HEART RATE AND TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICE

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor Of Technology
In Bio-Medical Engineering
by

HRUSHIKESH .P.V.R.R RANJAN.H.R SRI

HARSHA.U

(07241A1112) (07241A1124)
(07241A1129)

Department Of Bio-Medical Engineering

Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)

Hyderabad

2010
 Department of Bio-Medical Engineering
Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and
Technology

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University)

Hyderabad

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “HEART RATE MONITOR WITH TEMPERATURE
SENSOR” has been submitted by

HRUSHIKESH.P.V.R.R RANJAN.H.R SRI HARSHA.U

(07241A1112) (07241A1124)
(07241A1129)

For partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Bio-Medical Engineering from

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.

The results embodied in this project have not been submitted to any other University or
Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

External Examiner Head of Department

Mrs. T.Padma
 Professor & HOD

Dept of Bio-Medical Engineering

DEPARTMNENT OF BIOMEDICAL

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that HRUSHIKESH.P.V.R.R. RANJAN.H.R SRIHARSHA.U

students of final year B.M.E (Bio-Medical Engineering) of Gokaraju Rangaraju

Institute Of Engineering And Technology, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru

Technological University have completed a mini-project work entitled "HEART

RATE MONITOR WITH A TEMPERATURE SENSOR “ in the department of Bio-

Medical Engineering at GRIET.

Project Guide: Project In charge:

Ms SWATHI.D Ms SWATHI.D
Asst.Professer Asst.Professer
Dept of Bio-Medical Engg Dept of Bio-Medical Engg
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

There are many people who have helped us directly or indirectly in the successful
completion of our project. We would like to take this opportunity to thank one and all.

First of all we would like to express our deep sense of gratitude towards our project Guide Ms
Swathi.D Asst Professor Dept. of BME for always being available whenever we require her
guidance as well as for motivating us through out the project work.

We are also grateful to the Mrs T.Padma, (Head of Dept.of BME for her valuable guidance
during our project. We would like to express our deep gratitude towards our teaching and non-
teaching staff for giving their valuable suggestions and co operation sfor doing our project.

We are also deeply indebted to Dr. Jandhyala. N. Murthy, Principal, Gokaraju

Rangaraju institute of engineering and technology for providing necessary facilities during the
execution of this project.

We would like to thank all our friends for their help and constructive
criticism during our project period. Finally, we are very much indebted to our
parents for their moral support and encouragement to achieve higher goals. we
have no words to express our gratitude and still we are very thankful to our
parents who have shown us this world and for every support they gave us.

Signature Signature Signature

Hrushikesh.P.V.R.R Ranjan.H.R. Sri harsha.U
(07241A1112) (07241A1124)
(07241A1129)

CONTENTS

 ABSTRACT

 INTRODUCTION

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION

 MICRO CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING

 APPLICATIONS

 CONCLUSION
 ABSTRACT

This is an attempt made which describes the design of a simple, low-cost

microcontroller based heart rate measuring device with LCD output. Heart
rate of the subject is measured from the finger by placing the thumb in
between the LDR and LED and the rate is then averaged and displayed on a
text based LCD. It also consists of a temperature sensor which is integrated
with the same microcontroller and is placed between the two fingers to find
the temperature inside the human body. Both the heart rate and
temperature can be known at a time other which is very advantageous to
anybody.
 INTRODUCTION

A heart rate monitor is a personal monitoring device that allows a subject to

measure their heart rate in real time or record their heart rate for later
study. Early models consisted of a monitoring box with a set of electrode
leads that attached to the chest.

Heart rate measurement is one of the very important parameters of the

human cardiovascular system. The heart rate of a healthy adult at rest is
around 72 beats per minute (bpm). Athletes normally have lower heart rates
than less active people. Babies have a much higher heart rate at around 120
bpm, while older children have heart rates at around 90 bpm. The heart rate
rises gradually during exercises and returns slowly to the rest value after
exercise. The rate when the pulse returns to normal is an indication of the
fitness of the person. Lower than normal heart rates are usually an indication
of a condition known as bradycardia, while higher than normal heart rates
are known as tachycardia.
Heart rate is simply and traditionally measured by placing the thumb over
the subject’s arterial pulsation, and feeling, timing and counting the pulses
usually in a 30 second period. Heart rate (bpm) of the subject is then found
by multiplying the obtained number by 2. This method although simple, is
not accurate and can give errors when the rate is high. More sophisticated
methods to measure the heart rate utilize electronic techniques. Electro-
cardiogram (ECG) is one of frequently used and accurate methods for
measuring the heart rate. ECG is an expensive device and its use for the
measurement of the heart rate only is not economical. Low-cost devices in
the form of wrist watches are also available for the instantaneous
measurement of the heart rate. Such devices can give accurate
measurements but their cost is usually in excess of several hundred dollars,
making them uneconomical. Most hospitals and clinics in the UK use
integrated devices designed to measure the heart rate . So this heart rate
monitor with a temperature sensor is definitely a useful instrument in
knowing the pulse and the temperature of the subject or the patient.

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
There are a number of components in this module and they are as follows:

1. Micro controller-AT89S52

2. A/D Converter-ADC0804

3. Temperature sensor-LM35A

4. LCD Display

5. Buzzer

6. Reset switch

7. LDR

8. LED

9. 10K SIP

10. Potentiometer-50K

11. Transistors-BC547
12. Capacitors-15pF,33pF,104pF,10uF,1000uF

13. Resistors-1K,8.2K,10K,330K

14. Voltage regulator-7805

15. 5v DC supply

Now let us discuss about each of the component:

Micro controller-AT89S52:
Description: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The
device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction
set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory pro-
grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable
Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller
which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many
embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard
features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer,
two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation
down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving
modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,
serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down
mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

Pin Configurations:
PIN DESCRIPTION:

VCC Supply voltage.

GND Ground.

Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port,
each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the
pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to
be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external
program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also
receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code
bytes dur-ing program verification. External pull-ups are required during
program verification.

Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port
1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port
1 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as
inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can
be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and
the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the
follow-ing table. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during
Flash programming and verification.

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P1.0 - T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2), clock-out

P1.1 - T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction control)

P1.5 - MOSI (used for In-System Programming)

P1.6 - MISO (used for In-System Programming)

P1.7 - SCK (used for In-System Programming)

Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port
2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port
2 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as
inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order
address byte during fetches from external program memory and dur-ing
accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @
DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting
1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses
(MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals
during Flash program-ming and verification.
Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port
3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port
3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as
inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source
current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for
Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of
various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the fol-lowing table.

Port Pin Alternate Functions

P3.0 - RXD (serial input port)

P3.1 - TXD (serial output port)

P3.2 - INT0 (external interrupt 0)

P3.3 - INT1 (external interrupt 1)

P3.4 - T0 (timer 0 external input)

P3.5 - T1 (timer 1 external input)

P3.6 - WR (external data memory write strobe)

P3.7 - RD (external data memory read strobe)

RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the
oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator
periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address
8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO,
the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the
low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also
the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal
operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,
that one ALE pulse is skipped dur-ing each access to external data memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH.
With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction.
Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no
effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program
memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN
activations are skipped during each access to exter-nal data memory.

EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to

enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations
starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is
programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to
VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal
clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

REGISTERS:

Special Function Registers A map of the on-chip memory area called the
Special Function Register (SFR) space is shown . Note that not all of the
addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be imple-
mented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return
random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect. User
software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be
used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or
inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.

Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers

T2CON (shown in Table 5- 2) and T2MOD (shown in Table 10-2) for Timer 2.
The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for
Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.
Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE
register. Two priorities can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the
IP register.

Dual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and

external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers are
provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit
DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should
ALWAYS initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the
respective Data Pointer Register.

Power Off Flag: The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the
PCON SFR. POF is set to “1” during power up. It can be set and rest under
software control and is not affected by reset.

Memory Organization

MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data
Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be
addressed.

Program Memory If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches

are directed to external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC,
program fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal
memory and fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external
memory.

Data Memory The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The
upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function
Registers. This means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as
the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space. When an
instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address
mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper
128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions which use direct addressing
access the SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing
instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H,
#data Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes
of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0
contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2
(whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data Note that stack operations are
examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are
available as stack space.

A/D CONVERTER-ADC0804:
The ADC080X family are 8-Bits,successiveapproximation
A/D converters which use a modified potentiometric ladder and are designed to operate
with the 8080A control bus via three-state outputs. These convertersappear to the
processor as memory locations or I/O ports, and hence no interfacing logic is required.
The differential analog voltage input has good commonmode - rejection and permits
offsetting the analog zero-inputvoltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input
can be adjusted to allow encoding any smaller analog voltage span
to the full 8 bits of resolution.

PIN-DIAGRAM:

1. CS - Chip Select (Active Low)

2. RD - Read (Active Low)

3. WR - Write (Active Low)

4. CLK IN - Clock IN
5. INTR - Interrupt (Active Low)

6. Vin+ - Analog Voltage Input

7. Vin- - Analog Voltage Input

8. AGND - Analog Ground

9. Vref/2 - Voltage Reference / 2

10. DGND - Digital Ground

11. DB7 - Data Bit 7 (MSB)

12. DB6 - Data Bit 6

13. DB5 - Data Bit 5

14. DB4 - Data Bit 4

15. DB3 - Data Bit 3

16. DB2 - Data Bit 2

17. DB1 - Data Bit 1

18. DB0 - Data Bit 0 (LSB)

19. CLKR - Clock Reset

20. Vcc - Positive Supply or Vref

Absolute Maximum Ratings Thermal Information

Supply Voltage: 6.5V
Voltage at Any Input: -0.3V to (V+ +0.3V)

Operating Conditions
Temperature Range: 0 C to 70 C
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1)  JA (oC/W)
PDIP Package : 80
Maximum Junction Temperature Plastic Package :150oC
Maximum Storage Temperature Range: -65oC to 150oC
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10s):300oC

TEMPERATURE SENSOR-LM35A:
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose
output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature
sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling.
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide
typical accuracies of ± 1/4°C at room temperature and ± 3/4°C over a full
-55 to +150°C temperature range.

Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
LM35's low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration
make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. It can be
used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. As it draws
only 60 µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still
air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range,
while the LM35C is rated for a -40° to +110°C range (-10° with improved
accuracy). The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46
transistor packages, while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available
in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-
lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

Features
Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
0.5°C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25°C) Rated for full -55° to +150°C
range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 µA current drain Low self-heating,
0.08°C in still air Nonlinearity only ± 1/4°C typical Low impedance output,
0.1 for 1 mA load
Typical Applications
DS005516-4 DS005516-3
FIGURE 1. Basic Centigrade Temperature Sensor (+2°C to +150°C)
Choose R1 = -VS/50 µA V OUT = +1,500 mV at +150°C = +250 mV at
+25°C = -550 mV at -55°C
FIGURE 2. Full-Range Centigrade Temperature Sensor
LCD DISPLAY:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light
modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly.
They are used in a wide range of applications including: computer monitors, television,
instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in
consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators,
and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube(CRT) displays in most
applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive,
more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider range of screen
sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot
suffer image burn-in.
LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical
power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is
an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with
liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce
images in colour or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the development of
LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888.[1] By 2008,
worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units.
Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two
transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are
(in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between
the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second
(crossed) polarizer. In most of the cases the liquid crystal has double refraction.[citation
needed]
The surface of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are
treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment
typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using, for
example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the
direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin
Oxide (ITO).

BUZZER:
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or electronic. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include
alarms, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or
keystroke.
A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or
other audio signal source. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button
has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep. Electronic buzzers find many
applications in modern days.

RESET SWITCH:
It is used to reset the lcd display screen such that the new readings can be
taken.

LDR(LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR):

A photoresistor or light dependent resistor or cadmium sulfide (CdS) cell is a resistor
whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be
referred to as a photoconductor.A photoresistor is made of a high resistance
semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons
absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the
conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity,
thereby lowering resistance.
A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor has
its own charge carriers and is not an efficient semiconductor, e.g. silicon. In intrinsic
devices the only available electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon
must have enough energy to excite the electron across the entire bandgap. Extrinsic
devices have impurities, also called dopants, added whose ground state energy is
closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump, lower
energy photons (i.e., longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger
the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms replaced by phosphorus atoms
(impurities), there will be extra electrons available for conduction. This is an example of
an extrinsic semiconductor.

Photoresistors come in many different types. Inexpensive cadmium sulfide cells can be
found in many consumer items such as camera light meters, street lights, clock radios,
alarms, and outdoor clocks.
They are also used in some dynamic compressors together with a small incandescent
lamp or light emitting diode to control gain reduction.
Lead sulfide (PbS) and indium antimonide (InSb) LDRs (light dependent resistor) are
used for the mid infrared spectral region. Ge:Cu photoconductors are among the best
far-infrared detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared
spectroscopy.
Transducers are used for changing energy types.

LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE):

A light-emitting diode (LED) (pronounced /ˌɛl iː ˈdiː/[1]) is a semiconductor light source.
LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for
lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962,[2] early LEDs emitted
low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.When a light-emitting diode is
forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small
in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its
radiation pattern and assist in reflection.[3] LEDs present many advantages over
incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability.
LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more
precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of
comparable output.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation
lighting, automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. The compact
size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed,
while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.
Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products
including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

10K SIP:
POTENTIOMETER:
A potentiometer (colloquially known as a "pot") is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding
contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.[1] If only two terminals are used (one
side and the wiper), it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat. Potentiometers are
commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio
equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position
transducers, for example, in a joystick.
Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more than a watt).
Instead they are used to adjust the level of analog signals (e.g. volume controls on
audio equipment), and as control inputs for electronic circuits. For example, a light
dimmer uses a potentiometer to control the switching of a TRIAC and so indirectly
control the brightness of lamps.
Construction of a wire-wound circular potentiometer. The resistive element (1) of the
shown device is trapezoidal, giving a non-linear relationship between resistance and
turn angle. The wiper (3) rotates with the axis (4), providing the changeable resistance
between the wiper contact (6) and the fixed contacts (5) and (9). The vertical position of
the axis is fixed in the body (2) with the ring (7) (below) and the bolt (8) (above).
A potentiometer is constructed with a resistive element formed into an arc of a circle,
and a sliding contact (wiper) travelling over that arc. The resistive element, with a
terminal at one or both ends, is flat or angled, and is commonly made of graphite,
although other materials may be used. The wiper is connected through another sliding
contact to another terminal. On panel pots, the wiper is usually the center terminal of
three. For single-turn pots, this wiper typically travels just under one revolution around
the contact. "Multiturn" potentiometers also exist, where the resistor element may be
helical and the wiper may move 10, 20, or more complete revolutions, though multiturn
pots are usually constructed of a conventional resistive element wiped via a worm gear.
Besides graphite, materials used to make the resistive element include resistance wire,
carbon particles in plastic, and a ceramic/metal mixture called cermet.
One form of rotary potentiometer is called a String potentiometer. It is a multi-turn
potentiometer operated by an attached reel of wire turning against a spring. It is used as
a position transducer.
In a linear slider pot, a sliding control is provided instead of a dial control. The resistive
element is a rectangular strip, not semi-circular as in a rotary potentiometer. Due to the
large opening slot or the wiper, this type of pot has a greater potential for getting
contaminated.

VOLTAGE REGULATOR-7805:

POWER SUPPLY:
5volts dc supply is taken from the 230volts a.c. mains by using a step down
transformer in which a voltage regulator 7805 is used.

• CIRCUIT EXPLANATION AND OPERATION

 The input we are using is a voltage of magnitude
5 volts.It consists of an AC input of 230 V and a bridge circuit of
diodes which acts as a rectifier.7805 is also used which is connected
to the bridge circuit inorder to get an output of 5 volts DC.

Firstly,on speaking about the temperature measuring

unit,we are using LM35A as the temperature sensor. And,the other
part which measures the heart rate consists of an LED which is
connected to the input Vcc through a resistance of 330KOHM and an
LDR with a potentiometer.The function of an LED is it shows the
property of electroluminiscence. When LDR absorbs the light from
the LED, its resistance varies inversely with respect to the intensity
of light it absorbs.Potentiometer does the work of finding the
voltage magnitude. The input of 5volts is connected to a pin of
LM35A(here 3A).The pin 2A is connected to the input(+IN) of an
ADC(Analog to Digital Converter).Here,the analog to digital
converter we are using is ADC0804.And the pin 3A is connected is
grounded.

LM35A(temperature sensor), is exposed to certain temperature

which acts as an input. LM35A does the function of varying its
output with respect to the change in the temperature that is given
as input.There by,the output voltage coresponds to the temperature
that is sensed by LM35A.

Now,coming to ADC0804,each of the pins

1(CS),7(-IN),8(AGND) and 10(DGND) are grounded.The pin4(CLKIN)
is connected to the pin1(CS) through 150pF capacitor and the
pin19(CLKR)
is connected to the pin4(CLKIN) THROUGH A 10KOHM
resistance.These connections help in the timing function of
ADC0804.The pins 11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 which are
DB7,DB6,DB5,DB4,DB3,DB2,DB1,DB0 respectively are connected to
the resistance pins 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 respectively of 10K sip which
inturn are connected to the pins
39(P0.7/AD7),38(P0.6/AD6),37(P0.5/AD5),36(P0.4/AD4),35(P0.3/AD3)
,34P0.2/AD2),33(P0.1/AD1),32(P0.0/AD0) of the microcontroller
AT89S52 respectively.
 ADC0804 converts the input analog signal into
an elactrical signal in which is in the form of digital data.

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output

port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. The first pin of 10K sip is
connected to the input voltage i.e., Vcc=5 volts.The 20th pin
(Vref/Vcc) of ADC0804 is also connected to the input voltage of
magnitude 5 volts which is needed for ADC0804 to work.The pins
2(RD),3(WR),5(INTR) are connected to the pins
10(P3.0),11(P3.1),12(P3.2) of the microcontroller 89S52
respectively.

The microcontroller AT89S52's Port 3 output buffers can

sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they
are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs.
As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some
control signals for Flash programming and verification.The
connection between the pins 2,3,5 of ADC0804 and 10,11,12 of
AT89S52 function based on the program that is shown below

rd=1;

intr=1;

adcdata=0xff;

while(1)

lcdcmd(0xc2);

//delay(500);

wr=0;

_nop_();

_nop_();
_nop_();

_nop_();

wr=1;

delay(50);

rd=0;

delay(10);

a=adcdata;

convert(a);

delay(500);

The RST PIN of AT89S52 is connected to a capacitor of

capacitance 10micro farads and a reset switch(RESET SW) which are
drawn fron the input Vcc i.e., 5 volts.Reset input,a high on this pin
for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the
Watchdog times out. XTAL2 which is the output from the inverting
oscillator amplifier is connected to a 33pF capacitance which,inturn
connected to the pin9 through 8.2KOHM resistance and is
grounded.XTAL1 which is the input to the inverting oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit is
connected to XTAL1 with a capacitance of 33pF and parallelly the
frequency of 11.0592MHz.The Vcc pin and EA pinof AT89S52 are
connected to the input of magnitude 5 volts which are inturn
connected to the pins 1 and 15 of LCD.EA enables the external
access for AT89S52.

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal

pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.
When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the
inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins
that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because
of the internal pull-ups. The pins 6,7,8 help in system programming.
The pins 9,8,7,6,5,4,3 of AT89S52 are connected to 4,6,11,12,13,14
pins of LCD respectively.
The pin 15 is connected to a buzzer through a resistance of 1kohm
and a transistor BC547 and is grounded.Buzzer is a piezo electric
material which converts the sound activity(here,the heart beat
rythm) into an electric signal.Buzzer is also given the input Vcc
ie.,5volts (DC) and the same input is also given to the base of the
transistor BC547.The emitter of the transistor is grounded.The pin 2
of LCD is grounded.And the pins 1,5 and 16 are grounded.The pin 2
is grounded through a resistance that is connected to rheostat that
connects to pin3 which is also grounded.The function of buzzer and
its dependance on LCD for the display of values of heartbeat count
is carried out using the following program instructions:

void main()

buz=0;

finger=1;

lcd_init();

lcdcmd(0x85);

msgdisplay("WELCOME");

lcdcmd(0x01);

msgdisplay("temp hbeat");

rd=1;

intr=1;

adcdata=0xff;

while(1)

lcdcmd(0xc2);

//delay(500);

wr=0;

_nop_();
_nop_();

_nop_();

_nop_();

wr=1;

delay(50);

rd=0;

delay(10);

a=adcdata;

convert(a);

delay(500);

for(i=0;i<100;i++)

count+=1;

if(finger==0)

delay(1000);

if(!finger)

buz=1;

delay(500);

pp=1;

buz=0;

break;

else
 pp=0;

delay(500);

lcdcmd(0xca);

if(pp)

convert(count);

else

convert(0);

pp=0;

The above program asserts the input data.If the sensor senses the
subject’s finger,then the input of the buzzer is set to higher logic
state otherwise the input of the buzzer is set to 0. And finally the
lcd also shows the temperature readings based on the following
program instructions:

void convert(unsigned char temp_value)

unsigned char value,d1,d2,d3;

temp_value = temp_value;

value=temp_value/10;

d3=temp_value%10;
 d1=value/10;

d2=value%10;

d1=d1+0x30;

lcddata(d1);

delay(10);

d2=d2+0x30;

MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMING:

#include<reg51.h>
#include"lcddisplay.h"
#include<intrins.h>

sbit rd = P2^0;
sbit wr = P2^1;
sbit intr = P2^2;

sbit finger = P2^5;

sbit buz = P2^3;

#define adcdata P3

void convert(unsigned char );

unsigned char a,pp=0,count=0,i;
void main()
{
buz=0;
finger=1;
lcd_init();
lcdcmd(0x85);
msgdisplay("WELCOME");

lcdcmd(0x01);
msgdisplay("temp hbeat");
rd=1;
intr=1;
adcdata=0xff;

while(1)
{

lcdcmd(0xc2);
//delay(500);
wr=0;
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
_nop_();
wr=1;
delay(50);
rd=0;
delay(10);
a=adcdata;
convert(a);
delay(500);

for(i=0;i<100;i++)
{
count+=1;

if(finger==0)
{
delay(1000);
if(!finger)
{
buz=1;
delay(500);
pp=1;
buz=0;
break;

}
else
pp=0;
}
}

delay(500);
lcdcmd(0xca);
if(pp)
{
convert(count);
}
else
convert(0);
pp=0;

void convert(unsigned char temp_value)

{
unsigned char value,d1,d2,d3;
temp_value = temp_value;
value=temp_value/10;
d3=temp_value%10;
d1=value/10;
d2=value%10;
d1=d1+0x30;
lcddata(d1);
delay(10);
d2=d2+0x30;
lcddata(d2);
delay(4);
// msgdisplay(".");
d3=d3+0x30;
lcddata(d3);
delay(10);
}

APPLICATIONS:
The instrument consists of the
circuits which measure both the heart rate and temperature has
various applications.

1.Heart rate monitor can be used in hospitals for the diagnostic

purposes.

2.Since the instrument is not expensive,it can even be used at

home.

3.The instrument also has the flexibility which helps us to affix it to

vehicles,etc..

4.The other part of the instrument,which measures the temperature

can also be used in hospitals for diagnostic purpose.

5.The instrument can also be integrated with higher level

equipment and used in various applications.

6.The instrument can also be used in watches,etc.

CONCLUSION:

Hence the attempt made by us in designing an instrument which

can measure both temperature and heart rate is successful.