The methods of collection of files and

data file management structures that

an operating system uses to keep
track of files on a physical disk or
logical partition. This part of the
operating system includes the way of
Naming, Storing, Organizing,
Cataloguing and Retrieval of files on
disk. It handles access to input &
output devices and data transfers.
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File Systems FAT & NTFS and NTFS Permissions by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.
 A file system refers to the logical
organization of files, specifies
conventions for naming files, for
storing data in files, and for
specifying locations of files.
A File System translates the physical
(sector) view of a disc into a logical
(files, directories) structure, which
helps both computers and users
locate files.
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 A file system may be "flat" (no
directories) or hierarchical (with
directories and subdirectories).
Some file systems are built-in
components of the operating system,
while others are installable and
interact smoothly with the operating
system but provide more features,
such as backup procedures and file
protection.
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 Some of the common file systems are:
FAT (FAT16/FAT32) and NTFS on Windows
Systems and UFS/JFS on Unix Systems, S51K,
ext2, Andrew File System (AFS), Common
Internet File System (CIFS), distributed file
system (DFS), Fast File System (FFS),
Hierarchical File System (HFS) for Apple
Macintosh, Institutional File System (IFS),
Network File System (NFS), EXTFS for Linux,
HPFS (High Performance File System ) for
OS/2, ISO 9660 for CDROMs and ISO 13346
for DVDs, UDF (Universal Disk Format) for big
capacity DVD RAM Disks

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 File System Format
When installing an
Operating System, the
hard drive must first be
formatted with a file
system.
Windows uses two main
formats FAT32 and
NTFS.

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 FAT stands for File Allocation Table
and became available with Windows
95 and is used for DOS, Windows
95, 98, and ME. It can support large
hard disk sizes of up to two
terabytes.
NTFS stands for New Technology
File System and has been used in
Windows NT, 2000 & XP.
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 "NTFS has features to improve
reliability, such as transaction logs
to help recover from disk failures.
To control access to files, you can
set permissions for directories
and/or individual files.
NTFS files are not accessible from
other operating systems such as
DOS.“
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 It is easier to protect files and
recover them after a failure, but the
formatting cannot be read on
previous versions of Windows.
However, systems using the NTFS
file system can read disks using
FAT32.
Also, Windows NT, 2000, and XP can
be installed on disks that are
formatted with FAT32.
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 File Name & File Type
MS-DOS uses 8 characters file name, a
dot, then a 3 characters extension that
denotes the type of file and are not case-
sensitive.
UNIX Filenames can be up to 254
characters long and are case-sensitive.
Windows Filenames can be up to 255
characters long and are not case-
sensitive.

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 Operating System Functionality of
File System
The hard disk is comprised of a large
number of sequentially numbered
sectors. As files are created, free sectors
are allocated to hold the file contents and
marked as allocated.
To keep track of the sectors and whether
they are allocated or free, and to which
file they belong, the operating system
maintains a number of tables.

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 12
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 File Allocation Table (FAT) is a file
system (like a Table) that was
developed for MS-DOS to locate files
on a disk.

Due to fragmentation, a file may be

divided into many sections that are
scattered around the disk. The FAT
keeps track of all these pieces.
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 FAT12
This is initial version of FAT for floppy disks
with many limitations: no support for
hierarchical directories and the disk size limited
to 32MB.
FAT16
The partition size reached at 2 gigabytes.
VFAT (Virtual FAT)
It is supported by Windows 95 and above and
Windows NT 3.5 and above. It allows file and
directory names up to 255 characters in
length.

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 FAT32
To increase drive sizes in the range
of 2 terabytes. The maximum
possible file size for a FAT32 volume
is 4 GB minus 1 byte (232-1 bytes).
FAT32 has the ability to relocate the
root directory and use the backup
copy of the FAT instead of the
default copy.

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 16
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 The Windows NT File
System (NTFS) provides
performance, reliability,
and compatibility not
found in the FAT file
system, whereas
advanced operations
such as file-system
recovery on very large
hard disks.

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 After formatting a volume with the NTFS
file system results in the creation of
several system files and the Master File
Table (MFT).
MFT contains information about all the
files and folders on the NTFS volume. It
is the first file on an NTFS volume. The
NTFS file system also supports data
access control and ownership privileges
that are important for the integrity of
critical data.
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 NTFS files and folders can have
permissions assigned whether they
are shared or not. NTFS is the only
file system on Windows NT that
allows you to assign permissions to
individual files.

The NTFS file system has a simple

but very powerful design.
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 Everything on the volume is a file
and everything in a file is an
attribute, from the data attribute, to
the security attribute, to the file
name attribute. Every sector on an
NTFS volume that is allocated
belongs to any file.
The file system metadata
(information that describes the file
system itself) is part of a file.
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 Converting to NTFS Using the SETUP
Program
It begins by checking the existing file system
and gives the choice of converting to NTFS.
Converting to NTFS Using CONVERT.EXE
By using Convert.exe from the command
prompt.
Open Command Prompt. In the command
prompt window, type: convert drive_letter:
/fs:ntfs
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 22
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 A permission is a rule associated with an
object to regulate which users can gain
access to that object and in what
manner.
NFTS permissions cover
• NTFS file and folder permissions
• Access Control Lists (ACL)
• Using NTFS permissions
• Planning NTFS permission
• Using special access permission
• COPYING/MOVING data
• Troubleshooting permission problems
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 Different kinds of permissions can be
assigned to files and folders and their
usage.
Permissions can be used only on NTFS
formatted partitions or volumes, so
these are referred to as NTFS
permissions.
Administrators, the user that owns the
files or folders, and all other users or
groups that have the Full Control
permission to those file and folders can
set/reset these permissions.
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 Default NTFS permissions are Full Control to
everyone.
NTFS File Permissions are used to control the
access that a user, group or application has to
files.
NTFS FILE PERMISSIONS
NTFS File Allowed Access
Permission
Read To read the file, view its attributes, ownership, and
permissions set.
Write To overwrite the file, change its attributes, view its
ownership, and view the permissions set.
Read & Execute To run and execute the application.
Modify To modify/delete a file.
Full Control To change the permission set on a file, take
ownership of the file, and perform actions permitted
by all of the other NTFS file permissions.
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 NTFS Folder Permissions allow
what access is granted to a folder
and the files and subfolders within
that folder.
These permissions can be assigned
to a user or group.
The only major difference between
NTFS file and folder permissions is
the List Folder Contents NTFS folder
permission.
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 NTFS FOLDER PERMISSIONS
NTFS File Allowed Access
Permission
Read To view the files, folders & subfolders of the parent
folder, their ownership, permissions, and attributes
of that folder.
Write To create new files and folders within the parent
folder as well as view folder ownership and
permissions and change the folder attributes.
List Folder To view the files and subfolders contained within
Contents the folder.
Read & To navigate through all files and subfolders.
Execute
Modify To delete the folder.
Full Control To change permissions on the folder, take
ownership of it, and perform all activities included
in all other permissions.

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 When a user tried to access a file or
folder, the operating system look at the
user's ACL (Access Control List) and
determine whether the user was allowed
access. The ACL was created only after a
successful logon.
Then ACL checks for an ACE (Access
Control Entry) for that user account. The
ACE will indicate what permissions are
allowed for that user account.
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 Right click on File/Folder
Click Properties

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 Select Security Tab
Click Advanced button to
change the default
permissions.

ACL
(Access Control List)

ACE
(Access Control Entry)

(By default Folders & Files

inherit permissions from
parents. If you want change
permissions you have to
remove Inheritance.)
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 Remove
button is
disabled
because
permissions
are inherited.

Un-check the Inherit from parent the

permission entries that apply to child objects.
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 Click Copy

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 Remove button is enabled, you can
change default permissions now.

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 Remove all users
To add user for which you will configure
permission Click Add

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 Type the name of user or click
Advanced button to look for
more users.

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 Select appropriate
check boxes in front
of Permissions.
If you want to apply
these permissions to
all subfolders
Select Apply these
permissions to
objects check-box.

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 Add & Apply any
further users &
permissions if
required.

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 You can also
apply
Permissions on
subfolders on
Advanced
Security
Settings Dialog
box

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 Click Yes
It will applies permission to all
files & folders in that folder.

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 SHARING FOLDERS

Select Sharing Tab

Open Properties of
Folder which you
want to Share

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 Click on Share this
Folder, & type
name of share.

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 By default only
Read permission is
applies to Everyone
group.
If you want to
enable users to
write files in this
folder, Change
permissions should
assigned.

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