UNIVERSITATEA "SPIRU HARET"

FACULTATEA DE DREPT


'5(37 ,17(51$ ,21$/ 35,9$7
- /HF LL GH VLQWH] -
- Lector Sorin Popescu -

, 3$57($ *(1(5$/ 
CAPITOLUL 1

RAPORTORTUL JURIDIC DE DREPT

,17(51$,21$/ 3,59$7

1. Elementul de extraneitate sau elementul "strLQ FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSDOXO IDFWRU GH

GLVWLQJHUH D UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW ID  GH DOWH UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH (O HVWH
DFHD SDUWH FRPSRQHQW D UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FDUH VH DIO vQ VWULQWDWH VDX VXE LQFLGHQ D XQHL OHJL
VWULQH
ElePHQWXO GH H[WUDQHLWDWH QX FRQVWLWXLH XQ HOHPHQW GH VWUXFWXU GLVWLQFW DO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF
DOWXUL GH VXELHFWH FRQ LQXW úL RELHFW FL RULFDUH GLQWUH DFHVWHD SRDWH FRQVWLWXL XQ HOHPHQW GH
extraneitate.
Într-un raport juridic pot fi unul sau mai multe elemente de extraneitate.
 ([LVWHQ D HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH vQWU-XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF IDFH FD vQ OHJWXU FX DFHO
UDSRUW MXULGLF V VH QDVF XQ conflict de legi.
&RQIOLFWXO GH OHJL HVWH VLWXD LD FDUH DSDUH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH vQWU-un raport juridic exisW XQ
HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH úL FDUH FRQVW vQ DFHHD F DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF GHYLQH VXVFHSWLELO GH D L VH
DSOLFD GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH
(OHPHQWHOH HVHQ LDOH ale conflictului de legi sunt:
a) izvorul conflictulXL GH OHJL HVWH HOHPHQWXO GH H[WUDQHLWDWH 1XPDL H[LVWHQ D vQWU-un raport
MXULGLF D XQXL HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH IDFH FD vQ OHJWXU FX DFHO UDSRUW V VH QDVF XQ FRQIOLFW GH
OHJL LDU HO GHYLQH LPSOLFLW XQ UDSRUW GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
b) confOLFWXO GH OHJL QX LPSOLF vQ QLFL XQ IHO XQ FRQIOLFW GH VXYHUDQLW L vQWUH VWDWXO URPkQ úL
FHO VWULQ FX FDUH HOHPHQWXO GH H[WUDQHLWDWH DUH OHJWXU $FHDVWD GHRDUHFH MXGHFWRUXO URPkQ
DVFXOW QXPDL GH OHJHD ULL VDOH LDU FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL HVWH VROX LRQDW GH FWUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO
URPkQ
F UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FDUH FRQ LQH XQ HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH HVWH QXPDL VXVFHSWLELO GH D L VH
DSOLFD GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW GLIHULWH úL DQXPH FHO URPkQ úL RULFDUH GLQWUH FHOH OD
care elementele de extraneitate trimit, deoarece, prin mecanismul normei conflictuale, acestuia i se
DSOLF XQ VLQJXU VLVWHP GH GUHSW úL DQXPH FHO LQGLFDW GH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FD lex causae - sistem
FDUH SRDWH IL FHO DO IRUXOXL URPkQ VDX XQXO VWULQ
d) conflictul de legi DSDUH vQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DOH XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH GHFL QR LXQHD GH
OHJH WUHEXLH OXDW vQ VHQVXO GH VLVWHP GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQXL DQXPLW VWDW
&DX]D DSDUL LHL FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL UH]LG  vQ IDSWXO F UHJOHPHQWULOH GLQ VLVWHPHOH GH
drept ale VWDWHORU VXQW GHRVHELWH XQHOH GH DOWHOH FX SULYLUH OD DFHHDúL SUREOHP GH GUHSW
3. Conflictele de legi pot apare numai în UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
privat GHRDUHFH QXPDL vQ DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL LQVWDQ D URPkQ SRDW V DSOLFH R OHJH VWULQ VDX 
DOWIHO VSXV FRPSHWHQ D OHJLVODWLY DGLF GUHSWXO DSOLFDELO GH FWUH LQVWDQ  SRDWH GLIHUL GH
FRPSHWHQ D MXGHFWRUHDVF DGLF GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD LQVWDQ HL FRPSHWHQWH
([SOLFD LD DFHVWHL VLWXD LL FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F vQ UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SULYDW SU LOH VH
DIO XQD ID  
GH FHDODOW SH SR]L LH GH HJDOLWDWH MXULGLF  LDU HJDOLWDWHD MXULGLF D SU LORU DWUDJH
LPSOLFLW HJDOLWDWHD VLVWHPHORU GH GUHSW FURUD HOH OH DSDU LQ LDU vQWUH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DIODWH SH
picior de egalitDWH VH SRDWH SXQH SUREOHPD FDUH GLQWUH HOH VH YD DSOLFD UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF vQ FDX]
/HJHD QU  FX SULYLUH OD UHJOHPHQWDUHD UDSRUWXULORU GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
privat SUHYHGH vQ DUW  DOLQ  F UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW Uaporturile civile,
FRPHUFLDOH GH PXQF GH SURFHGXU FLYLO úL DOWH UDSRUWXUL GH GUHSW SULYDW FX HOHPHQW GH
extraneitate.
3UHFL]UL
D (QXPHUDUHD OHJLL FDUH HVWH HYLGHQW H[HPSOLILFDWLY SRDWH IL FRPSOHWDW FX DOWH UDSRUWXUL
juridice, precum cele de IDPLOLH FHOH GLQ WUDQVSRUWXULOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH GH SURSULHWDWH LQWHOHFWXDO HWF
E 1X WRDWH UDSRUWXULOH GLQ UDPXULOH GH GUHSW HQXPHUDWH GH DUWLFROXO PHQ LRQDW DSDU LQ
GUHSWXOXL SULYDW 'H H[HPSOX GLQWUH UDSRUWXULOH GH PXQF VXQW GH GUHSW SULYDW vQ SUincipal, cele
SULYLQG FRQWUDFWXO GH PXQF
 F 5DSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SXEOLF QX SRW GD QDúWHUH OD FRQIOLFWH GH OHJL vQ VHQVXO F vQ
DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL QX H[LVW vQ SULQFLSLX SRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL GH FWUH MXGHFWRUXO URPkQ D XQHL OHJL
VWULQH ([SOLFD LD UH]LG vQ IDSWXO F OD DFHVWH UDSRUWXUL SU LOH VH DIO XQD ID  GH FHDODOW SH
SR]L LH GH VXERUGRQDUH MXULGLF LQWHUYHQLQG HOHPHQWXO GH DXWRULWDWH DO VWDWXOXL URPkQ FDUH
DF LRQHD] de jure imperii.
4. Obiectul de reglementare al dreptului LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FD UDPXU GH GUHSW vO FRQVWLWXLH
raporturile juridice de drept privat, cu elemente de extraneitate.
5DSRUWXUL MXULGLFH GH GUHSW SULYDW XQ HOHPHQW VWULQ SRW LQWUD vQ RELHFWXO GH UHJOHPHQWDUH úL DO
DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW VLWXD LD FHD PDL UHOHYDQW ILLQG DFHHD D UDSRUWXULORU FRPHUFLDOH FX HOHPHQW GH
H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH IRUPHD] RELHFWXO GUHSWXOXL FRPHU XOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO GDU GHRVHELUHD HVHQ LDO
GLQWUH FHOH GRX UDPXUL GH GUHSW FRQVW vQ QDWXUD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXl lor.

CAPITOLUL 2
&21,1878/ '5(378/8, ,17(51$,21$/ 35,9$T

&RQ LQXWXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vO FRQVWLWXLH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] DFHDVW
UDPXU GH GUHSW
3ULQFLSDOD FODVLILFDUH D QRUPHORU GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH vQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH úL
QRUPH PDWHULDOH VXEVWDQ LDOH

6HF LXQHD 
Normele conflictuale

1. Normele conflictuale VXQW DFHOH QRUPH MXULGLFH VSHFLILFH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
FDUH DX R VWUXFWXU SURSULH úL VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWH GH OHJL vQ VHQVXO F VWabilesc care dintre
VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ  WUHEXLH V VH DSOLFH FX SULYLUH OD UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY
2. Normele conflictuale se deosebesc de cele materiale (VXEVWDQ LDOH GLUHFWH FHO SX LQ
VXE XUPWRDUHOH DVSHFWH
D QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO QX FkUPXLHúWH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF SH IRQGXO VX FL QXPDL DUDW VLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO $úDGDU VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FHD PDWHULDO QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO HVWH R QRUP GH
trimitere, de fixare.
E QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DUH R DSOLFDUH SUHDODELO ID  GH QRUPD PDWHULDO úL LQIOXHQ HD]
QRUPD PDWHULDO DSOLFDELO
$SOLFDUHD SUHDODELO D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VH H[SOLF SULQ VXFFHVLXQHD ORJLF D HWDSHORU GH
UHDOL]DUH D GUHSWXOXL úL DQXPH PDL vQWkL WUHEXLH GHWHUPLQDW SH ED]D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VLVWHPXO GH
drept aplicabLO vQ VSH  GH FWUH LQVWDQ D GHFODUDW FRPSHWHQW LDU DELD DSRL DFHDVW LQVWDQ 
WUHEXLH V GHWHUPLQH GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FDUH HVWH QRUPD PDWHULDO SHQWUX VROX LRQDUHD
litigiului.
De asemenea, QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO  LQIOXHQ HD] QRUPD PDWHULDO  
DSOLFDELO  deoarece
WULPLWHUHD GH FWUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO OD XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GXFH SH IRQG OD DSOLFDUHD
normelor materiale ale acelui sistem de drept.
3. Structura normei conflictuale HVWH vQ HVHQ  DFHHDúL FD D RULFUHL QRUPH MXULGLFH
cLYLOH úL DQXPH FRQ LQH ipoteza úL GLVSR]L LD QRUPHL GDU HOHPHQWHOH HL SRDUW GHQXPLUL úL DX XQ
FRQ LQXW VSHFLILF
(OHPHQWHOH QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH VXQW XUPWRDUHOH
a) FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL HVWH LSRWH]D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH DGLF  DFHD FDWHJRULH GH UDSRUWXUL
MXULGLFH VDX DOWIHO VSXV PDWHULD OD FDUH UHVSHFWLYD QRUP VH UHIHU
b) 
OHJ WXUD QRUPHL HVWH GLVSR]L LD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH DGLF  DFHD SDUWH D QRUPHL FDUH
LQGLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SHQWUX FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL $úDGDU OHJWXUD WULPLWH OD VLVWHPul de
GUHSW FDUH YD UHJOHPHQWD UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FDUH IRUPHD] FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH
/HJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SRDWH IL IRUPXODW vQ PRG GLUHFW VDX vQ PRG DEVWUDFW
GHWHUPLQkQG vQ IXQF LH GH DFHVW FULWHULX R FODVLILFDUH D QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH (D VH PDWHULDOL]HD]
prin  
SXQFWXO HOHPHQWXO GH OHJ WXU  FDUH FRQVWLWXLH FULWHULXO FRQFUHW SULQ FDUH VH VWDELOHúWH
OHJWXUD GLQWUH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH úL XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW FDUH
FRQVWLWXLH OHJHD DSOLFDELO - lex causae - vQ VSH 
 &HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU DGPLVH GH OHJHD URPkQ VXQW
a) FHW HQLD
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW OD FDUH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU WULPLWH VH QXPHúWH lex patriae.
2
 b) GRPLFLOLXO VDX UHúHGLQ D
Sistemul de drept la care trimite GRPLFLOLXO FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH lex domicilii.
c) sediul social
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D WULPLWHULL IFXWH GH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH
QXPHúWH lex societatis.
1R LXQHD JHQHULF SHQWUX D GHVHPQD VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOe în materia statutului
SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH úL D VWDWXWXOXL RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH DFHHD GH OHJHD SHUVRQDO lex
personalis).
d) ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D WULPLWHULL IFXW GH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH
nuPHúWH lex rei sitae ÌQ FD]XO DSOLFULL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULD VXFFHVLXQLL VLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO VH QXPHúWH lex succesionis.
e) YRLQ 
D S U LORU
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SULQ HIHFWXO DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH lex
voluntatis.
f) locul încheierii contractului
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW OD FDUH DFHVW SXQFW GH OHJWXU WULPLWH VH QXPHúWH lex loci contractus.
g) ORFXO H[HFXWULL FRQWUDFWXOXL
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D DF LXQLL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH lex
loci executionis sau lex loci solutionis, GDF VH IDFH R SODW
h) locul întocmirii actului
5HJXOD SULYLQG DSOLFDUHD DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU SHQWUX IRUPD DFWXOXL MXULGLF HVWH UHGDW
prin adagiul locus regit actum.
i) DXWRULWDWHD FDUH H[DPLQHD] YDOLGLtatea actului juridic HVWH SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU SHQWUX
FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF vQ DQXPLWH FD]XUL
5HJXOD SULQ FDUH HVWH H[SULPDW DFHDVW OHJWXU HVWH UHGDW SULQ DGDJLXO auctor regit
actum.
j) locul unde are loc faptul juridic (ilicit)
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D DSOLFULL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH lex
loci delicti commissi.
k) locul producerii prejudiciului
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SULQ LQFLGHQ D DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH lex loci
laesionis.
l) iQVWDQ D VHVL]DW 
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FD XUPDUH D DSOLFULL DFHVWXL SXQFW GH OHJWXU VH QXPHúWH lex
fori DGLF OHJHD IRUXOXL
 ÌQ IXQF LH GH natura lor SXQFWHOH GH OHJWXU VH FODVLILF vQ GRX FDWHJRULL
D SXQFWH GH OHJWXU fixe, care nu SRW IL GHSODVDWH GH VXE LQFLGHQ D XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW
VXE LQFLGHQ D DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW ,QWU vQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH H[HPSOX ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL
LPRELO ORFXO VYkUúLULL GHOLFWXOXL úL DO SURGXFHULL SUHMXGLFLXOXL
E SXQFWH GH OHJWXU mobile, în DFHDVW FDWHJRULH LQWUkQG WRDWH FHOHODOWH SXQFWH GH
OHJWXU FDUH VH SRW GHSODVD GLQWU-un sistem de drept în altul.
,PSRUWDQ D DFHVWHL FODVLILFUL FRQVW vQ FRQVHFLQ HOH MXULGLFH GLIHULWH SH FDUH OH SURGXF
ILHFDUH GLQ FHOH GRX FDWHJRULL GH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU
 1RUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VH FODVLILF vQ IXQF LH GH PDL PXOWH FULWHULL
D ÌQ IXQF LH GH FRQ LQXWXO ORU DGLF GH SULPXO HOHPHQW GH VWUXFWXU DO QRUPHL DFHVWHD VH
FODVLILF vQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQH IL]LFH úL MXULGLFH EXQXUL PRúWHQLUH
VXFFHVLXQH DFWXO MXULGLF IDSWHOH MXULGLFH HWF $FHVWD HVWH FULWHULXO GXS FDUH HVWH VWUXFWXUDW vQ
general, Legea nr. 105/1992.
E 1RUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VH FODVLILF úL GXS ramurile de drept FURUD OH DSDU LQ UDSRUWXULOH
juridice care intU vQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU $FHDVWD HVWH vQ IRQG WRW R FODVLILFDUH vQ IXQF LH GH FRQ LQXWXO
normei.
3ULQ UDSRUWDUH OD DFHVW FULWHULX H[LVW QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL FLYLO IDPLOLHL
FRPHUFLDO PXQFLL WUDQVSRUWXULORU SURSULHW LL LQWHOHFWXDOe, procesual civil etc.

F 'XS IHOXO OHJ WXULL (cel de-DO GRLOHD HOHPHQW DO QRUPHL DFHVWHD VH FODVLILF vQ
A. QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH XQLODWHUDOH VDX FX OHJWXU GLUHFW FDUH LQGLF vQ PRG GLUHFW F
într-un raport juridic cu element de extraneitate, sH DSOLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO XQXL DQXPLW VWDW FDUH
HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD VWDWXO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH DO IRUXOXL $FHVWH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH DSDU LQkQG
VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW URPkQ FLUFXPVWDQ LD] VIHUD GH DSOLFDUH D GUHSWXOXL URPkQ

3
 B. normele conflictuale bilDWHUDOH 
FX LQGLFDUH JHQHUDO  FX DF LXQH GXEO ,  în care
OHJWXUD HVWH IRUPXODW vQ PRG DEVWUDFW SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU HVWH JHQHUDO DVWIHO vQFkW QRUPD
FRQIOLFWXDO FLUFXPVWDQ LD] VIHUD GH DSOLFDUH DWkW D GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL FkW úL D GUHSWXOXL VWULQ ÌQ
DFHVW FD] OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH QXPLW XQHRUL vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH IRUPXO GH
fixare".
1RUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH ELODWHUDOH IRUPHD] PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH
 1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DSDU LQH GH SULQFLSLX VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH
LQGLIHUHQW GDF DFHDVWD HVWH R LQVWDQ  GH MXGHFDW GH DUELWUDM VDX DOW RUJDQ GH MXULVGLF LH $úDGDU
LQVWDQ D VHVL]DW DSOLF vQ SULQFLSLX SURSULD VD QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO $FHDVW UHJXO HVWH H[SULPDW
prin formula "normele conflictuale sunt ale forului", în care "legea forului" (lex fori H[SULP VLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW DO LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH
Regula de mai sus se MXVWLILF SULQ XUPWRDUHOH DUJXPHQWH
a) IRU D MXULGLF D QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH care sunt, în general, imperative (cX H[FHS LD
FHORU GLQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWHORU GH H[HPSOX úL GHFL LQVWDQ D WUHEXLH V OH DSOLFH FD DWDUH
E LQVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHúWL VXQW organe QD LRQDOH URPkQHúWL úL GHFL HOH WUHEXLH V  DSOLFH
SURSULD ORU QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO
c) un argument logic în sprLMLQXO UHJXOLL F QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VXQW DOH IRUXOXL FRQVW vQ
reducerea la absurd D LSRWH]HL DSOLFULL QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH DSDU LQkQG DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW úL
anume a celor din sistemul de drept care constituie lex causae vQ VSH  ÌQWU-DGHYU QRUPa
FRQIOLFWXDO QX SRDWH IL GHFkW D IRUXOXL GHRDUHFH QXPDL OHJHD IRUXOXL - FD OHJH D LQVWDQ HL
competente - DSDUH FD GHWHUPLQDW vQ PRG ORJLF vQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH VH SXQH SUREOHPD DSOLFULL
normei conflictuale; legea cauzei (lex causae QX HVWH VWDELOLW vQ DFHO PRPHQW FL XUPHD] D IL
VWDELOLW DELD XOWHULRU úL DQXPH FD HIHFW DO DSOLFULL QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH
d) un alt argument se poate deduce din YRLQ D WDFLW  
D S U LORU care, atunci când au
GHWHUPLQDW FRPSHWHQ D LQVWDQ HORU URPkQH SRW IL VRFRWLWH F DX DOHV WRWRGDW GUHSWXO FRQIOLFWXDO
URPkQ FD DSOLFDELO OLWLJLXOXL UHVSHFWLY vQ WHPHLXO SUH]XP LHL UHODWLYH H[SULPDW SULQ DGDJLXO FLQH
DOHJH LQVWDQ D DOHJH úL GUHSWXO

6HF LXQHD D -a

Normele materiale, ca izvoare ale dreptului
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYat

1. Normele materiale VXEVWDQ LDOH GLUHFWH VXQW L]YRU DO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
DWXQFL FkQG UHJOHPHQWHD] UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FX HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH
Spre deosebire de normele conflictuale, cele materiale cârmuiesc în mod direct aceste
raporturi juridice.
1RUPHOH PDWHULDOH VH VXEFODVLILF OD UkQGXO ORU vQ QRUPH GH GUHSW PDWHULDO VDX VXEVWDQ LDO
FLYLO IDPLOLHL FRPHUFLDO HWF úL QRUPH GH GUHSW SURFHVXDO
&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH QRUPH PDWHULDOH DSDU LQkQG GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW Vunt cele care
UHJOHPHQWHD] GRX LQVWLWX LL SULQFLSDOH DOH DFHVWHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW úL DQXPH
D FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ IL]LF VDX MXULGLF vQ 5RPkQLD
E HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHúWL úL DUELWUDOH VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD
2. În cadrul QRUPHORU PDWHULDOH FDUH LQWHUHVHD] GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW R SR]L LH
VSHFLDO RFXS QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW  QHFHVDU FDUH VXQW DFHOH QRUPH PDWHULDOH
DSDU LQkQG VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW LQWHUQ DO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL FDUH GDW ILLQG JUDGXO ORU vQDOW de
LPSHUDWLYLWDWH VH DSOLF FX SULRULWDWH LPHGLDW XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF LQWHUQD LRQDO FX HOHPHQW GH
H[WUDQHLWDWH DWXQFL FkQG DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF DUH XQ DQXPLW SXQFW GH OHJWXU FRQFUHW FX DUD IRUXOXL
H[FOX]kQG vQ DFHVW IHO FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL úL GHFL DSOLFDUHD vQ FDX] D YUHXQHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH
ÌQ FD]XO H[LVWHQ HL XQHL QRUPH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW VH DSOLF DFHDVWD IU D VH LQH VHDPD
GH VROX LD GDW GH VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH vQ OLSVD QRUPHL GH
DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW DU IL IRVW LQFLGHQW vQ FDX]
 ÌQWUH QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW úL FHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH H[LVW DVHPQUL úL GHRVHELUL
A.  
$VHP Q UL:
D DPkQGRX SULYHVF UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FX HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH DX XQ SXQFW GH
OHJWXU FX DUD IRUului.
E DPkQGRX DSDU LQ VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW
B. 'HRVHELUHD HVHQ LDO  UH]LG vQ DFHHD F vQ WLPS FH QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH VXQW QRUPH GH
WULPLWHUH FDUH GHFL QX GDX VROX LD SH IRQG FL QXPDL SODVHD] UDSRUWXO GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SUivat în
VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW VXQW QRUPH PDWHULDOH FDUH FRQ LQ HOH

4
vQVHOH VROX LD SH IRQG úL VH DSOLF FX SULRULWDWH ID  GH RULFH QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO FDUH DU IL LQFLGHQW
vQ FDX] vQOWXUkQG DVWIHO SRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL vQ FDX] D XQXL GUHSW VWULQ
4. Justificarea DSOLFULL QHFHVDUH D QRUPHORU GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW HVWH gradul lor înalt de
imperativitate VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO IRUXOXL FDUH IDFH FD VWDWXO
IRUXOXL V QX DFFHSWH DSOLFDUHD vQ FDX] D YUHXQHL OHJL VWULQH 1RUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW
constituie H[FHS 
LL GH OD UHJXOD DSOLF ULL QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH vQ UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
SULYDW úL HOH H[SULP R VLWXD LH DQRUPDO vQ DFHDVW UDPXU GH GUHSW VLWXD LD QRUPDO ILLQG DFHHD
D DSOLFULL QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH SULQ LSRWH] QX H[FOXGH GH OD DSOLFDUH XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW
VWULQ 'H DFHHD WHQGLQ D vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ HVWH FD QRUPHOH GH DSOLFD LH
LPHGLDW V VH UHVWUkQJ FD QXPU

CAPITOLUL 3
'20(1,8/ '5(378/8, ,17(51$,21$/ 35,9$7

 ÌQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW LQWU JUXSHOH GH QRUPH MXULGLFH LQVWLWX LLOH
MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] UDPXUD GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW úL FDUH FRQVWLWXLH LPSOLFLW SULQFLSDOHOH
materiL GH VWXGLX DOH úWLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
 3ULQFLSDOHOH LQVWLWX LL FDUH LQWU vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW UH]XOW GLQ
SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  úL DQXPH
I. Normele pentru determinarea legii aplicabile unui raport juridic material de drept
normele conflictuale FDUH VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWHOH GH OHJL
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW $FHVWHD VXQW
PDWHULDOH úL UHSUH]LQW SULQFLSDOD PDWHULH GH VWXGLX D úWLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
II. 1RUPHOH GH SURFHGXU  în OLWLJLLOH SULYLQG UDSRUWXUL GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FDUH VH
VXEFODVLILF OD UkQGXO ORU vQ WUHL FDWHJRULL SULQFLSDOH
a) norme privind FRPSHWHQ D MXULVGLF LRQDO  vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW $FHVWH QRUPH
UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQIOLFWHOH GH MXULVGLF LL FDUH DOWXUL GH FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL IRUPHD] SULQFLSDOHOH
GRPHQLL GH VWXGLX DOH úWLLQ HL GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
b) norme privind procedura propriu-]LV SURFHVHOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
c) norme privind HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHúWL úL DUELWUDOH VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD.
1RUPHOH GH SURFHGXU vQ OLWLJLLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW GH UHJXO norme
conflictuale PDL DOHV XQLODWHUDOH GDU úL ELODWHUDOH
$FHVWH QRUPH SRW IL vQV úL materiale.
III 'UHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW PDL FXSULQGH R LQVWLWX LH LPSRUWDQW úL DQXPH FRQGL LD
MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ IL]LF VDX MXULGLF în România.
ÌQ PRG VSHFLILF QRUPHOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL vQ 5RPkQLD VXQW
norme materiale române 'HFL FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL HVWH vQWRWGHDXQD VXSXV OHJLL
PDWHULDOH URPkQH FD OHJH D IRUXOXL DGLF OHJHD ORFXOXL XQGH VWULQXO VH JVHúWH
&RQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL GHúL HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW H[FOXVLY GH QRUPH PDWHULDOH URPkQH
HVWH R LQVWLWX LH FDUH DSDU LQH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SHQWUX FHO SX LQ XUPWRDUHOH DUJXPHQWH
D DUH OHJWXU FX FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL H[LVW FRQIOLFW GH OHJL QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH VH
UHFXQRVF VWULQLORU GUHSWXUL vQ 5RPkQLD
E DUH OHJWXU FX SURFHGXUD GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRnal privat;
F úWLLQ D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH vQ PVXU V DVLJXUH XQ VWXGLX XQLWDU DO LQVWLWX LHL
FRQGL LHL MXULGLFH D VWULQXOXL LQVWLWX LH FDUH vQ HOHPHQWHOH HL FRPSRQHQWH SRDWH IDFH RELHFWXO GH
VWXGLX úL DO DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW FRQVWLWX LRQDO ILQDQFLDU DGPLQLVWUDWLY HWF
ÌQ FDGUXO LQVWLWX LHL FRQGL LHL MXULGLFH D VWULQXOXL vQ 5RPkQLD VH LQFOXG úL QRUPHOH SULYLQG
UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO FHW HQLHL URPkQH GREkQGLUHD SLHUGHUHD UHWUDJHUHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH HWF GDU
QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH VXQW SULYLWH SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXULORU úL REOLJD LLORU VWULQLORU vQ DFHDVW
materie.
IV ,QWHUHVHD] GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW úL normele juridice privind regimul
SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH URPkQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDt 'HúL
DFHVWHD DSDU LQ SULQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU DOWRU UDPXUL GH GUHSW VWXGLHUHD ORU vQ FDGUXO GUHSWXOXL
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH MXVWLILF FHO SX LQ SHQWUX XUPWRDUHOH FRQVLGHUHQWH
D SULYHVF UDSRUWXUL MXULGLFH FX HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH ULGLF SUREleme juridice
VSHFLILFH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
E úWLLQ D GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SRDWH DVLJXUD R VWXGLHUH XQLWDU D DFHVWRU QRUPH
FDUH DOWIHO VXQW GLVSHUVDWH vQ FDGUXO úWLLQ HL DOWRU GLIHULWH UDPXUL GH GUHSW

5
 3. În concluzie, privit priQ SULVPD GRPHQLXOXL VX GH UHJOHPHQWDUH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO
SULYDW UHSUH]LQW WRWDOLWDWHD QRUPHORU MXULGLFH FRQIOLFWXDOH úL PDWHULDOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] 
FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL  SURFHGXUD vQ OLWLJLLOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW  FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL
vQ 5RPkQLD LQFOXVLY DVSHFWHOH OHJDWH GH GREkQGLUHD SLHUGHUHD UHWUDJHUHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH HWF
SULYLWH SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXULORU úL REOLJD LLORU VWULQLORU vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH SUHFXP úL  DVSHFWHOH GH
GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SULYLQG UHJLPXO SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH úL MXULGLFH URPkQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH FX
element de extraneitate.

CAPITOLUL 4
,=92$5(/( '5(378/8, ,17(51$,21$/ 35,9$7

,]YRDUHOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH FODVLILF vQ LQWHUQH úL LQWHUQD LRQDOH

I. Izvoarele interne
PrincLSDOHOH L]YRDUH LQWHUQH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FDUH VH
VXEFODVLILF vQ GRX FDWHJRULL L]YRDUH VSHFLILFH úL QHVSHFLILFH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
$ ,]YRDUHOH VSHFLILFH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FRQ Ln, în marea majoritate,
QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GHVWLQDWH UHJOHPHQWULL UDSRUWXULORU MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
privat.
&HO PDL LPSRUWDQW L]YRU VSHFLILF DO DFHVWHL UDPXUL GH GUHSW FDUH FRQ LQH vQ VSHFLDO QRUPH
conflictuale, îl constituie Legea nr. 105/1992 cu privire la reglementarea raporturilor de drept
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SXEOLFDW vQ 02I QU 
Norme materiale sunt cuprinse în mai multe acte normative care constituie, în mod
privat, precum: Legea nr. 123/2001 privind regimul
SUHSRQGHUHQW L]YRDUH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO
VWULQLORU vQ 5RPkQLD HWF
B. Izvoarele nespecifice VXQW DFHOH DFWH QRUPDWLYH FDUH LQWHUHVHD] vQ SULPXO UkQG DOWH
UDPXUL GH GUHSW GDU FDUH FRQ LQ úL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
D 'LQ FDWHJRULD DFWHORU QRUPDWLYH FDUH SUHYG norme conflictuale fac parte: C.civ. (art.
885, 1773, 1789); D.-/ QU  SULYLQG DXWRUL]DUHD úL IXQF LRQDUHD vQ 5RPkQLD D
UHSUH]HQWDQ HORU VRFLHW LORU FRPHUFLDOH úL RUJDQL]D LLORU HFRQRPLFH VWULQH DUW  OLW E DUW  
2* QU  SULYLQG VWDWXWXO úL UHJLPXO UHIXJLD LORU vQ 5RPkQLD
E FHOH PDL QXPHURDVH VXQW DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FDUH FRQ LQ norme materiale interesând
GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
În cadrul acestora, categoria SUHSRQGHUHQW R IRUPHD] DFWHOH QRUPDWLYH FH FXSULQG norme
de drept material PDL DOHV FHOH SULYLQG FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQLORU úL URPkQLORU vQ UDSRUWXULOH FX
HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH GLQWUH FDUH PHQ LRQP ' QU  FX SULYLUH OD QXPH /HJHD QU
 SULYLQG VRFLHW LOH FRPHUFLDOH /HJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU  HWF
Norme de drept procesual privind procesele cu element de extraneitate sunt cuprinse în
special în C.proc.civ.
& &RQVWLWX LD 5RPkQLHL GHRDUHFH UHJOHPHQWHD] SULQFLSLLOH fundamentale ale politicii
LQWHUQD LRQDOH D VWDWXOXL URPkQ FRQ LQH QRUPH FDUH LQWHUHVHD] úL GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW 'LQWUH
DFHVWHD PHQ LRQP FHOH GLQ DUW  &HW HQLD DUW  5RPkQLL GLQ VWULQWDWH DUW  &HW HQLL
URPkQL vQ VWULQWDWH DUW  &HW HQLL VWULQL úL DSDWUL]LL DUW  /LEHUD FLUFXOD LH DUW 
3URWHF LD SURSULHW LL SULYDWH DUW  ([HUFLWDUHD GUHSWXULORU úL D OLEHUW LORU HWF
,, ,]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH
 ,]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW WUDWDWHOH FRQYHQ LLOH
DFRUGXULOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH HWF EL úL PXOWLQD LRQDOH
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DFHVWH L]YRDUH VH FODVLILF GXS
FRQ LQXWXO ORU vQ GRX FDWHJRULL úL DQXPH FHOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH úL UHVSHFWLY QRUPH
materiale (uniforme).
 D &RQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FXSULQG exclusiv norme conflictuale sunt mai rare. În
DFHDVW FDWHJRULH LQWU GH H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD SHQWUX D UHJOHPHQWD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJH vQ PDWHULH GH
FVWRULH úL &RQYHQ LD SHQWUX D UHJOHPHQWD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJH úL MXULVGLF LH vQ PDWHULH GH GHVSU HQLH
úL GH VHSDUD LXQH GH FRUS UDWLILFDWH GH 5RPkQLD SULQ '-L nr. 873/1904.
E 5HJXOD R IRUPHD] FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH,
princiSDOXO ORU FRQ LQXW IRUPkQGX-O vQV QRUPHOH PDWHULDOH vQ GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH
Dintre FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH PXOWLODWHUDOH FDUH FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH
PHQ LRQP FD H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD 1D LXQLORU 8QLWH DVXSUD FRQWUDFWHORU GH YkQ]DUH LQWHUQD LRQDO
GH PUIXUL 9LHQD  OD FDUH 5RPkQLD D DGHUDW SULQ /HJHD QU 

6
 1RUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH L]RODWH VH UHJVHVF vQV FHO PDL IUHFYHQW vQ FRQYHQ LL ELODWHUDOH,
precum:
- DFRUGXULOH ELODWHUDOH SULYLQG SURPRYDUHD úL SURWHMDUHD UHFLSURF D LQYHVWL LLORU
- WUDWDWHOH GH DVLVWHQ  MXULGLF vQ PDWHULH FLYLO IDPLOLDO úL SHQDO
- FRQYHQ LLOH FRQVXODUH
 ,]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH FRQ LQkQG QRUPH PDWHULDOH XQLIRUPH
1RUPHOH MXULGLFH XQLIRUPH FXSULQVH vQ FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH nu DSDU LQ vQ SULQFLSLX,
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FL UDPXULORU GH GUHSW VDX GLVFLSOLQHORU MXULGLFH GH FDUH VXQW OHJDWH SULQ
FRQ LQXWXO ORU FLYLO IDPLOLHL PXQFLL
3ULQ H[FHS LH SRW IL L]YRDUH úL DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH
PXOWL úL EL-ODWHUDOH FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] LQVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH FDUH IRUPHD] GRPHQLXO VSHFLILF DO
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW PDL DOHV FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL úL URPkQXOXL vQ GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SURFHVXO FLYLO LQWHUQD LRQal etc.), sau care sunt strâns legate de aspectele
conflictuale.
 ÌQ FD] GH FRQFXUV vQ DSOLFDUH vQWUH L]YRDUHOH LQWHUQH úL FHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SUHYDOHD] L]YRDUHOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH $FHDVW LGHH VH GHVSULQGH GLQ SUHYHGHrile
DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD GLVSR]L LLOH DFHVWHL OHJL VXQW DSOLFDELOH vQ PVXUD vQ
FDUH FRQYHQ LLOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH OD FDUH 5RPkQLD HVWH SDUWH QX VWDELOHVF R DOW UHJOHPHQWDUH

CAPITOLUL 5
&$/,),&$5($ ù, &21)/,&78/ '( &$/,),&5,

1 1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ DPEHOH VDOH HOHPHQWH GH VWUXFWXU FRQ LQXWXO úL OHJWXUD HVWH
H[SULPDW vQ QR LXQL MXULGLFH 'H H[HPSOX
a) FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL HVWH UHGDW SULQ QR LXQL SUHFXP
- VWDUHD FDSDFLWDWHD úL UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF FRQGL LLOH
GH IRQG úL GH IRUP DOH FVWRULHL VDX DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF PRúWHQLUHD HWF
b) OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH H[SULPDW SULQ QR LXQL SUHFXP FHW HQLD úL GRPLFLOLXO
persoanei fizice; sediul social; locul încheierii contractului, etc.
ÌQ SURFHVXO DSOLFULL HL QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO WUHEXLH FRQIUXQWDW FX UDSRUWXO MXULGLF FRQFUHW
GLQWUH SU L FDUH FRQVWLWXLH VLWXD LD GH IDSW FX VFRSXO GH D YHGHD vQ FRQ LQXWXO VDX OHJWXUD FUHL
QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH LQWU UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW MXULGLF 3HQWUX D DGXFH OD DFHODúL QXPLWRU vQ VFRSXO GH D
SXWHD IL FRPSDUDWH FHOH GRX HOHPHQWH DOH UD LRQDPHQWXOXL ORJLFR-juridic care se face în acest caz,
úL DQXPH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO - DEVWUDFW úL UDSRUWXO MXULGLF - concret - este necesar ca acestea V ILH
calificate.
Calificarea SRDWH IL GHILQLW vQ GRX PRGXUL úL DQXPH SRUQLQGX-VH GH OD QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO
FWUH VLWXD LD GH IDSW VDX LQYHUV $VWIHO
D FDOLILFDUHD HVWH RSHUD LXQHD ORJLFR-MXULGLF GH GHWHUPLQDUH D VHQVXOXL H[DFW úL FRPSOHW DO
QR LXQLORU MXULGLFH FDUH H[SULP FRQ LQXWXO úL OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SHQWUX D YHGHD GDF XQ
UDSRUW MXULGLF R VLWXD LH GH IDSW FRQFUHW VH LQFOXGH VDX QX vQ DFHVWH QR LXQL
E FDOLILFDUHD HVWH LQWHUSUHWDUHD XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF VLWXD LL GH IDSW FRncrete), pentru a vedea
vQ FRQ LQXWXO úL OHJWXUD FUHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH LQWU
&DOLILFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH HVWH R QR LXQH VLPLODU FHOHL GH LQWHUSUHWDUH D QRUPHL
juridice, din dreptul comun.
 1R LXQLOH MXULGLFH FDUH H[SULP FRQ LQXWXO úL SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SRW
V QX DLE DFHODúL vQ HOHV vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW FDUH VXQW vQ SUH]HQ  FX SULYLUH OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHHDúL QR LXQH MXULGLF DUH DFFHS LXQL GLIHULWH vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOH XQXL
raport MXULGLF H[LVW XQ FRQIOLFW GH FDOLILFUL
&RQIOLFWXO GH FDOLILFUL HVWH VLWXD LD FDUH DSDUH DWXQFL FkQG QR LXQLOH GLQ FRQ LQXWXO úLVDX
OHJWXUD XQHL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH DX vQ HOHVXUL GLIHULWH vQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW VXVFHSWLELOH GH D VH
aplica unui raport juridic.
 ,PSRUWDQ D VROX LRQULL FRQIOLFWXOXL GH FDOLILFUL HVWH GDW GH HIHFWXO FDOLILFULL (IHFWXO
FDOLILFULL HVWH GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH HOHPHQWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH VH FDOLILF DVWIHO
D DWXQFL FkQG RELHFWXO FDOLILFULL vO FRQVWLWXLH FRQ inutul normei conflictuale, modul de
VROX LRQDUH D FRQIOLFWXOXL GH FDOLILFUL GHWHUPLQ vQVúL QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DSOLFDELO GHFL
LQIOXHQ HD] FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL úL VFKLPE DVWIHO VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO úL GHFL SRVLELO VROX LD
vQ VSH 

7
 b) când vQV VH FDOLILF OHJWXUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH PRGXO GH VROX LRQDUH D FRQIOLFWXOXL GH
FDOLILFUL QX LQIOXHQ HD] DVXSUD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH GDU GHWHUPLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO úL
GHFL SRVLELO VROX LD vQ VSH 
 /HJHD GXS FDUH VH IDFH FDOLILFDUHD OHJHD GXS FDUH VH VROX LRQHD] FRQIOLFWXO GH
FDOLILFUL
A. Ca UHJXO FDOLILFDUHD VH IDFH GXS OHJHD LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH lex fori $FHDVW UHJXO VH
GHVSULQGH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD DWXQFL FkQG GHWHUPLQDrea
OHJLL DSOLFDELOH GHSLQGH GH FDOLILFDUHD FH XUPHD] V ILH GDW XQHL LQVWLWX LL GH GUHSW VDX XQXL UDSRUW
MXULGLF VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FDOLILFDUHD MXULGLF VWDELOLW GH OHJHD URPkQ
Argumente:
a) normele conflictuale sunt cuprinse în sistemul de drepW DO IRUXOXL DGLF VXQW QRUPH
QD LRQDOH vQ VHQVXO F LQVWDQ D DSOLF vQ SULQFLSLX SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH
$úDGDU LQWHUSUHWDUHD DFHVWRU QRUPH WUHEXLH V VH IDF GXS VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW FDUH OH FRQ LQH
DGLF GXS OH[ IRUL FRQIRUP SULQFLSLXOXL DFHOXLD vL DSDU LQH LQWHUSUHWDUHD FDUH D HGLFWDW QRUPD
E XQ DO GRLOHD DUJXPHQW HVWH FHO DO UHGXFHULL OD DEVXUG D DOWHUQDWLYHL FDOLILFULL GXS
lex fori
úL DQXPH FDOLILFDUHD GXS OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF lex causae). Astfel, nu se
SRDWH IDFH FDOLILFDUHD GXS OHJHD IRQGXOXL FDX]HL lex causae), deoarece determinarea acesteia
HVWH R RSHUD LXQH ORJLFR-MXULGLF XOWHULRDU FDOLILFULL 6LQJXUD OHJH FXQRVFXW vQ PRPHQWXO FDOLILFULL
este lex fori - GHRDUHFH SULQ LSRWH] FRQIOLFWXO GH MXULVGLF LL D IRVW VROX LRQDW vQ SUHDODELO - DúD vQFkW
FDOLILFDUHD VH SRDWH IDFH QXPDL GXS DFHDVW OHJH
B. ([FHS LLOH GH OD FDOLILFDUH GXS OH[ IRUL
6XQW H[FHS LL GH OD FDOLILFDUHD GXS OHJHD LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH lex fori DFHOH VLWXD LL vQ FDre
FDOLILFDUHD VH IDFH GXS DOWH OHJL VDX FULWHULL
&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH DVHPHQHD H[FHS LL VXQW XUPWRDUHOH
1. FDOLILFDUHD SULQ YRLQ D SU LORU
$WXQFL FkQG SU LOH DX GHWHUPLQDW HOH vQVHOH vQ HOHVXO QR LXQLORU GLQWU-un act juridic,
calificarea acestor nR LXQL VH IDFH GXS YRLQ D SU LORU vQ WHPHLXO SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLD GH YRLQ D
SU LORU
2. FDOLILFDUHD OHJDO
ÌQ XQHOH FD]XUL QR LXQLOH XWLOL]DWH GH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FXSULQVH vQWU-R OHJH LQWHUQ VDX R
FRQYHQ LH LQWHUQD LRQDO VXQW LQWHUSUHWDWH vQ FKLDU WH[WXO DFWXOXL QRUPDWLY UHVSHFWLY ÌQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH
DFHVWH QRUPH VXQW FRQIOLFWXDOH VDX PDWHULDOH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FDOLILFDUHD OHJDO
LQWHUHVHD] UDPXUD GH GUHSW GH FDUH QH RFXSP
3. FDOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU
Sub aspect terminologic, cDOLILFDUHD HVWH VHFXQGDU DWXQFL FkQG HVWH VHFXQGXP DGLF
XOWHULRDU VXEVHFYHQW XQHL FDOLILFUL SULQFLSDOH SULPDUH
&DOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU HVWH DúDGDU FHD FDUH VH IDFH GXS FH D RSHUDW FDOLILFDUHD
SULQFLSDO vQ WHPHLXO OHJLL DSOLFDELOH IRQGXOXL cauzei (lex causae $VWIHO FDOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU -
VSUH GHRVHELUH GH FHD SULQFLSDO - QX LQIOXHQ HD] OHJHD DSOLFDELO GDU DIHFWHD] VROX LD SH IRQG
'HRDUHFH VH IDFH GXS lex causae HD DSDUH FD R SUREOHP GH GUHSW LQWHUQ
&DOLILFDUHD VHFXQGDU SRDWH izvorî GLQ OHJH GLQ SUDFWLFD MXGLFLDU VDX SRDWH IL UH LQXW GH
literatura de specialitate.
4. FDOLILFDUHD LQVWLWX LLORU MXULGLFH QHFXQRVFXWH GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL
,QVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH QHFXQRVFXWH GH OHJHD IRUXOXL VH FDOLILF vQ SULQFLSLX GXS VLVWHPXO de
GUHSW FDUH OH FXQRDúWH 3UDFWLFD MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ D RIHULW H[HPSOH vQ DFHVW VHQV FX SULYLUH OD
LQVWLWX LLOH WUXVW úL DJHQF\ GLQ GUHSWXO DQJOR-saxon.

CAPITOLUL 6
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 ([LVW XQ FRQIOLFW vQ VSD LX DO QRUPHORU FRQIOLFWXDOH DWXQFL FkQG VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ

SUH]HQ  FRQ LQ QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH FDUH DX SXQFWH GH OHJWXU GLIHULWH
&RQIOLFWXO VH QXPHúWH vQ VSD LX GHRDUHFH QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ
SUH]HQ  FRH[LVW (O HVWH GH GRX IHOXUL
A. pozitiv DWXQFL FkQG ILHFDUH QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO WULPLWH OD SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH GUHSW
&RQIOLFWXO SR]LWLY GH QRUPH FRQIOLFWXO QX GXFH OD UHWULPLWHUH úL VH VROX LRQHD] vQ SULQFLSLX
prin aplicarea normei conflictuale a forulXL GH FWUH LQVWDQ D FRPSHWHQW vQ VROX LRQDUHD OLWLJLXOXL
8
 B. negativ vQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH QLFL XQD GLQ QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH vQ SUH]HQ  QX GHFODU
DSOLFDELO SURSULXO VX VLVWHP GH GUHSW FL ILH WULPLWH ILHFDUH OD VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO FHOXLODOW VWDW ILe
WULPLWHUHD VH IDFH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU  $FHDVWD HVWH SULPD FRQGL LH D UHWULPLWHULL FRQGL LH
QHFHVDU GDU QX úL VXILFLHQW
3HQWUX D H[LVWD UHWULPLWHUH WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH GRX FRQGL LL FXPXODWLYH
” V H[LVWH XQ FRQIOLFW QHJDWLY vQWUH QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLQ VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ 
cu privire la un anumit raport juridic;
” QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO D IRUXOXL D VWDWXOXL LQVWDQ HL VHVL]DWH V DGPLW UHWULPLWHUHD DGLF V
WULPLW OD vQWUHJXO VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ
&D GHILQL LH, retrimiterea eVWH VLWXD LD MXULGLF DSUXW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO D
IRUXOXL WULPLWH OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ vQ vQWUHJXO VX GHFL LQFOXVLY OD QRUPHOH VDOH FRQIOLFWXDOH
LDU DFHVWD GLQ XUP SULQ QRUPD VD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ PDWHULH QX SULPHúWH WULPLWHUea, ci fie trimite înapoi
OD GUHSWXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL ILH WULPLWH PDL GHSDUWH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU 
Felurile retrimiterii:
a) retrimitere de gradul I UHWULPLWHUHD VLPSO VDX WULPLWHUHD vQDSRL FDUH H[LVW DWXQFL
FkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO VWULQ retrimite la dreptul forului;
b) retrimitere de gradul al II-lea UHWULPLWHUH FRPSOH[ VDX WULPLWHUH PDL GHSDUWH DWXQFL
FkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO VWULQ WULPLWH OD GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU 
3. Dreptul intern român admite, FD UHJXO retrimiterea de gradul I. Conform art. 4 al. 1 din
/HJHD QU  GDF OHJHD VWULQ GHWHUPLQDW SRWULYLW QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH UHWULPLWH OD
GUHSWXO URPkQ VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ DIDU GH FD]XO vQ FDUH VH SUHYHGH vQ PRG H[SUHV DOWIHO
Argumente:
a) trimiterea de FWUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO D IRUXOXL OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ constituie o
RIHUW IFXW DFHVWXLD GH D VH DSOLFD LDU QX R REOLJD LH $úDGDU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH GUHSWXO VWULQ
SULQ QRUPD VD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ PDWHULH QX SULPHúWH WULPLWHUHD FL UHWULPLWH OD GUHSWXO IRUXOXL DFHDVW
UHWULPLWHUH WUHEXLH DFFHSWDW
b) argumentul XQLW LL VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW VWULQ 'DF QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH
OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW VWULQ DFHVWD WUHEXLH SULYLW vQ PRG XQLWDU GHFL LQkQGX-se seama inclusiv de
normele VDOH FRQIOLFWXDOH ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW VWULQ V-ar desprinde normele
FRQIOLFWXDOH úL V-DU DSOLFD QXPDL FHOH PDWHULDOH XQLWDWHD DFHVWXLD DU IL DIHFWDW
c) retrimiterea la gradul I DVLJXU R FRRUGRQDUH D VLVWHPHORU GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ , în
VHQVXO F QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH DOH DPEHORU VLVWHPH GH GUHSW VXQW GHRSRWULY DSOLFDWH
4. Prin H[FHS LH UHWULPLWHUHD GH JUDGXO , QX HVWH DGPLV vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
român, în cazurile în care legea prevede în mod expres astfel.
O asemenHD H[FHS LH HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW GH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD
/HJHD VWULQ DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL FXSULQGH GLVSR]L LLOH VDOH GH GUHSW PDWHULDO vQ DIDU GH
normele ei conflictuale".
5. În dreptul român, retrimiterea de gradul al II-leD QX HVWH DGPLV SRWULYLW DUW  DO  GLQ
/HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD 5HWULPLWHUHD IFXW GH OHJHD VWULQ OD GUHSWXO DOWXL VWDW HVWH
IU HIHFW
'LQ IRUPXODUHD WH[WXOXL UH]XOW F vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH OD XQ
sisteP GH GUHSW VWULQ LDU DFHVWD SULQ QRUPD VD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ PDWHULH WULPLWH PDL GHSDUWH OD
GUHSWXO XQXL VWDW WHU  VH YD DSOLFD GUHSWXO PDWHULDO DO VWDWXOXL OD FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ D
WULPLV $úDGDU QX VH YD DSOLFD GUHSWXO PDWHULDO DO IRUXOXL
Justificarea refuzului retrimiterii de gradul al II-OHD vQ GUHSWXO URPkQ FRQVW vQ QHVLJXUDQ D
MXULGLF SH FDUH DFHDVW LQVWLWX LH R JHQHUHD]

CAPITOLUL 7
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LEX CAUSAE

 1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ SRDWH WULPLWH ILH OD VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW URPkQ ILH OD XQXO VWULQ
ÌQ SULPXO FD] MXGHFWRUXO DUELWUXO URPkQ YD DSOLFD SH IRQG GUHSWXO URPkQ FD úL vQ FD]XO XQXL UDSRUW
MXULGLF IU HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH ÌQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH vQV QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO WULPLWH OD XQ VLVWHP GH
drept stULQ VH SXQ DQXPLWH SUREOHPH VSHFLILFH úL GXS GHSúLUHD PRPHQWXOXL FRQIOLFWXDO FDUH
IDFH RELHFWXO GH UHJOHPHQWDUH DO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
$SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ HVWH REOLJDWRULH GDF QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH OD HO vQ
caz contrDU ILLQG vQFOFDW vQ SULPXO UkQG QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ 2EOLJDWLYLWDWHD DSOLFULL OHJLL
VWULQH DWXQFL FkQG QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH vL DWULEXLH FRPSHWHQ  L]YRUúWH GLQ FDUDFWHUXO GH
9
UHJXO LPSHUDWLY DO DFHVWRU QRUPH VDX vQ OLSVD DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU GLQ QHFHVLWDWHD UHVSHFWULL
SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ  D SU LORU
 &RQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH HVWH
LQGHSHQGHQW GH FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL FX H[FHS LD FD]XOXL vQ FDUH SULQ DFHDVW OHJH VDX SULQ
OHJL VSHFLDOH VH SUHYHGH DOWIHO ÌQ DFHVW FD] QR LXQHD GH UHFLSURFLWDWH HVWH SULYLW vQ VHQVXO GH
LGHQWLWDWH GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ FHOH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ  URPkQ úL VWULQ
/HJHD QU  FHUH H[SUHV FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL vQ XQHOH FD]XUL FD GH SLOG
a) art. 43 alin. 2 - 3HUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH VWULQH IU VFRS SDWULPRQLDO SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ
5RPkQLD SULQWUH DOWHOH VXE FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL
b) art. 162 alin. 3 - Scutirea de supralegalizare a actelor oficiale întocmite sau legalizate de
R DXWRULWDWH VWULQ HVWH SHUPLV SULQWUH DOWHOH úL SH ED] GH UHFLSURFLWDWH
c) art. 176 alin. 1 lit. c) - +RWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VSUH
a beneficia de puterea lucrului judecat, dac HVWH vQWUXQLW DOWXUL GH DOWHOH FRQGL LD FD V H[LVWH
UHFLSURFLWDWH vQ FH SULYHúWH HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU VWULQH vQWUH 5RPkQLD úL VWDWXO LQVWDQ HL FDUH D
SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD HWF
&RQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL SRDWH IL SUHY]XW vQ OHJL VSHFLDOH De ex. aUW  GLQ 2UGRQDQ D
*XYHUQXOXL QU  FX SULYLUH OD DVRFLD LL úL IXQGD LL SUHYHGH F SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH VWULQH IU
VFRS SDWULPRQLDO SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VXE FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL
3. Reciprocitatea poate fi de trei feluri:
a) legislDWLY DWXQFL FkQG vQ DUD VWULQ H[LVW QRUPH MXULGLFH FDUH SUHYG DFHOHDúL
GUHSWXUL SHQWUX HQWLW LOH MXULGLFH URPkQH VLPLODUH ÌQ DFHVW FD] L]YRUXO UHFLSURFLW LL vO FRQVWLWXLH
LGHQWLWDWHD GLVSR]L LLORU OHJDOH LQWHUQH GLQ VWDWHOH vQ SUH]HQ 
b) diplRPDWLF DWXQFL FkQG UHFLSURFLWDWHD L]YRUúWH GLQWU-R FRQYHQ LH LQWHUQD LRQDO OD FDUH
UHVSHFWLYHOH VWDWH VXQW SU L
c) de fapt DWXQFL FkQG HD HVWH DSOLFDW vQ SUDFWLFD DXWRULW LORU FRPSHWHQWH GLQ VWDWHOH
respective.
Conform art. 6 alin. 2 din Legea nU  vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SHQWUX DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH
HVWH FHUXW FRQGL LD UHFLSURFLW LL GH IDSW vQGHSOLQLUHD HL HVWH SUH]XPDW SkQ OD GRYDGD FRQWUDU
SUH]XP LH UHODWLY juris tantum).
3. Spre deosebire de alte sisteme de drept (spre exemplu, cel englez, american), unde
GUHSWXO VWULQ HVWH FRQVLGHUDW XQ element de fapt vQ FRQFHS LD MXULGLF URPkQHDVF GUHSWXO VWULQ
OD FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH HVWH XQ element de drept $úDGDU GUHSWXO VWULQ HVWH
DSOLFDW vQ 5RPkQLD FX DFHODúL WLWOX FD úL GUHSWXO QD LRQDO VLWXD LH GLQ FDUH UH]XOW PDL PXOWH
FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH LPSRUWDQWH &X WRDWH DFHVWHD GDW ILLQG QDWXUD OXL H[WUDQHH GUHSWXO VWULQ QX
SRDWH IL DVLPLODW WRWDO GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH HIHFWXO OXL vQ DU FHHD ce face ca de la
UHJLPXO QD LRQDO DSOLFDELO DFHVWXLD V H[LVWH DQXPLWH H[FHS LL úL DWHQXUL
 $SOLFDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ vQWU-un raport juridic cu element de extraneitate poate fi
LQYRFDW DWkW GLQ RILFLX GH FWUH LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW DUELWUDM FkW úL GH SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW
5. În dreptul român VDUFLQD SUREHL OHJLL VWULQH VH vPSDUWH vQWUH MXGHFWRU DUELWUX úL SU L
$VWIHO LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW GDWRULW FDUDFWHUXOXL REOLJDWRULX DO DSOLFULL GUHSWXOXL VWULQ vQ
FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ SUHYHGH DVWIHO SUHFXP úL vQ WHPHLXO SULQFLSLXOXL UROXOXL
DFWLY DO MXGHFWRUXOXL YD WUHEXL V GHSXQ WRDWH GLOLJHQ HOH SHQWUX DIODUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL úL vQ HOHVXOXL
FRUHFWH úL FRPSOHWH DOH OHJLL VWULQH vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ trimite la ea. În
DFHVW VFRS LQVWDQ D SRDWH GLVSXQH FKLDU úL GLQ RILFLX WRDWH PLMORDFHOH GH SURE SH FDUH OH
FRQVLGHU DGHFYDWH
6XE DFHVW DVSHFW H[LVW vQV R GHRVHELUH LPSRUWDQW vQWUH GUHSWXO VWULQ úL FHO QD LRQDO
FRQVWkQG vQ DFHHD F SHQWUX FHO GLQWkL QX VH DSOLF SUH]XP LD F MXGHFWRUXO FXQRDúWH OHJHD
("jura novit curia &D XUPDUH VDUFLQD SUREHL OHJLL VWULQH QX LQFXPE H[FOXVLY MXGHFWRUXOXL FL
DFHDVW VDUFLQ HVWH vPSU LW vQWUH DFHVWD úL SU L $FHDVW LGHH HVWH H[SULPDW vQ DUW  alin. 2 din
/HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD 3DUWHD FDUH LQYRF R OHJH VWULQ poate fi VQ REOLJDW V
IDF GRYDGD FRQ LQXWXOXL HL
6. 0LMORDFHOH GH SURE D OHJLL VWULQH
D ÌQ GUHSWXO URPkQ IXQF LRQHD] SULQFLSLXO OLEHUW LL LQVWDQ HL úL D SU Llor în alegerea
PLMORDFHORU GH GRYDG D OHJLL VWULQH OD FDUH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ WULPLWH $FHVW SULQFLSLX HVWH
FRQVDFUDW vQ DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD &RQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH VH
VWDELOHúWH GH LQVWDQ D MXGHFWRUHDVF SULQ DWHVWUL RE LQXWH GH OD RUJDQHOH VWDWXOXL FDUH DX HGLFWDW-o,
prin avizul unui expert sau un alt mod adecvat".
(VWH GH GRULW SHQWUX YHULGLFLWDWHD GRFXPHQWULL FD OHJLOH VWULQH V ILH SUREDWH SULQ VXUVH
scrise directe, precum Monitorul Oficial, culegHUL GH OHJL GH MXULVSUXGHQ  HWF
10
 ÌQ SUDFWLFD MXGLFLDU úL DUELWUDO URPkQ DX IRVW XWLOL]DWH vQV úL DOWH PLMORDFH GH SURE XQHOH
indirecte SURFXUDWH ILH GH OD DXWRULW L FRPSHWHQWH GLQ VWDWXO VWULQ ILH GH OD GLIHULWH RUJDQLVPH
reprezentative ale acestuia din România.
Astfel, de exemplu, ca PLMORDFH GH SURE SURYHQLWH GH OD DXWRULW LOH VWDWXOXL VWULQ, s-
DX XWLOL]DW FHUWLILFDWH HOLEHUDWH GH PLQLVWUXO MXVWL LHL DO VWDWXOXL VWULQ FHUWLILFDWH GH FXWXP VDX DOWH
DWHVWUL SURYHQLQG GH OD QRWDULL SXEOLFL GH OD &DPHUD GH &RPHU GLQ DFHO VWDW HWF
Dintre VXUVHOH GH GRFXPHQWDUH SULYLQG OHJHD VWULQ SURFXUDWH SH SODQ LQWHUQ,
PHQ LRQP FHUWLILFDWHOH HOLEHUDWH GH DPEDVDGHOH VDX FRQVXODWHOH VWDWHORU UHVSHFWLYH vQ 5RPkQLD
LQIRUPD LL GH OD RUJDQL]D LLOH GH cult corespondente din România etc.
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH IRU D SUREDQW D PLMORDFHORU GH GRYDG SURYHQLQG GLQ VWULQWDWH vQ
SULQFLSLX HD WUHEXLH DVLPLODW FHOHL SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD URPkQ $VWIHO GDF SURED XWLOL]DW DUH
FDUDFWHU RILFLDO HD IDFH GRYDG LUHIUDJDELO GDU GDF vL OLSVHúWH DFHVW FDUDFWHU HD YD IL FUH]XW
juris tantum SXWkQG IL FRPEWXW SULQ GRYDGD FRQWUDU
,QVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHúWL URPkQH QX VXQW DELOLWDWH V LD OHJWXUD GLUHFW FX LQVWDQ HOH VWDWXOXL
VWULQ úL QLFL FX DPEDVDGHOH VDX alte organisme de reprezentare ale acestor state, din România, ci
WUHEXLH V FHDU VSULMLQXO vQ DFHVW VFRS DO 0LQLVWHUXOXL -XVWL LHL URPkQ FDUH YD FRQWDFWD GLUHFW
DFHVWH LQVWLWX LL VDX RUJDQLVPH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO 0LQLVWHUXOXL $IDFHULORU ([WHUQH
b) PriQ DGHUDUHD OD &RQYHQ LD (XURSHDQ vQ GRPHQLXO LQIRUPULL DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ
VHPQDW OD /RQGUD OD  LXQLH  úL OD 3URWRFROXO DGL LRQDO OD DFHDVW FRQYHQ LH VHPQDW OD
Strasbourg la 15 martie 1978 (H.G. nr. 153/1991), România a intrat în circuitul european de
LQIRUPD LH DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL DOWRU VWDWH IDFLOLWkQGX-VH DVWIHO SRVLELOLW LOH GH SURE D OHJLL VWULQH
&RQIRUP FRQYHQ LHL VWDWHOH FRQWUDFWDQWH VH DQJDMHD] V WUDQVPLW LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG GUHSWXO ORU vQ
GRPHQLXO FLYLO úL FRPHUFLDO DO SURFHGXULL FLYLOH úL FRPHUFLDOH úL DO RUJDQL]ULL MXGLFLDUH SUHFXP úL DO
GUHSWXOXL SHQDO úL DO SURFHGXULL SHQDOH 2UJDQXO QD LRQDO GH OHJWXU GLQ SDUWHD 5RPkQLHL HVWH
0LQLVWHUXO -XVWL LHL &HUHUHD GH LQIRUPD LL WUHEXLH V HPDQH vQWRWGHDXQD GH OD R DXWRULWDWH MXGLFLDU úL
SRDWH IL IFXW QXPDL DWXQFL FkQG XQ SURFHV D IRVW GHMD SRUQLW 5VSXQVXO OD FHUHUH WUHEXLH V DLE
GUHSW VFRS LQIRUPDUHD DXWRULW LL VROLFLWDWH vQ PRG RELHFWLY úL LPSDU LDO DVXSUD GUHSWXOXL VWDWXOXL
VROLFLWDW 5VSXQVXO YD FXSULQGH GXS FD] WH[WH GH OHJL UHJXODPHQWH úL GHFL]LL MXGLFLDUH SXWkQG IL
vQVR LW GH OXFUUL GH GRFWULQ OXFUUL SUHJWLWRDUH úL GH FRPHQWDULL H[SOLFDWLYH 6WDWXO VROLFLWDW SRDWH
UHIX]D V GHD FXUV FHUHULL GH LQIRUPD LL DWXQFL FkQG LQWHUHVHOH VDOH VXQW DIHFWDWH GH OLtigiul care a
RFD]LRQDW IRUPXODUHD FHUHULL VDX DWXQFL FkQG FRQVLGHU F UVSXQVXO DU IL GH QDWXU V DGXF
DWLQJHUH VXYHUDQLW LL VDX VHFXULW LL VDOH 5VSXQVXO OD FHUHUHD GH LQIRUPD LL WUHEXLH GDW FkW PDL
UHSHGH SRVLELO úL VH UHGDFWHD] vQ SULQFLSLX FD úL FHUHUHD vQ OLPED VWDWXOXL VROLFLWDW &KHOWXLHOLOH
ocazionate de cerere sunt suportate de statul solicitant.
7. În cazul LPSRVLELOLW LL GH D VWDELOL FRQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ DUW 
alin. 3 din Legea nr. 105/1992).
Pentru a se aplica dreptul român, ca lex fori HVWH QHFHVDU V H[LVWH UHDOPHQWH R VLWXD LH GH
LPSRVLELOLWDWH GH GRYDG D OHJLL VWULQH vQ FLXGD GLOLJHQ HORU IFXWH GH LQVWDQ  FX VSULMLQXO SU LORU
$FHVWH GLOLJHQ H WUHEXLH V UH]XOWH GLQ SUREDWRULLOH GLVSXVH úL GLQ GHPHUVXULOH HIHFWXDWH GH LQVWDQ 
vQ GRVDUXO FDX]HL 2 VLPSO GLILFXOWDWH GH SUREDUH D OHJLL VWULQH JHQHUDW GH GHSUWDUHD JHRJUDILF
D VWDWXOXL VWULQ ID  GH 5RPkQLD GH QHFXQRDúWHUHD FKLDU WRWDO D GUHSWXOXL VX vQ 5RPkQLD GH
lipsa izvoareloU VFULVH vQ UHVSHFWLYXO VLVWHP GH GUHSW HWF QX MXVWLILF DSOLFDUHD LPHGLDW úL
QHFRQGL LRQDW D OHJLL URPkQH
Aplicarea legii forului apare ca un subsidiar, MXVWLILFDW QXPDL GH LPSRVLELOLWDWHD HYLGHQW
GH SUREDUH D OHJLL VWULQH
Argumente pentru aceaVW VROX LH
D OLWLJLXO QX SRDWH UPkQH QHMXGHFDW SULQ UHVSLQJHUHD DF LXQLL UHFODPDQWXOXL VXE PRWLYXO F
OHJHD VWULQ QX HVWH FXQRVFXW GHRDUHFH vQ DFHVW FD] MXGHFWRUXO DU IL FXOSDELO GH GHQHJDUH GH
GUHSWDWH 2 DVHPHQHD VROX LH DU IL QHGUHDSW SHQWru reclamant, deoarece sarcina probei legii
VWULQH QX LQFXPE vQ SULPXO UkQG úL vQ RULFH FD] QX H[FOXVLY SU LORU FL LQVWDQ HL
E vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH OHJHD VWULQ QX SRDWH IL GRYHGLW VH DSOLF SUH]XP LD VLPSO H[SULPDW
prin adagiul "cine alege inVWDQ D DOHJH úL GUHSWXO

11
 CAPITOLUL 8
&$=85,/( '( Ì1/785$5( '( /$ $3/,&$5( $
/(*,, 675,1(

/HJHD VWULQ VH vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH FRQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU
 vQ GRX FD]XUL
D GDF vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ
E GDF D GHYHQLW FRPSHWHQW SULQ IUDXG

6HF LXQHD 
2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ

 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ HVWH IRUPDW GLQ DQVDPEOXO
principiilor fundamentale de drept ale statului român, aplicabile în raporturile juridice cu element de
extraneitate.
6XE DVSHFW SURFHGXUDO RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ
H[FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
Elementele definitorii DOH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
A. &RQ LQXWXO QR LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vO FRQVWLWXLH SULQFLSLLOH
IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL DSOLFDELOH vQ UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQal
SULYDW $FHVWD HVWH FRQ LQXWXO DEVWUDFW DO QR LXQLL În mod curent DFHVW FRQ LQXW HVWH VWDELOLW vQ GRX
moduri:
a) GH UHJXO HO VH GHWHUPLQ GH FWUH LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW FDUH YD VWDELOL FkQG R QRUP
GLQ VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW URPkQ FRQVDFU XQ SULQFLSLX juridic fundamental al statului nostru, astfel încât
vQFOFDUHD OXL GH FWUH OHJHD VWULQ FRPSHWHQW vQ VSH  SRDWH V MXVWLILFH vQOWXUDUHD DFHVWHL OHJL
de la aplicare.
b) în anumite cazuri OHJLXLWRUXO URPkQ vQVXúL VWDELOHúWH H[SOLFLW QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FURU
vQFOFDUH FRQVWLWXLH XQ WHPHL GH LQYRFDUH D RUGLQHL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ úL
GHFL GH vQOWXUDUH GH OD DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWULQH FRQWUDUH
% ([FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FDUH H[SULP SH SODQ SURFHGXUDO DFHDVW LQVWLWX LH MXULGLF
este o H[FHS LH GH IRQG FDUH SRDWH IL LQYRFDW GH RULFH SDUWH LQWHUHVDW VDX GH LQVWDQ  GLQ RILFLX
& ([FHS LD GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HVWH DGPLV vPSLHGLF SURGXFHUHD SH
WHULWRULXO ULL D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GDU DFHDVWD FD DWDUH QX SRDWH IL DIHFWDW GH DFHDVW
H[FHS LH
' /HJHD VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VXQW vPSLHGLFDWH V VH SURGXF SH WHULWRULXO ULL DU IL IRVW
QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY GHRDUHFH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ D
trimis la ea.
2. &RPSDUD LH vQWUH RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ úL RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
&HOH GRX LQVWLWX LL VH DVHDPQ SULQ IDSWXO F DPkQGRX vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH R OHJH FX
SUHFL]DUHD F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ FHQ]XUHD] DFWHOH MXULGLFH DOH SU LORU FDUH FRQVWLWXLH
OHJHD DFHVWRUD 'H DVHPHQHD DFHVWH LQVWLWX LL vúL DX L]YRUXO vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DO VWDWXOXL
ÌQWUH FHOH GRX IHOXUL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF H[LVW vQV
deosebiri LPSRUWDQWH úL DQXPH
a) DX IXQF LL GLIHULWe, astfel:
- RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ FDUH HVWH GDW GH DQVDPEOXO QRUPHORU LPSHUDWLYH DOH
sistemului de drept respectiv, are ca scop împiedicarea producerii efectelor actelor juridice care
VXQW FRQWUDUH DFHVWRU QRUPH HD H[SULP OLPLWHOH DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ  D SU LORU vQ UDSRUWXULOH
juridice interne;
- RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW are scopul de a împiedica aplicarea, pe
WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL D HIHFWHORU XQHL OHJL VWULQH GHúL QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXO
juridiF UHVSHFWLY DúDGDU HD H[SULP OLPLWHOH DSOLFULL OHJLL VWULQH vQ DUD IRUXOXL
b) au sfere de aplicare diferite vQ VHQVXO F RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQ HVWH PDL ODUJ
GHFkW FHD GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  QX WRW FHHD FH HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ
GUHSWXO LQWHUQ HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF úL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW ([SOLFD LD DFHVWHL GLIHUHQ H GH
VIHU UH]LG vQ DFHHD F VWDWXO UHJOHPHQWHD] FX PDL PXOW IHUPLWDWH UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH GH GUHSW
intern decât cele de drept interQD LRQDO SULYDW
3. Prevederi legale

12
 D $FWHOH QRUPDWLYH LQWHUQH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
SULYDW XQD GLQ XUPWRDUHOH VROX LL
1. 'H UHJXO ele QX VWDELOHVF FRQ LQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH FL QXPDL SUHYG vQ DEVWUDFW
pRVLELOLWDWHD DSOLFULL DFHVWHLD vQ GRPHQLLOH PDWHULLOH SH FDUH OH UHJOHPHQWHD]
'H H[HPSOX DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH F 'UHSWXULOH FkúWLJDWH vQ DU VWULQ
VXQW UHVSHFWDWH vQ 5RPkQLD DIDU QXPDL GDF VXQW FRQWUDUH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
privat român".
2. În unele cazuri vQV OHJHD VWDELOHúWH úL FRQ LQXWXO FRQFUHW DO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH, în
GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY GH UHJOHPHQWDUH vQ VHQVXO F LQGLF QRUPHOH MXULGLFH D FURU vQFOFDUH MXVWLILF
DSOLFDUHD H[FHS LHL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
6XQW GRX VLWXD LL $ OHJHD VWDELOHúWH QXPDL FRQ LQXWXO RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO
SULYDW URPkQ % OHJHD RFURWHúWH RUGLQHD SXEOLF D FUXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO vQ VSH 
$ 3HQWUX SULPD VLWXD LH SRDWH IL GDW XUPWRUXO H[HPSOX
- DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH FRQVDFU FDUDFWHUXO GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUW LL GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH SHQWUX FHW HQLL URPkQL
% /HJHD URPkQ RFURWHúWH vQ DQXPLWH FD]XUL RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
D RULFUXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW QRUPDO DSOLFDELO vQ VSH  ÌQ DFHVWH FD]XUL QH DIOP vQ ID D XQRU SUHYHGHUL
GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DF LXQH GXEO SHQWUX GUHSWXO URPkQ úL SHQWUX FHO VWULQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDre este
aplicabil).
D 6H vQFDGUHD] vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  - testatorul poate
VXSXQH WUDQVPLWHUHD SHQWUX PRúWHQLUH D EXQXULORU VDOH DOWHL OHJL GHFkW OHJHD VD QD LRQDO GDF HVWH
YRUED GH R VXFFHVLXQH PRELOLDU VDX OHJHD ORFXOXL VLWXULL EXQXOXL GDF HVWH YRUED GH R
VXFFHVLXQH LPRELOLDU IU D DYHD GUHSWXO V vQOWXUH GLVSR]L LLOH HL LPSHUDWLYH $úDGDU vQ
DFHVW FD] GLVSR]L LLOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF DOH RULFUXLD GLQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DSOLFDELOH VXFFHVLXQLL
(român sau sWULQ WUHEXLH UHVSHFWDWH
E ÌQ FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH L]YRDUH DOH GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
RUGLQHD SXEOLF HVWH SUHY]XW GH UHJXO vQ mod abstract.
'H H[HPSOX &RQYHQ LD GH OD 1HZ <RUN SHQWUX UHFXQRDúWHUHD úL H[HFXWDUHD VHQWLQ HORU
DUELWUDOH VWULQH GLQ  OD FDUH 5RPkQLD D DGHUDW SULQ 'HFUHWXO QU  vQ DUW 9 DOLQ  OLW
E SUHYHGH F UHFXQRDúWHUHD úL H[HFXWDUHD XQHL VHQWLQ H DUELWUDOH VWULQH SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SULQWUH
DOWHOH GDF HVWH FRQWUDU RUGLQLL SXEOLFe a statului solicitat.
 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SUH]LQW XUPWRDUHOH FDUDFWHUH HVHQ LDOH:
a) 
GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VSD LDO DUH XQ FDUDFWHU QD LRQDO vQ FRQ LQXWXO V X vQ VHQVXO F 
RUGLQHD SXEOLF VH LQWHUSUHWHD] SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXOXL URPkQ 2 VLWXD LH VSHFLDO R FRQVWLWXLH WRWXúL
QRUPHOH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF FX DF LXQH GXEO
b) din punct de vedere temporal RUGLQHD SXEOLF DUH XQ FDUDFWHU actual, vQ VHQVXO F
LQVWDQ D GH MXGHFDW URPkQ WUHEXLH V LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH FRQ LQXWXO RUGinii publice din momentul
SURQXQ ULL KRWUkULL LDU QX FHO GLQ PRPHQWXO vQFKHLHULL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF VDX GLQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH
VHQWLQ D VWULQ DOH FUHL HIHFWH VH FHU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD D IRVW SURQXQ DW vQ
VWULQWDWH
c) din punct de vedere material (pe fond) RUGLQHD SXEOLF DUH XQ FDUDFWHU GH H[FHS LH
GH OD UHJXOD F OHJHD VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW WUHEXLH V VH DSOLFH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FX HOHPHQW
de extraneitate.
&RQVHFLQ HOH DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU VXQW vQ HVHQ  XUPWRDUHOH
- ordinea SXEOLF HVWH GH VWULFW LQWHUSUHWDUH
- RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ vPSLHGLF  SURGXFHUHD HIHFWHORU OHJLL

VWU LQH SH WHULWRULXO ULL úL SH FDOH GH FRQVHFLQ  DWUDJH DSOLFDUHD vQ ORFXO DFHVWHLD D OHJLL
române), numai vQ 
P VXUD VWULFW  în care aceste efecte contravin principiilor fundamentale ale
dreptului român.
 2UGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DUH GRXefecte:
a) un efect negativ úL DQXPH vQOWXUDUHD GH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH FDUH UH]XOW GLQ
prevederile DUW  DOLQ  OLW D GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD $SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH
vQOWXU GDF vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ
Un exemplu de efect negativ este consacrat de art. 18 alin. 2 din Legea nr. 105/1992,
coQIRUP FUXLD GDF XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH VWULQH DSOLFDELOH FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG DOH FVWRULHL SUHYHGH
XQ LPSHGLPHQW OD FVWRULH FDUH SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL URPkQ HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX OLEHUWDWHD GH D
vQFKHLD R FVWRULH DFHO LPSHGLPHQW YD IL vQOWXUDW FD LQDSlicabil ..."
c) un efect pozitiv, SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FUXLD ÌQ
FD]XO vQOWXUULL OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ

13
 Efectul pozitiv al ordinii publice se poate manifesta vQ GRX PRGXUL
a) implicit (mai atenuat vQ VHQVXO F OHJHD IRUXOXL HVWH DSOLFDW QXPDL SHQWUX D vQOWXUD
HIHFWHOH OHJLL VWULQH
b) explicit (mai ferm vQ VHQVXO F OHJHD IRUXOXL HVWH DSOLFDW úL vQ PDWHULDOLWDWHD HL vQ JROXO
OVDW SULQ vQOWXUDUHD OHJLL VWULQH
6. 6IHUHOH QR LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF  GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
6IHUD QR LXQLL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW HVWH GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH FDGUXO
FRQIOLFWXDO vQ FDUH VH LQYRF
$VWIHO RUGLQHD SXEOLF SRDWH IL LQYRFDW ILH vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX ILH DO
FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX
6IHUD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH HVWH PDL ODUJ  vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX GHFkW D
FHOXL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX 'HFL QX WRDWH SULQFLSLLOH MXULGLFH FDUH VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF  DWXQFL FkQG
sunt invoFDWH vQ FDGUXO FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ VSD LX VXQW GH RUGLQH SXEOLF úL DWXQFL FkQG SULYHVF
GUHSWXUL GHMD GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH

7. &RPSDUD LH vQWUH RUGLQHD SXEOLF  GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW úL QRUPHOH GH

DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW 
ÌQWUH FHOH GRX LQVWLWX LL H[LVW DVHPQUL FRQVWkQG vQ DFHHD F DX FD UD LXQH ocrotirea
XQXL SULQFLSLX LQWHUHV IXQGDPHQWDO DO OHJLL IRUXOXL úL WRWRGDW DX DFHODúL HIHFW úL DQXPH DSOLFDUHD
OHJLL IRUXOXL vQ ORFXO FHOHL VWULQH
Deosebirea HVHQ LDO GLQWUH HOH UH]LG vQ PHFDQLVPXO ORJLF DO DSOLFULL úL DQXPH
- QRUPD GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW vQOWXU GH OD vQFHSXW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO FRPSHWHQW úL GHFL
vQ FD]XO HL QX VH SXQH SUREOHPD DSOLFULL XQHL OHJL VWULQH QRUPD GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW FRQ LQkQG
VROX LD MXULGLF vQ chiar cuprinsul ei;
- RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH ULGLF QXPDL GXS FH QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO
URPkQ D IRVW DSOLFDW SHQWUX D vQOWXUD HIHFWHOH OHJLL VWULQH QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH FDUH FRQWUDYLQ
principiilor fundamentale ale dreptului forului.

6HF LXQHD D -a

)UDXGDUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW

 ([LVW IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF
IRORVLQG vQ VFRS IUDXGXORV LOLFLW XQ PLMORF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DX IFXW DSOLFDELO DFHOXL
UDSRUW MXULGLF XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH
 )UDXGDUHD OHJLL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH SRDWH IDFH GH UHJXO vQ GRX
PRGDOLW  L
a) într-un raport juridic de drept intern se introduce în mod fraudulos un element de
H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH GHFODQúHD] DUWLILFLDO XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL LDU SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH
QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH SHQWUX LSRWH]D FUHDW VH WULPLWH OD XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW GUHSWXO LQWHUQ
(care ar fi fost în mod firesc aplicabil).
b) într-XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF FDUH DUH GHMD XQ HOHPHQW GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SU LOH VFKLPE vQ VFRS
IUDXGXORV SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU IFkQG DSOLFDELO DFHOXL UDSRUW MXULGLF SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO QRUPHL
conflictuale aplicabile pentru noul punct de lHJWXU XQ DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO
FRPSHWHQW FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH LQL LDOH
 3HQWUX D H[LVWD IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY
XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL:
D V H[LVWH XQ DFW GH YRLQ  D SU LL SU LORU vQ VHQVXO GHSODVULL SXQFWXOXL GH

OHJ WXU  SULYLWRU OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF
E SU LOH V IRORVHDVF XQ PLMORF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW FDUH SULQ HO vQVXúL HVWH
licit.
c) VFRSXO XUPULW GH SU L V ILH LOLFLW
d) UH]XOWDWXO UHDOL]DW GH SU L V ILH LOLFLW
5H]XOWDWXO UHDOL]DW GH SU L SULQ DSOLFDUHD vQ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY D XQXL DOW VLVWHP GH
GUHSW GHFkW FHO QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW WUHEXLH V ILH mai favorabil acestora decât cel care s-ar fi
RE LQXW GDF V-ar fi aplicat sistemul de drept nRUPDO FRPSHWHQW ÌQ FD] FRQWUDU QX DU H[LVWD UD LXQHD
SHQWUX SU L GH D VYkUúL R DVHPHQHD IUDXG OD OHJH
4. Pentru analiza VDQF LXQLL IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ WUHEXLH
IFXW R GLVWLQF LH, în IXQF LH GH RELHFWXO IUDXGHL.

14
 , 6LWXD LD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO URPkQ vQ IDYRDUHD XQXL GUHSW VWULQ
3HQWUX DFHDVW VLWXD LH DUW  DOLQ  OLW E úL DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH H[SUHV
$SOLFDUHD OHJLL VWULQH VH vQOWXU  E GDF D GHYHQLW FRPSHWHQW SULQ IUDXG ÌQ FD]XO vQOWXUULL
OHJLL VWULQH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ
'LQ DFHVW WH[W UH]XOW F VDQF LXQHD IUDXGULL GUHSWXOXL QD LRQDO vQ IDYRDUHD XQHL OHJL VWULQH
LPSOLF GRX HIHFWH
A. unul negativ úL DQXPH vQOWXUDUHD GH OD DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWULQH
În mRG FRQFUHW SH SODQXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV vQFKHLDW GH SU L DFHVW HIHFW VH
PDWHULDOL]HD] SULQ
a) fie LQRSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU URPkQH
ÌQ FD]XO LQRSR]DELOLW LL DFWXO UPkQH WRWXúL YDODELO vQ VWULQWDWH
b) fie constDWDUHD GHFODUDUHD QXOLW LL DFWXOXL GH FWUH LQVWDQ HOH MXGHFWRUHúWL URPkQH
ÌQ FD]XO QXOLW LL DFWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY QX PDL SRDWH SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ DU úL vQ SULQFLSLX
QLFL vQ VWULQWDWH
B. un efect pozitiv úL DQXPH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL URPkQH vQ JROXO UPDV SULQ vQOWXUDUHD OHJLL
VWULQH
,, 6LWXD LD vQ FDUH HVWH IUDXGDW GUHSWXO VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW FRQIRUP QRUPHL
conflictuale române, în favoarea dreptului român (sau D GUHSWXOXL XQXL VWDW WHU 
&X SULYLUH OD DFHVW DVSHFW QLFL /HJHD QU  úL QLFL R DOW OHJH URPkQ QX FRQ LQH
SUHYHGHUL GDU VH RSLQHD] F IUDXGD OHJLL VWULQH WUHEXLH VDQF LRQDW vQ DFHODúL PRG FD úL IUDXGD
legii române.
Argumente:
a) dreptul VWULQ HVWH HOHPHQW GH GUHSW FD úL GUHSWXO IRUXOXL úL GHFL WUHEXLH V L VH DFRUGH
DFHHDúL SURWHF LH
E IUDXGDUHD GUHSWXOXL VWULQ QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH
URPkQH FRQVWLWXLH GH IDSW R vQFOFDUH D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH URPkQH FDUH GH UHJXO DUH FDUDFWHU
imperativ;
F FHHD FH VH VDQF LRQHD] vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH HVWH LQWHQ LD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU fraus
omnia corrumpit).
 &D úL vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SRDWH IL GRYHGLW prin
RULFH PLMORF GH SURE ILLQG R VLWXD LH GH IDSW
3UDFWLF H[LVW GLILFXOW L vQ GRYHGLUHD IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW GHRDUHFH
FHHD FH WUHEXLH GRYHGLW HVWH LQWHQ LD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU DGLF XQ HOHPHQW VXELHFWLY
Domeniile în caUH SRDWH DSDUH IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VXQW vQ SULQFLSDO
XUPWRDUHOH
a) VWDUHD FLYLO FDSDFLWDWHD úL UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH (statutul
persoanei fizice).
)UDXGD vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH FRQVW GH UHJXO vQ IDSWXO F SHUVRDQD IL]LF vúL VFKLPE vQ
VFRS IUDXGXORV FHW HQLD GRPLFLOLXO RUL UHúHGLQ D
9 VSH D %HUWROD úL VSH D 0LKLOHVFX
ÌQ JHQHUDO IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ PDWHULD VWULL FLYLOH FDSDFLW LL úL UHOD LLORU GH IDPLOLH DOH
persoanei fizice este mult mai greu GH UHDOL]DW DVW]L vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH VFKLPEDUHD FHW HQLHL
URPkQH HVWH VWULFW UHJOHPHQWDW SULQ OHJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU  LDU SUHYHGHUL vQ PDWHULH
GH FHW HQLH H[LVW SUDFWLF vQ WRDWH VWDWHOH OXPLL
b) statutul organic al persoanei juridice
ÌQ DFHVW FD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FRQVW GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL vQ PXWDUHD VHGLXOXL VRFLDO GH SH
teritoriul statului forului pe cel al unui stat considerat "paradis fiscal" (precum Liechtenstein,
Monaco, Panama, Liberia etc.), în scopul evaziunii legilor ILVFDOH DOH IRUXOXL FX SUHFL]DUHD F
SHUVRDQD MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY FRQWLQX V IXQF LRQH]H SH WHULWRULXO VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL FD SHUVRDQ
MXULGLF VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO VWULQ ÌQ DFHVW FD] DúDGDU QRXO VHGLX VRFLDO QX HVWH VHULRV DGLF
are un caracter fraudulos.
În prezent DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP FURUD VHGLXO VRFLDO FDUH
GHWHUPLQ QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHúWH SRWULYLW DFWXOXL FRQVWLWXWLY QX H[FOXG
IUDXGD OD OHJH úL GH DOWIHO QLFL QX DU SXWHD-o face deRDUHFH SULQFLSLXO DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ  D
fondatorilor persoanei juridice este general admis în materia stabilirii sediului social. În schimb,
DFHDVW IUDXG HVWH PXOW OLPLWDW SULQ DSOLFDUHD SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  úL  GLQ /HJHD QU
105/1992, pentru LSRWH]D vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF DUH VHGLXO vQ PDL PXOWH VWDWH GHRDUHFH vQ
DFHDVW LSRWH] GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX D VH LGHQWLILFD QD LRQDOLWDWHD DFHVWHLD HVWH VHGLXO UHDO  SULQ

15
FDUH VH vQ HOHJH ORFXO XQGH VH DIO FHQWUXO SULQFLSDO GH FRQGXFHUH úL GH JHVWLXQH D DFWLYLW LL
statutare.
c) regimul juridic al bunului mobil
ÌQ DFHDVW PDWHULH IUDXGD FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F VH VFKLPE ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL PRELO vQWU-un
DOW VWDW ,QWU vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH úL VFKLPEDUHD SDYLOLRQXOXL QDYHL VDX DHURQDYHL GH SULQFLSiu, într-un
VWDW FRQVLGHUDW SDUDGLV ILVFDO FD úL vQ FD]XO SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH OD FDUH QH-am referit mai sus).
d) IRUPD H[WHULRDU D DFWHORU MXULGLFH
ÌQ DFHVW FD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FRQVW GH UHJXO vQ IDSWXO F VH vQFKHLH DFWXO vQWU-XQ DOW VWDW úL
pULQ HIHFWXO QRUPHL FRQILFWXDOH H[SULPDW SULQ SULQFLSLXO locus regit actum VH DSOLF DFHOXL DFW R
OHJH PDL IDYRUDELO SHQWUX SU L GHFkW FHD QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW V VH DSOLFH vQ FDX] GH H[HPSOX
SU LOH EHQHILFLD] GH FRQGL LL PDL XúRDUH OD vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL vQFKHLHUHD DFWXOXL VH IDFH VXE
VHPQWXU SULYDW vQ ORF GH DFW DXWHQWLF HWF
În prezent, DFHDVW IRUP GH IUDXG HVWH H[FOXV vQ OXPLQD SUHYHGHULORU DUW  GLQ /HJHD
nr. 105/1992.
e) FRQ LQXWXO FRQWUDFWHORU IRQGXO REOLJD LLORU FRQWUDFWXDOe)
Acesta este unul dintre domeniile cele mai predispuse fraudei la lege în dreptul
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vQWUXFkW vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH IXQF LRQHD] SULQFLSLXO FRQIRUP FUXLD FRQWUDFWXO
HVWH VXSXV OHJLL DOHVH SULQ FRQVHQV GH SU L lex voluntatis), consacrat de art. 73 din Legea nr.
 FHHD FH IDYRUL]HD] IUDXGD OD OHJH FX DWkW PDL PXOW FX FkW OHJHD DGRSW FRQFHS LD
VXELHFWLYLVW SULYLQG OLPLWHOH OLEHUW LL SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ VHQVXO F QX LPSXQH FD
OHJHD DOHDV GH SU L V DLE R OHJWXU PDWHULDO RELHFWLY FX FRQWUDFWXO &X WRDWH DFHVWHD
VLPSOXO IDSW F SU LOH DOHJ R OHJH DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL FDUH QX DUH QLFL R OHJWXU RELHFWLY FX
DFHVWD QX WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW GH SODQR FD ILLQG R IUDXG OD OHJH DWkWD WLPS FkW SU LOH au avut în
YHGHUH DQXPLWH DYDQWDMH OLFLWH SH FDUH OHJHD DOHDV OH SUH]LQW SHQWUX HOH
6. &RPSDUD LH vQWUH IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW úL XQHOH LQVWLWX LL
juridice apropiate
 &RPSDUD LH FX IUDXGD OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ
ExiVW IUDXG OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH OD XQ UDSRUW MXULGLF IU HOHPHQW
VWULQ DSOLF R GLVSR]L LH OHJDO SULQ GHWXUQDUHD HL GH OD VFRSXO ILUHVF SHQWUX FDUH D IRVW HGLFWDW GH
legiuitor, eludând, astfel, prevederile unei alte legi internH LPSHUDWLYH FDUH OH HVWH vQV
GHIDYRUDELO
ÌQWUH FHOH GRX LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH H[LVW DVHPQUL úL DQXPH FRQGL LLOH IUDXGHL OD OHJH VXQW
vQ DEVWUDFW DFHOHDúL vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL XQ DFW GH YRLQ  DO SU LORU XQ PLMORF OLFLW XQ VFRS LOLFLW XQ
rezuOWDW LOLFLW $PkQGRX VXQW vQFOFUL LQGLUHFWH DOH OHJLL
ÌQWUH HOH H[LVW vQV LPSRUWDQWH GHRVHELUL FDUH VH PDQLIHVW vQ SULQFLSDO VXE XUPWRDUHOH
aspecte:
a) obiectul fraudei
$VWIHO vQ WLPS FH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ VH IUDXGHD] R OHJH LQWHUQ vQ IDYRDrea alte legi interne,
GHFL VH UPkQH vQ FDGUXO DFHOXLDúL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH IUDXGHD]
QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO D IRUXOXL úL SULQ DFHDVWD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ IDYRDUHD DOWXLD
b) PHFDQLVPXO IUDXGULL
La frauda la lege în dreptul intern VH VFKLPE FRQ LQXWXO IDSWLF DO UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF FDUH
GXFH OD DSOLFDUHD vQ PRG IUDXGXORV D XQHL DOWH OHJL GHFkW FHD FRUHFW DSOLFDELO ÌQ FD]XO IUDXGHL OD
lege vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW VH VFKLPE FRQ LQXWXO IDSWLF FRQIOLFWXDO FHHD ce duce la
IUDXGDUHD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW SULQ XQD GLQ FHOH GRX PRGDOLW L GH IUDXGDUH
analizate mai sus.
2. &RPSDUD LH FX RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW
$VHPQDUHD HVHQ LDO FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL QX VH DSOLF VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW
QRUPDO FRPSHWHQW GHFL DPEHOH FRQVWLWXLH H[FHS LL GH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL ILUHVF DSOLFDELOH vQ UDSRUWXO
juridic respectiv.
Deosebirile GLQWUH HOH SRDUW vQ SULQFLSDO DVXSUD XUPWRDUHORU DVSHFWH
a) FDX]D QHDSOLFULL OHJLL QRUPDO Fompetente
Astfel:
- OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF FDX]D HVWH GH QDWXU RELHFWLY úL DQXPH OHJHD VWULQ SULQ FRQ LQXWXO
VX vQFDOF SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWXOXL IRUXOXL
- OD IUDXGD OD OHJH FDX]D HVWH GH QDWXU VXELHFWLY úL DQXPH OHJHD IRUului (sau legea
VWULQ HVWH vQOWXUDW GH OD DSOLFDUH SULQ DFWLYLWDWHD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU
b) VDQF LXQHD DSOLFDELO

16
 - OD RUGLQHD SXEOLF VDQF LXQHD FRQVW vQ vQOWXUDUHD HIHFWHORU OHJLL VWULQH úL DSOLFDUHD vQ
locul acesteia, a legii forului;
- OD IUDXGD OD OHJH VDQF LXQHD UH]LG vQ IDSWXO F VH vQOWXU OHJHD URPkQ VDX VWULQ SH
FDUH SU LOH DX IFXW-R DSOLFDELO SULQ IUDXG úL vQ ORFXO HL VH DSOLF OHJHD FRUHFW FRPSHWHQW 3H
SODQXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV VDQF LXQHD FRQVW vQ LPSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU
URPkQH VDX QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL GXS FD]
c) UROXO LQVWDQ HL GH MXGHFDW
ÌQ FD]XO LQYRFULL H[FHS LHL GH RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW LQVWDQ D WUHEXLH
V FXQRDVF FRQ LQXWXO OHJLL VWULQH QRUPDO FRPSHWHQWH SHQWUX F QXPDL DVWIHO SRDWH V-úL GHD
VHDPD GDF HD vQFDOF VDX QX SULQFLSLLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH GUHSWXOXL IRUXOXL
ÌQ VFKLPE OD IUDXGD OD OHJH QX HVWH QHDSUDW QHFHVDU DFHVW OXFUX GHRDUHFH FHHD FH VH
VDQF LRQHD] HVWH vQVúL DFWLYLWDWHD IUDXGXORDV D SU LORU
7. &RPSDUD LH FX VLPXOD LD
$VHPQUL
D DPEHOH LPSOLF XQ DFW GH YRLQ  FRPXQ D SU LORU
E SULQ DFHVW DFW GH YRLQ  vQ DPkQGRX FD]XULOH VH FUHHD] VDX VH PRGLILF vQ PRG
artificial, un conflict de legi;
c) mijloacele folosite sunt, prin ele însele, licite;
G FRQVHFLQ D ID  GH WHU L HVWH vQ SULQFLSLX DFHHDúL úL DQXPH LQRSR]DELOLWDWHD DFWXOXL
IUDXGXORV UHVSHFWLY D FRQWUDvQVFULVXOXL ID  GH DFHúWLD
Deosebiri:
D IUDXGD OD OHJH SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQXL VLQJXU DFW MXUidic (cel fraudulos), în timp ce
VLPXOD LD LPSOLF SULQ GHILQL LH GRX DFWH MXULGLFH úL DQXPH DFWXO DVFXQV GDU UHDO FRQWUDvQVFULVXO
úL DFWXO DSDUHQW GDU PLQFLQRV
E IUDXGD OD OHJH LPSOLF R RSHUD LXQH HIHFWLY PDWHULDO GH GHSODVDUH D SXQFWXOXL de
OHJWXU GLQWU-XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW XQ VWDW vQ DOWXO ÌQ VFKLPE OD VLPXOD LH RSHUD LXQHD HVWH ILFWLY
DGLF HVWH H[SULPDW SULQ DFWXO DSDUHQW GDU FRQWUD]LV SULQ FRQWUDvQVFULV
F IUDXGD OD OHJH SUHVXSXQH H[LVWHQ D XQXL VFRS LOLFLW úL D XQXL UH]XOWDW LOLFLW /D VLPXOD LH
VFRSXO SRDWH IL úL OLFLW
G FHOH GRX LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH LPSOLF XQHRUL FRQVHFLQ H GLIHULWH ID  GH SU L $VWIHO vQ FD]
GH IUDXG GDF VH SURQXQ  QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF IUDXGXORV DFHVWD QX SURGXFH HIHFWH QLFL vQWUH
SU L /D VLPXOD LH vQV FRQWUDvQVFULVXO HVWH YDODELO vQWUH SU L úL ID  GH VXFFHVRULL ORU XQLYHUVDOL úL FX
WLWOX XQLYHUVDO GDF QX V-DX IUDXGDW GUHSWXUL QVFXWH GH OHJH GLUHFW SH FDSXO ORU GH H[ UH]HUYD
VXFFHVRUDO

CAPITOLUL 9
CONFLICTUL DE LEGI ÎN 7,03 ù, 63$,8
5(63(&7$5($ '5(3785,/25 &Æù7,*$7( Ì1 $5 675,1
 ([LVW FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HIHFWHOH XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF QVFXW
VXE LQFLGHQ D VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO XQXL VWDW VH FHU XOWHULRU D IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQWU-un alt stat.
3ULYLW SULQ SULVPD GUHSWXOXL URPkQ FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX SXQH SUREOHPD
UHVSHFWULL vQ 5RPkQLD D GUHSWXULORU GREkQGLWH FkúWLJDWH vQWU-R DU VWULQ
Acest conflict este "vQ VSD LX GHRDUHFH FHOH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ  - respectiv
FHO VWULQ VXE LQFLGHQ D FUXLD V-D QVFXW GUHSWXO úL FHO URPkQ vQ FDGUXO FUXLD GUHSWXO VH FHUH D IL
recunoscut - FRH[LVW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VSD LDO
&RQIOLFWXO HVWH WRWRGDW úL în timp GHRDUHFH vQWUH PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL UDSRUWXOXi juridic
GHFL D GUHSWXOXL VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL VWULQH úL PRPHQWXO FkQG HIHFWHOH DFHVWXLD VH FHU D IL
UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD H[LVW XQ LQWHUYDO GH WLPS
2. &RPSDUD LH FX FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX
&RQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX HVWH FHO FDUH DSDUH vQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL PRGLILFULL VDX VWLQJHULL
XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF DWXQFL FkQG GDWRULW HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SH FDUH UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW vO
FRQ LQH DVXSUD OXL VXQW VXVFHSWLELOH GH DSOLFDUH vQ DFHODúL WLPS GRX VDX PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH
GUHSW DSDU inând unor state diferite.
&HOH GRX IRUPH GH FRQIOLFW GH OHJL VH DVHDPQ SULQ IDSWXO F DPkQGRX VXQW vQ VSD LX
vQ VHQVXO F VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW vQ SUH]HQ  FRH[LVW VSD LDO (OH VH deosebesc vQV SHQWUX IDSWXO
F SH FkQG OD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ VSD LX FHOH GRX VLVWHPH VXQW GHRSRWULY SDVLELOH GH DSOLFDUH
simultan DVXSUD UHVSHFWLYXOXL UDSRUW MXULGLF OD FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX HOH VH DSOLF

17
succesiv, vQ VHQVXO F GUHSWXO QVFXW vQWU-un stat este apoi recunoscut în alt stat. Conflictul de legi
vQ WLPS úL VSD LX VH VROX LRQHD] vQ SULQFLSLX SULQ DSOLFDUHD QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH D IRUXOXL
3. Formele FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX
$ UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO VH QDúWH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW VWULQ úL DSRL VH LQYRF vQ
RoPkQLD ÌQ DFHVW FD] OD PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL OXL vQ VWULQWDWH GUHSWXO QX DYHD QLFL R OHJWXU FX
DUD IRUXOXL vQ VSH  FX GUHSWXO URPkQ
'H H[HPSOX GRL FHW HQL JUHFL VH FVWRUHVF vQ *UHFLD LDU DSRL YLQ vQ 5RPkQLD úL FHU V OL
VH UHFXQRDVF HIHFWHOH DFHVWHL FVWRULL
% UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO VH QDúWH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vQ FDGUX LQWHUQD LRQDO
LDU XOWHULRU VH LQYRF vQ 5RPkQLD
ÌQ DFHVW FD] FX SULYLUH OD UHVSHFWLYXO UDSRUW MXULGLF H[LVW VXFFHVLY XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ
VSD LX vQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL VDOH úL XQ FRQIOLFW GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX DWXQFL FkQG HIHFWHOH VDOH VH
cer a fi recunoscute în România.
$FHDVW IRUP D FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX SUH]LQW OD UkQGXO HL GRX VXEVLWXD LL:
D vQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL VDOH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW QX DYHD QLFL R
OHJWXU vQ DUD IRUXOXL 5RPkQLD
'H H[HPSOX XQ FHW HDQ JUHF úL XQXO IUDQFH] VH FVWRUHVF vQ *UHFLD LDU DSRL YLQ vQ
5RPkQLD úL FHU V OL VH UHFXQRDVF HIHFWHOH DFHVWHL FVWRULL
b FKLDU GLQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL VDOH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY DYHD OHJWXU FX DUD IRUXOXL
SULQ IDSWXO F FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VDOH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SULYHDX GUHSWXO URPkQ
'H H[HPSOX VH SURQXQ  R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF vQ VWULQWDWH SULYLQG GLYRU XO GLQWUH XQ
FHW HDQ URPkQ úL XQXO VWULQ LDU DSRL VH FHUH UHFXQRDúWHUHD VDX H[HFXWDUHD DFHVWHL KRWUkUL vQ
România.
'LIHULWHOH IRUPH DOH FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX SUH]LQW DQXPLWH FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH
vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FRQGL LLOH UHFXQRDúWHULL vQ 5RPkQLD D GUHSWXULORU GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH
 'UHSWXULOH GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH VXQW recunoscute, în principiu, în România.
7HPHLXO MXULGLF DO DFHVWHL UHFXQRDúWHUL vO FRQVWLWXLH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP
FURUD 'UHSWXULOH FkúWLJDWH vQ DU VWULQ VXQW UHVSHFWDWH vQ 5RPkQLD
'LQ DFHVWH SUHYHGHUL UH]XOW LGHHD F XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH HVWH UHFXQRVFXW vQ
5RPkQLD GHRDUHFH OHJHD URPkQ SHUPLWH DFHVW OXFUX
 3HQWUX FD XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH V ILH UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD VH FHU D IL
întrunite GRX FRQGL LL FXPXODWLYH
$ 'UHSWXO V ILH FRUHFW QVFXW VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL VWULQH FDUH vL HVWH DSOLFDELO
$FHDVW FRQGL LH VH PDQLIHVW DWkW vQ GRPHQLXO GUHSWXOXL PDWHULDO FkW úL DO FHOXL SURFHVXal.
a) Astfel, pe planul dreptului material, GUHSWXO VXELHFWLY QVFXW vQ VWULQWDWH YD IL
UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD GDF V-D QVFXW YDODELO GXS OHJHD VWULQ FRPSHWHQW V L VH DSOLFH
FRQIRUP QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH D VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW VWULQ $FHDVW LGHH FX FDUDFWHU GH UHJXO VH
GHGXFH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH GHúL VH vQFDGUHD] vQ
categoria normelor cu caracter procedural ale legii, privesc un aspect de drept material. Astfel,
FRQIRUP WH[WXOXL UHFXQRDúWHUHD XQHL KRWUkUL VWULQH QX SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SHQWUX VLQJXUXO PRWLY F
LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD VWULQ D DSOLFDW R DOW OHJH GHFkW FHD GHWHUPLQDW GH GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ
b) Pe planul dreptului procesual, R KRWUkUH VWULQ YD IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD GDF
HVWH YDODELO SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW
$FHDVW FRQGL LH UH]XOW H[SOLFLW GLQ PDL PXOWH SUHYHGHUL DOH /HJLL QU  úL DQXPH vQ
VSHFLDO GLQ DUW  DOLQ  OLW D úL E FRQIRUP FUXLD KRWUkULOH VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ
5RPkQLD GDF KRWUkUHD HVWH GHILQLWLY SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW OLW D úL
LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R D DYXW SRWULYLW OHJLL PHQ LRQDWH FRPSHWHQ D V MXGHFH SURFHVXO OLW E
&RQGL LD OD FDUH QH UHIHULP $ LPSOLF FHO SX LQ GRX FRQVHFLQ H MXULGLFH, care au caracter
de UHJXOL DSOLFDELOH HIHFWHORU XQXL GUHSW GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH
- XQ GUHSW YDODELO GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH FDUH vL HVWH DSOLFDELO SURGXFH vQ 5RPkQLD
(de principiu WRDWH HIHFWHOH DGPLVH GH OHJHD VWULQ UHVSHFWLY 'H H[HPSOX R FVWRULH UHOLJLRDV
vQWUH GRL FHW HQL VWULQL YDODELO vQFKHLDW vQWU-R DU vQ FDUH DFHVWHLD L VH UHFXQRVF HIHFWHOH MXULGLFH
va produce în România toate efectele juridice pe care legea VWULQ L OH UHFXQRDúWH
- XQ GUHSW GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH QX SRDWH SURGXFH vQ 5RPkQLD PDL PXOWH HIHFWH GHFkW vQ
DUD VWULQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX D FUHL OHJH D IRVW FUHDW
B. 'UHSWXO GREkQGLW vQ VWULQWDWH V QX ILH FRQWUDU RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW
inWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ (art. 9 din Legea nr. 105/1992).

18
 &RQGL LD VH DSOLF LQGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD FRQIOLFWXOXL GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX DGLF DWkW DWXQFL
când dreptul s-D QVFXW vQ FDGUXO LQWHUQ DO XQXL VWDW FkW úL DWXQFL FkQG HO V-D QVFXW vQ FDGUXO
inWHUQD LRQDO LDU DSRL HVWH LQYRFDW vQ 5RPkQLD 'H H[HPSOX R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SULQ
FDUH VH IDFH R GLVFULPLQDUH vQWUH VR L SH FULWHULL GH UDV QD LRQDOLWDWH HWF QX SRDWH IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ
5RPkQLD LQGLIHUHQW GDF SULYHúWH VDX QX XQ FHW Han român.
/HJHD URPkQ UHJOHPHQWHD] vQV vQ PRG VSHFLDO DQXPLWH FD]XUL GH vQFOFDUH D RUGLQLL
SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ vQ LSRWH]D vQ FDUH UDSRUWXO MXULGLF GUHSWXO V-D QVFXW vQ
VWULQWDWH vQ FDGUX LQWHUQD LRQDO FKLDU GLQ PRPHQWXO QDúWHULL VDOH DYHD OHJWXU FX GUHSWXO URPkQ
SULQ IDSWXO F FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VDOH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH SULYDX GUHSWXO URPkQ

CAPITOLUL 10
CONFLICTUL MOBIL DE LEGI

 ([LVW conflict mobil de legi atunci când un raport juridic este supus VXFFHVLY OD GRX
VLVWHPH GH GUHSW GLIHULWH FD XUPDUH D GHSODVULL SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH
aplicabile.
'H H[HPSOX GRL VR L FHW HQL IUDQFH]L vúL VFKLPE FHW HQLD GHYHQLQG FHW HQL URPkQL
Problema care se pune este, pentru efeFWHOH FVWRULHL ORU VH YD DSOLFD OHJHD IUDQFH] VDX OHJHD
URPkQ"
&RPSDUD LH FX LQVWLWX LLOH MXULGLFH DSURSLDWH
a) &RPSDUD LH FX FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX
ÌQWUH FHOH GRX IHOXUL GH FRQIOLFWH H[LVW DVHPQDUH vQ VHQVXO F DPEHOH SUHVXSXQ
coH[LVWHQ D vQ VSD LX D GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW SUHFXP úL LQFLGHQ D VXFFHVLY vQ WLPS D DFHVWRUD
FX SULYLUH OD DFHODúL UDSRUW MXULGLF
Deosebirea HVHQ LDO UH]LG vQ DFHHD F vQ WLPS FH FRQIOLFWXO GH OHJL vQ WLPS úL VSD LX nu
LPSOLF R VFKLPEDUH D SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU - úL GHFL QLFL D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH -, ci numai se cer a fi
recunoscute într-R DU GUHSWXULOH GREkQGLWH vQ VWULQWDWH conflictul mobil de legi presupune o
GHSODVDUH D HOHPHQWXOXL GH H[WUDQHLWDWH FDUH FRQVWLWXLD SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU DO Qormei conflictuale
DSOLFDELOH vQ VSH  úL GHFL LPSOLF R VFKLPEDUH D vQVúL OHJLL DSOLFDELOH UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY
b) &RPSDUD LH FX FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS DO OHJLORU LQWHUQH DOH XQXL VWDW
$VHPQDUHD FRQVW vQ IDSWXO F DPEHOH FRQIOLFWH LPSOLF DSOLFarea, cu privire la un raport
MXULGLF D GRX OHJL vQ PRG VXFFHVLY
Deosebiri:
D FRQIOLFWXO PRELO H[LVW vQWUH GRX VLVWHPH GH GUHSW DSDU LQkQG XQRU VWDWH GLIHULWH SH FkQG
FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS OD FDUH QH UHIHULP VH SRDUW vQWUH GRX OHJL GLQ FDGUXO DFHOXLDúL VLVWHP GH GUHSW
E OD FRQIOLFWXO PRELO DPEHOH VLVWHPH GH GUHSW UPkQ vQ YLJRDUH VXQW VLPXOWDQH FKLDU GDF
HOH VH DSOLF vQ PRG VXFFHVLY FX SULYLUH OD DFHO UDSRUW MXULGLF OD FRQIOLFWXO vQ WLPS DO OHJLORU LQWHUQH
FHOH GRX OHJL QX VXQW vQ YLJRDUH VLPXOWDQ FL OHJHD DQWHULRDU HVWH DEURJDW úL vQORFXLW FX R OHJH
QRX
3. Domeniile în care poate interveni conflictul mobil de legi
&RQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH LQWHUYHQL QXPDL vQ OHJWXU FX UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH OD FDUH VXQW
aplicabile norme conflictuale FX SXQFWH GH OHJWXU PRELOH YDULDELOH FDUH SRW IL GHSODVDWH vQ WLPSXO
H[LVWHQ HL UDSRUWXOXL MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY
$VWIHO FRQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH DSDUH vQ FD]XO XUPWRDUHORU SXQFWH GH OHJWXU vQ SULQFLSDO
D FHW HQLD úL GRPLFLOLXO UHúHGLQ D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH $úDGDU FRQIOLFWXO PRELO SRDWH DSDUH vQ
WRDWH UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH vQ FDUH DFHVWHD VXQW SXQFWH GH OHJWXU úL DQXPH VWDUHD FLYLO
FDSDFLWDWHD úL UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH PRúWHQLUHD EXQXULORU PRELOH HWF
b) sediul persoaQHL MXULGLFH $VWIHO DSDUH FRQIOLFW PRELO DWXQFL FkQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vúL
PXW VHGLXO GLQWU-XQ VWDW vQ DOWXO SH GXUDWD H[LVWHQ HL VDOH
F ORFXO VLWXULL EXQXOXL PRELO $SDUH FRQIOLFW PRELO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH EXQXO PRELO DVXSUD
FUXLD V-au constituit, WUDQVPLV VDX VWLQV GUHSWXUL UHDOH vúL VFKLPE DúH]DUHD
4. 6ROX LRQDUHD FRQIOLFWXOXL PRELO GH OHJL VH IDFH vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX GLVSR]L LLOH QRUPHORU
conflictuale sau ale altor norme juridice din sistemul de drept al statului forului.
Din analiza normeloU MXULGLFH URPkQH DSOLFDELOH vQ PDWHULD FRQIOLFWXOXL PRELO GH OHJL UH]XOW
XUPWRDUHOH LGHL XQHOH GLQ HOH DYkQG YDORDUH GH UHJXO:
A. 6ROX LD conflictului mobil de legi GLIHU GH OD FD] OD FD] QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO URPkQ
SXWkQG IDFH DSOLFDELO UDSRUWXOXL juridic ILH OHJHD DQWHULRDU YHFKH ILH OHJHD QRX fie putând
indica SkQ FkQG VH vQWLQG HIHFWHOH OHJLL YHFKL úL GH FkQG vQFHS V VH DSOLFH FHOH DOH OHJLL QRL,
asupra raportului juridic respectiv.
19
 Principalele prevederi ale dreptului românesc în materie sunt cuprinse în Legea nr.
 úL DQXPH
a) art. 16 - &RQGL LLOH HIHFWHOH úL DQXODUHD XQHL KRWUkUL SULQ FDUH VH FRQVWDW PRDUWHD
SUH]XPDW DEVHQ D VDX GLVSDUL LD SUHFXP úL SUH]XP LLOH GH VXSUDYLH XLUH VDX GH PRDUWH VXQW
cârmuite de ultima legH QD LRQDO D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH VQ ÌQ DFHVW FD] VH DSOLF legea
QRX UHVSHFWLY OHJHD XOWLPHL FHW HQLL D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH ILLQG vQOWXUDWH GH OD DSOLFDUH OHJLOH
HYHQWXDOHORU FHW HQLL DQWHULRDUH DOH DFHOHL SHUVRDQH
b) art. 20 alin. 2 - în dRPHQLXO UHOD LLORU SHUVRQDOH úL SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L /HJHD
QD LRQDO FRPXQ VDX OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL FRPXQ DO VR LORU FRQWLQX V UHJOHPHQWH]H HIHFWHOH
FVWRULHL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUHunul dintre ei vúL VFKLPE GXS FD] FHW HQLD VDX GRPLFLOLXO
În acest caz, legea veche FRQWLQX V UHJOHPHQWH]H UDSRUWXO MXULGLF UHVSHFWLY úL vQ FD]XO
VFKLPEULL SXQFWXOXL GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULH
c) art. 22 alin. 2 - 'DF OHJHD VWULQ DVWIHO GHWHUPLQDW FRQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  - n.n.), nu
SHUPLWH GLYRU XO RUL vO DGPLWH vQ FRQGL LL GHRVHELW GH UHVWULFWLYH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ vQ FD]XO vQ
FDUH XQXO GLQWUH VR L HVWH OD GDWD FHUHULL GH GLYRU VQ FHW HDQ URPkQ /HJHD GH OD GDWD FHUHULL
GH GLYRU SRDWH IL OHJHD YHFKH VDX FHD QRX GXS FXP VR XO vQ FDX] D DYXW anterior sau a
GREkQGLW XOWHULRU DFHVWHL GDWH R DOW FHW HQLH
B. În unele cazuri, dreptul român DSOLF SULQFLSLXO OHJLL PDL IDYRUDELOH PHOLRU OH[
&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH H[HPSOH SUHY]XWH GH /HJHD QU 
a) art. 15 - $SDUWHQHQ D XQHL SHUVRDQH OD R QRX OHJH QD LRQDO QX DGXFH DWLQJHUHD
PDMRUDWXOXL GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH vL HUD DQWHULRU DSOLFDELO
b) art. 28 - ILOLD LD FRSLOXOXL GLQ DIDUD FVWRULHL VH VWDELOHúWH SRWULYLW OHJLL QD LRQDOH D FRSLOXOXL
GH OD GDWD QDúWHULL VDOH GDU ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FRSLOXO FHW HDQ VWULQ DUH úL R DOW FHW HQLH VWULQ
VH DSOLF OHJHD FDUH vL HVWH PDL IDYRUDELO

,, 3$57($ 63(&,$/

NORME CONFLICTUALE ÎN UNELE DOMENII ALE

DREPTULUI PRIVAT

CAPITOLUL 1
1250( &21)/,&78$/( 35,9,1' 67$5($ ù, &$3$&ITATEA PERSOANEI FIZICE

 6WDUHD úL FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FDUH vPSUHXQ FX UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH IRUPHD]
statutul persoanei fizice VXQW FkUPXLWH GH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO DUW GLQ /HJHD QU 
,QWHUSUHWDUHD QR LXQLL GH OHJH QD LRQDO HVWH IFXW GH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 
&RQIRUP WH[WXOXL OHJHD QD LRQDO HVWH OHJHD VWDWXOXL D FUXL FHW HQLH R DUH SHUVRDQD vQ FDX] lex
patriae &HW HQLD FRQVWLWXLH DúDGDU SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU SHQWUX QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO vQ DO FUHL
FRQ LQXW LQWU VWDUHD úL FDSDFLWDWHD SUHFXP úL UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH
$SOLFDUHD OHJLL QD LRQDOH FRQVWLWXLH regula vQ PDWHULH GH OD FDUH vQV SULQ GLVSR]L LL
speciale, se pot stabili H[FHS LL $FHVWH H[FHS LL VXQW GDWH GH FD]XULOH vQ FDUH VH DSOLF OHJHD
GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX D UHúHGLQ HL
Argumente vQ VSULMLQXO DSOLFULL OHJLL QD LRQDOH vQ PDWHULD VWDWXWXOXL SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH
a) caracterul de stabilitate DO FHW HQLHL FDUH FD OHJWXU SROLWLFR-MXULGLF GLQWUH XQ VWDW úL
FHW HQLL VL VH GREkQGHúWH úL VH SLHUGH vQ FRQGL LL VWULFW UHJOHPHQWDWH GH OHJH
b) caracterul de certitudine DO FHW HQLHL FDUH VH GRYHGHúWH FX GRFXPHQWH RILFLDOH HPLVH
GH DXWRULW LOH VWDWXOXL GHVSUH D FUXL FHW HQLH HVWH YRUED 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH YHGHUH FHW HQLD
fiinG R VWDUH GH GUHSW SUH]LQW PDL PXOW VLJXUDQ  GHFkW GRPLFLOLXO FDUH HVWH R VLPSO VWDUH GH IDSW
úL SHUPLWH PDL SX LQ IUDXGD OD OHJH
F IDSWXO F OHJLOH VWDWXOXL GH FHW HQLH VXQW SULQ LSRWH] FHO PDL ELQH adaptate vQ IXQF LH
GH SDUWLFXODULW LOH SHUVRDQHORU IL]LFH QD LRQDOH RELFHLXUL QHYRL WHPSHUDPHQW DO DFHVWRUD HWF
'DWRULW DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU OHJLOH VWDWXOXL GH FHW HQLH DVLJXU vQ SULQFLSLX FHD PDL EXQ RFURWLUH D
intereselor persoanelor fizice resortisante, indiferent unde acestea s-ar afOD $FHDVW LGHH HVWH
H[SULPDW SULQWU-R IRUPXODUH GH PD[LP JHQHUDOLWDWH vQ DUW  GLQ &RQVWLWX LD 5RPkQLHL SUHFXP úL
vQ DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD FHW HQLHL URPkQH QU  FRQIRUP FURUD FHW HQLL URPkQL VH EXFXU
vQ VWULQWDWH GH SURWHF LD VWDtului român.
20
 Elementul determinant vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL FHW HQLHL FD OHJH SULPRUGLDO DSOLFDELO VWDWXWXOXL
persoanei fizice este interesul statului GH D DVLJXUD R FkW PDL ODUJ úL FRPSOHW H[WLQGHUH D OHJLORU
sale asupra persoanelor fizice resortisante, oriunde s-ar afla acestea. Astfel, în principiu, statele de
HPLJUDUH DGRSW QRUPD FRQIOLFWXO DYkQG FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU FHW HQLD vQ WLPS FH VWDWHOH GH
LPLJUDUH úL FHOH IHGHUDOH RSWHD] SHQWUX OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL
'DWRULW DFHVWHL VLWXD LL QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO lex patriae HVWH WUDGL LRQDO vQ GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ HD ILLQG SUHY]XW úL vQ DUW  DOLQ  &FLY DEURJDW SULQ /HJHD QU
 ILLQG vQ SUH]HQW vQVFULV vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  /HJLOH UHODWLYH OD VWDUHD FLYLO
úL OD FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHORU XUPUHVF SH URPkQL FKLDU FkQG HL vúL DX UHúHGLQ D vQ VWULQWDWH
'HWHUPLQDUHD úL SURED FHW HQLHL VH IDF vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL D FUXL FHW HQLH
VH LQYRF DUW  DOLQ  WH]D  GLQ /HJHD QU  $FHDVW SUHYHGHUH FRQVDFU R H[FHS LH
GH OD UHJXOD FDOLILFULL LQVWLWX LLORU MXULGLFH GXS OHJHD IRUXOXL
/HJHD QD LRQDO D FHW HDQXOXL URPkQ FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL VWULQH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW F DUH R
DOW FHW HQLH HVWH OHJHD URPkQ DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  $úDGDU OHJHD URPkQ VH
DSOLF SHQWUX FHW HQLL URPkQL FKLDU GDF DFHúWLD DX GREkQGLW úL R DOW FHW HQLH VLWXD LD GXEOHL VDX
PXOWLSOHL FHW HQLL DWkWD WLPS FkW HL QX DX SLHUGXW FHW HQLD URPkQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX GUHSWXO
român.
2. Conform prevederilor art. 11 din Legea nr. 105/1992, VWDUHD úL FDSDFLWDWHD SUHFXP úL
UHOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH DOH SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH VXQWVXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH (OHJLL FHW HQLHL QXPDL GDF
SULQ GLVSR]L LL VSHFLDOH QX VH SUHYHGH DOWIHO 2 DVHPHQHD GLVSR]L LH VSHFLDO HVWH FXSULQV vQ DUW
 DOLQ  FRQIRUP FUXLD GDF R SHUVRDQ QX DUH QLFL R FHW HQLH DSDWULG VH DSOLF OHJHD
GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX vQ OLSV OHJHD UHúHGLQ HL
/HJHD QD LRQDO lex patriae úL OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL lex domicilii VDX D UHúHGLQ HL VH
suEVXPHD] QR LXQLL PDL JHQHUDOH GH OHJH SHUVRQDO lex personalis) a persoanei fizice.
3. Normele conflictuale privind statutul persoanei fizice au un caracter imperativ, în sensul
F SU LOH QX SRW GHURJD GH OD HOH SULQ PDQLIHVWDUHD DFRUGXO ORU GH YRLQ  0DL PXOW QRUPD
FRQIOLFWXDO SULYLQG VWDUHD úL FDSDFLWDWHD FHW HQLORU URPkQL HVWH GH RUGLQH SXEOLF úL vQ GUHSWXO
LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ FRQFOX]LH GHVSULQV GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU
105/1992.
4. Domeniul de aplicare al legii statutului persoanei fizice
'HWHUPLQDUHD GRPHQLXOXL GH DSOLFDUH D OHJLL VWDWXWXOXL SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH LPSOLF VWDELOLUHD
PDWHULLORU MXULGLFH LQVWLWX LLOH GH GUHSW úL UDSRUWXULOH MXULGLFH FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL
conflictuale privind statutul persoanei fizice. Determinarea acestor materii constituie o SUREOHP GH
calificare D QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH UHVSHFWLYH úL DQXPH D SULPXOXL HOHPHQW GLQ VWUXFWXUD DFHVWHLD
FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL
/HJHD SULYLQG VWDWXWXO SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FkUPXLHúWH vQ PDWHULD GUHSWXOXL FLYLO XUPWRDUHOH
LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH
A. 6WDUHD FLYLO D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH úL DQXPH DQVDPEOXO GH FDOLW L HOHPHQWH SHUVRQDOH
FDUH L]YRUVF GLQ DFWH úL IDSWH GH VWDUH FLYLO GH FDUH OHJHD OHDJ DQXPLWH HIHFWH MXULGLFH VSHFLILFH
úL FDUH VHUYHVF SHQWUX LGHQWLILFDUHD SHUVRDQHL vQ IDPLOLH úL VRFLHWDWH
$VWIHO VXQW VXSXVH QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SULYLQG VWDWXWXO SHUVRQDO vQ SULQFLSDO XUPWRDUHOH
FDOLW L FDUH LQWU vQ FRQ LQXWXO VULL FLYLOH ILOLD LD FVWRULD DGRS LD UXGHQLD DILQLWDWHD HWF
B. &DSDFLWDWHD FLYLO D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH
/HJHD QD LRQDO VH DSOLF DWkW FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ  FkW úL FHOHL GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL
fizice.
a) &DSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ  D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH HVWH VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH DFHDVW OHJH
determinând atât "începuWXO úL vQFHWDUHD SHUVRQDOLW LL FkW úL FRQ LQXWXO DFHVWHLD ÌQ FRQ LQXWXO
FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ  D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH LQWU FD XQ HOHPHQW HVHQ LDO FDSDFLWDWHD DFHVWHLD GH D
încheia acte juridice.
În cazul în care este vorba de determinarea drepturilor úL REOLJD LLORU XQHL SHUVRDQH IL]LFH
VWULQH vQ 5RPkQLD OHJHD QD LRQDO D VWULQXOXL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FRQ LQXWXO FDSDFLW LL VDOH GH
IRORVLQ  VH DSOLF FXPXODWLY FX OHJHD PDWHULDO URPkQ FDUH VWDELOHúWH FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL
SHUVRDQ IL]LF vQ 5RPkQLD
&kW SULYHúWH LQFDSDFLW LOH GH IRORVLQ  DFHVWHD VXQW VSHFLDOH vQ VHQVXO F OLSVHVF
SHUVRDQD IL]LF GH DSWLWXGLQHD GH D DYHD QXPDL DQXPLWH GUHSWXUL úL REOLJD LL FLYLOH LDU SH SODQXO
GUHSWXOXL LQWHUDQD LRQDO SULYDW HOH VXQW VXSXVH XQRU QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLIHULWH vQ IXQF LH GH
FDOLILFDUHD FDUH OL VH DFRUG GH OD FD] OD FD]
Astfel, LQFDSDFLW LOH FX FDUDFWHU GH VDQF LXQH FLYLO - FD GH H[HPSOX GHFGHUHD GLQ
GUHSWXULOH SULQWHúWL DUW  &IDP VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH vQ FDX]

21
 ,QFDSDFLW LOH FX FDUDFWHU GH PVXUL GH RFURWLUH sunt, în principiu, calificate în mod
GLIHULW vQ IXQF LH GH VIHUD SHUVRDQHORU vQWUH FDUH DF LRQHD]
$VWIHO LQFDSDFLW LOH GH IRORVLQ  absolute FDUH RSHUHD] vQWUH SHUVRDQD D FUHi
FDSDFLWDWH HVWH vQJUGLW úL WRDWH FHOHODOWH SHUVRDQH QHGHWHUPLQDWH - erga omnes - ), sunt supuse,
vQ SULQFLSLX OHJLL QD LRQDOH D SHUVRDQHL vQJUGLWH ILLQG GLVSXVH GH OHJH vQ FRQVLGHUDUHD FDOLW LORU
SDUWLFXODULW LORU DFHVWHLD ,QWU vQ DFHDVW FDtegorie, de exemplu incapacitatrea minorului mai mic
GH  DQL GH D GLVSXQH SULQ GRQD LH VDX SULQ WHVWDPHQW
ÌQ VFKLPE LQFDSDFLW LOH GH IRORVLQ  relative FDUH RSHUHD] QXPDL vQWUH SHUVRDQD D FUHL
FDSDFLWDWH HVWH vQJUGLW úL R DOW VDX DOWH SHUVRDQH determinate), fiind legate strict de un anumit
act juridic - SH FDUH OHJHD vO SURKLEHúWH -, sunt supuse, în principiu, legii actului prohibit (lex
contractus GDF HVWH YRUED GH XQ FRQWUDFW VDX lex succesionis GDF HVWH YRUED GH WHVWDPHQW
Se include în DFHDVW FDWHJRULH GH SLOG LQFDSDFLWDWHD PLQRUXOXL GH D GLVSXQH SULQ WHVWDPHQW VDX
GRQD LH vQ IDYRDUHD WXWRUHOXL VX DUW  &FLY úL DUW  &IDP
5HJLPXO GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SULYLQG VIkUúLWXO FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ  D SHUVRDQHL
fizicH HVWH VWDELOLW GH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL FRQGL LLOH HIHFWHOH úL DQXODUHD
XQHL KRWUkUL SULQ FDUH VH FRQVWDW PRDUWH SUH]XPDW DEVHQ D VDX GLVSDUL LD  SUHFXP úL SUH]XP LLOH
GH VXSUDYLH XLUH VDX GH PRDUWH VXQW FkUPXLWH GH XOWLPD OHJH QD LRQDO D SHUVRDQHL GLVSUXWH 'DF
DFHDVW OHJH QX SRDWH IL LGHQWLILFDW VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ
b) &DSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH HVWH VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH DúD FXP UH]XOW
din prevederile art. 11 din Legea nr. 105/1992, care voUEHúWH vQ JHQHUDO GH FDSDFLWDWHD 
persoanei fizice".
ÌQ FRQ LQXWXO FDSDFLW LL GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH LQWU FDSDFLWDWHD DFHVWHLD GH D
încheia personal acte juridice.
,QFDSDFLW LOH GH H[HUFL LX FDUH VXQW JHQHUDOH vQ VHQVXO F VH UHIHU Oa toate sau la
FDWHJRULL GH DFWH MXULGLFH DOH LQFDSDELOXOXL VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D DFHVWXLD PLQRU VDX LQWHU]LV
MXGHFWRUHVF /HJHD QD LRQDO D LQFDSDELOXOXL YD GHWHUPLQD vQ VSHFLDO FDWHJRULLOH GH DFWH MXULGLFH
pe care acesta nu le poate face (VDX SULQ H[FHS LH OH SRDWH IDFH VDQF LXQHD vQFOFULL
LQFDSDFLW LL úL DQXPH QXOLWDWHD DFWXOXL FD]XULOH GH QXOLWDWH úL IHOXULOH DFHVWHLD SHUVRDQHOH FDUH R
SRW LQYRFD úL vQ FH FRQGL LL HWF
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH PDMRUDWXO DSOLFkQG SULQFLSLXO OHJLL PDi favorabile în materia conflictului
PRELO GH OHJL DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH F DSDUWHQHQ D XQHL SHUVRDQH OD R QRX OHJH
QD LRQDO QX DGXFH DWLQJHUH PDMRUDWXOXL GREkQGLW SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH vL HUD DQWHULRU DSOLFDELO
5. ([FHS LD GH OD DSOLFarea legii personale normal competente, cu privire la capacitatea
SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FXQRVFXW vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VXE GHQXPLUHD GH teoria interesului
QD LRQDO HVWH UHJOHPHQWDW vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP SULPXOXL DOLQHDW DO DFHVtui
DUWLFRO SHUVRDQD FDUH SRWULYLW OHJLL QD LRQDOH VDX OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL VX HVWH OLSVLW GH FDSDFLWDWH
VDX DUH FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX UHVWUkQV QX SRDWH V RSXQ DFHDVW FDX] GH QHYDOLGLWDWH FHOHL
care l-D VRFRWLW FX EXQ FUHGLQ  FD ILLQG GHSOLn capabil în conformitate cu legea locului unde actul
a fost întocmit".
9 VSH D Lizardi)
3HQWUX D VH DSOLFD WHRULD LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO WUHEXLH vQWUXQLWH FXPXODWLY XUPWRDUHOH
FRQGL LL
D SHUVRDQD V ILH OLSVLW GH FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX VDX V DLE FDSDFLWDWH GH H[HUFL LX
UHVWUkQV SRWULYLW OHJLL VDOH SHUVRQDOH lex patriae sau lex domicilii GDU V ILH SH GHSOLQ FDSDELO
potrivit legii forului;
E DFWXO V IL IRVW vQWRFPLW vQ DUD IRUXOXL
F FRFRQWUDFWDQWXO ORFDO V ILH GH EXQ FUHGLQ  3ULQ DFHDVWD VH vQ HOHJH F DFHVWD WUHEXLH
V QX IL FXQRVFXW úL vQ PRG UH]RQDELO QLFL V QX IL SXWXW FXQRDúWH FDX]D GH QHYDODELOLWDWH D DFWXOXL
MXULGLF DGLF LQFDSDFLWDWHD VWULQXOXL SRWULYLW OHJLL VDOH QD LRQDOH 3HQWUX FD DFHDVW FRQGL LH V ILH
întrunit HVWH QHFHVDU FD FHW HDQXO QD LRQDO V IL vQFKHLDW XQ DFW FXUHQW DO SURIHVLXQLL VDOH SHQWUX
FDUH SULQ QDWXUD RSHUD LXQLL UHVSHFWLYH QX VH FHU D IL IFXWH YHULILFUL VSHFLDOH
G DQXODUHD DFWXOXL V ILH GH QDWXU D SURGXFH XQ prejudiciu nejustificat cocontractantului
QD LRQDO
efectul juridic al teoriei úL DQXPH
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH DFHVWH FRQGL LL VXQW vQWUXQLWH VH SURGXFH
OHJHD SHUVRQDO lex patriae sau lex domicilii HVWH vQORFXLW FX OHJHD ORFDO D ORFXOXL vQFKHLHULL
actului (lex loci actus).
ConIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ OHJH UHJXOD H[SULPDW GH WHRULD LQWHUHVXOXL
QD LRQDO QX VH DSOLF DFWHORU MXULGLFH UHIHULWRDUH OD IDPLOLH PRúWHQLUH úL WUDQVPLWHUHD LPRELOHORU

22
 În literatura de specialitate s-au invocat mai multe temeiuri pentrX IXQGDPHQWDUHD WHRUHWLF
D WHRULHL LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO úL DQXPH D RFURWLUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D
IRUXOXL WHPHL VXJHUDW GH DOWIHO GH vQVúL GHQXPLUHD DFHVWHL WHRULL FDUH XUPUHúWH SURWHMDUHD
LQWHUHVXOXL QD LRQDO E QHFXQRDúWHUHD VFX]DELO D OHJLL VWULQH GH FWUH FHW HDQXO QD LRQDO F
vPERJ LUHD IU MXVW WHPHL D VWULQXOXL vQ GHWULPHQWXO FRFRQWUDFWDQWXOXL QD LRQDO G HURDUHD
FRPXQ úL LQYLQFLELO D QD LRQDOLORU error communis facit jus).

CAPITOLUL II

NORME CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND PERSOANELE JURIDICE

 1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO DSOLFDELO vQ PDWHULD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DUW  DOLQ
1 din Legea nr. 105/1992: "Statutul organic al persoanei juridice este cârmuit de legea sa
QD LRQDO...".
Statutul orJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FRQVWLWXLH FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH LDU OHJWXUD
DFHVWXLD FX XQ DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW HVWH GDW GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH UHVSHFWLYH
6LVWHPXO GH GUHSW DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH IRUPHD] OHJHD SHUVRQDO (lex personalis)
D DFHVWHLD FDUH HVWH GHVHPQDW úL SULQ QR LXQHD GH lex societatis.
1RUPD FRQIOLFWXDO SULYLQG VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH LPSHUDWLY GHRDUHFH
SU LOH vQ SULQFLSLX QX SRW GHURJD GH OD HD )RQGDWRULL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SRt determina liber sediul
SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH GDU QX SRW IDFH DSOLFDELO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SHVWH YRLQ D ORU R DOW OHJH GHFkW
cea a sediului social.
 )LLQG HOHPHQWXO FDUH SODVHD] SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW
QD LRQDOLWDWHD este cea FDUH H[SULP DSDUWHQHQ D DFHVWHLD OD XQ DQXPLW VWDW 1D LRQDOLWDWHD MRDF
SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH UROXO SH FDUH vO MRDF FHW HQLD SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH
'HWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW  LL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SUH]LQW  LPSRUWDQ  SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL
intHUQD LRQDO SULYDW vQ VSHFLDO GHRDUHFH FX DMXWRUXO QD LRQDOLW LL VH VWDELOHúWH GDF R SHUVRDQ
 HVWH QD LRQDO URPkQ VDX VWULQ 'H FDUDFWHUXO QD LRQDO VDX VWULQ D
MXULGLF
D SHUVRDQD MXULGLF VWULQ vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH IXQF LRQDUHD VD SH WHULWoriul României, este
VXSXV QRUPHORU PDWHULDOH URPkQH SULYLQG FRQGL LD MXULGLF D VWULQXOXL SHUVRDQ MXULGLF
E vQ IXQF LH GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHúWH vQ FH PVXU L VH DSOLF
SUHYHGHULOH FRQYHQ LLORU LQWHUQD LRQDOH OD FDUH 5RPânia este parte;
F vQ IXQF LH GH QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH VH VWDELOHúWH FH VWDW DUH FDOLWDWHD V-i
RFURWHDVF GUHSWXULOH SH FDOH GLSORPDWLF úL FRQVXODU 'H DVHPHQHD QD LRQDOLWDWHD GHWHUPLQ
GDF R SHUVRDQ MXULGLF XUPHD] V EHQHILFLH]H GH PVXULOH GH SURWHF LH VSHFLDO vQ DQXPLWH
GRPHQLL GH DFWLYLWDWH SH FDUH XQ VWDW OH DGRSW FX SULYLUH OD SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH FDUH vL DSDU LQ VDX
GLPSRWULY V VXSRUWH FRQVHFLQ HOH XQXL UHJLP UHVWULFWLY SH FDUH VWDWXO vO LQVWLWXLH FX SULYLUH OD
persoanele MXULGLFH VWULQH
 1D LRQDOLWDWHD XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GXS criterii ce pot fi diferite în
VLVWHPHOH GH GUHSW DOH VWDWHORU 'H DFHHD VH SXQH SUREOHPD GXS FDUH VLVWHP GH GUHSW VH YRU
VWDELOL FULWHULLOH QD LRQDOLW LL )LLQG R SUREOHP GH FDOLILFDUH QD LRQDOLWDWHD FULWHULLOH QD LRQDOLW LL XQHL
SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GXS lex fori. 3ULQ DFHDVWD QD LRQDOLWDWHD VH vQFDGUHD] vQ
regula SULYLQG OHJHD DSOLFDELO FDOLILFULL XQHL LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH úL VH GHRVHEHúWH LPSOLFLW GH FHW HQLH
FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU SHQWUX VWDWXWXO SHUVRDQHL IL]LFH FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[FHS LH GH OD FDOLILFDUHD
GXS lex fori.
&ULWHULXO GH GHWHUPLQDUH D QD LRQDOLW LL HVWH SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW SXQFWXO
GH OHJWXU DO QRUPHL FRQIOLFXWDOH SULYLQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF
 ÌQ GUHSWXO URPkQ H[LVW XQ criteriu de drept comun SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL
SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH SUHFXP úL criterii speciale SUHFL]DWH vQ GLIHULWH UHJOHPHQWUL DSOLFDELOH vQ
materie.
A. Criteriul de drept comun HVWH VWDELOLW GH /HJHD QU  &RQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW
 DOLQ  GLQ OHJH VWDWXWXO RUJDQLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO
GHWHUPLQDW vQ PRGXO SUHY]XW GH DUW  LDU DFHVW GLQ XUP DUWLFRO vQ DOLQ  SUHYHGH F
3HUVRDQD MXULGLF DUH QD LRQDOLWDWHD VWDWXOXL SH DO FUXL WHULWRULX úL-a stabilit, potrivit actului
constitutiv, sediul social ÌQ IXQF LH GH DFHVW FULWHULX DO VHGLXOXL VRFLDO SHUVRDQD MXULGLF YD IL
URPkQ VDX VWULQ GXS FXP DUH VHGLXO vQ DU VDX vQ VWULQWDWH

23
 Sediul social este stabilit, "potrivit actului constitutiv" - astfel spus, este sediul statutar -,
FHHD FH GHQRW F vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD VHGLXOXL SULPRUGLDO HVWH YRLQ D IRQGDWRULORU SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH
UHVSHFWLYH 3ULQ DFHDVW VROX LH OHJHD URPkQ IDFH R DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ D
SU LORU vQ IL[DUHD VHGLXOXL SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SULQFLSLX JHQHUDO DGPLV vQ DFHDVW PDWHULH
6HGLXO VRFLDO WUHEXLH V ILH serios DGLF V QX ILH IUDXGXORV vQ DFHVW XOWLP FD] SXQkQGX-se
pUREOHPD IUDXGHL OD OHJH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW 'H DVHPHQHD VHGLXO WUHEXLH V ILH real, în
FD] FRQWUDU HO DYkQG FDUDFWHU ILFWLY DGLF H[LVW VLPXOD LH SULQ ILFWLYLWDWH
&ULWHULXO GH GUHSW FRPXQ SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL SHUVRDQHL MXULGice este aplicabil
RUL GH FkWH RUL QX H[LVW R UHJOHPHQWDUH FDUH V SUHYDG XQ FULWHULX VSHFLDO vQ PDWHULH
B. Criterii speciale SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD QD LRQDOLW LL XQHL SHUVRDQH MXULGLFH VXQW vQWkOQLWH
vQ UDUH FD]XUL vQ GUHSWXO URPkQ úL DFHDVWD PDL DOHV vQ FRQYHQ LL LQWHUQD LRQDOH SHQWUX VLWXD LL
GHRVHELWH &HO PDL DGHVHD vQ FD]XULOH vQ FDUH DSDU DVHPHQHD FULWHULL QX SULYHVF QD LRQDOLWDWHD vQ
DQVDPEOX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FL QXPDL DSDUWHQHQ D HL OD XQ DQXPLW VWDW SULYLW SULQ SULVPD XQRU
efecte jurLGLFH VSHFLDOH SH FDUH UHVSHFWLYD FRQYHQ LH LQWHUQD LRQDO OH UHJOHPHQWHD]
Astfel, unul din aceste criterii speciale este cel al controlului. Conform acestui criteriu, o
SHUVRDQ MXULGLF SRDWH IL VRFRWLW FD DSDU LQkQG XQXL VWDW VWULQ GDWRULW controlului care se
H[HUFLW DVXSUD HL GH FWUH LQWHUHVH VWULQH 'H UHJXO FRQWUROXO VH DSUHFLD] GXS FHW HQLD
QD LRQDOLWDWHD DVRFLD LORU GXS SURYHQLHQ D FDSLWDOXOXL VRFLDO úLVDX GXS FHW HQLD SHUVRDQHORU
FDUH IRUPHD] RUJDQHOH GH FRQGXFHUH DOH UHVSHFWivei persoane juridice.
 /HJHD QU  FRQ LQH SUHYHGHUL VSHFLDOH SHQWUX VLWXD LD vQ FDUH SHUVRDQD MXULGLF
DUH VHGLL vQ PDL PXOWH VWDWH &RQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  vQ DFHDVW VLWXD LH GHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUX D
LGHQWLILFD QD LRQDOLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFe este sediul real".
6HGLXO UHDO HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW  DOLQ  FD ILLQG ORFXO XQGH VH DIO FHQWUXO SULQFLSDO GH
FRQGXFHUH úL GH JHVWLXQH D DFWLYLW LL VWDWXWDUH FKLDU GDF KRWUkULOH RUJDQXOXL UHVSHFWLY VXQW
adoptate potrivit directivelor transmise de DF LRQDUL VDX DVRFLD L GLQ DOWH VWDWH $FHVW DOLQHDW QH
RIHU XQ H[HPSOX GH FDOLILFDUH OHJDO D XQHL LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH
 6WDWXWXO RUJDQLF GHQXPLW XQHRUL úL VWDWXWXO SHUVRQDO DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH FDUH HVWH
FkUPXLW GH OHJHD QD LRQDO D DFHVWHLD FRQVWLWXLH R LQVWLWX LH MXULGLF FRPSOH[ FDUH VXEVXPHD]
WRWDOLWDWHD HOHPHQWHORU FDUH FRQILJXUHD] UHJLPXO MXULGLF DO SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 'HWHUPLQDUHD
VHQVXOXL úL vQWLQGHULL DFHVWHL LQVWLWX LL FRQVWLWXLH R SUREOHP GH FDOLILFDUH
- statutul organic constituind
FRQ LQXWXO QRUPHL FRQIOLFWXDOH SULYLQG SHUVRDQD MXULGLF - VXSXV OHJLL URPkQH FD lex fori.
Legea nr. 105/1992, în art. 42, stabilind domeniul de aplicare a legii statutului organic al
SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SURFHGHD] LPSOLFLW OD FDOLILFDUHD QR LXQLL de statut organic, stabilind elementele
SULQFLSDOH FDUH LQWU vQ VIHUD DFHVWHLD úL DQXPH
D FDSDFLWDWHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH 'HRDUHFH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH YRU IL VXSXVH OHJLL QD LRQDOH D
SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH DWkW FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ  FkW úL FHD GH H[HUFL LX D DFHVWHLD
$VWIHO vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FDSDFLWDWHD GH IRORVLQ  OHJHD QD LRQDO YD GHWHUPLQD vQ
special:
- elementele constitutive ale persoanelor juridice;
- PRGDOLW LOH GH FRQVWLWXLUH vQILLQ DUH D DFHVWRUD vQFHSXWXO FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ 
- FDSDFLWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD DFWH MXULGLFH GH D FRQWUDFWD SUHFXP úL OLPLWHOH DFHVWHL FDSDFLW L
GH H[HPSOX SULQFLSLXO VSHFLDOLW LL FDSDFLW LL GH IRORVLQ  D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH SUHY]XW GH DUW
din Decretul nr.31/1954);
- UHRUJDQL]DUHD úL vQFHWDUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH D FDSDFLW LL HL GH IRORVLQ  HWF
ÌQ OHJWXU FX FDSDFLWDWHD GH H[HUFL LX D SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH OHJHD VD QD LRQDO FkUPXLHúWH
vQ VSHFLDO FRQVWLWXLUHD úL DWULEX LLOH RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHORU MXULGLFH UHOD LD Gintre
RUJDQHOH GH FRQGXFHUH úL SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQVúL SUHFXP úL GLQWUH DFHVWH RUJDQH úL WHU LL FX FDUH
SHUVRDQD MXULGLF vQFKHLH DFWH MXULGLFH HWF
E PRGXO GH GREkQGLUH úL GH SLHUGHUH D FDOLW LL GH DVRFLDW
F GUHSWXULOH úL REOLJD LLOH FH GHFXUJ GLn calitatea de asociat;
G PRGXO GH DOHJHUH FRPSHWHQ HOH úL IXQF LRQDUHD RUJDQHORU GH FRQGXFHUH DOH SHUVRDQHL
juridice;
e) reprezentarea acesteia prin intermediul organelor proprii;
I UVSXQGHUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH úL D RUJDQHORU HL ID  GH WHU L
g) modificarea actelor constitutive;
K GL]ROYDUHD úL OLFKLGDUHD SHUVRDQHL MXULGLFH

24
 CAPITOLUL 3

UNELE NORME CONFLICTUALE ÎN MATERIA DREPTULUI FAMILIEI

1. 5HOD LLOH GH IDPLOLH FDUH vPSUHXQ FX VWDUHD FLYLO úL FDSDFLWDWHD IRUPHD] VWDWXWXO
persoanei fizice sunt cârmuite, în principal, de OHJHD QD LRQDO OHJHD FHW HQLHL LDU GDF
SHUVRDQD QX DUH QLFL FHW HQLH GH OHJHD GRPLFLOLXOXL VDX vQ OLSV GH FHD D UHúHGLQ HL SHUVRDQHL
IL]LFH FRQIRUP SUHYHGHULORU DUW úL  GLQ /HJHD QU

Sec LXQHD 
/HJHD DSOLFDELO FVWRULHL

1. &RQGL  
LLOH GH IRQG úL LPSHGLPHQWHOH OD F V WRULH
&DOLILFDUHD FRQGL LLORU SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL FD ILLQG GH IRQG LQFOXVLY LPSHGLPHQWH OD
FVWRULH VDX GH IRUP VH IDFH GXS OHJHD IRUXOXL lex fori), confRUP UHJXOLL SUHY]XWH GH DUW 
alin. 1 din Legea nr.105/1992).
 
&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG FHUXWH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD F V WRULHL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH OHJHD QD LRQDO 
D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L DUW DOLQ  'HFL SHQWUX YDODELOLWDWHD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL WUHEXLH V
ILH vQGHSOLQLWH vQ PRG FXPXODWLY FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJLOH QD LRQDOH DOH DPELORU VR L
 
,PSHGLPHQWHOH OD F V WRULH ILLQG FRQGL LL GH IRQG QHJDWLYH VXQW VXSXVH DFHOHLDúL FRQGL LL D
FXPXOXOXL GH OHJL QD LRQDOH DOH FHORU GRL YLLWRUL VR L
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH LPSHGLPHQWHOH OD FVWRULH DUW DOLQ FRQ LQH R SUHYHGHUH GH RFURWLUH
D RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL GDF OHJHD QD LRQDO D
RULFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L HVWH R OHJH VWULQ LDU DFHDVWD SUHYHGH XQ LPSHGLPHQW OD FVWRULH FDUH
SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL URPkQ HVWH LQFRPSDWLELO FX OLEHUWDWHD GH D vQFKHLD R FVWRULH DFHO LPSHGLPHQW YD
IL vQOWXUDW FD LQDSOLFDELO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L HVWH FHW HDQ URPkQ úL FVWRULD VH
încheie pe teritoriul României.
 &RQGL LLOH GH IRUP  DOH FVWRULHL
)RUPD vQFKHLHULL FVWRULHL HVWH VXSXV OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHOHEUHD]
DUW DOLQ (VWH DSOLFDELO DúDGDU SULQFLSLXO locus regit actum.
&VWRULD XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ VWULQWDWH SRDWH IL vQFKHLDW vQ ID D DXWRULW LORU
ORFDOH GH VWDW FRPSHWHQWH RUL vQ ID D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQF LRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU ILH DO
5RPkQLHL ILH DO VWDWXOXL FHOXLODOW YLLWRU VR DUW DOLQ 'HRDUHFH WH[WXO SUHYHGH SRVLbilitatea unui
FHW HDQ URPkQ vQ VWULQWDWH GH D VH FVWRUL QXPDL vQ ID D DXWRULW LL GH VWDW VDX D DJHQWXOXL
GLSORPDWLF RUL FRQVXODU FDUH HVWH WRW XQ IXQF LRQDU GH VWDW UH]XOW per a contrario F R FVWRULH
vQFKHLDW vQ ID D XQXL RUJDQ ORFDO FRQIHVLRQDO UHOLJLRV QX YD IL UHFXQRVFXW FD YDODELO vQ DU
'LVSR]L LLOH DUW DOLQ  FRQVWLWXLH R QRUP GH DSOLFD LH LPHGLDW FDUH vQOWXU GH OD DSOLFDUH QRUPD
FRQIOLFWXDO GLQ DUW DOLQ
'HRDUHFH DUW DOLQ  QX GLVWLQJH R FVWRULH UHOLJLRDV D XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ DIODW vQ
VWULQWDWH QX HVWH VRFRWLW YDODELO vQ DU úL QLFL vQ LSRWH]D vQ FDUH OHJHD ORFDO DFRUG HIHFWH
MXULGLFH FVWRULHL UHOLJLRDVH úL FKLDU GDF DFHDVW OHJH DU IL OHJHD QD LRQDO D FHOXLODOW VR 
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD VH vQFKHLH vQ ID D DJHQWXOXL GLSORPDWLF VDX IXQF LRQDUXOXL FRQVXODU
DO 5RPkQLHL HD HVWH VXSXV FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP DOH OHJLL URPkQH DUW DOLQ
3. 5HOD LLOH SHUVRQDOH úL SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L
$UW DOLQ úL  GLQ /HJHD QU SUHYHGH F UHOD LLOH SHUVRQDOH úL SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH
VR L VXQW VXSXVH PDL PXOWRU OHJL FDUH VH DSOLF vQ PRG succesiv úL DQXPH
D OHJLL QD LRQDOH FRPXQH D VR LORU 3HQWUX D VH DSOLFD DFHDVW OHJH HVWH QHFHVDU FD DPELL
VR L V ILH FHW HQL URPkQL VDX FHW HQL VWULQL DL DFHOXLDúL VWDW
E OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL FRPXQ DO VR LORU vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH HL DX FHW HQLL GHRVHELWH 'HRDUHFH
OHJHD DGRSW FD SXQFW GH OHJWXU GRPLFLOLXO FRPXQ HVWH LQGLIHUHQW GDF VR LL ORFXLHVF vQ IDSW
vPSUHXQ VDX VHSDUDW
F vQ OLSV GH FHW HQLH FRPXQ VDX GH GRPLFLOLX FRPXQ OHJLL VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUHLD
VR LL DX RUL DX DYXW UHúHGLQ D FRPXQ VDX FX FDUH vQWUH LQ vQ FRPXQ FHOH PDL VWUkQVH OHJWXUL
4. 'LYRU XO
'XS FXP UH]XOW GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  GLYRU XO HVWH FkUPXLW GH OHJHD DSOLFDELO HIHFWHORU
FVWRULHL UHOD LLORU SHUVRQDOH úL SDWULPRQLDOH GLQWUH VR L GXS GLVWLQF LLOH GLQ DUW  DOLQ  úL 
$úDGDU GLYRU XO YD IL VXSXV OHJLL QD LRQDOH FRPXQH D VR LORU VDX vQ VXEVLGLDU OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL ORU

25
comun sau, într-un al dRLOHD VXEVLGLDU OHJLL UHúHGLQ HL ORU FRPXQH RUL D VWDWXOXL FX FDUH vQWUH LQ vQ
FRPXQ OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH GLYRU XO SULYLQG XQ VR FHW HDQ URPkQ HVWH SURQXQ DW vQ VWULQWDWH
GHRDUHFH HVWH YRUED GH XQ SURFHV FH SULYHúWH VWDUHD FLYLO D XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ LQVWDQ D VWULQ
WUHEXLH V UHVSHFWH GH SULQFLSLX QRUPHOH FRQIOLFWXDOH GLQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ DGLF
FHOH GLQ DUW  vQ FD] FRQWUDU KRWUkUHD GH GLYRU VWULQ QHSXWkQG IL UHFXQRVFXW vQ 5RPkQLD
conform diVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU 
$UW  DOLQ  FRQIHU FDUDFWHU GH RUGLQH SXEOLF GLVSR]L LLORU OHJLL URPkQH SULYLQG
DGPLVLELOLWDWHD GLYRU XOXL SH ED]D XQRU PRWLYH WHPHLQLFH FDUH QX VXQW vQV H[FHVLY GH UHVWULFWLYH
Astfel, textul SUHYHGH F GDF OHJHD VWULQ GHWHUPLQDW FRQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  QX SHUPLWH GLYRU XO
RUL vO DGPLWH vQ FRQGL LL GHRVHELW GH UHVWULFWLYH VH DSOLF OHJHD URPkQ vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH XQXO GLQWUH
VR L HVWH OD GDWD FHUHULL GH GLYRU  FHW HDQ URPkQ
5. NulitDWHD FVWRULHL
&RQIRUP DUW  DOLQ  OHJHD FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD] FHULQ HOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD
FVWRULHL VH DSOLF QXOLW LL FVWRULHL SUHFXP úL HIHFWHORU DFHVWHL QXOLW L
$úDGDU vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FDX]HOH GH QXOLWDWH OHJHD DSOLFDELO VH VWDELOHúWH GXS
XUPWRDUHOH GLVWLQF LL
D QXOLWDWHD FVWRULHL SHQWUX QHUHVSHFWDUHD FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG cerute pentru încheierea
FVWRULHL VH SURQXQ  vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD QD LRQDO D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH YLLWRULL VR L DUW  DOLQ
1);
E QXOLWDWHD FVtoriei pentru nerespectarea FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP  la încheierea ei se
SURQXQ  vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD V-D FHOHEUDW FVWRULD locus
regit
actum) sau cu legea agentului diplomatic ori consular care a instrumenta-o (auctor regit actum).
ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD D IRVW vQFKHLDW vQ VWULQWDWH QXOLWDWHD HL SHQWUX vQFOFDUHD
FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP SRDWH IL DGPLV vQ 5RPkQLD QXPDL GDF VDQF LXQHD QXOLW LL HVWH SUHY]XW úL GH
OHJHD URPkQ DUW  DOLQ 
2EVHUYD LL
a) textXO QX SXQH FRQGL LD FD FHO SX LQ XQXO GLQWUH VR L V ILH FHW HDQ URPkQ
E vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FRQGL LD QXOLW LL GH IRUP QX HVWH SUHY]XW úL GH OHJHD URPkQ
QXOLWDWHD SURQXQ DW SULQ KRWUkUHD VWULQ QX VH UHFXQRDúWH vQ 5RPkQLD GHúL vQ VWULQWDWH
FVWRULD HVWH OHJDO DQXODW
F WH[WXO QX VH DSOLF vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FVWRULD D IRVW DQXODW SHQWUX QHUHVSHFWDUHD
FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD VWULQ FKLDU GDF DFHVWH FRQGL LL QX VXQW DGPLVH úL GH OHJHD
URPkQ
(IHFWHOH QXOLW LL FVWRULHL VXQW VXSXVH FD úL FD]XULOH GH QXOLWDWH OHJLL FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]
FHULQ HOH OHJDOH SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD FVWRULHL GXS FXP SUHYHGH DUW  DOLQ 

CAPITOLUL 4
1250(/( &21)/,&78$/( 35,9,1' &21',,,/(
DE FOND ALE ACTULUI JURIDIC

1. &RQGL LLOH GH IRQG ale DFWXOXL MXULGLF QR LXQH vQ FDUH VH LQFOXG vQ SULQFLSDO DVSHFWHOH GH
IRQG SULYLQG vQFKHLHUHD IRUPDUHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF HIHFWHOH H[HFXWDUHD WUDQVPLWHUHD úL VWLQJHUHD
REOLJD LLORU UH]XOWDWH GLQ DFWXO MXULGLF VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DFWXOXL lex actus), respectiv, în cazul
contractelor, legii contractului (lex contractus).
'H UHJXO OHJHD DFWXOXL FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH DOHDV GH SU L SULQ YRLQ D ORU FD] vQ FDUH HVWH
GHVHPQDW SULQ QR LXQHD GH lex voluntatis ÌQ OLSVD PDQLIHVWULL GH YRLQ  D SU LL SU LOor) privind
OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL DFWXOXL MXULGLF FRQWUDFWXOXL DFHVWD HVWH ORFDOL]DW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH
GUHSW vQ IXQF LH GH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH VWDELOLWH GH OHJH
2. Lex voluntatis HVWH H[SUHVLD SH SODQXO GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D SULncipiului
DXWRQRPLHL GH YRLQ  D SU LORU VDX SULQFLSLXOXL OLEHUW LL FRQWUDFWXDOH FDUH JXYHUQHD] FRQGL LLOH GH
IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF vQ JHQHUDO DUW  &FLY ÌQ WHPHLXO DFHVWXL SULQFLSLX DúD FXP SU LOH VXQW
OLEHUH V SUHFL]H]H FRQ LQXWXO DFWXOXL MXULGLF HOH SRW WRWRGDW V GHWHUPLQH VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW FDUH
se va aplica actului lor, ca lex causae.
/HJHD YRLQ HL SU LL SU LORU VH DSOLF WXWXURU DFWHORU MXULGLFH DWkW XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL ELODWHUDOH
FRQWUDFWHORU $VWIHO FRQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  &RQGL LLOH GH IRQG
DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF XQLODWHUDO VXQW VWDELOLWH GH OHJHD DOHDV GH FWUH DXWRUXO VX LDU vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH
FX FHOH DOH DUW  &RQWUDFWXO HVWH VXSXV OHJLL DOHVH SULQ FRQVHQV GH SU L

26
 În ceea FH SULYHúWH FRQWUDFWHOH lex voluntatis HVWH SUHY]XW FD DSOLFDELO vQ PRG
SULPRUGLDO WXWXURU FRQWUDFWHORU VSHFLDOH OD FDUH VH UHIHU /HJHD QU  $VWIHO vQ FD]XO
DFHVWRU GLQ XUP FRQWUDFWH VH SUHYHGH F FHOHODOWH OHJL LQkQG GH ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D
FRQWUDFWXOXL VH DSOLF QXPDL vQ OLSVD XQHL OHJL FRQYHQLWH GH SU L VDX R DOW IRUPXO HFKLYDOHQW
 3RVLELOLWDWHD SU LORU GH D GHVHPQD SULQ YRLQ D ORU OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF
FRQWUDFWXOXL vúL DUH izvorul vQ GLVSR]L LLOH OHJLi române, ca lex fori, úL DQXPH vQ QRUPD FRQIOLFWXDO
SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  úL  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH SHUPLWH FD YRLQ D SU LORU V
FRQVWLWXLH SXQFWXO GH OHJWXU vQ PDWHULD FRQGL LLORU GH IRQG DOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF ,PSOLFLW lex fori LQGLF
úL OLPLWHOH vQ FDGUXO FURUD YRLQ D SU LORU GH SRDWH PDQLIHVWD vQ PRG YDODELO
  
2ELHFWXO YRLQ HL S U LORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQV úL OHJHD DSOLFDELO  UHVSHFWLY VLVWHPXO GH GUHSW DO
XQXL VWDW 'LQ DFHDVW DILUPD LH GHFXUJ FHO SX LQ GRX FRQVHFLQ H:
D SU LOH SULQ DFRUGXO ORU QX SRW WULPLWH GHFkW OD XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW QD LRQDO SHQWUX D IL
aplicabil contractului lor, cu titlul de lex voluntatis.
E GHRDUHFH RELHFWXO YRLQ HL SU LORU vO FRQVWLWXLH vQVúL OHJHD DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL LQVWDQ D
WUHEXLH V UHVSHFWH DOHJHUHD SU LORU GDF GHVLJXU QX H[LVW DOWH PRWLYH OHJDOH GH D R FHQ]XUD
vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH IUDXGD OD OHJH HWF 'HFL ORFDOL]DUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL SH FULWHULL RELHFWLYH QX
SRDWH RSHUD GHFkW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH QX H[LVW lex voluntatis.
4. ModalLW LOH GH H[SULPDUH D YRLQ HL S U LORU 
D ÌQ DFHDVW PDWHULH VXQW DSOLFDELOH GLVSR]L LLOH DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQIRUP
FURUD $OHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V ILH H[SUHV RUL V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF GLQ
cuprinsul acestuia sau GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H 5H]XOW F GUHSWXO URPkQ DGPLWH GRX PRGDOLW L GH
H[SULPDUH D YRLQ HL SU LORU SULYLQG DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH úL DQXPH DOHJHUHD H[SUHV úL WDFLW
b) $OHJHUHD H[SUHV  FRQVW ILH vQ LQVHUDUHD vQ FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO D XQHL FODX]H vn sensul
DOHJHULL OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL DFHDVWD ILLQG VLWXD LD UHJXO vQ SUDFWLF ILH vQ vQFKHLHUHD GH
FWUH SU L D XQXL FRQWUDFW VHSDUDW DYkQG DFHVW RELHFW
&ODX]D FRQWUDFWXDO FXSULQV vQ FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO VDX FRQYHQ LD VHSDUDW SULQ FDUH SU LOH
DOHJ OHJHD DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL ORU SULQFLSDO VH QXPHúWH pactum de lege utenda FODX] GH
DOHJHUH VDX FODX] FRQYHQ LH GH electio juris.
/HJHD DSOLFDELO  FODX]HL GH DOHJHUH HVWH PHQ LRQDW  vQ DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 
Conform dispo]L LLORU DOLQ  GLQ DFHVW DUWLFRO ([LVWHQ D úL YDOLGLWDWHD GH IRQG D FRQVLP PkQWXOXL
SU LORU UHIHULWRU OD OHJHD DSOLFDELO FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW GHWHUPLQDWH GH vQVúL OHJHD SH FDUH DX DOHV-o".
2 H[FHS LH GH OD DFHDVW UHJXO HVWH SUHY]XW vQ DOLQ  GLQ DUW  GDF OHJHD DOHDV GH
SU L GHFODU QHYDODELO DOHJHUHD DVWIHO FRQYHQLW FRQWUDFWXO YD IL FkUPXLW GH OHJHD FDUH UH]XOW GLQ
ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D DFHVWXLD $FHDVW H[FHS LH HVWH R DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLXOXL IXQGDPHQWDO GH
interpretare a actelor juULGLFH FRQVDFUDW GH DUW  &FLY FRQIRUP FUXLD DFWXO VH LQWHUSUHWHD] vQ
sensul de a produce efecte juridice, iar nu în acela de a nu produce.
$OHJHUHD H[SUHV GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL ORU poate fi, la rândul ei, de
GRX IHOXUL GLUHFW DWXQFL FkQG SU LOH úL-DX H[SULPDW YRLQ D H[SOLFLW vQ FKLDU FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO
VDX VHSDUDW úL LQGLUHFW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SU LOH DX IFXW UHIHULUH vQ FRQWUDFWXO ORU OD XQ FRQWUDFW WLS
FRQGL LL JHQHUDOH X]DQ H FRGLILFDWH HWF SH FDUH le-DX UHFHS LRQDW FRQWUDFWXDO - úL FDUH FXSULQG R
FODX] GH DOHJHUH D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH
c) Alegerea GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL SRDWH IL úL WDFLW, în cazul în care
DFHDVW DOHJHUH UH]XOW QHvQGRLHOQLF ILH GLQ FXSULQVXO FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H DUW 
'LQ DFHVW WH[W VH GHGXFH LGHHD F RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH DSUHFLD YRLQ D WDFLW D
SU LORU GXS HOHPHQWH VXELHFWLYH ILH LQWULQVHFL FRQWUDFWXOXL ILH H[WHULRDUH DFHVWXLD FX R VLQJXU
FRQGL LH JHQHUDO FD GLQ DFHVWHD V UH]XOWH QHvQGRLHOQLF YRLQ D SU LORU GH GHVHPQDUH D XQXL DQXPLW
sistem de drept ca aplicabil contractului lor, cu titlul de lex causae.
Pot fi indicii intrinseci FRQWUDFWXOXL GH DSUHFLHUH D YRLQ HL WDFLWH D SU LORU GH H[HPSOX
- XWLOL]DUHD GH FWUH SU L vQ FRQWUDFW D XQRU LQVWLWX LL MXULGLFH VDX QR LXQL FXQRVFXWH VDX
specifice (numai) unui anumit sistem de drept;
- UHIHULUHD SU LORU vQ FRQWUDFWXO ORU OD R X]DQ  FRQWUDFW WLS FRQGL LL JHQHUDOH HWF DSOLFDELOH
numai într-R DQXPLW DU
- în anumite cazuri, limba în care este redactat contractul (de exemplu, încheierea unui
FRQWUDFW GH WUDQVSRUW PDULWLP vQ OLPED HQJOH]
- LQVHUDUHD GH FWUH SU L vQ FRQWUDFW D XQHL FODX]H GH DOHJHUH GH MXULVGLF LH FODX]
compromisorie) în favoarea orgaQHORU GH MXULVGLF LH DOH XQXL DQXPLW VWDW
Ca indicii extrinseci contractului pot fi socotite :
- DWLWXGLQHD SU LORU GXS vQFKHLHUHD FRQWUDFWXOXL FRQVWkQG GH SLOG vQ UHIHULUHD SH FDUH
DFHVWHD R IDF OD OHJHD XQXL DQXPLW VWDW vQ FXSULQVXO XQXL DFW DGL ional la contract;

27
 - LQYRFDUHD GH FWUH R SDUWH UHFODPDQW FD WHPHL MXULGLF DO DF LXQLL VDOH D OHJLL XQXL DQXPLW
VWDW úL DFFHSWDUHD LPSOLFLW D DFHVWXLD GH FWUH FHDODOW SDUWH SkUkW FDUH ILH F QX VH RSXQH ILH
F LQYRF HD vQVúL vQ DSUDUH SUHYHGHULOH DFHOHLDúL OHJL
5. /LPLWHOH OLEHUW  
LL GH DOHJHUH GH F WUH S U L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH
'LQ DUW  DO /HJLL QU  FDUH SUHYHGH IU QLFL R GLVWLQF LH F DVSHFWHOH GH IRQG DOH
FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW VXSXVH OHJLL DOHVH GH SU L SULQ FRQVHQV UH]XOW F vQ SULQFLSLX DFHVWHD DX
GHSOLQ OLEHUWDWH vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL FDUH V OH JXYHUQH]H FRQWUDFWXO $VWIHO SU LOH SRW VWDELOL FD
DSOLFDELO QX QXPDL XQD GLQWUH OHJLOH FDUH DX R OHJWXU RELHFWLY PDWHULDO UHDO FX FRQWUDFWXO FL
úL RULFH DOW OHJe.
/LEHUWDWHD SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL QX HVWH WRWXúL QHOLPLWDW /LPLWHOH
YRLQ HL SU LORU VXQW GH GRX IHOXUL D generale DWXQFL FkQG FRQVWLWXLH FDX]H GH vQOWXUDUH GH OD
DSOLFDUH D RULFUHL OHJL FRPSHWHQWH GH D JXYHUQD XQ UDport juridic în temeiul unei norme conflictuale
úL DQXPH vQFOFDUHD RUGLQLL SXEOLFH GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW úL IUDXGD OD OHJH úL E speciale,
FDUH FRQVWDX vQ H[FHS LL GH OD SULQFLSLXO OLEHUW LL GH YRLQ  D SU LORU vQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWHORU
În ceHD FH SULYHúWH limitele generale vQ SULQFLSLX QX H[LVW SDUWLFXODULW L SHQWUX LSRWH]D OD
FDUH QH UHIHULP úL DQXPH DFHHD FkQG OHJHD DSOLFDELO HVWH H[SUHVLD YRLQ HL SU LORU lex
voluntatis). Cu toate acestea, Legea nr. 105/1992, în art. 101, prevede un caz special de limitare a
YRLQ HL SU LORU vQ PDWHULD FRQWUDFWXOXL GH PXQF FDUH FRQVWLWXLH R H[SUHVLH D DSOLFULL H[FHS LHL GH
RUGLQH SXEOLF vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW &RQIRUP WH[WXOXL PHQ LRQDW OHJHD FRQYHQLW GH SU L
spre a cârmui contractul GH PXQF HVWH DSOLFDELO QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH QX DGXFH UHVWUkQJHUL
RFURWLULL SH FDUH R DVLJXU VDODULDWXOXL GLVSR]L LLOH LPSHUDWLYH DOH OHJLL DSOLFDELOH vQ OLSVD XQHL DWDUH
alegeri.
Limitele speciale DOH OLEHUW LL GH YRLQ  D SU LORU vQ DOHJHUHD OHJii aplicabile fondului
contractului sunt:
D FkQG OHJHD DOHDV GH SU L lex voluntatis GHFODU vQVXúL FRQWUDFWXO SULQFLSDO FD ILLQG
QHYDODELO DFHDVW OHJH YD IL vQOWXUDW GH OD DSOLFDUH LDU FRQWUDFWXO YD IL ORFDOL]DW GXS FULWHULL
obiective în sfera XQXL DOW VLVWHP GH GUHSW FDUH vO YDOLGHD]
E R OLPLWDUH FRQVDFUDW GH SUDFWLFD MXULVGLF LRQDO FDUH RSHUHD] vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VLVWHPXO
GH GUHSW DOHV GH SU L HVWH DEVROXW LPSURSULX GH D UHJOHPHQWD FRQWUDFWXO GHRDUHFH QX FRQ LQH
UHJOHPHQWUL DGHFYDWH nici la nivelul analogiei legii sau a analogiei dreptului.
6. 'HWHUPLQDUHD OHJLL DSOLFDELOH DFWXOXL MXULGLF GXS  FULWHULL RELHFWLYH ORFDOL]DUHD
RELHFWLY  D DFWXOXL MXULGLF
D 2UJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH SURFHGD OD ORFDOL]DUHD XQXL DFW MXULGLF GXS FUiterii obiective,
vQ VIHUD XQXL DQXPLW VLVWHP GH GUHSW QXPDL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH SU LOH QX DX GHVHPQDW HOH vQVHOH OHJHD
DSOLFDELO DFWXOXL MXULGLF FD lex voluntatis $úDGDU ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D DFWXOXL MXULGLF SUH]LQW XQ
FDUDFWHU VXEVLGLDU ID  GH DSOLFDUHD OHJLL YRLQ HL SU LORU
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FRQWUDFWHOH DUW  DOLQ  SUHYHGH F DFHVWHD VXQW VXSXVH ORFDOL]ULL
obiective "în lipsa unei legi alese conform art. 73".
E &ULWHULLOH GH ORFDOL]DUH RELHFWLY D DFWHORU MXULGLFH VXQW DFHOH HOHPHQWH stabilite de lege,
vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF HVWH SODVDW vQ VIHUD XQXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW vQ OLSVD XQHL lex voluntatis
DOHVH GH SU L
/HJHD QU  UHJOHPHQWHD] XQ FULWHULX SULQFLSDO GH ORFDOL]DUH D DFWHORU MXULGLFH - úL
DQXPH H[LVWHQ D OHJWXULORU FHOH PDL VWUkQVH vQWUH DFWXO MXULGLF úL XQ VLVWHP GH GUHSW - SUHFXP úL PDL
PXOWH FULWHULL VXEVLGLDUH FDUH VXQW ORFXO vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL ORFXO H[HFXWULL FRQWUDFWXOXL DúD FXP YRP
vedea imediat mai jos.
c) Criteriul principal de localizare obiectLY D DFWHORU MXULGLFH GXFH OD DSOLFDUHD OHJLL VWDWXOXL
FX FDUH DFWXO MXULGLF SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH $FHDVW OHJH HVWH DSOLFDELO vQ OLSVD XQHL
OHJL DOHVH GH SU L DWkW vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL DO FRQWUDFWHORU
d) No LXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH HVWH FDOLILFDW vQ GRX DOLQHDWH FDUH H[SULP
GRX PRGXUL GLIHULWH GH FDOLILFDUH GLQ DUW  GLQ OHJH
A. În primul rând FRQIRUP DOLQ  GLQ DUW  VH FRQVLGHU F XQ FRQWUDFW SUH]LQW
OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH GHELWRUXO SUHVWD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH DUH OD GDWD
vQFKHLHULL FRQWUDFWXOXL GXS FD] GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHúHGLQ D RUL IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO
statutar".
ÌQ OHJWXU FX DFHVWH SUHYHGHUL VH LPSXQ FkWHYD REVHUYD LL
 OHJHD GHILQHúWH QR LXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH QXPDL SHQWUX FRQWUDFWH DUW 
alin. 2 referindu-VH OD DFHVWHD GDU DFHHDúL FDOLILFDUH WUHEXLH DSOLFDW úL vQ FD]XO DFWHORU MXULGLFH
unilaterale;

28
  SXQFWHOH GH OHJWXU UHOHYDQWH SHQWUX GHELWRUXO SUHVWD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH VXQW  GXS FD]
GRPLFLOLXO VDX vQ OLSV UHúHGLQ D SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH IL]LFH VHGLXO SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH MXULGLFH úL ORFXO
XQGH VH DIO IRQGXO GH FRPHU  SHQWUX FRPHUFLDQ L SHUVRDQH IL]LFH VDX MXULGLFH ÌQ VLWXD LD vQ FDUH
SHQWUX DFHODúL GHELWRU VXQW LQFLGHQWH PDL PXOWH SXQFWH GH OHJWXU DFHVWHD VXQW DOWHUQDWLYH
RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH XUPULQG V VWDELOHDVF FX FDUH GLQWUH HOH FRQWUDFWXO DUH vQ FRQFUHW
OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH
 QR LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF HVWH GHILQLW vQ DUW  SH ED]D XQHL SUH]XP LL
legale relative.
B. În al doilea rând, vQ DUW  DOLQ  QR LXQHD GH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH HVWH
FDOLILFDW DVWIHO &RQWUDFWXO UHIHULWRU OD XQ GUHSW LPRELOLDU VDX OD XQ GUHSW GH IRORVLQ  WHPSRUDU
DVXSUD XQXL LPRELO DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL XQGH DFHVWD VH DIO VLWXDW
$úDGDU SHQWUX WRDWH DVSHFWHOH SULYLQG FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG úL HIHFWHOH XQXL DVHPHQHD FRQWUDFW - iar nu
numai pentru regimul juridic al imobilului care IDFH RELHFWXO VX - VH YD DSOLFD OHJHD ORFXOXL VLWXULL
bunului (lex rei sitae).
În acest caz, legea instituie o SUH]XP LH OHJDO DEVROXW vQ VHQVXO F XQ FRQWUDFW SULYLQG
XQ GUHSW UHDO LPRELOLDU HVWH FHO PDL VWUkQV OHJDW SULQ QDWXUD RELHFWXOXL VX FX OHJHD VLWXD LHL
bunului.
H 6H FRQVLGHU F XQ FRQWUDFW DUH OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD VWDWXOXL vQ FDUH
debitorul SUHVWD LHL FDUDFWHULVWLFH vúL DUH ORFDOL]DWH DWULEXWHOH GH LGHQWLILFDUH
1R LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF HVWH FDOLILFDW vn art. 78 alin. 1 din lege. Conform
WH[WXOXL SULQ SUHVWD LH FDUDFWHULVWLF VH vQ HOHJH SULQWUH DOWHOH
- 3UHVWD LD SU LL FDUH vQ WHPHLXO XQXL FRQWUDFW WUDQVODWLY SUHFXP YkQ]DUHD VDX DOWHOH
VLPLODUH vQVWULQHD] XQ EXQ PRELO
- 3UHVWD LD SU LL FDUH, în temeiul unui contract de închiriere sau altele similare, pune la
GLVSR]L LD XQHL SHUVRDQH SH R GXUDW GH WLPS GHWHUPLQDW IRORVLQ D XQXL EXQ HWF
I 3UHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU  FDUH FDOLILF QR LXQHD GH SUHVWD LH
caracteriVWLF DX FDUDFWHUXO XQHL SUH]XP LL OHJDOH UHODWLYH FDUDFWHU FH UH]XOW GLQ DUW  DOLQ 
FRQIRUP FUXLD 3UH]XP LLOH VWDELOLWH vQ DOLQHDWXO SUHFHGHQW SRW IL vQOWXUDWH GDF SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW
IDFH GRYDGD F GLQ FLUFXPVWDQ H UH]XOW F H[LVW OHJWXUL Pai strânse ale contractului cu legea altui
stat".
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  SDUWHD LQWHUHVDW SRDWH SURED F GDWH ILLQG vPSUHMXUULOH FRQFUHWH DOH VSH HL
FRQWUDFWXO SUH]LQW OHJWXULOH FHOH PDL VWUkQVH FX OHJHD DOWXL VWDW GHFkW FHO LQGLFDW OD DUW  DOLQ 
"CiUFXPVWDQ HOH OD FDUH VH UHIHU DUW  DOLQ  FDUH V MXVWLILFH ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY D
FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD DOWXL VLVWHP GH GUHSW GHFkW FHO UH]XOWDW SULQ DSOLFDUHD DUW  DOLQ  XUPHD] D
IL VWDELOLWH GH FWUH RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH vQ IXQF LH GH indiciile obiective de localizare a
contractului. Aceste indicii pot fi:
a) intrinseci contractului FRQVWkQG GH H[HPSOX vQ IDSWXO F SU LOH FRQWUDFWDQWH vúL DX
GRPLFLOLXO RUL UHúHGLQ D IRQGXO GH FRPHU VDX VHGLXO VRFLDO vQ DFHODúL VWDW FHHD FH SRDWH determina
RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH V ORFDOL]H]H FRQWUDFWXO vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW DO DFHOXL VWDW ÌQ DFHVW FD]
GHVLJXU FDUDFWHUXO LQWHUQD LRQDO DO FRQWUDFWXOXL WUHEXLH V UH]XOWH GLQ DOWH HOHPHQWH GH H[WUDQHLWDWH
b) extrinseci contractului ca, de pLOG GLQWUH OHJLOH vQ FRQIOLFW XQD FXQRDúWH
UHJOHPHQWHD] WLSXO UHVSHFWLY GH FRQWUDFW LDU FHDODOW QX VDX XQD YDOLGHD] FRQWUDFWXO vQ vQWUHJXO
VX LDU FHDODOW QX ÌQ DFHVW FD] RUJDQXO GH MXULVGLF LH SRDWH DSUHFLD F H[LVW XQ LQGLFLX VHULRV GH
locDOL]DUH RELHFWLY D FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ VIHUD VLVWHPXOXL GH GUHSW FDUH FXQRDúWH UHVSHFWLY YDOLGHD]
contractul.
Între indiciile de localizare a contractului nu se poate face a priori o ierarhie de valoare
(sau de prioritate). Aplicarea unuia sau altuia dintrH DFHVWH LQGLFLL WUHEXLH OVDW H[FOXVLY OD OXPLQLOH
úL vQ HOHSFLXQHD MXGHFWRUXOXL VDX DUELWUXOXL DUW  &FLY
J /HJHD ORFXOXL vQFKHLHULL DFWXOXL VH DSOLF în subsidiar SHQWUX ORFDOL]DUHD RELHFWLY DWkW
D DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL a contractelor.
h) &RQGL LLOH GH IRQG SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD YDODELO  D FRQWUDFWXOXL
ÌQ SULQFLSLX OHJHD FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH FHD FDUH VWDELOHúWH FRQGL LLOH GH IRQG SHQWUX vQFKHLHUHD
YDODELO D XQXL FRQWUDFW DGLF HQXPHU DFHVWH FRQGL LL HOHPHQWH úL LQGLF GDF UHVSHFWLYXO
FRQWUDFW VH FRQVLGHU vQFKHLDW úL HVWH YDODELO
Lex contractus HVWH DSOLFDELO úL vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH H[LVW OLWLJLX FX SULYLUH OD DFHVWH FRQGL LL
VDX OD H[LVWHQ D YDODELO D FRQWUDFWXOXL $VWIHO FRQIRUP DUW  ([LVWHQ D úL YDODELOLWDWHD Ge fond a
FRQWUDFWXOXL FRQWHVWDW GH FWUH XQD GLQWUH SU L VH GHWHUPLQ vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX OHJHD FDUH L V-ar fi
DSOLFDW GDF HUD VRFRWLW FD YDODELO $FHVW DUWLFRO VH UHIHU OD H[LVWHQ D úL YDODELOLWDWHD GH IRQG D

29
contractului principal, spre deosebire de aUW  FDUH SULYHúWH H[LVWHQ D úL YDODELOLWDWHD GH IRQG D
FODX]HL GH DOHJHUH GH FWUH SU L D OHJLL DSOLFDELOH FRQWUDFWXOXL
&RQGL LLOH GH IRQG DOH FRQWUDFWXOXL SRW IL VXSXVH VDX QX OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL vQ IXQF LH GH
FDOLILFDUHD FDUH OL VH DFRUG FD XUPDUH D QDWXULL úL SDUWLFXODULW LORU ORU
A. Capacitatea de a contracta ILLQG R IRUP D FDSDFLW LL FLYLOH D SHUVRDQHL QX FDGH VXE
LQFLGHQ D OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL FL D OHJLL SHUVRQDOH D SU LL vQ FDX] vQ WHPHLXO DUW  SHQWUX SHUVRDQHOH
fizice , respectiv art. 42 lit. a) pentru cele juridice.
B. &RQVLP PkQWXO HVWH VXSXV vQ JHQHUDO OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL FDUH YD JXYHUQD XUPWRDUHOH
HOHPHQWH UDSRUWXO GLQWUH YRLQ D LQWHUQ UHDO úL FHD GHFODUDW FRQGL LLOH úL YLFLLOH FRQVLP PkQWXOXL
PHFDQLVPXO IRUPULL FRQVLP PkQWXOXL FRQGL LLOH RIHUWHL úL DFFHSWULL SRVLELOLWDWHD LQFOXGHULL vQ
FRQWUDFW D XQRU FODX]H VSHFLILFH SUHFXP FHOH GH HYLWDUH D ULVFXULORU YDOXWDUH úL QHYDOXWDUH D FODX]HL
GH LPSUHYL]LXQH KDUGVKLS HWF úL UHJLPXO DFHVWRUD
& &RQGL LLOH de validitate ale obiectului FRQWUDFWXOXL úL DOH cauzei acestuia sunt supuse
legii contractului.
Regimul juridic al bunului (care constituie "obiectul derivat" sau "obiectul obiectului"
FRQWUDFWXOXL HVWH vQV VXSXV OHJLL ORFXOXL VLWXULL EXQXOXL FRQIRUP art. 49 din Legea nr. 105/1992.
i) Executarea contractului FDGH GH UHJXO VXE LQFLGHQ D OHJLL IRQGXOXL FRQWUDFWXOXL 3ULQ
H[FHS LH SHQWUX DQXPLWH DVSHFWH SULYLQG H[HFXWDUHD VH DSOLF R DOW OHJH
M 5VSXQGHUHD FRQWUDFWXDO HVWH VXSXV vQ SULQFLSLX OHJLL FRQWUDFWXOXL $FHDVW FRQFOX]LH
GH GHVSULQGHUH GLQ SUHYHGHULOH DUW  DOLQ  OLW F FRQIRUP FURUD OHJHD DSOLFDELO IRQGXOXL OLWLJLXOXL
VH DSOLF FRQVHFLQ HORU QHH[HFXWULL WRWDOH VDX SDU LDOH D REOLJD LLORU L]YRUkWH GLQ FRQWUDFW SUHFXP úL
evalXULL SUHMXGLFLXOXL SH FDUH DFHDVW QHH[HFXWDUH O-a cauzat.

CAPITOLUL V
NORMELE CONFLICTUALE PRIVIND FORMA
ACTULUI JURIDIC

 /HJHD QU  vQ DUW  UHJOHPHQWHD] R QRUP FRQIOLFWXDO SULQFLSDO úL PDL
multe norme conflictuale subsidiare în materia formei actelor juridice.
Astfel, în principal, FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP ale unui act juridic sunt stabilite de legea care îi
FkUPXLHúWH IRQGXO (art. 71 alin. 1).
$UW  DOLQ  DGDXJ F DFWXO MXULGLF VH FRQVLGHU WRWXúL YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH al
IRUPHL GDF vQGHSOLQHúWH FRQGL LLOH SUHY]XWH GH XQD GLQ XUPWRDUHOH OHJL
a) legea locului unde a fost întocmit. În acest caz, se face aplicarea regulii locus regit
actum;
E OHJHD QD LRQDO lex patriae) sau legea domiciliului (lex domicilii) persoanei care l-a
FRQVLP LW $FHDVW OHJH VH DSOLF QXPDL SHQWUX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH
F OHJHD DSOLFDELO SRWULYLW GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO DXWRULW LL FDUH H[DPLQHD]
YDOLGLWDWHD DFWXOXL MXULGLF 6H DSOLF vQ DFHVW FD] UHJXOD auctor regit actum.
$WkW GLVSR]L LLOH DUW  DOLQ  OD FDUH WULPLWH DUW  DOLQ  FDUH VH UHIHU H[SUHV OD
FRQWUDFWH FkW úL FHOH DOH DUW  DOLQ  FX H[FHS LD SUHYHGHULL GH OD OLW E FDUH VXQW FRPSDWLELOH
QXPDL FX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH VH DSOLF DWkW DFWHORU MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL FHORU ELODWHUDOH
FRQWUDFWHORU GHRDUHFH OHJHD YRUEHúWH GH FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP ale unui act juridic - VQ IU YUHR
DOW SUHFL]DUH RU XQGH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH QLFL FHO FDUH R LQWHUSUHWHD] QX WUHEXLH V GLVWLQJ
 $UW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQ LQH SUHYHGHUL VSHFLDOH FX SULYLUH OD OHJHD DSOLFDELO
FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP DOH FRQWUDFWHORU DFWH MXULGLFH ELODWHUDOH úL vQ DFHVW FD] OHJHD FRQVDFU R QRUP
FRQIOLFWXDO FX DSOLFDUH SULPRUGLDO úL QRUPH FRQIOLFWXDOH subsidiare, în domeniul formei contractelor.
&RQIRUP GLVSR]L LLORU DUW  DOLQ  FRQWUDFWXO HVWH VXSXV FRQGL LLORU GH IRUP VWDELOLWH GH
OHJHD SUHY]XW GH DUW  DOLQ  FDUH VH DSOLF vQ PRG FRUHVSXQ]WRU $úDGDU vQ SULQFLSDO
FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH FRQWUDFWXOXL VXQW JXYHUQDWH GH DFHHDúL OHJH FD úL DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH
úL DQXPH FHD FDUH FkUPXLHúWH úL IRQGXO DFWXOXL
&D VXEVLGLDU DUW  DOLQ  SUHYHGH F XQ FRQWUDFW VH FRQVLGHU YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
DO IRUPHL GDF
D SU LOH FDUH VH JVHVF OD GDWD FkQG O-DX vQFKHLDW vQ VWDWH GLIHULWH DX vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LLOH
GH IRUP SUHY]XWH GH OHJHD XQXLD GLQWUH DFHVWH VWDWH
E UHSUH]HQWDQWXO SU LL D vQGHSOLQLW FRQGL LLOH GH IRUP DOH VWDWXOXL XQGH V-a aflat în
momentul încheierii actului.
30
 Ca o UHPDUF  
JHQHUDO  YDODELO  DWkW SHQWUX DFWHOH MXULGLFH XQLODWHUDOH FkW úL SHQWUX
FRQWUDFWH FRQVWDWP F GHúL /HJHD QU  DFRUG SULRULWDWH vQ DSOLFDUH FX SULYLUH OD IRUP
OHJLL FDUH JXYHUQHD] IRQGXO DFWXOXL - GH FDUH OHDJ HIHFWHOH VSHFLILFH SUHY]XWH GH DUW  -  WRWXúL
FD UHJXO DFWXO YD IL YDODELO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IRUPDO GDF vQGHSOLQHúWH FRQGL LLOH RULFUHLD GLQ
OHJLOH PHQ LRQDWH GH DUW  UHVSHFWLY  ÌQ DFHVW IHO VH IDFH DSOLFDUHD principiului legii mai
favorabile în materia formei actului juridic.

CAPITOLUL VI
()(&7(/( +275Æ5,/25 -8'(&725(ù7,
675,1(

1. 3UHFL]UL SUHDODELOH. Principalele efecte SH FDUH OH SURGXFH R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF

sunt: puterea doveditoare a actului autentic; autoritatea de lucru judecDW IRU D H[HFXWRULH O
KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ QX SRDWH DYHD vQV HILFDFLWDWH vQ DFHOHDúL FRQGL LL FD úL R KRWUkUH
GDW GH R LQVWDQ  SURSULH 2 KRWUkUH VWULQ QX SRDWH DYHD GH SOLQ GUHSW IRU  H[HFXWRULH úL
autoritate de lucru judecat, deoarecH VH RSXQH VXYHUDQLWDWHD VWDWXOXL SH DO FUXL WHULWRULX VH LQYRF
DFHD KRWUkUH ÌQ JHQHUDO vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FHO FDUH D SLHUGXW SURFHVXO QX H[HFXW GH EXQYRLH
REOLJD LD KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF HVWH LQYHVWLW FX IRUPXO H[HFXWRULH úL VH SURFHGHD] OD
exHFXWDUHD VLOLW )RU D H[HFXWRULH D XQHL KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHúWL DUH XQ FDUDFWHU VWULFW WHULWRULDO
QHSXWkQG RSHUD GH SOLQ GUHSW SH WHULWRULXO DOWXL VWDW GHFkW DFHOD D FUXL LQVWDQ  D LQYHVWLW KRWUkUHD
FX IRUPXO H[HFXWRULH +RWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ GREkQGHúWH vQ JHQHUDO IRU  H[HFXWRULH
vQWRFPDL FD úL R KRWUkUH SURSULH D VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH H[HFXWDUHD GDF VH RE LQH
exequatur-ul.
+RWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SURGXFH HIHFWH vQ DOW DU GDF VH vQGHSOLQHVF FHULQ HOH
stabLOLWH GH OHJHD VWDWXOXL XQGH VH LQYRF DFHOH HIHFWH $FHVWH FHULQ H OHJDOH FRQVWDX GH UHJXO vQ
UHFXQRDúWHUHD KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH VDX vQ RE LQHUHD exequatur-XOXL SHQWUX DFHD KRWUkUH
ÌQ DQXPLWH FRQGL LL R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SRDWH V SURGXF XQHOH HIHFWH úL
LQGHSHQGHQW GH vQGHSOLQLUHD FHULQ HORU OHJDOH PHQ LRQDWH
2. 1R LXQHD GH UHFXQRDúWHUH.
/HJHD QU  GHRVHEHúWH vQWUH UHFXQRDúWHUHD KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH úL
executarea acestora.
3H GH DOW SDUWH H[LVW GRX IHOXUL GH UHFXQRDúWHUH D GH SOLQ GUHSW E SULQ KRWUkUH
MXGHFWRUHDVF D LQVWDQ HL URPkQH
3ULQ UHFXQRDúWHUH KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ EHQHILFLD] OD QRL vQ DU GH DXWRULWDWH
GH OXFUX MXGHFDW vQWRFPDL FD R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ Ìn acest sens, art. 167 din Legea
QU  SUHYHGH F KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH vQ 5RPkQLD VSUH D
EHQHILFLD GH SXWHUHD OXFUXOXL MXGHFDW ÌQ DFHVW FD] HVWH YRUED GH UHFXQRDúWHUHD SULQ KRWUkUH
MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ GDU DFHODúL HIHFW vO SURGXFH úL UHFXQRDúWHUHD GH SOLQ GUHSW
3.   
5HFXQRDúWHUHD GH GUHSW 5HFXQRDúWHUHD KRW UkULORU MXGHF WRUHúWL VWU LQH LQWHUYLQH GH
SOLQ GUHSW vQ XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU 
D VH UHIHU OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO FHW HQLORU VWDWXOXL XQGH DX IRVW SURQXQ DWH
E VDX KRWUkULOH MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH UHIHULWRDUH OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO FHW HQLORU VWDWXOXL GH
FHW HQLH ILLQG SURQXQ DWH vQWU-XQ VWDW WHU  DX IRVW UHFXQRVFXWH PDL vQWkL vQ VWDWXO GH FHW HQLH DO
ILHFUHL SU L
ÎQ FD]XO vQ FDUH KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ VH UHIHU OD VWDWXWXO FLYLO DO SHUVRDQHL FX
GRPLFLOLXO vQ VWDWXO FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R SULQ DSOLFDUHD OHJLL GRPLFLOLXOXL DFHDVWD EHQHILFLD] GH
UHFXQRDúWHUHD GH SOLQ GUHSW GDF HVWH PDL vQWkL UHFXQRVFXW GH VWDWXO FHW HQLHL DFHOHL SHUVRDQH
4. 5HFXQRDúWHUHD SULQ KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF
A. &RQGL LL &HOHODOWH KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH GHFkW DFHOHD FDUH EHQHILFLD] GH
UHFXQRDúWHUH GH GUHSW SRW IL UHFXQRVFXWH SULQ KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ GDF VXQW îndeplinite
FXPXODWLY XUPWRDUHOH FRQGL LL (art. 167 din Legea nr. 105/1992):
D KRWUkUHD HVWH GHILQLWLY SRWULYLW OHJLL VWDWXOXL XQGH D IRVW SURQXQ DW
E LQVWDQ D FDUH D SURQXQ DW-R D DYXW SRWULYLW OHJLL ULL VDOH FRPSHWHQ D V MXGHFH SURFHVXO
EVWH YRUED DWkW GH FRPSHWHQ D GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW D LQVWDQ HL UHVSHFWLYH FkW úL GH
FRPSHWHQ D GH GUHSW LQWHU D DFHOHLDúL LQVWDQ H GHRDUHFH OHJHD QX GLVWLQJH UHIHULQGX-se la
FRPSHWHQ D GH D MXGHFD SURFHVXO FHHD FH vQVHDPQ FRPSHWHQ D VXE DPEHOH aspecte;
F H[LVW UHFLSURFLWDWH vQ FH SULYHúWH HIHFWHOH KRWUkULORU VWULQH vQWUH 5RPkQLD úL VWDWXO
LQVWDQ HL FDUH D SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD

31
 B. 5HIX]XO UHFXQRDúWHULL $UW  GLQ /HJHD QU  DUDW FD]XULOH vQ FDUH
UHFXQRDúWHUHD KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH SRDWH IL UHIX]DW úL DQXPH
D KRWUkUHD HVWH UH]XOWDWXO XQHL IUDXGH FRPLV vQ SURFHGXUD XUPDW vQ VWULQWDWH
E KRWUkUHD VWULQ vQFDOF RUGLQHD SXEOLF GH GUHSW LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ XQ
DVHPHQHD WHPHL GH UHIX] vO FRQVWLWXLH úL vQFOFDUHD GLVSR]L LLORU OHJDOH SULYLWRDUH OD FRPSHWHQ D
H[FOXVLY D MXULVGLF LHL URPkQH
F SURFHVXO D IRVW VROX LRQDW vQWUH DFHOHDúL SU L SULQWU-R KRWUkUH FKLDU QHGHILQLWLY D
LQVWDQ HORU URPkQH VDX VH DIO vQ FXUV GH MXGHFDW vQ ID D DFHVWRUD OD GDWD VHVL]ULL LQVWDQ HL VWULQH
/HJHD SUHFL]HD] F UHFXQRDúWHUHD QX SRDWH IL UHIX]DW SHQWUX PRWLYXO F LQVWDQ D D DSOLFDW
R DOW OHJH GHFkW DFHD DUWDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW URPkQ DIDU QXPDL GDF SURFHVXO
SULYHúWH VWDUHD FLYLO úL FDSDFLWDWHD XQXL FHW HDQ URPkQ LDU VROX LD DGRSWDW GLIHU GH FHD OD FDUH
s-ar fi ajuns potrivit legii române (art. 168 alin. ultim).
5. ([HFXWDUHD KRWUkULORU MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH
A. Exequatur-ul $FHVWH KRWUkUL GREkQGHVF vQ JHQHUDO IRU  H[HFXWRULH vQWRFPDL FD úL R
KRWUkUH SURSULH D VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH H[HFXWDUHD GDF VH RE LQH exequatur-ul.
Exequatur-XO HVWH SURFHGXUD MXGLFLDU vQ FDGUXO FUHLD vQ XUPD FRQWUROXOXL H[HUFLWDW DVXSUD
KRWUkULL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH GH LQVWDQ HOH VWDWXOXL SH WHULWRULXO FUXLD VH FHUH H[HFXWDUHD KRWUkUHD
MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ HVWH GHFODUDW H[HFXWRULH /HJHD QU  IDFH YRUELUH DUW  DOLQ 
GH H[HFXWDUHD KRWUkULL VWULQH SH WHULWRULXO URPkQ SH ED]D vQFXYLLQ ULL GDWH GH LQVWDQ D
MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ FRPSHWHQW $FHDVW vQFXYLLQ DUH exequatur-XO LQWHUYLQH GDF KRWUkUHD
VWULQ QX VH H[HFXW GH FHL REOLJD L vQ DFHVW VHQV GH EXQYRLH
3H WHULWRULXO URPkQ QX SRW IL SXVH vQ H[HFXWDUH XUPWRDUHOH KRWUkUL VWULQH DUW  DOLQ 
a) cele prin care s-DX OXDW PVXUL DVLJXUWRULL
b) cele date cu executare provizorie.
B. Obiectul exequatur-ului. 'LQ UHGDFWDUHD WH[WXOXL DUW  úL  GLQ /HJHD QU 
UH]XOW F RELHFWXO exequatur-XOXL HVWH GH D DFRUGD vQ DUD QRDVWU IRU D H[HFXWRULH XQHL KRWUkUL
MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH ÌQ UHDOLWDWH HO HVWH PDL ODUJ SULQ exequatur, KRWUkUHD VWULQ GREkQGHúWH úL
DXWRULWDWHD GH OXFUX MXGHFDW vQ DUD QRDVWU ÌQ DIDUD XQRU H[FHS LL KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ
QX SRDWH DYHD vQDLQWH GH D RE LQH exequatur-XO RUL UHFXQRDúWHUHD DXWRULWDWH GH OXFUX MXGHFDW
5D LXQHD DFHVWHL VROX LL VH JVHúWH vQ SULQFLSLXO VXYHUDQLW LL VWDWHORU úL vQ RUJDQL]DUHD MXGLFLDU D
ILHFUXL VWDW
C. &RQGL LLOH FHUXWH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD exequatur-ului. &RQGL LLOH FHUXWH SHQtru acordarea
exequatur-XOXL VXQW VWDELOLWH GH OHJHD ORFXOXL XQGH XUPHD] V LQWHUYLQ H[HFXWDUHD KRWUkULL
MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH 3RWULYLW DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  FRQGL LLOH SHQWUX DFRUGDUHD IRU HL
H[HFXWRULL XQHL KRWUkUL MXGHFWRUHúWL VWULQH vQ DUD QRDVWU VXQW
D KRWUkUHD HVWH GDW GH R LQVWDQ  MXGHFWRUHDVF FRPSHWHQW 2 KRWUkUH
MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ SURQXQ DW FX vQFOFDUHD FRPSHWHQ HL H[FOXVLYH D MXULVGLF LHL URPkQH QX
SRDWH IL H[HFXWDW vQ 5RPkQLD 6ROX LD HVWH H[SUHV SUHY]XW GH art. 174, alin. ultim, art. 167 alin. 1
OLW E úL DUW  DOLQ  SFW  GLQ /HJHD QU 
E KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF HVWH H[HFXWRULH SRWULYLW OHJLL FDUH VH DSOLF SH WHULWRULXO XQGH D
IRVW SURQXQ DW 1X SRW IL H[HFXWDWH SH WHULWRULXO 5RPkQLHL KRWUkULOH VWULQH SULQ FDUH V-DX OXDW PVXUL
DVLJXUDWRULL úL FHOH GDWH FX H[HFXWDUH SURYL]RULH DUW  DOLQ  GLQ /HJHD QU 
F KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF D IRVW GDW FX DSOLFDUHD OHJLL PDWHULDOH FRPSHWHQWH SRWULYLW
QRUPHORU GUHSWXOXL LQWHUQD LRnal privat;
G KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF V QX DGXF DWLQJHUH RUGLQLL SXEOLFH vQ GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO
SULYDW URPkQ ILH SULQ GLVSR]L LLOH HL ILH SULQ H[HFXWDUHD HL
H vQWUH DUD QRDVWU úL DUD D FUHL LQVWDQ  D GDW KRWUkUHD V H[LVWH UHFLSURFLWDWH Ge
executare;
I GUHSWXO GH D FHUH H[HFXWDUHD VLOLW V QX ILH SUHVFULV SRWULYLW OHJLL URPkQH DUW 
J KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ V QX ILH UH]XOWDWXO XQHL IUDXGH FRPLV vQ SURFHGXUD
XUPDW vQ VWULQWDWH ÌQ DFHVW VHQV DUW  úL DUW  din Legea nr. 105/1992;
K V QX H[LVWH R KRWUkUH MXGHFWRUHDVF URPkQ vQ DFHD PDWHULH DQWHULRDU KRWUkULL
VWULQH RUL R VHVL]DUH DQWHULRDU D XQHL LQVWDQ H URPkQH DUW  úL DUW 
L V QX ILH YRUED GH R KRWUkUH vQ PDWHULH GH VWDUH FLYLO úi capacitate privind pe un
FHW HDQ URPkQ  LDU VROX LD GDW SRWULYLW OHJLL GHWHUPLQDW GH GUHSWXO LQWHUQD LRQDO SULYDW DO ULL XQGH
s-D SURQXQ DW KRWUkUHD GLIHU GH FHD OD FDUH V-DU IL DMXQV SRWULYLW OHJLL URPkQH DUW  úL DUW 
'DF VROX LD QX GLIHU GH DFHHD SRWULYLW OHJLL URPkQH KRWUkUHD MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ VH SRDWH
executa în România.

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 D.   
(IHFWHOH KRW UkULORU MXGHF WRUHúWL VWU LQH LQGHSHQGHQW GH exequatur. +RWUkUHD
MXGHFWRUHDVF VWULQ DUH YDORDUH SULQ HD vQVúL
Ea produce unele efecte independent de procedura exequatur-XOXL VDX UHFXQRDúWHUH úL
anume:
a)  
)RU D SUREDQW  +RW UkUHD VWU LQ  HVWH XQ DFW instrumentum) emanat de la o autoritate
VWULQ 3RWULYLW UHJXOLL locus regit actum, ea va avea puterea doveditoare pe care i-o confeU OHJHD
VXE LPSHULXO FUHLD D IRVW SURQXQ DW ÌQ DFHVW VHQV DUW  GLQ /HJHD QU  SUHYHGH F
KRWUkUHD VWULQ GDW GH FWUH R LQVWDQ  FRPSHWHQW DUH IRU  SUREDQW vQ ID D LQVWDQ HORU
URPkQH FX SULYLUH OD VLWXD LLOH GH IDSW SH FDUH OH FRQVWDW
b)    GHFODUDWLY GH IDOLPHQW SURGXFH HIHFWH IU SURFHGXUD exequatur-
+RW UkUHD VWU LQ
XOXL RUL UHFXQRDúWHULL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH QX FRPSRUW DFWH GH XUPULUH DVXSUD EXQXULORU VDX GH
constrângere asupra persoanelor,
F +RWUkUHD VWULQ FRQVLGHUDW ca R 
MXVW 
FDX]  ÌQ XQHOH FD]XUL KRWUkUHD
MXGHFWRUHDVF GDW vQWU-XQ VWDW IU D FRQGXFH OD H[HFXWDUHD VLOLW vQ DOW VWDW DWUDJH - în acesta din
XUP - PRGLILFDUHD XQXL UDSRUW MXULGLF FDUH GDF Q-DU IL IRVW KRWUkUHD VWULQ DU IL IRVW DOWIHO
VROX LRQDW $VWIHO GH H[HPSOX GHELWRUXO FKHPDW vQ MXGHFDW SHQWUX QHSODW VH SRDWH DSUD DUWkQG
F D SOWLW XQHL DOWH SHUVRDQH GHFkW FUHGLWRUXOXL VX vQWUXFkW D IRVW REOLJDW OD DFHDVWD SULQ KRWUkUHD
VWULQ

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