167. ã Å = I==
O
ïÜÉêÉ= ã Å =áë=íÜÉ=ãÉÇá~å=íç=íÜÉ=ÜóéçíÉåìëÉ=ÅK=
=
Å
168. o = = ã Å =
O
=
~ +Ä−Å ~Ä
169. ê = = =
O ~ +Ä+Å
=
170. ~Ä = ÅÜ =
=
=
26
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~Ä ÅÜ
171. p = = =
O O
=
=
=
3.2 Isosceles Triangle
=
_~ëÉW=~=
iÉÖëW=Ä=
_~ëÉ=~åÖäÉW= β =
sÉêíÉñ=~åÖäÉW= α =
^äíáíìÇÉ=íç=íÜÉ=Ä~ëÉW=Ü=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 11.
=
α
172. β = VM° − =
O
=
O
~
173. Ü O = ÄO − =
Q
27
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
174. i = ~ + OÄ =
=
O
~Ü Ä
175. p = = ëáå α =
O O
=
=
=
3.3 Equilateral Triangle
=
páÇÉ=çÑ=~=Éèìáä~íÉê~ä=íêá~åÖäÉW=~=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 12.
=
~ P
176. Ü = =
O
=
28
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
O ~ P
177. o = Ü = =
P P
=
N ~ P o
178. ê = Ü = = =
P S O
=
179. i = P~ =
=
O
~Ü ~ P
180. p = = =
O Q
=
=
=
3.4 Scalene Triangle
E^=íêá~åÖäÉ=ïáíÜ=åç=íïç=ëáÇÉë=Éèì~äF=
=
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=íêá~åÖäÉW=~I=ÄI=Å=
~ +Ä+Å
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW= é = ==
O
^åÖäÉë=çÑ=~=íêá~åÖäÉW= αI βI γ =
^äíáíìÇÉë=íç=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉë=~I=ÄI=ÅW= Ü ~ I Ü Ä I Ü Å =
jÉÇá~åë=íç=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉë=~I=ÄI=ÅW= ã ~ I ã Ä I ã Å =
_áëÉÅíçêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~åÖäÉë= αI βI γ W= í ~ I í Ä I í Å =
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
29
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 13.
=
181. α + β + γ = NUM° =
=
182. ~ + Ä > Å I==
Ä + Å > ~ I==
~ + Å > Ä K=
=
183. ~ − Ä < Å I==
Ä − Å < ~ I==
~ − Å < Ä K=
=
184. jáÇäáåÉ=
~
è = I= è öö ~ K=
O
=
===== =
=
Figure 14.
=
30
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
185. i~ï=çÑ=`çëáåÉë=
~ O = ÄO + Å O − OÄÅ Åçë α I=
ÄO = ~ O + Å O − O~Å Åçë β I=
Å O = ~ O + ÄO − O~Ä Åçë γ K=
=
186. i~ï=çÑ=páåÉë=
~ Ä Å
= = = Oo I==
ëáå α ëáå β ëáå γ
ïÜÉêÉ=o=áë=íÜÉ=ê~Çáìë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉK==
=
~ Ä Å ÄÅ ~Å ~Ä ~ÄÅ
187. o = = = = = = = =
O ëáå α O ëáå β O ëáå γ OÜ ~ OÜ Ä OÜ Å Qp
=
188. ê O =
(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) I==
é
N N N N
= + + K=
ê Ü~ ÜÄ ÜÅ
=
189. ëáå =
α (é − Ä)(é − Å ) I=
O ÄÅ
α é(é − ~ )
Åçë = I=
O ÄÅ
í~å
α
=
(é − Ä)(é − Å ) K=
O é(é − ~ )
=
O
190. Ü ~ = é(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) I=
~
O
ÜÄ = é(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) I=
Ä
O
ÜÅ = é(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) K=
Å
31
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
191. Ü ~ = Ä ëáå γ = Å ëáå β I=

Ü Ä = ~ ëáå γ = Å ëáå α I=
Ü Å = ~ ëáå β = Ä ëáå α K=
=
Ä +Å ~
O O O
192. ã O~ = − I==
O Q
~ + Å ÄO
O O
ã OÄ = − I==
O Q
~ + Ä ÅO
O O
ãÅ =
O
− K=
O Q
=
===== =
=
Figure 15.
=
O O O
193. ^j = ã ~ I= _j = ã Ä I= `j = ã Å =EcáÖKNRFK=
P P P
=
QÄÅé(é − ~ )
194. í O~ = I==
(Ä + Å )O
Q~Åé(é − Ä)
í OÄ = I==
(~ + Å )O
Q~Äé(é − Å )
í OÅ = K=
(~ + Ä)O
=
32
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~Ü ~ ÄÜ Ä ÅÜ Å
195. p = = = I==
O O O
~Ä ëáå γ ~Å ëáå β ÄÅ ëáå α
p= = = I==
O O O
p = é(é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å ) =EeÉêçå∞ë=cçêãìä~FI=
p = éê I==
~ÄÅ
p= I=
Qo
p = Oo O ëáå α ëáå β ëáå γ I=
α β γ
p = éO í~å í~å í~å K=
O O O
=
=
=
3.5 Square
páÇÉ=çÑ=~=ëèì~êÉW=~=
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 16.
33
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
196. Ç = ~ O ==
=
Ç ~ O
197. o = = =
O O
=
~
198. ê = =
O
=
199. i = Q~ =
=
200. p = ~ =
O
=
=
=
3.6 Rectangle
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=êÉÅí~åÖäÉW=~I=Ä=
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 17.
=
201. Ç = ~ O + ÄO ==
34
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Ç
202. o = =
O
=
203. i = O(~ + Ä) =
=
204. p = ~Ä =
=
=
=
3.7 Parallelogram
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=é~ê~ääÉäçÖê~ãW=~I=Ä=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
`çåëÉÅìíáîÉ=~åÖäÉëW= αI β =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~äëW= ϕ =
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü==
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 18.
=
205. α + β = NUM° =
=
206. Ç + Ç = O(~ + Ä ) =
O
N
O
O
O O
35
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
207. Ü = Ä ëáå α = Ä ëáå β =

=
208. i = O(~ + Ä) =
=
209. p = ~Ü = ~Ä ëáå α I==
N
p = ÇNÇ O ëáå ϕ K=
O
=
=
=
3.8 Rhombus
=
páÇÉ=çÑ=~=êÜçãÄìëW=~=
`çåëÉÅìíáîÉ=~åÖäÉëW= αI β =
^äíáíìÇÉW=e=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 19.
=
36
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
210. α + β = NUM° =
=
211. Ç + Ç = Q~ =
O
N
O
O
O
=
ÇNÇ O
212. Ü = ~ ëáå α = =
O~
=
Ü ÇÇ ~ ëáå α
213. ê = = N O = =
O Q~ O
=
214. i = Q~ =
=
215. p = ~Ü = ~ ëáå α I==
O
N
p = ÇNÇ O K=
O
=
=
=
3.9 Trapezoid
=
_~ëÉë=çÑ=~=íê~éÉòçáÇW=~I=Ä=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
37
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 20.
=
~+Ä
216. è = =
O
=
~+Ä
217. p = ⋅ Ü = èÜ =
O
=
=
=
3.10 Isosceles Trapezoid
=
iÉÖW=Å=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
38
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 21.
=
~+Ä
218. è = =
O
=
219. Ç = ~Ä + Å = O
=
N
220. Ü = Å O − (Ä − ~ ) =
O
Q
=
Å ~Ä + Å O
221. o = =
(OÅ − ~ + Ä)(OÅ + ~ − Ä)
=
~+Ä
222. p = ⋅ Ü = èÜ =
O
=
=
=
=
=
=
39
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.11 Isosceles Trapezoid with

Inscribed Circle
=
iÉÖW=Å=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 22.
=
223. ~ + Ä = OÅ =
=
~+Ä
224. è = =Å=
O
=
225. Ç = Ü + Å =
O O O
40
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Ü ~Ä
226. ê = = =
O O
=
ÅÇ ÅÇ Å O
Å Å ~+Ä ~ Ä
227. o = = = N+ = ÜO + Å O = +S+ =
OÜ Qê O ~Ä OÜ U Ä ~
=
228. i = O(~ + Ä) = QÅ =
=
229. p =
~+Ä
⋅Ü =
(~ + Ä) ~Ä = èÜ = ÅÜ = iê ==
O O O
=
=
=
3.12 Trapezoid with Inscribed Circle
=
i~íÉê~ä=ëáÇÉëW=ÅI=Ç=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
41
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 23.
=
230. ~ + Ä = Å + Ç =
=
~+Ä Å+Ç
231. è = = =
O O
=
232. i = O(~ + Ä) = O(Å + Ç ) =
=
~+Ä Å+Ç
233. p = ⋅Ü = ⋅ Ü = èÜ I==
O O
N
p = ÇNÇ O ëáå ϕ K=
O
=
=
=
3.13 Kite
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=âáíÉW=~I=Ä=
^åÖäÉëW= αI βI γ =
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
42
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 24.
=
234. α + β + Oγ = PSM° =
=
235. i = O(~ + Ä) =
=
ÇNÇ O
236. p = =
O
=
=
=
3.14 Cyclic Quadrilateral
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=èì~Çêáä~íÉê~äW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=Ç=
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉëW= αI βI γ I δ =
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW=é==
^êÉ~W=p=
43
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 25.
=
237. α + γ = β + δ = NUM° =
=
238. míçäÉãó∞ë=qÜÉçêÉã=
~Å + ÄÇ = ÇNÇ O =
=
239. i = ~ + Ä + Å + Ç =
=
N (~Å + ÄÇ )(~Ç + ÄÅ )(~Ä + ÅÇ )
240. o = I==
Q (é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å )(é − Ç )
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K=
O
=
N
241. p = ÇNÇ O ëáå ϕ I==
O
p = (é − ~ )(é − Ä)(é − Å )(é − Ç ) I==
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K=
O
=
=
=
44
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.15 Tangential Quadrilateral

=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 26.
=
242. ~ + Å = Ä + Ç =
=
243. i = ~ + Ä + Å + Ç = O(~ + Å ) = O(Ä + Ç ) =
=
ÇNOÇ OO − (~ − Ä) (~ + Ä − é )
O O
244. ê = I==
Oé
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K==
O
=
45
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N
245. p = éê = ÇNÇ O ëáå ϕ =
O
=
=
=
3.16 General Quadrilateral
=
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉëW= αI βI γ I δ =
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
======= =
=
Figure 27.
=
246. α + β + γ + δ = PSM° =
=
247. i = ~ + Ä + Å + Ç =
=
46
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
N
248. p = ÇNÇ O ëáå ϕ =
O
=
=
=
3.17 Regular Hexagon
=
páÇÉW=~=
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉW= α =
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 28.
=
249. α = NOM° =
=
~ P
250. ê = ã = =
O
47
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
251. o = ~ =
=
252. i = S~ =
=
O
~ P P
253. p = éê = I==
O
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K=
O
=
=
=
3.18 Regular Polygon
=
páÇÉW=~=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëáÇÉëW=å=
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉW= α =
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
48
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 29.
=
å−O
254. α = ⋅ NUM° =
O
=
å−O
255. α = ⋅ NUM° =
O
=
~
256. o = =
π
O ëáå
å
=
~ ~O
257. ê = ã = = oO − =
π Q
O í~å
å
=
258. i = å~ =
=
åo O
Oπ
259. p = ëáå I==
O å
~O
p = éê = é o O − I==
Q
49
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é = K==
O
=
=
=
3.19 Circle
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉêW=Ç=
`ÜçêÇW=~=
pÉÅ~åí=ëÉÖãÉåíëW=ÉI=Ñ=
q~åÖÉåí=ëÉÖãÉåíW=Ö=
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉW= α =
fåëÅêáÄÉÇ=~åÖäÉW= β =
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
α
260. ~ = Oo ëáå =
O
=
=
=
Figure 30.
=
50
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
261. ~N~ O = ÄNÄO =

=
=
=
Figure 31.
=
262. ÉÉN = ÑÑN =
=
===== =
=
Figure 32.
=
263. Ö O = ÑÑN =
=
51
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 33.
=
α
264. β = =
O
=
=
=
Figure 34.
=
265. i = Oπo = πÇ =
=
πÇO
io
266. p = πo O = = ==
Q O
=
52
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.20 Sector of a Circle

=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=~=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
^êÅ=äÉåÖíÜW=ë=
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉ=Eáå=ê~Çá~åëFW=ñ=
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉ=Eáå=ÇÉÖêÉÉëFW= α =
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 35.
=
267. ë = oñ =
=
πoα
268. ë = =
NUM°
=
269. i = ë + Oo =
=
oë o ñ πo α
O O
270. p = = = ==
O O PSM°
=
=
53
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.21 Segment of a Circle

=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=~=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
^êÅ=äÉåÖíÜW=ë=
`ÜçêÇW=~=
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉ=Eáå=ê~Çá~åëFW=ñ=
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉ=Eáå=ÇÉÖêÉÉëFW= α =
eÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉÖãÉåíW=Ü=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 36.
=
271. ~ = O OÜo − Ü O =
=
N
272. Ü = o − Qo O − ~ O I= Ü < o =
O
=
273. i = ë + ~ =
=
54
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
[ëo − ~(o − Ü )] = o  απ − ëáå α  = o (ñ − ëáå ñ ) I==

O O
N
274. p =
O O  NUM°  O
O
p ≈ Ü~ K=
P
=
=
=
3.22 Cube
=
bÇÖÉW=~==
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ëéÜÉêÉW=ê=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ëéÜÉêÉW=ê=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=== =
=
Figure 37.
=
275. Ç = ~ P =
=
~
276. ê = =
O
=
55
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
~ P
277. o = =
O
=
278. p = S~ =O
=
279. s = ~ ==P
=
=
=
3.23 Rectangular Parallelepiped
=
bÇÖÉëW=~I=ÄI=Å==
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 38.
=
280. Ç = ~ O + ÄO + Å O =
=
281. p = O(~Ä + ~Å + ÄÅ ) =
=
282. s = ~ÄÅ ==
56
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.24 Prism
=
i~íÉê~ä=ÉÇÖÉW=ä=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
i~íÉê~ä=~êÉ~W= p i =
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 39.
=
283. p = p i + Op_ K==
=
284. i~íÉê~ä=^êÉ~=çÑ=~=oáÖÜí=mêáëã=
p i = (~ N + ~ O + ~ P + K + ~ å )ä =
=
285. i~íÉê~ä=^êÉ~=çÑ=~å=lÄäáèìÉ=mêáëã=
p i = éä I==
ïÜÉêÉ=é=áë=íÜÉ=éÉêáãÉíÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçåK=
=
57
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
286. s = p_ Ü =
=
287. `~î~äáÉêáDë=mêáåÅáéäÉ==
dáîÉå=íïç=ëçäáÇë=áåÅäìÇÉÇ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=é~ê~ääÉä=éä~åÉëK=fÑ=ÉîÉêó=
éä~åÉ=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçå=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ÖáîÉå=éä~åÉë=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=
~êÉ~=áå=ÄçíÜ=ëçäáÇëI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=îçäìãÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇë=~êÉ=Éèì~äK=
=
=
=
3.25 Regular Tetrahedron
=
qêá~åÖäÉ=ëáÇÉ=äÉåÖíÜW=~=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 40.
=
O
288. Ü = ~=
P
=
58
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
P~ O
289. p_ = =
Q
=
290. p = P~ =O
=
N ~P
291. s = p_ Ü = K==
P S O
=
=
=
3.26 Regular Pyramid
=
páÇÉ=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=~=
i~íÉê~ä=ÉÇÖÉW=Ä=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã==
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëáÇÉëW=å==
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=é=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ëéÜÉêÉ=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=ê=
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= pi =
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
59
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 41.
=
~O
292. ã = ÄO − =
Q
=
π O
QÄO ëáå O −~
293. Ü = å =
π
O ëáå
å
=
N N
294. p i = å~ã = å~ QÄO − ~ O = éã =
O Q
=
295. p_ = éê =
=
296. p = p_ + p i =
=
N N
297. s = p_ Ü = éêÜ ==
P P
=
=
=
60
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.27 Frustum of a Regular Pyramid

=
~N I ~ O I ~ P IKI ~ å
_~ëÉ=~åÇ=íçé=ëáÇÉ=äÉåÖíÜëW=  =
ÄN I ÄO I ÄP IKI Äå
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã==
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= pN I= pO =
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= p i =
mÉêáãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= mN I= mO =
pÅ~äÉ=Ñ~ÅíçêW=â=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 42.
=
ÄN ÄO ÄP Ä Ä
298. = = =K= å = = â =
~N ~ O ~ P ~å ~
=
61
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
pO
299. = âO =
pN
=
ã(mN + mO )
300. p i = =
O
=
301. p = p i + pN + pO =
=
Ü
(
302. s = pN + pNpO + pO =
P
)
=
Üp  Ä  Ä   Üp
O
303. s = N N + +    = N N + â + â O =
P  ~  ~   P
[ ]
=
=
=
3.28 Rectangular Right Wedge
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=~I=Ä=
qçé=ÉÇÖÉW=Å=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
62
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 43.
=
N
304. p i = (~ + Å ) QÜO + ÄO + Ä ÜO + (~ − Å )O =
O
=
305. p_ = ~Ä =
=
306. p = p_ + p i =
=
ÄÜ
307. s = (O~ + Å ) =
S
=
=
=
3.29 Platonic Solids
=
bÇÖÉW=~=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
63
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
308. cáîÉ=mä~íçåáÅ=pçäáÇë=
qÜÉ= éä~íçåáÅ= ëçäáÇë= ~êÉ= ÅçåîÉñ= éçäóÜÉÇê~= ïáíÜ= Éèìáî~äÉåí=
Ñ~ÅÉë=ÅçãéçëÉÇ=çÑ=ÅçåÖêìÉåí=ÅçåîÉñ=êÉÖìä~ê=éçäóÖçåëK==
=
pçäáÇ= kìãÄÉê= kìãÄÉê= kìãÄÉê= pÉÅíáçå=
çÑ=sÉêíáÅÉë çÑ=bÇÖÉë= çÑ=c~ÅÉë=
qÉíê~ÜÉÇêçå== Q= S= Q= PKOR=
`ìÄÉ= U= NO= S= PKOO=
lÅí~ÜÉÇêçå= S= NO= U= PKOT=
fÅçë~ÜÉÇêçå= NO= PM= OM= PKOT=
açÇÉÅ~ÜÉÇêçå= OM= PM= NO= PKOT=
=
=
Octahedron
=
=
=
Figure 44.
=
~ S
309. ê = =
S
=
~ O
310. o = =
O
=
64
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
311. p = O~ O P =
=
~P O
312. s = =
P
=
=
Icosahedron
=
=
=
Figure 45.
=
313. ê =
(
~ P P+ R
=
)
NO
=
314. o =
~
Q
(
O R+ R = )
=
315. p = R~ O P =
=
316. s =
(
R~ P P + R
=
)
NO
=
=
65
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Dodecahedron
=
=
=
Figure 46.
=
317. ê =
(
~ NM OR + NN R
=
)
O
=
318. o =
(
~ P N+ R
=
)
Q
=
(
319. p = P~ O R R + O R = )
=
320. s =
(
~ P NR + T R
=
)
Q
=
=
=
3.30 Right Circular Cylinder
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=Ç=
66
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
eÉáÖÜíW=e=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 47.
=
321. p i = Oπoe =
=
 Ç
322. p = p i + Op_ = Oπo(e + o ) = πÇ e +  =
 O
=
323. s = p_ e = πo O e =
=
=
=
67
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.31 Right Circular Cylinder with

an Oblique Plane Face
=
qÜÉ=ÖêÉ~íÉëí=ÜÉáÖÜí=çÑ=~=ëáÇÉW= ÜN =
qÜÉ=ëÜçêíÉëí=ÜÉáÖÜí=çÑ=~=ëáÇÉW= Ü O =
^êÉ~=çÑ=éä~åÉ=ÉåÇ=Ñ~ÅÉëW= p_ =
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 48.
=
324. p i = πo(ÜN + Ü O ) =
=
O
 Ü − ÜO 
325. p_ = πo + πo o +  N
O O
 =
 O 
=
68
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
  ÜN − Ü O  
O
326. p = p i + p_ = πo ÜN + Ü O + o + o + 
O
 =
  O  
=
πo O
327. s = (ÜN + ÜO ) =
O
=
=
=
3.32 Right Circular Cone
aá~ãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=Ç=
eÉáÖÜíW=e=
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= pi =
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 49.
69
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
328. e = ã O − o O =
=
πãÇ
329. p i = πoã = =
O
=
330. p_ = πo O =
=
N  Ç
331. p = p i + p_ = πo (ã + o ) = πÇ ã +  =
O  O
=
N N
332. s = p_ e = πo O e =
P P
=
=
=
3.33 Frustum of a Right Circular Cone
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW=oI=ê=
eÉáÖÜíW=e=
pÅ~äÉ=Ñ~ÅíçêW=â=
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= pN I= pO =
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
70
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 50.
=
333. e = ã O − (o − ê ) =
O
=
o
334. =â=
ê
=
p oO
335. O = O = â O =
pN ê
=
336. p i = πã(o + ê ) =
=
[ ]
337. p = pN + pO + p i = π o O + ê O + ã(o + ê ) =
=
Ü
(
338. s = pN + pNpO + pO =
P
)
=
ÜpN  o  o   ÜpN
O
339. s = N + +    =
P  ê  ê   P
[ ]
N+ â + âO =
=
=
=
71
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
3.34 Sphere
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉêW=Ç=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
Figure 51.
=
340. p = Qπo O =
=
Q N N
341. s = πo P e = πÇ P = po =
P S P
=
=
=
3.35 Spherical Cap
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ëéÜÉêÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=ê=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
^êÉ~=çÑ=éä~åÉ=Ñ~ÅÉW= p_ =
^êÉ~=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=Å~éW= p` =
sçäìãÉW=s=
72
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 52.
=
ê O + ÜO
342. o = =
OÜ
=
343. p_ = πê O =
=
344. p` = π(Ü O + ê O )=
=
345. p = p_ + p` = π(Ü O + Oê O ) = π(OoÜ + ê O ) =
=
π π
346. s = Ü O (Po − Ü ) = Ü(Pê O + Ü O ) =
S S
=
=
=
3.36 Spherical Sector
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉ=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=Å~éW=ê=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
73
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
====== === =
=
Figure 53.
=
347. p = πo(OÜ + ê ) =
=
O
348. s = πo O Ü =
P
=
kçíÉW= qÜÉ= ÖáîÉå= Ñçêãìä~ë= ~êÉ= ÅçêêÉÅí= ÄçíÜ= Ñçê= ±çéÉå≤= ~åÇ=
±ÅäçëÉÇ≤=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=ëÉÅíçêK=
=
=
=
3.37 Spherical Segment
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= êN I= êO =
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
^êÉ~=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉW= pp =
^êÉ~=çÑ=éä~åÉ=ÉåÇ=Ñ~ÅÉëW= pN I= pO =
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
74
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
===== =
=
Figure 54.
=
349. pp = OπoÜ =
=
350. p = pp + pN + pO = π(OoÜ + êNO + êOO ) =
=
351. s = πÜ(PêNO + PêOO + Ü O )=
N
S
=
=
=
3.38 Spherical Wedge
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
aáÜÉÇê~ä=~åÖäÉ=áå=ÇÉÖêÉÉëW=ñ=
aáÜÉÇê~ä=~åÖäÉ=áå=ê~Çá~åëW= α =
^êÉ~=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=äìåÉW= p i =
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
75
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 55.
=
πo O
352. p i = α = Oo O ñ =
VM
=
πo O
353. p = πo O + α = πo O + Oo O ñ =
VM
=
πoP O
354. s = α = oP ñ =
OTM P
=
=
=
3.39 Ellipsoid
=
pÉãá-~ñÉëW=~I=ÄI=Å=
sçäìãÉW=s=
76
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
======= =
=
Figure 56.
=
Q
355. s = π~ÄÅ =
P
=
=
=
Prolate Spheroid
=
pÉãá-~ñÉëW=~I=ÄI=Ä=E ~ > Ä F=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
 ~ ~êÅëáå É 
356. p = OπÄ Ä +  I==
 É 
~ O − ÄO
ïÜÉêÉ= É = K=
~
=
Q
357. s = πÄO~ =
P
=
77
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
Oblate Spheroid
=
pÉãá-~ñÉëW=~I=ÄI=Ä=E ~ < Ä F=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
  ÄÉ  
 ~ ~êÅëáåÜ   
358. p = OπÄ Ä +  ~   I==
 ÄÉ L ~ 
 
 
ÄO − ~ O
ïÜÉêÉ= É = K=
Ä
=
Q
359. s = πÄO~ =
P
=
=
=
3.40 Circular Torus
=
j~àçê=ê~ÇáìëW=o=
jáåçê=ê~ÇáìëW=ê=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
78
CHAPTER 3. GEOMETRY
== =
Picture 57.
=
360. p = QπOoê =
=
361. s = OπOoê O =
=
=
79
Chapter 4
Trigonometry
=
=
=
=
^åÖäÉëW= α I= β =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêë=EÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~=éçáåíFW=ñI=ó==
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=â=
=
=
4.1 Radian and Degree Measures of Angles
=
NUM°
362. N ê~Ç = ≈ RT°NT DQR? =
π
=
π
363. N° = ê~Ç ≈ MKMNTQRP ê~Ç =
NUM
=
π
364. N D = ê~Ç ≈ MKMMMOVN ê~Ç =
NUM ⋅ SM
=
π
365. N ? = ê~Ç ≈ MKMMMMMR ê~Ç =
NUM ⋅ PSMM
=
366. = ^åÖäÉ=
M= PM= QR= SM= VM= NUM= OTM= PSM=
= EÇÉÖêÉÉëF=
^åÖäÉ= π π π π Pπ
Eê~Çá~åëF= M= = = = = π= = Oπ =
= S Q P O O
=
=
80
CHAPTER 4. TRIGONOMETRY
4.2 Definitions and Graphs of Trigonometric

Functions
=
= =
=
Figure 58.
=
ó
367. ëáå α = =
ê
=
ñ
368. Åçë α = =
ê
=
ó
369. í~å α = =
ñ
=
ñ
370. Åçí α = =
ó
=
81
ê
371. ëÉÅ α = =
ñ
=
ê
372. ÅçëÉÅ α = =
ó
=
373. páåÉ=cìåÅíáçå=
ó = ëáå ñ I= − N ≤ ëáå ñ ≤ N K=
=
=
Figure 59.
=
374. `çëáåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = Åçë ñ I= − N ≤ Åçë ñ ≤ N K=
82
=
=
Figure 60.
=
375. q~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå=
π
ó = í~å ñ I= ñ ≠ (Oâ + N) I= − ∞ ≤ í~å ñ ≤ ∞K =
O
=
=
=
Figure 61.
=
83
376. `çí~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = Åçí ñ I= ñ ≠ âπ I== − ∞ ≤ Åçí ñ ≤ ∞ K=
=
=
=
Figure 62.
=
377. pÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå=
π
ó = ëÉÅ ñ I= ñ ≠ (Oâ + N) K=
O
==
84
=
=
Figure 63.
=
378. `çëÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = Åçë ÉÅ ñ I= ñ ≠ âπ K=
=
Figure 64.
85
4.3. Signs of Trigonometric Functions
379. = páå `çë q~å `çí pÉÅ `çëÉÅ=

nì~Çê~åí=
= α= α= α= α= α= α=
f= H= H= H= H= H= H=
ff= H= = = = = H=
fff= = = H= H= = =
= fs= = H= = = H= =
=
=
380. =
=
Figure 65.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
86
4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Common

Angles
381. =
α° = α ê~Ç = ëáå α = Åçë α = í~å α = Åçí α ëÉÅ α = ÅçëÉÅ α =
M= M= M= N= M= ∞= N= ∞=
π N P N O
PM= = = = = P= = O=
S O O P P
π O O
QR= = = = N= N= O= O=
Q O O
π P N N O
SM= = = = P= = O= =
P O O P P
π
VM= = N= M= ∞= M= ∞= N=
O
Oπ P N N O
NOM= = = − = − P= − −O= =
P O O P P
NUM= π= M= − N= M= ∞= − N= ∞=
Pπ
OTM= = − N= M= ∞= M= ∞= − N=
O
PSM= Oπ = M= N= M= ∞= N= ∞=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
87
382. =
α° = α ê~Ç = ëáå α = Åçë α = í~å α = Åçí α =
π S− O S+ O
NR= = = = O− P = O+ P =
NO Q Q
π R −N NM + O R R−O R
NU= = = = R+O R =
NM Q Q R
R +N
π NM − O R R +N NM − O R
PS= = = NM − O R
R Q Q R +N
=
R +N NM − O R
Pπ R +N NM − O R
RQ= = = R +N
NM Q Q NM − O R
=
R−O R
Oπ NM + O R R −N
TO= = = R+O R = R
R Q Q
=
Rπ S+ O S− O
TR= = = = O+ P = O− P =
NO Q Q
=
=
=
4.5 Most Important Formulas
=
383. ëáå O α + Åçë O α = N =
=
384. ëÉÅ O α − í~å O α = N =
=
385. ÅëÅ O α − Åçí O α = N =
=
ëáå α
386. í~å α = =
Åçë α
88
Åçë α
387. Åçí α = =
ëáå α
=
388. í~å α ⋅ Åçí α = N =
=
N
389. ëÉÅ α = =
Åçë α
=
N
390. ÅçëÉÅ α = =
ëáå α
=
=
=
4.6 Reduction Formulas
=
391. = β= ëáå β = Åçë β = í~å β = Åçí β =
= −α= − ëáå α = + Åçë α = − í~å α = − Åçí α =
VM° − α = + Åçë α = + ëáå α = + Åçí α = + í~å α =
VM° + α = + Åçë α = − ëáå α = − Åçí α = − í~å α =
NUM° − α + ëáå α = − Åçë α = − í~å α = − Åçí α =
NUM° + α − ëáå α = − Åçë α = + í~å α = + Åçí α =
OTM° − α − Åçë α = − ëáå α = + Åçí α = + í~å α =
OTM° + α − Åçë α = + ëáå α = − Åçí α = − í~å α =
PSM° − α − ëáå α = + Åçë α = − í~å α = − Åçí α =
+ ëáå α = + Åçë α = + í~å α = + Åçí α =
= PSM° + α
=
=
=
=
=
89
4.7 Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions

=
392. ëáå(α ± Oπå ) = ëáå α I=éÉêáçÇ= Oπ =çê= PSM° K=
=
393. Åçë(α ± Oπå ) = Åçë α I=éÉêáçÇ= Oπ =çê= PSM° K=
=
394. í~å(α ± πå ) = í~å α I=éÉêáçÇ= π =çê= NUM° K=
=
395. Åçí(α ± πå ) = Åçí α I=éÉêáçÇ= π =çê= NUM° K=
=
=
=
4.8 Relations between Trigonometric
Functions
=
396. ëáå α = ± N − Åçë O α = ±

N
(N − Åçë Oα ) = O Åçë O  α − π  − N =
O  O Q
α
O í~å
= = O =
α
N + í~å O
O
=
397. Åçë α = ± N − ëáå O α = ±

N
(N + Åçë Oα ) = O Åçë O α − N =
O O
α
N − í~å O
= = O=
α
N + í~å O
O
=
ëáå α ëáå Oα N − Åçë Oα
398. í~å α = = ± ëÉÅ O α − N = = =
Åçë α N + Åçë Oα ëáå Oα
90
α
O í~å
N − Åçë Oα O =
= =± =
N + Åçë Oα O α
N + í~å
O
=
Åçë α N + Åçë Oα ëáå Oα
399. Åçí α = = ± ÅëÅ O α − N = = =
ëáå α ëáå Oα N − Åçë Oα
α
N − í~å O
N + Åçë Oα O=
= =± =
N − Åçë Oα α
O í~å
O
=
α
N + í~å O
N O=
400. ëÉÅ α = = ± N + í~å O α =
Åçë α α
N − í~å O
O
=
α
N + í~å O
N O=
401. ÅëÅ α = = ± N + Åçí O α =
ëáå α α
O í~å
O
=
=
=
4.9 Addition and Subtraction Formulas
=
402. ëáå(α + β) = ëáå α Åçë β + ëáå β Åçë α =
=
403. ëáå(α − ó ) = ëáå α Åçë β − ëáå β Åçë α =
=
404. Åçë(α + β ) = Åçë α Åçë β − ëáå α ëáå β =
=
405. Åçë(α − β ) = Åçë α Åçë β + ëáå α ëáå β =
91
í~å α + í~å β
406. í~å(α + β ) = =
N − í~å α í~å β
=
í~å α − í~å β
407. í~å(α − β ) = =
N + í~å α í~å β
=
N − í~å α í~å β
408. Åçí(α + β) = =
í~å α + í~å β
=
N + í~å α í~å β
409. Åçí(α − β) = =
í~å α − í~å β
=
=
=
4.10 Double Angle Formulas
=
410. ëáå Oα = O ëáå α ⋅ Åçë α =
=
411. Åçë Oα = Åçë O α − ëáå O α = N − O ëáå O α = O Åçë O α − N =
=
O í~å α O
412. í~å Oα = = =
N − í~å α Åçí α − í~å α
O
=
Åçí O α − N Åçí α − í~å α
413. Åçí Oα = = =
O Åçí α O
=
=
=
=
=
=
92
4.11 Multiple Angle Formulas

=
414. ëáå Pα = P ëáå α − Q ëáå P α = P Åçë O α ⋅ ëáå α − ëáåP α =
=
415. ëáå Qα = Q ëáå α ⋅ Åçë α − U ëáå P α ⋅ Åçë α =
=
416. ëáå Rα = R ëáå α − OM ëáå P α + NS ëáå R α =
=
417. Åçë Pα = Q ÅçëP α − P Åçë α = Åçë P α − P Åçë α ⋅ ëáå O α =
=
418. Åçë Qα = U Åçë Q α − U Åçë O α + N =
=
419. Åçë Rα = NS Åçë R α − OM Åçë P α + R Åçë α =
=
P í~å α − í~å P α
420. í~å Pα = =
N − P í~å O α
=
Q í~å α − Q í~å P α
421. í~å Qα = =
N − S í~å O α + í~å Q α
=
í~å R α − NM í~å P α + R í~å α
422. í~å Rα = =
N − NM í~å O α + R í~å Q α
=
Åçí P α − P Åçí α
423. Åçí Pα = =
P Åçí O α − N
=
N − S í~å O α + í~å Q α
424. Åçí Qα = ==
Q í~å α − Q í~å P α
=
93
N − NM í~å O α + R í~å Q α
425. Åçí Rα = =
í~å R α − NM í~å P α + R í~å α
=
=
=
4.12 Half Angle Formulas
=
α N − Åçë α
426. ëáå =± =
O O
=
α N + Åçë α
427. Åçë =± =
O O
=
α N − Åçë α ëáå α N − Åçë α
428. í~å =± = = = ÅëÅ α − Åçí α =
O N + Åçë α N + Åçë α ëáå α
=
α N + Åçë α ëáå α N + Åçë α
429. Åçí =± = = = ÅëÅ α + Åçí α =
O N − Åçë α N − Åçë α ëáå α
=
=
=
4.13 Half Angle Tangent Identities
=
α
O í~å
430. ëáå α = O =
α
N + í~å O
O
=
94
α
N − í~å O
431. Åçë α = O=
O α
N + í~å
O
=
α
O í~å
432. í~å α = O =
α
N − í~å O
O
=
α
N − í~å O
433. Åçí α = O=
α
O í~å
O
=
=
=
4.14 Transforming of Trigonometric
Expressions to Product
=
α+β α −β
434. ëáå α + ëáå β = O ëáå Åçë =
O O
=
α +β α −β
435. ëáå α − ëáå β = O Åçë ëáå =
O O
=
α+β α −β
436. Åçë α + Åçë β = O Åçë Åçë =
O O
=
α +β α −β
437. Åçë α − Åçë β = −O ëáå ëáå =
O O
=
95
ëáå(α + β )
438. í~å α + í~å β = =
Åçë α ⋅ Åçë β
=
ëáå(α − β )
439. í~å α − í~å β = =
Åçë α ⋅ Åçë β
=
ëáå(β + α )
440. Åçí α + Åçí β = =
ëáå α ⋅ ëáå β
=
ëáå(β − α )
441. Åçí α − Åçí β = =
ëáå α ⋅ ëáå β
=
π  π 
442. Åçë α + ëáå α = O Åçë − α  = O ëáå + α  =
Q  Q 
=
π  π 
443. Åçë α − ëáå α = O ëáå − α  = O Åçë + α  =
Q  Q 
=
Åçë(α − β)
444. í~å α + Åçí β = =
Åçë α ⋅ ëáå β
=
Åçë(α + β )
445. í~å α − Åçí β = − =
Åçë α ⋅ ëáå β
=
α
446. N + Åçë α = O Åçë O =
O
=
α
447. N − Åçë α = O ëáå O =
O
=
96
π α
448. N + ëáå α = O Åçë O  −  =
Q O
=
π α
449. N − ëáå α = O ëáå O  −  =
Q O
=
=
=
4.15 Transforming of Trigonometric
Expressions to Sum
=
Åçë(α − β) − Åçë(α + β )
450. ëáå α ⋅ ëáå β = =
O
=
Åçë(α − β ) + Åçë(α + β )
451. Åçë α ⋅ Åçë β = =
O
=
ëáå(α − β ) + ëáå(α + β )
452. ëáå α ⋅ Åçë β = =
O
=
í~å α + í~å β
453. í~å α ⋅ í~å β = =
Åçí α + Åçí β
=
Åçí α + Åçí β
454. Åçí α ⋅ Åçí β = =
í~å α + í~å β
=
í~å α + Åçí β
455. í~å α ⋅ Åçí β = =
Åçí α + í~å β
=
=
=
97
4.16 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

=
N − Åçë Oα
456. ëáå O α = =
O
=
P ëáå α − ëáå Pα
457. ëáå P α = =
Q
=
Åçë Qα − Q Åçë Oα + P
458. ëáå Q α = =
U
=
NM ëáå α − R ëáå Pα + ëáå Rα
459. ëáå R α = =
NS
=
NM − NR Åçë Oα + S Åçë Qα − Åçë Sα
460. ëáå S α = =
PO
=
N + Åçë Oα
461. Åçë O α = =
O
=
P Åçë α + Åçë Pα
462. Åçë P α = =
Q
=
Åçë Qα + Q Åçë Oα + P
463. Åçë Q α = =
U
=
NM Åçë α + R ëáå Pα + Åçë Rα
464. Åçë R α = =
NS
=
NM + NR Åçë Oα + S Åçë Qα + Åçë Sα
465. Åçë S α = =
PO
=
98
4.17 Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
=
466. fåîÉêëÉ=páåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
π π
ó = ~êÅëáå ñ I= − N ≤ ñ ≤ N I= − ≤ ~êÅëáå ñ ≤ K=
O O
=
=
=
Figure 66.
=
467. fåîÉêëÉ=`çëáåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅÅçë ñ I= − N ≤ ñ ≤ N I= M ≤ ~êÅÅçë ñ ≤ π K=
=
99
=
=
Figure 67.
=
468. fåîÉêëÉ=q~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
π π
ó = ~êÅí~å ñ I= − ∞ ≤ ñ ≤ ∞ I= − < ~êÅí~å ñ < K=
O O
=
===== =
=
Figure 68.
100
469. fåîÉêëÉ=`çí~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó = ~êÅ Åçí ñ I= − ∞ ≤ ñ ≤ ∞ I= M < ~êÅ Åçí ñ < π K=
===== =
Figure 69.
=
470. fåîÉêëÉ=pÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
 π  π 
ó = ~êÅëÉÅ=ñ I ñ ∈ (− ∞I − N] ∪ [NI ∞ )I ~êÅ ëÉÅ ñ ∈ MI  ∪  I πK
 O  O 
=
Figure 70.
101
471. fåîÉêëÉ=`çëÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
 π   π
ó = ~êÅÅëÅ ñ I ñ ∈ (− ∞I − N] ∪ [NI ∞ )I ~êÅ ÅëÅ ñ ∈ − I M  ∪  MI K
 O   O
=
=
Figure 71.
=
=
4.18 Principal Values of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
472. N O P
ñ= M= = = N=
O O O
~êÅëáå ñ = M° = PM° = QR° = SM° VM°
~êÅÅçë ñ = VM° SM° = QR° = PM° M° =
N O P
ñ= − − − − N= =
O O O
− PM° − VM°
~êÅëáå ñ = − QR° − SM° =
= =
NOM° NUM°
~êÅÅçë ñ = NPR° = NRM° = =
= =
102
473. P P
ñ= M= N= P= − − N= − P=
P P
− QR°
~êÅí~å ñ = M° = PM° QR° SM° − PM° − SM° =
=
NPR°
~êÅ Åçí ñ = VM° SM° QR° PM° NOM° = NRM° =
=
=
=
=
4.19 Relations between Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
=
474. ~êÅëáå(− ñ ) = − ~êÅëáå ñ =
=
π
475. ~êÅëáå ñ = − ~êÅÅçë ñ =
O
=
476. ~êÅëáå ñ = ~êÅÅçë N − ñ O I= M ≤ ñ ≤ N K=
=
477. ~êÅëáå ñ = − ~êÅÅçë N − ñ O I= − N ≤ ñ ≤ M K=
=
ñ
I= ñ < N K=
O
478. ~êÅëáå ñ = ~êÅí~å
N− ñ O
=
N− ñO
479. ~êÅëáå ñ = ~êÅ Åçí I= M < ñ ≤ N K=
ñ
=
N− ñO
480. ~êÅëáå ñ = ~êÅ Åçí − π I= − N ≤ ñ < M K=
ñ
=
481. ~êÅÅçë(− ñ ) = π − ~êÅÅçë ñ =
103
π
482. ~êÅÅçë ñ = − ~êÅëáå ñ =
O
=
483. ~êÅÅçë ñ = ~êÅëáå N − ñ O I= M ≤ ñ ≤ N K=
=
484. ~êÅÅçë ñ = π − ~êÅëáå N − ñ O I= − N ≤ ñ ≤ M K=
=
N− ñO
485. ~êÅÅçë ñ = ~êÅí~å I= M < ñ ≤ N K=
ñ
=
N− ñO
486. ~êÅÅçë ñ = π + ~êÅí~å I= − N ≤ ñ < M K=
ñ
=
ñ
487. ~êÅÅçë ñ = ~êÅ Åçí I= − N ≤ ñ ≤ N K=
N− ñO
=
488. ~êÅí~å(− ñ ) = − ~êÅí~å ñ =
=
π
489. ~êÅí~å ñ = − ~êÅ Åçí ñ =
O
=
ñ
490. ~êÅí~å ñ = ~êÅëáå =
N+ ñO
=
N
491. ~êÅí~å ñ = ~êÅÅçë I= ñ ≥ M K=
N+ ñO
=
N
492. ~êÅí~å ñ = − ~êÅÅçë I= ñ ≤ M K=
N+ ñO
=
104
π N
493. ~êÅí~å ñ = − ~êÅí~å I= ñ > M K=
O ñ
=
π N
494. ~êÅí~å ñ = − − ~êÅí~å I= ñ < M K=
O ñ
=
N
495. ~êÅí~å ñ = ~êÅ Åçí I= ñ > M K=
ñ
=
N
496. ~êÅí~å ñ = ~êÅ Åçí − π I= ñ < M K=
ñ
=
497. ~êÅ Åçí(− ñ ) = π − ~êÅ Åçí ñ =
=
π
498. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = − ~êÅí~å ñ =
O
=
N
499. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = ~êÅëáå I= ñ > M K=
N+ ñO
=
N
500. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = π − ~êÅëáå I= ñ < M K=
N+ ñO
=
ñ
501. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = ~êÅÅçë =
N+ ñO
=
N
502. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = ~êÅí~å I= ñ > M K=
ñ
=
N
503. ~êÅ Åçí ñ = π + ~êÅí~å I= ñ < M K=
ñ
=
=
105
4.20 Trigonometric Equations

=
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å=
=
=
ëáå ñ = ~ I= ñ = (− N) ~êÅëáå ~ + πå =
å
504.
=
505. Åçë ñ = ~ I= ñ = ± ~êÅÅçë ~ + Oπå =
=
506. í~å ñ = ~ I= ñ = ~êÅí~å ~ + πå =
=
507. Åçí ñ = ~ I= ñ = ~êÅ Åçí ~ + πå =
=
=
=
4.21 Relations to Hyperbolic Functions
=
fã~Öáå~êó=ìåáíW=á=
=
=
508. ëáå(áñ ) = á ëáåÜ ñ =
=
509. í~å(áñ ) = á í~åÜ ñ =
=
510. Åçí(áñ ) = −á ÅçíÜ ñ =
=
511. ëÉÅ(áñ ) = ëÉÅÜ ñ =
=
512. ÅëÅ(áñ ) = −á ÅëÅÜ ñ =
=
=
=
106
Chapter 5
Matrices and Determinants
=
=
=
=
j~íêáÅÉëW=Î=_I=`=
bäÉãÉåíë=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ~ á I= Äá I= ~ áà I= Äáà I= Å áà =
aÉíÉêãáå~åí=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ÇÉí ^ =
jáåçê=çÑ=~å=ÉäÉãÉåí= ~ áà W= j áà =
`çÑ~Åíçê=çÑ=~å=ÉäÉãÉåí= ~ áà W= ` áà =
ú
qê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ^ q I= ^ =
^Çàçáåí=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ~Çà ^ =
qê~ÅÉ=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= íê ^ =
fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ^ −N =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW=â=
oÉ~ä=î~êá~ÄäÉëW= ñ á =
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ãI=å===
=
=
5.1 Determinants
=
513. pÉÅçåÇ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~ ÄN
ÇÉí ^ = N = ~ N Ä O − ~ O ÄN =
~ O ÄO
=
=
=
=
=
107
CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
514. qÜáêÇ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~NN ~NO ~NP
ÇÉí ^ = ~ ON ~ OO ~ OP = ~NN~ OO~ PP + ~NO~ OP~ PN + ~ NP~ ON~ PO − =
~ PN ~ PO ~ PP
− ~NN~ OP~ PO − ~NO~ ON~ PP − ~ NP~ OO~ PN =
=
515. p~êêìë=oìäÉ=E^êêçï=oìäÉF=
=
=
Figure 72.
=
516. k-íÜ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~NN ~NO K ~Nà K ~Nå
~ ON ~ OO K ~ O à K ~ Oå
K K K K K K
ÇÉí ^ = =
~ áN ~ á O K ~ áà K ~ áå
K K K K K K
~ åN ~ å O K ~ åà K ~ åå
=
517. jáåçê=
qÜÉ=ãáåçê= j áà =~ëëçÅá~íÉÇ=ïáíÜ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåí= ~ áà =çÑ=å-íÜ=çêÇÉê=
ã~íêáñ= ^= áë= íÜÉ= (å − N) -íÜ= çêÇÉê= ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí= ÇÉêáîÉÇ= Ñêçã=
íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=^=Äó=ÇÉäÉíáçå=çÑ=áíë=á-íÜ=êçï=~åÇ=à-íÜ=ÅçäìãåK===
=
108
518. `çÑ~Åíçê=
` áà = (− N) j áà =
á +à
=
519. i~éä~ÅÉ=bñé~åëáçå=çÑ=å-íÜ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
i~éä~ÅÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=Äó=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=á-íÜ=êçï=
å
ÇÉí ^ = ∑ ~ áà` áà I= á = NI OI KI å K=
à=N
i~éä~ÅÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=Äó=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=à-íÜ=Åçäìãå=
å
ÇÉí ^ = ∑ ~ áà` áà I= à = NI OI KI å K==
á =N
=
=
=
5.2 Properties of Determinants
=
520. qÜÉ==î~äìÉ==çÑ=~=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=êÉã~áåë==ìåÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=áÑ=êçïë=~êÉ=
ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=íç=Åçäìãåë=~åÇ=Åçäìãåë=íç=êçïëK=
~ ~ O ~N ÄN
= N = ==
ÄN ÄO ~ O ÄO
=
521. fÑ=íïç==êçïë==Eçê=íïç=ÅçäìãåëF=~êÉ==áåíÉêÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=íÜÉ=ëáÖå=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=áë=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇK=
~N ÄN ~ ÄO
=− O =
~ O ÄO ~N ÄN
=
522. fÑ=íïç=êçïë==Eçê=íïç=ÅçäìãåëF=~êÉ==áÇÉåíáÅ~äI=íÜÉ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=áë=òÉêçK=
~N ~N
= M=
~O ~O
=
109
523. fÑ==íÜÉ===ÉäÉãÉåíë==çÑ==~åó=êçï==Eçê=ÅçäìãåF=~êÉ=ãìäíáéäáÉÇ=Äó=====
~==Åçããçå==Ñ~ÅíçêI==íÜÉ==ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí==áë==ãìäíáéäáÉÇ==Äó==íÜ~í=
Ñ~ÅíçêK=
â~ N âÄN ~ ÄN
=â N =
~ O ÄO ~ O ÄO
=
524. fÑ==íÜÉ==ÉäÉãÉåíë==çÑ==~åó==êçï==Eçê==ÅçäìãåF=~êÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Eçê=
ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇFÄó=Éèì~ä=ãìäíáéäÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=
çÑ=~åó=çíÜÉê=êçï==Eçê=ÅçäìãåFI==íÜÉ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=
áë=ìåÅÜ~åÖÉÇK=
~N + âÄN ÄN ~N ÄN
= =
~ O + âÄO ÄO ~ O ÄO
=
=
=
5.3 Matrices
=
525. aÉÑáåáíáçå=
^å= ã × å =ã~íêáñ=^=áë=~=êÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=~êê~ó=çÑ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=Eåìã-
ÄÉêë=çê=ÑìåÅíáçåëF=ïáíÜ=ã=êçïë=~åÇ=å=ÅçäìãåëK==
 ~ NN ~ NO K ~ Nå 
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå 
[ ]
^ = ~ áà = 
 M
ON
M
 ==
M 
 
~ ãN ~ ã O K ~ ãå 
=
526. pèì~êÉ=ã~íêáñ=áë=~=ã~íêáñ=çÑ=çêÇÉê= å× å K==
=
[ ]
527. ^=ëèì~êÉ=ã~íêáñ== ~ áà ==áë==ëóããÉíêáÅ==áÑ== ~ áà = ~ àá I==áKÉK==áí==áë=
ëóããÉíêáÅ=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äK==
=
[ ]
528. ^=ëèì~êÉ=ã~íêáñ= ~ áà =áë=ëâÉï-ëóããÉíêáÅ=áÑ= ~ áà = −~ àá K==
=
110
529. aá~Öçå~ä=ã~íêáñ==áë==~=ëèì~êÉ==ã~íêáñ=ïáíÜ=~ää==ÉäÉãÉåíë==òÉêç=
ÉñÅÉéí=íÜçëÉ=çå=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äK==
=
530. råáí=ã~íêáñ==áë==~=Çá~Öçå~ä==ã~íêáñ==áå=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çå=
íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~ä=~êÉ=~ää=ìåáíóK=qÜÉ=ìåáí=ã~íêáñ=áë===========
ÇÉåçíÉÇ=Äó=fK==
=
531. ^=åìää=ã~íêáñ=áë=çåÉ=ïÜçëÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=~ää=òÉêçK=
=
=
=
5.4 Operations with Matrices
=
532. qïç=ã~íêáÅÉë=^=~åÇ=_=~êÉ=Éèì~ä=áÑI=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑI=íÜÉó=~êÉ=ÄçíÜ=
çÑ==íÜÉ==ë~ãÉ==ëÜ~éÉ== ã × å ==~åÇ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=
Éèì~äK=
=
533. qïç=ã~íêáÅÉë==^=~åÇ=_==Å~å=ÄÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=Eçê=ëìÄíê~ÅíÉÇF=çÑI=~åÇ=
çåäó=áÑI=íÜÉó=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ëÜ~éÉ= ã × å K=fÑ==
 ~NN ~NO K ~Nå 
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå 
[ ]
^ = ~ áà =  ON
 M M
 I==
M 
 
~ ãN ~ ã O K ~ ãå 
 ÄNN ÄNO K ÄNå 
Ä ÄOO K ÄOå 
[ ]
_ = Äáà =  ON
 M M
 I==
M 
 
ÄãN Äã O K Äãå 
=
=
=
=
=
111
íÜÉå==
 ~NN + ÄNN ~NO + ÄNO K ~Nå + ÄNå 
~ +Ä ~ OO + ÄOO K ~ Oå + ÄOå 
^+_=  ON ON  K=
 M M M 
 
~ ãN + ÄãN ~ ã O + Äã O K ~ ãå + Äãå 
=
[ ]
534. fÑ=â=áë=~=ëÅ~ä~êI=~åÇ= ^ = ~ áà =áë=~=ã~íêáñI=íÜÉå=
 â~NN â~NO K â~Nå 
 â~ â~ OO K â~ Oå 
[ ]
â^ = â~ áà = 
 M
ON
M
 K=
M 
 
â~ ãN â~ ã O K â~ ãå 
=
535. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=qïç=j~íêáÅÉë=
qïç= ã~íêáÅÉë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ãìäíáéäáÉÇ= íçÖÉíÜÉê= çåäó= ïÜÉå= íÜÉ=
åìãÄÉê= çÑ= Åçäìãåë= áå= íÜÉ= Ñáêëí= áë= Éèì~ä= íç= íÜÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ=
êçïë=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇK==
=
fÑ=
 ~NN ~NO K ~Nå 
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå 
[ ]
^ = ~ áà =  ON
 M M M 
 I==
 
~ ãN ~ ã O K ~ ãå 
 ÄNN ÄNO K ÄNâ 
Ä ÄOO K ÄO â 
[ ]
_ = Äáà =  ON
 M M
 I=
M 
 
ÄåN Äå O K Äåâ 
=
=
=
=
=
112
íÜÉå==
 ÅNN ÅNO K ÅNâ 
Å Å OO K Å O â 
^_ = ` =  ON  I==
 M M M 
 
Ä ãN Å ã O K Å ãâ 
ïÜÉêÉ==
å
Å áà = ~ áNÄNà + ~ á O ÄO à + K + ~ áå Äåà = ∑ ~ á λ Äλ à =
λ =N
E á = NI OI KI ã X à = NI OI KI â FK==
=
qÜìë=áÑ=
 ÄN 
[ ] ~ NN
^ = ~ áà = 
~ NO ~ NP 
 I= _ = [Ä á ] = Ä O  I==
~ ON ~ OO ~ OP 
ÄP 
íÜÉå==
Ä 
~ NN ~ NO ~ NP   N  ~ NNÄN ~ NO Ä O ~ NP ÄP 
^_ =  ⋅ Ä = K==
~ ON ~ OO ~ OP   O  ~ ONÄN ~ OO Ä O ~ OP ÄP 
ÄP 
=
536. qê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=íÜÉ=êçïë=~åÇ=Åçäìãåë=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñ=~êÉ=áåíÉêÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=íÜÉå=
íÜÉ=åÉï=ã~íêáñ=áë=Å~ääÉÇ=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=çêáÖáå~ä=ã~íêáñK===
fÑ= ^= áë= íÜÉ= çêáÖáå~ä= ã~íêáñI= áíë= íê~åëéçëÉ= áë= ÇÉåçíÉÇ= ^ q = çê=
ú
^ K==
=
537. qÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=^=áë=çêíÜçÖçå~ä=áÑ= ^^ q = f K==
=
538. fÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=éêçÇìÅí=^_=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇI=íÜÉå==
(^_ )q = _ q ^ q K=
=
=
113
539. ^Çàçáåí=çÑ=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=^=áë=~=ëèì~êÉ= å× å ã~íêáñI=áíë=~ÇàçáåíI=ÇÉåçíÉÇ=Äó= ~Çà ^ I=
áë=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=çÑ=ÅçÑ~Åíçêë= ` áà =çÑ=^W=
[ ]
~Çà ^ = ` áà K==
q
=
540. qê~ÅÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ= ^= áë= ~= ëèì~êÉ= å × å ã~íêáñI= áíë= íê~ÅÉI= ÇÉåçíÉÇ= Äó= íê ^ I= áë=
ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ==íÜÉ=ëìã=çÑ==íÜÉ=íÉêãë=çå=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äW=
íê ^ = ~NN + ~ OO + K + ~ åå K=
=
541. fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=^=áë=~=ëèì~êÉ= å× å ã~íêáñ=ïáíÜ=~=åçåëáåÖìä~ê=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=
ÇÉí ^ I=íÜÉå=áíë=áåîÉêëÉ= ^ −N =áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=
~Çà ^
^ −N = K=
ÇÉí ^
=
542. fÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=éêçÇìÅí=^_=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇI=íÜÉå==
(^_)−N = _ −N^ −N K=
=
543. fÑ==^==áë=~=ëèì~êÉ=== å × å ==ã~íêáñI==íÜÉ==ÉáÖÉåîÉÅíçêë==u===ë~íáëÑó=
íÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå=
û = λu I==
ïÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=ÉáÖÉåî~äìÉë= λ =ë~íáëÑó=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=Éèì~íáçå=
^ − λf = M K===
=
=
=
5.5 Systems of Linear Equations
=
=
s~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=óI=òI= ñ N I= ñ O I K =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW= ~ N I ~ O I ~ P I ÄN I ~ NN I ~ NO I K =
114
aÉíÉêãáå~åíëW=aI= añ I= aó I= aò ==
j~íêáÅÉëW=Î=_I=u=
=
=
~ ñ + ÄNó = ÇN
544.  N I==
~ O ñ + ÄO ó = Ç O
a aó
ñ = ñ I= ó = =E`ê~ãÉê∞ë=êìäÉFI==
a a
ïÜÉêÉ==
~ ÄN
a= N = ~NÄO − ~ O ÄN I==
~ O ÄO
Ç ÄN
añ = N = ÇNÄO − Ç O ÄN I==
Ç O ÄO
~ ÇN
aó = N = ~NÇ O − ~ OÇN K==
~ O ÇO
=
545. fÑ= a ≠ M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=~=ëáåÖäÉ=ëçäìíáçåW==
a aó
ñ = ñ I= ó = K=
a a
fÑ= a = M = ~åÇ= añ ≠ M Eçê= aó ≠ M FI= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= = åç==
ëçäìíáçåK=
fÑ= a = añ = aó = M I= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= = áåÑáåáíÉäó= = ã~åó==
ëçäìíáçåëK=
=
~Nñ + ÄNó + ÅNò = ÇN=

546. ~ O ñ + ÄO ó + Å Oò = Ç O I==
~ ñ + Ä ó + Å ò = Ç
 P P P P
añ aó a
ñ= I= ó = I= ò = ò =E`ê~ãÉê∞ë=êìäÉFI==
a a a
=
115
ïÜÉêÉ==
~N ÄN ÅN ÇN ÄN ÅN
a = ~ O ÄO Å O I= añ = Ç O ÄO Å O I=
~ P ÄP ÅP ÇP ÄP ÅP
~N ÇN ÅN ~N ÄN ÇN
aó = ~ O ÇO Å O I= aò = ~ O ÄO Ç O K==
~P ÇP ÅP ~P ÄP ÇP
=
547. fÑ= a ≠ M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=Ü~ë=~=ëáåÖäÉ=ëçäìíáçåW==
a aó a
ñ = ñ I= ó = I= ò = ò K=
a a a
fÑ= a = M =~åÇ= añ ≠ M Eçê= aó ≠ M =çê= aò ≠ M FI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=
Ü~ë=åç=ëçäìíáçåK=
fÑ= a = añ = aó = aò = M I= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= áåÑáåáíÉäó=
ã~åó=ëçäìíáçåëK=
=
548. j~íêáñ=cçêã=çÑ=~=póëíÉã=çÑ=å=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë=áå=================
å=råâåçïåë=
qÜÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=äáåÉ~ê=Éèì~íáçåë==
~NNñ N + ~ NO ñ O + K + ~ Nå ñ å = ÄN
~ ñ + ~ ñ + K + ~ ñ = Ä
 ON N OO O Oå å O
 =
 K K K K K K K K K K K K
~ åNñ N + ~ å O ñ O + K + ~ åå ñ å = Äå
Å~å=ÄÉ=ïêáííÉå=áå=ã~íêáñ=Ñçêã=
 ~ NN ~ NO K ~ Nå   ñ N   ÄN 
     
 ~ ON ~ OO K ~ Oå   ñ O   Ä O 
 M ⋅ = I==
M M   M   M 
     
~     
 åN ~ å O K ~ åå   ñ å   Ä å 
áKÉK==
^ ⋅ u = _ I==
116
ïÜÉêÉ==
 ~ NN ~ NO K ~ Nå   ñN   ÄN 
     
~ ~ OO K ~ Oå   ñO   ÄO 
^ =  ON I= u = I= _ =  M  K==
M M M   M 
     
~ ~ å O K ~ åå  ñ  Ä 
 åN  å  å
=
549. pçäìíáçå=çÑ=~=pÉí=çÑ=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë= å × å =
u = ^ −N ⋅ _ I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ^ −N =áë=íÜÉ=áåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=^K=
=
=
117
Chapter 6
Vectors
=
=
=
=
r r r r →
sÉÅíçêëW= ì I= î I= ï I= ê I= ^_ I=£=
r r
sÉÅíçê=äÉåÖíÜW= ì I= î I=£=
r r r
råáí=îÉÅíçêëW= á I= à I= â =
r
kìää=îÉÅíçêW= M =
r
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=îÉÅíçê= ì W= uN I vN I wN =
r
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=îÉÅíçê= î W= u O I vO I wO =
pÅ~ä~êëW= λ I µ =
aáêÉÅíáçå=ÅçëáåÉëW= Åçë α I= Åçë β I= Åçë γ =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=îÉÅíçêëW= θ =
=
=
6.1 Vector Coordinates
=
550. råáí=sÉÅíçêë=
r
á = (NI MI M) I=
r
à = (MI NI M) I=
r
â = (MI MI N) I=
r r r
á = à = â = N K=
=
r → r r r
551. ê = ^_ = (ñ N − ñ M ) á + (ó N − ó M ) à + (ò N − ò M ) â =
=
118
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
======= =
=
Figure 73.
=
→
r
552. ê = ^_ = (ñ N − ñ M )O + (óN − ó M )O + (òN − ò M )O =
=
→ →
r r
553. fÑ= ^_ = ê I=íÜÉå= _^ = − ê K=
=
=
=
Figure 74.
=
r
554. u = ê Åçë α I=
r
v = ê Åçë β I=
r
w = ê Åçë γ K=
119
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
===== =
=
Figure 75.
=
r r
555. fÑ= ê (uI v I w ) = êN (uN I vN I wN ) I=íÜÉå==
u = uN I= v = vN I= w = wN K==
==
=
6.2 Vector Addition
=
r r r
556. ï = ì + î =
=
== =
=
Figure 76.
120
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
== =
=
Figure 77.
=
r r r r r
557. ï = ìN + ì O + ìP + K + ì å =
=
== =
=
Figure 78.
=
558. `çããìí~íáîÉ=i~ï=
r r r r
ì+ î =î+ì=
=
559. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=i~ï=
(ìr + îr ) + ïr = ìr + (îr + ïr ) =
=
r r
560. ì + î = (uN + u O I vN + vO I wN + wO ) =
=
=
=
=
=
=
121
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
6.3 Vector Subtraction

=
r r r r r r
561. ï = ì − î =áÑ= î + ï = ì K=
=
=
=
Figure 79.
=
== =
=
Figure 80.
=
r r r r
562. ì − î = ì + (− î ) =
=
r r r
563. ì − ì = M = (MI MI M ) =
=
r
564. M = M =
=
r r
565. ì − î = (uN − u O I vN − vO I wN − w O ) I==
=
=
=
6.4 Scaling Vectors
=
r r
566. ï = λì =
122
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
=
=
Figure 81.
=
r r
567. ï = λ⋅ì=
=
r
568. λì = (λuI λv I λw ) =
=
r r
569. λì = ìλ =
=
r r r
570. (λ + µ ) ì = λì + µì =
=
r r r
571. λ(µì ) = µ(λì ) = (λµ )ì =
=
r r r r
572. λ(ì + î ) = λì + λî =
=
=
=
6.5 Scalar Product
=
r r
573. pÅ~ä~ê=mêçÇìÅí=çÑ=sÉÅíçêë= ì =~åÇ î =
r r r r
ì ⋅ î = ì ⋅ î ⋅ Åçë θ I==
r r
ïÜÉêÉ= θ =áë=íÜÉ=~åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=îÉÅíçêë= ì =~åÇ î K====
=
123
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
= =
=
Figure 82.
=
574. pÅ~ä~ê=mêçÇìÅí=áå=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=cçêã=
r r
fÑ= ì = (uN I vN I wN ) I= î = (u O I vO I w O ) I=íÜÉå==
r r
ì ⋅ î = uNu O + vNvO + wNwO K=
=
575. ^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=sÉÅíçêë==
r r
fÑ= ì = (uN I vN I wN ) I= î = (u O I vO I w O ) I=íÜÉå==
uNu O + vNvO + wNw O
Åçë θ = K=
uN + vN + wN u O + vO + w O
O O O O O O
=
576. `çããìí~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
r r r r
ì⋅î = î ⋅ì=
=
577. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
(λìr ) ⋅ (µîr ) = λµìr ⋅ îr =
=
578. aáëíêáÄìíáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
r r r r r r r
ì ⋅ (î + ï ) = ì ⋅ î + ì ⋅ ï =
=
r r r r π
579. ì ⋅ î = M =áÑ= ì I î =~êÉ=çêíÜçÖçå~ä=E θ = FK=
O
=
r r π
580. ì ⋅ î > M =áÑ= M < θ < K=
O
=
124
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
r r π
581. ì ⋅ î < M =áÑ= < θ < π K=
O
=
r r r r
582. ì ⋅ î ≤ ì ⋅ î =
=
r r r r r r
583. ì ⋅ î = ì ⋅ î =áÑ= ì I î =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=E θ = M FK=
=
r
584. fÑ= ì = (uN I vN I wN ) I=íÜÉå==
r r r rO
ì ⋅ ì = ì O = ì = uN + vN + wN K=
O O O
=
r r r r r r
585. á ⋅ á = à ⋅ à = â ⋅ â = N =
=
r r r r r r
586. á ⋅ à = à ⋅ â = â ⋅ á = M =
=
=
=
6.6 Vector Product
=
r r
587. sÉÅíçê=mêçÇìÅí=çÑ=sÉÅíçêë= ì =~åÇ î =
r r r
ì × î = ï I=ïÜÉêÉ==
r r r π
• ï = ì ⋅ î ⋅ ëáå θ I=ïÜÉêÉ= M ≤ θ ≤ X=
O
r r r r
• ï ⊥ì= ~åÇ= ï ⊥ î X=
r r r
• =sÉÅíçêë= ì I= î I= ï =Ñçêã=~=êáÖÜí-Ü~åÇÉÇ=ëÅêÉïK=
=
125
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
======= =
=
Figure 83.
=
r r r
á à â
r r r
588. ï = ì × î = u N vN wN =
uO vO wO
=
r r r  v wN uN wN uN vN 
589. ï = ì × î =  N I− I =

 vO w O u O w O u O vO 
=
r r r r
590. p = ì × î = ì ⋅ î ⋅ ëáå θ =EcáÖKUPF=
=
591. ^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=sÉÅíçêë=EcáÖKUPF=
r r
ì× î
ëáå θ = r r =
ì⋅î
=
592. kçåÅçããìí~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
r r r r
ì × î = −(î × ì ) ==
=
593. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
(λìr )× (µîr ) = λµìr × îr =
=
=
126
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
594. aáëíêáÄìíáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
r r r r r r r
ì × (î + ï ) = ì × î + ì × ï =
=
r r r r r
595. ì × î = M =áÑ= ì =~åÇ= î =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=E θ = M FK=
=
r r r r r r r
596. á × á = à × à = â × â = M =
=
r r r r r r r r r
597. á × à = â I= à × â = á I= â × á = à =
=
=
=
6.7 Triple Product
=
598. pÅ~ä~ê=qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=
[ìr îrïr ] = ìr ⋅ (îr × ïr ) = îr ⋅ (ïr × ìr ) = ïr ⋅ (ìr × îr ) =
=
599. [ìr îrïr ] = [ïr ìr îr ] = [îrïr ìr ] = −[îrìr ïr ] = −[ïr îrìr ] = −[ìr ïr îr ] =
=
r r r rr r
600. âì ⋅ (î × ï ) = â[ìîï ] =
=
601. pÅ~ä~ê=qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=áå=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=cçêã=
uN vN wN
r r r
ì ⋅ (î × ï ) = u O vO w O I==
uP vP wP
ïÜÉêÉ==
r r r
ì = (uN I vN I wN ) I= î = (u O I vO I w O ) I= ï = (uP I vP I wP ) K==
=
602. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=m~ê~ääÉäÉéáéÉÇ=
r r r
s = ì ⋅ (î × ï ) =
=
127
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
============ =
=
Figure 84.
=
603. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=móê~ãáÇ=
Nr r r
s = ì ⋅ (î × ï ) =
S
=
=
=
Figure 85.
=
r r r r r r
604. fÑ== ì ⋅ (î × ï ) = M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçêë== ì I= î I=~åÇ= ï =~êÉ=äáåÉ~êäó=
r r r
ÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=I=ëç= ï = λì + µî =Ñçê=ëçãÉ=ëÅ~ä~êë= λ =~åÇ= µ K==
=
r r r r r r
605. fÑ== ì ⋅ (î × ï ) ≠ M I=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçêë== ì I= î I=~åÇ= ï =~êÉ=äáåÉ~êäó=
áåÇÉéÉåÇÉåíK=
=
128
CHAPTER 6. VECTORS
606. sÉÅíçê=qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=
r r r r r r r r r
ì × (î × ï ) = (ì ⋅ ï )î − (ì ⋅ î )ï ==
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
129
Chapter 7
Analytic Geometry
=
=
=
=
7.1 One-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ñ M I= ñ N I= ñ O I= ó M I= ó N I= ó O =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW= λ ==
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=éçáåíëW=Ç=
=
=
607. aáëí~åÅÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mçáåíë=
Ç = ^_ = ñ O − ñ N = ñ N − ñ O =
=
=
=
Figure 86.
=
608. aáîáÇáåÖ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=o~íáç= λ =
ñ + λñ O ^`
ñM = N I= λ = I= λ ≠ −N K=
N+ λ `_
=
======== =
=
Figure 87.
130
CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
609. jáÇéçáåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=
ñ + ñO
ñM = N I= λ = N K=
O
=
=
=
7.2 Two-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ñ M I= ñ N I= ñ O I= ó M I= ó N I= ó O =
mçä~ê=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= êI ϕ =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW= λ ==
mçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=ÅI==
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=éçáåíëW=Ç=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
610. aáëí~åÅÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mçáåíë=
Ç = ^_ = (ñ O − ñ N )O + (ó O − óN )O =
=
=
=
Figure 88.
131
611. aáîáÇáåÖ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=o~íáç= λ =
ñ + λñ O ó + λó O
ñM = N I= ó M = N I==
N+ λ N+ λ
^`
λ= I= λ ≠ −N K=
`_
=
======= =
=
Figure 89.
=
=
132
======= =
=
Figure 90.
=
612. jáÇéçáåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=
ñ + ñO ó + óO
ñM = N I= ó M = N I= λ = N K=
O O
=
613. `ÉåíêçáÇ=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=jÉÇá~åëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ñ + ñ O + ñP ó + óO + óP
ñM = N I= ó M = N I==
P P
ïÜÉêÉ== ^(ñ N I ó N ) I== _(ñ O I ó O ) I==~åÇ== `(ñ P I ó P ) ==~êÉ=îÉêíáÅÉë=çÑ=
íÜÉ=íêá~åÖäÉ= ^_` K= =
=
133
========= =
=
Figure 91.
=
614. fåÅÉåíÉê=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=^åÖäÉ=_áëÉÅíçêëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
~ñ + Äñ O + Åñ P ~ó + Äó O + Åó P
ñM = N I= ó M = N I==
~ +Ä+Å ~ +Ä+Å
ïÜÉêÉ= ~ = _` I= Ä = `^ I= Å = ^_ K==
=
======== =
=
Figure 92.
134
615. `áêÅìãÅÉåíÉê=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=páÇÉ=mÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê======================
_áëÉÅíçêëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ñ NO + ó NO ó N N ñ N ñ NO + ó NO N
ñ OO + ó OO ó O N ñ O ñ OO + ó OO N
ñ PO + ó PO ó P N ñ P ñ PO + ó PO N
ñM = I= ó M = =
ñN óN N ñN óN N
O ñO óO N O ñO óO N
ñP óP N ñP óP N
=
======== =
==
Figure 93.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
135
616. lêíÜçÅÉåíÉê=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=^äíáíìÇÉëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ó N ñ O ñ P + ó NO N ñ NO + ó O ó P ñ N N
ó O ñ P ñ N + ó OO N ñ OO + ó P ó N ñ O N
ó P ñ Nñ O + ó PO N ñ PO + ó Nó O ñ P N
ñM = I= ó M = =
ñN óN N ñN óN N
ñO óO N ñO óO N
ñP óP N ñP óP N
=
====== =
=
Figure 94.
=
617. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ñ N óN N
N N ñ O − ñN ó O − óN
p = (± ) ñ O ó O N = (± ) =
O O ñ P − ñN ó P − óN
ñP óP N
=
=
=
136
618. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=nì~Çêáä~íÉê~ä=
N
p = (± ) [(ñ N − ñ O )(ó N + ó O ) + (ñ O − ñ P )(ó O + ó P ) + =
O
+ (ñ P − ñ Q )(ó P + ó Q ) + (ñ Q − ñ N )(ó Q + ó N )] =
=
=== =
=
Figure 95.
=
kçíÉW=få=Ñçêãìä~ë=SNTI=SNU=ïÉ=ÅÜççëÉ=íÜÉ=ëáÖå=EHF=çê=E¥F=ëç=
íÜ~í=íç=ÖÉí=~=éçëáíáîÉ=~åëïÉê=Ñçê=~êÉ~K==
=
619. aáëí~åÅÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mçáåíë=áå=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
Ç = ^_ = êNO + êOO − OêNêO Åçë(ϕ O − ϕN ) =
=
137
=
=
Figure 96.
=
620. `çåîÉêíáåÖ=oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=íç=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
ñ = ê Åçë ϕ I= ó = ê ëáå ϕ K=
=
=
=
Figure 97.
=
621. `çåîÉêíáåÖ=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=íç=oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
ó
ê = ñ O + ó O I= í~å ϕ = K=
ñ
138
7.3 Straight Line in Plane

=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW=uI=vI=ñI= ñ M I= ñ N I== ó M I= ó N I= ~N I= ~ O I=£==
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=âI=~I=ÄI=éI=íI=Î=_I=Ì= ^N I= ^ O I=£=
^åÖäÉëW= α I= β =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=äáåÉëW= ϕ =
r
kçêã~ä=îÉÅíçêW= å =
r r r
mçëáíáçå=îÉÅíçêëW= ê I= ~ I= Ä =
=
=
622. dÉåÉê~ä=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=
^ñ + _ó + ` = M =
=
623. kçêã~ä=sÉÅíçê=íç=~=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=
r
qÜÉ=îÉÅíçê= å(Î _ ) =áë=åçêã~ä=íç=íÜÉ=äáåÉ= ^ñ + _ó + ` = M K=
=
=
=
Figure 98.
=
624. bñéäáÅáí=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=EpäçéÉ-fåíÉêÅÉéí=cçêãF=
ó = âñ + Ä K==
139
qÜÉ=Öê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=áë= â = í~å α K=
=
=
=
Figure 99.
=
625. dê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ==
ó − óN
â = í~å α = O =
ñ O − ñN
=
=
=
Figure 100.
140
626. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=dáîÉå=~=mçáåí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=dê~ÇáÉåí=
ó = ó M + â (ñ − ñ M ) I==
ïÜÉêÉ=â=áë=íÜÉ=Öê~ÇáÉåíI= m(ñ M I ó M ) =áë=~=éçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉK=
=
=
=
Figure 101.
=
627. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=qÜ~í=m~ëëÉë=qÜêçìÖÜ=qïç=mçáåíë=
ó − óN ñ − ñN
= ==
ó O − óN ñ O − ñN
çê=
ñ ó N
ñ N ó N N = M K=
ñO óO N
=
141
=
=
Figure 102.
=
628. fåíÉêÅÉéí=cçêã=
ñ ó
+ =N=
~ Ä
=
=
=
Figure 103.
=
=
142
629. kçêã~ä=cçêã=
ñ Åçë β + ó ëáå β − é = M =
=
=
=
Figure 104.
=
630. mçáåí=aáêÉÅíáçå=cçêã=
ñ − ñ N ó − óN
= I==
u v
ïÜÉêÉ= (uI v ) = áë= íÜÉ= ÇáêÉÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= äáåÉ= ~åÇ= mN (ñ N I ó N ) = äáÉë=
çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉK=
=
143
=
=
Figure 105.
=
631. sÉêíáÅ~ä=iáåÉ=
ñ =~=
=
632. eçêáòçåí~ä=iáåÉ=
ó=Ä=
=
633. sÉÅíçê=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=
r r r
ê = ~ + íÄ I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
l=áë=íÜÉ=çêáÖáå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëI=
u=áë=~åó=î~êá~ÄäÉ=éçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
r
~ =áë=íÜÉ=éçëáíáçå=îÉÅíçê=çÑ=~=âåçïå=éçáåí=^=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=I=
r
Ä =áë=~=âåçïå=îÉÅíçê=çÑ=ÇáêÉÅíáçåI=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
í=áë=~=é~ê~ãÉíÉêI==
r →
ê = lu =áë=íÜÉ=éçëáíáçå=îÉÅíçê=çÑ=~åó=éçáåí=u=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉK==
=
144
=
=
Figure 106.
=
634. píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=áå=m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=cçêã=
ñ = ~N + íÄN
 I==
ó = ~ O + íÄO
ïÜÉêÉ==
(ñ I ó ) ~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~åó=ìåâåçïå=éçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
(~N I ~ O ) =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~=âåçïå=éçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
(ÄN I ÄO ) =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=äáåÉI==
í=áë=~=é~ê~ãÉíÉêK=
=
145
=
Figure 107.
=
635. aáëí~åÅÉ=cêçã=~=mçáåí=qç=~=iáåÉ=
qÜÉ=Çáëí~åÅÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=éçáåí= m(~ I Ä) =íç=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=
^ñ + _ó + ` = M =áë==
^~ + _Ä + `
Ç= K=
^ O + _O
=
=
=
Figure 108.
146
636. m~ê~ääÉä=iáåÉë=
qïç=äáåÉë= ó = â Nñ + ÄN =~åÇ= ó = â O ñ + ÄO =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=áÑ==
â N = â O K=
qïç= äáåÉë= ^Nñ + _Nó + `N = M = ~åÇ= ^ O ñ + _O ó + ` O = M = ~êÉ=
é~ê~ääÉä=áÑ=
^N _N
= K=
^ O _O
=
=
=
Figure 109.
=
637. mÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=iáåÉë=
qïç=äáåÉë= ó = â Nñ + ÄN =~åÇ= ó = â O ñ + ÄO =~êÉ=éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=áÑ==
N
â O = − =çêI=Éèìáî~äÉåíäóI= â Nâ O = −N K=
âN
qïç= äáåÉë= ^Nñ + _Nó + `N = M = ~åÇ= ^ O ñ + _ O ó + ` O = M = ~êÉ=
éÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê=áÑ=
^N^ O + _N_ O = M K=
=
147
=
=
Figure 110.
=
638. ^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=iáåÉë=
â − âN
í~å ϕ = O I==
N + â Nâ O
^N^ O + _N_ O
Åçë ϕ = K=
^NO + _NO ⋅ ^ OO + _ OO
=
148
=
=
Figure 111.
=
639. fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=qïç=iáåÉë=
fÑ=íïç=äáåÉë= ^Nñ + _Nó + `N = M =~åÇ= ^ O ñ + _ O ó + ` O = M =áåíÉê-
ëÉÅíI=íÜÉ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=éçáåí=Ü~ë=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë=
− `N_ O + ` O_N − ^N` O + ^ O`N
ñM = I= ó M = K=
^N_ O − ^ O_N ^N_ O − ^ O_N
=
=
=
7.4 Circle
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
`ÉåíÉê=çÑ=ÅáêÅäÉW= (~ I Ä) =
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW=ñI=óI= ñ N I= ó N I=£=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=Î=_I=Ì=aI=bI=cI=í=
149
640. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=`áêÅäÉ=`ÉåíÉêÉÇ=~í=íÜÉ=lêáÖáå=Epí~åÇ~êÇ=
cçêãF=
ñ O + ó O = oO =
====== =
=
Figure 112.
=
641. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=`áêÅäÉ=`ÉåíÉêÉÇ=~í=^åó=mçáåí= (~I Ä)
(ñ − ~ )O + (ó − Ä)O = o O
Figure 113.
150
642. qÜêÉÉ=mçáåí=cçêã
ñO + óO ñ ó N
ñ NO + ó NO ñ N ó N N
=M
ñ OO + ó OO ñ O ó O N
ñ PO + ó PO ñ P ó P N
=
=
=
Figure 114.
=
643. m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=cçêã
ñ = o Åçë í
 I= M ≤ í ≤ Oπ K
ó = o ëáå í
=
644. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã
^ñ O + ^ó O + añ + bó + c = M =E^=åçåòÉêçI= aO + b O > Q ^c FK==
qÜÉ=ÅÉåíÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅäÉ=Ü~ë=ÅççêÇáå~íÉë= (~ I Ä) I=ïÜÉêÉ==
a b
~=− I= Ä = − K=
O^ O^
qÜÉ=ê~Çáìë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅäÉ=áë
151
aO + b O − Q ^c
o= K
O^
=
=
=
7.5 Ellipse
=
pÉãáã~àçê=~ñáëW=~=
pÉãáãáåçê=~ñáëW=Ä=
cçÅáW= cN (− ÅI M) I= cO (ÅI M) =
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÑçÅáW=OÅ= =
bÅÅÉåíêáÅáíóW=É==
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=Î=_I=Ì=aI=bI=cI=í=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
645. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~å=bääáéëÉ=Epí~åÇ~êÇ=cçêãF
ñO óO
+ =N
~ O ÄO
=
=
Figure 115.
152
646. êN + êO = O~ I=
ïÜÉêÉ== êN I== êO ==~êÉ==Çáëí~åÅÉë==Ñêçã==~åó==éçáåí== m(ñ I ó ) ==çå=
íÜÉ=ÉääáéëÉ=íç=íÜÉ=íïç=ÑçÅáK=
=
=
=
Figure 116.
=
647. ~ O = ÄO + Å O
=
648. bÅÅÉåíêáÅáíó
Å
É = <N=
~
=
649. bèì~íáçåë=çÑ=aáêÉÅíêáÅÉë
~ ~O
ñ=± =± =
É Å
=
650. m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=cçêã
ñ = ~ Åçë í
 I= M ≤ í ≤ Oπ K
ó = Ä ëáå í
=
=
153
^ñ O + _ñó + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= _ O − Q ^` < M K=
=
652. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã=ïáíÜ=^ñÉë=m~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=^ñÉë
^ñ O + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ^` > M K
=
653. `áêÅìãÑÉêÉåÅÉ
i = Q~b(É ) I==
ïÜÉêÉ==íÜÉ==ÑìåÅíáçå=b==áë==íÜÉ=ÅçãéäÉíÉ==ÉääáéíáÅ=áåíÉÖê~ä==çÑ=
íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇ=âáåÇK==
=
654. ^ééêçñáã~íÉ=cçêãìä~ë=çÑ=íÜÉ=`áêÅìãÑÉêÉåÅÉ
( )
i = π NKR(~ + Ä) − ~Ä I==
i = π O(~ O + ÄO ) K=
=
655. p = π~Ä =
=
=
=
7.6 Hyperbola
=
qê~åëîÉêëÉ=~ñáëW=~=
`çåàìÖ~íÉ=~ñáëW=Ä=
cçÅáW= cN (− ÅI M) I= cO (ÅI M) =
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=ÑçÅáW=OÅ= =
bÅÅÉåíêáÅáíóW=É==
^ëóãéíçíÉëW=ëI=í=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=Î=_I=Ì=aI=bI=cI=íI=â=
=
=
=
154
656. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=eóéÉêÄçä~=Epí~åÇ~êÇ=cçêãF=
ñO óO
− = N=
~ O ÄO
=
=
=
Figure 117.
=
657. êN − êO = O~ I=
ïÜÉêÉ== êN I== êO ==~êÉ==Çáëí~åÅÉë==Ñêçã==~åó=éçáåí== m(ñ I ó ) ==çå=
íÜÉ=ÜóéÉêÄçä~=íç=íÜÉ=íïç=ÑçÅáK=
=
155
=
=
Figure 118.
=
658. bèì~íáçåë=çÑ=^ëóãéíçíÉë=
Ä
ó=± ñ=
~
=
659. Å O = ~ O + ÄO =
=
660. bÅÅÉåíêáÅáíó
Å
É = > N=
~
=
661. bèì~íáçåë=çÑ=aáêÉÅíêáÅÉë
~ ~O
ñ=± =± =
É Å
=
=
=
156
662. m~ê~ãÉíêáÅ=bèì~íáçåë=çÑ=íÜÉ=oáÖÜí=_ê~åÅÜ=çÑ=~=eóéÉêÄçä~=
ñ = ~ ÅçëÜ í
 I= M ≤ í ≤ Oπ K
ó = Ä ëáåÜ í
=
^ñ O + _ñó + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= _ O − Q ^` > M K=
=
664. dÉåÉê~ä=cçêã=ïáíÜ=^ñÉë=m~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=^ñÉë
^ñ O + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ^` < M K=
665. ^ëóãéíçíáÅ=cçêã=
ÉO
ñó = I==
Q
çê==
â ÉO
ó = I=ïÜÉêÉ= â = K=
ñ Q
få= íÜáë= Å~ëÉ= I= íÜÉ= ~ëóãéíçíÉë= Ü~îÉ= Éèì~íáçåë= ñ = M = ~åÇ=
ó = M K==
=
157
=
=
Figure 119.
=
=
=
7.7 Parabola
=
cçÅ~ä=é~ê~ãÉíÉêW=é=
cçÅìëW=c=
sÉêíÉñW= j(ñ M I ó M ) =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=Î=_I=Ì=aI=bI=cI=éI=~I=ÄI=Å=
=
=
666. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=m~ê~Äçä~=Epí~åÇ~êÇ=cçêãF
ó O = Oéñ
=
158
=
=
Figure 120.
=
bèì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíêáñ
é
ñ = − I=
O
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÑçÅìë=
é 
c I M  I=
O 
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=îÉêíÉñ=
j(MI M) K=
=
^ñ O + _ñó + `ó O + añ + bó + c = M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= _ O − Q ^` = M K=
=
N
668. ó = ~ñ O I= é = K=
O~
bèì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇáêÉÅíêáñ
159

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1300 Math Formulas

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

1.2 Sets of Numbers

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

1.3 Basic Identities

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

CHAPTER 1. NUMBER SETS

~ å + Äå = (~ + Ä)(~ å−N − ~ å −O Ä + ~ å −P ÄO − K + ~Äå−O − Äå −N ) K=

110. äçÖ ~ (ñ å ) = å äçÖ ~ ñ =

127. fÑ= ~ > Ä I=íÜÉå= Ä < ~ K=

191. Ü ~ = Ä ëáå γ = Å ëáå β I=

207. Ü = Ä ëáå α = Ä ëáå β =

3.11 Isosceles Trapezoid with

3.15 Tangential Quadrilateral

261. ~N~ O = ÄNÄO =

3.20 Sector of a Circle

3.21 Segment of a Circle

[ëo − ~(o − Ü )] = o  απ − ëáå α  = o (ñ − ëáå ñ ) I==

3.27 Frustum of a Regular Pyramid

3.31 Right Circular Cylinder with

4.2 Definitions and Graphs of Trigonometric

4.3. Signs of Trigonometric Functions

379. = páå `çë q~å `çí pÉÅ `çëÉÅ=

4.4 Trigonometric Functions of Common

4.7 Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions

396. ëáå α = ± N − Åçë O α = ±

397. Åçë α = ± N − ëáå O α = ±

4.11 Multiple Angle Formulas

4.16 Powers of Trigonometric Functions

4.17 Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric

4.20 Trigonometric Equations

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

CHAPTER 5. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

6.3 Vector Subtraction

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

7.3 Straight Line in Plane

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY