Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Review Materials
Prepared by
Paterno C. Borlagdan
Agricultural Engineer
RPAE No. 0003253
January 2000
(Reproduction with Permission Only)
FARM MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION
Prepared by: Engr. Paterno C. Borlagdan
Farm mechanization
PLANTING EQUIPMENT
Definition: Planting Equipment –is any device used to place seed, seed
pieces, or plant parts in or on the soil for propagation and production of food,
fiber, and feed crops. it could be manually, mechanically (engine), or
remotely operated.
b. Front Tractor-mounted
1. drill
2. hill-drop
3. check-row
c. Rear Tractor-mounted
1. drill
2. hill-drop
3. check-row
4. transplanters or planters
2. Broadcast Crop
a. Endgate seeders
b. Narrow-and wide-tract and weeder-mulcher
c. Airplanes
3. Grain Drills
4. Planting attachments for other equipment
A. Row-crop Planters
1. Definition of Terms:
a. Row-crop planters – planters designed and constructed to plant
seeds in rows far enough apart to permit cultivation of the crop.
b. Transplanter – equipment for placing growing plants or plant parts
in the soil.
c. Lister Planters – are drill planters designed to plant corn in listed
furrows.
d. Drill planers – are row-crop planters designed to deposit seeds
continuously in straight columns.
e. Hill-drop planters – row-crop planters designed to deposit one or
more seeds in a hill in equal intervals.
f. Check-row – crop-crop planters equipped with valves, checkheads
and wire. Enable operator to perform hill planting at definite
spacing (in checks or squares) which facilitates mechanical weed
control and other operations.
4. The weeder-mulcher drops seeds on the ground and then covers them
by means of a long spring-steel mulcher finges.
5. Grain drills are planters designed and built to place the seed of small
grains and grasses in the ground in narrow-spaced rows at a uniform
depth.
7. Cultivator adjustments:
a. relative horizontal position
b. depth
c. pitch directional adjustments
8. Protective devices for cultivator standards – the purpose is to provide
overload protection in case the tool encounters a stone, root or other
solid objects.
a. spring-trip mechanism
b. friction-release
D. Flame Weeding
The theory of selective weeding is that the heat intensity and the
exposure time are adjusted so enough heat is applied to the weeds and
grasses to cause expansion of the liquid in the plant cells and consequent
rapture of the cell wells but not enough heat to cause actual combustion.
This method of weed control is usually applied during the stages of
growth of the crop in which it can already withstand the heat. The
forward speed of operation ranges from 3 to 4 mph.
E. Spraying
1. The primary function of the sprayer – is to break the liquid into
droplets of effective size and distribute them uniformly over the
surface or space to be protected and regulate the amount of chemical
solution to avoid excessive application that might prove harmful or
wasteful.
2. Spray particle size is significant in relation to:
a. penetration and carrying ability obtained with hydraulic sprayers
b. efficiency of catch of sprays or dusts by plant surfaces
c. uniformly and completeness coverage
d. effectiveness of individual particles after deposition
e. drift- is essentially a function of the rate of fall of particles in
relation to the horizontal velocity, which is related to particle size
and local climatology.
3. Recommended methods to prevent or reduce drift:
a. avoid high setting of nozzle
b. careful selection of nozzle size and working pressure
c. avoid spraying during unfavorable condition
4. Metering system for liquid sprayers:
a. constant speed, constant head pump-orifice system
b. compressed air orifice system
c. gravity flow system
d. displacement ground-driven metering system
5. Types of sprayers
a. Hand Sprayers
1. compressed-air sprayers
2. knapsack sprayers
b. Power sprayers
1. hydraulic sprayers or field sprayers
2. hydro-pneumatic sprayers
3. blower sprayers
c. Hydraulic sprayers – make use of pumps to build up spray pressure
of the spray solution.
1. Classification of hydraulic sprayers
a. boom-type field sprayers with maximum operating pressure
of 40 to 100 psi
b. high pressure, general purpose or orchard sprayers with
maximum operating pressure ranging from 250 to 800 psi but
mostly 400 to 800 psi
2. Basic components of hydraulic sprayer.
a. tank
b. agitator
c. framework for mounting the sprayer
d. pressure regulator
e. relief valve
f. pressure gauge
g. strainer and screen
h. control valves
i. pipes and fittings
j. boom and nozzles
k. pump
3. Pumps used in hydraulic sprayers
a. Positive displacement pumps – those types where only a
small amount of liquid leaks past the actuator and it can only
develop very high pressure (e.g. reciprocating pumps,
diaphragm pumps, gear pumps).
b. Non-positive displacement pumps –those that are unable to
develop more than 50 psi as used on farm sprayers (e.g.,
rotary pumps with flexible impeller, centrifugal pumps).
4. Rotary pumps – they are used for low pressure spraying. They
are mounted on the tractor PTO shaft. They have a capacity of
about 20-rpm. Their use is literally limited to sediment-free
types of spray materials.
5. Centrifugal pumps – these pumps employ centrifugal force to lift
liquids from a lower to a higher level. Because of their simplicity,
low cost, and ability to operate under wide variety of conditions,
they are one of the most popular types. They are adapted to
operate under practically any head up to several thousand feet,
will handle liquids at most any temperature up top 1000oF.
6. Agitators – used to keep the spray solution uniform. It can be
either mechanical or hydraulic agitators.
7. Air chamber – used to cushion the discharge-pressure
fluctuations, induce a uniform flow in sprayers using
reciprocating and diaphragm pumps.
8. Pressure gage – used to guide the operator in adjusting the
working pressure, located at the discharge line.
9. Pressure regulators – used to control and adjust the working
pressure on the nozzles. They also serve as protective device in
automatically unloading the excess pressure when the discharge
line is closed.
10. Spray boom and nozzles
a. Boom – is a pipe on which the nozzles are properly spaced
and mounted.
b. Nozzles – are used to direct the liquid in a thin film or stream
which will break up in a droplets.
11. Parts of Nozzles
a. body d. washer and whirl plate
b. cap e. strainer
c. orifice plates
12. Types of hydraulic nozzles
a. hallow-cone (side-entry or cone insert) – the liquid is fed into
a whirl chamber through a tangential side entry passage or
trough the spiral passage in a whirl plate or core insert to
give it a rotary velocity component. The orifice is located on
the axis of the whirl chamber and the liquid emerges in the
form of a hallow conical shoot which then breaks up into
droplets.
b. disk-type solid-cone- is the same as that of a hallow-cone
nozzle except or the addition of an internal axial orifice. The
axial stream is atomized and fills in the central section of the
hallow-cone pattern.
c. Fan-spray nozzle – has a narrow, elliptical orifice formed by
the intersection of a slot drilled across the face and semi-
spherical surface cut out from the inside. The liquid emerges
as a flat shaped sheet, which is then broken up into droplets.
d. Flooding nozzles – is commonly used as agricultural sprayers
because of wider spray angle and atomization even at a low
pressure, unlike hydraulic nozzles.
13. Liquid atomization
a. pressure or hydraulic atomization
b. gas atomization
c. centrifugal atomization
14. Factors affecting uniformity of distribution:
a. nozzle size
b. pressure on the spray solution
c. nozzle spacing
d. boom height
e. speed of travel
15. The proper height of the boom above the deposition
surface is a function of:
a. nozzle spacing
b. nozzle spray angle
c. amount of overlap required for uniform coverage, as
determined by the nozzle spray pattern.
TILLAGE
A. Objective of Tillage:
1. to develop proper soil tilth
2. to conserve soil and water
3. to effect control of some pests and diseases
4. to mix crop residues and fertilizers with the soil
5. to control weeds
6. to aerate the soil
B. Tillage Operation:
1. primary tillage
2. secondary tillage
3. rotavation
C. Tillage Equipment
1. Primary tillage equipment
a. Moldboard plow
1. share – cuts the furrow slice and partially lifts it
2. moldboard – breaking and inverting unit. Shin – the cutting edge
of the moldboard, just above the landslide.
3. Landside – stabilizer to make the plow run in straight path
counteracting the side pressure, exerted by the furrow slice on
the moldboard.
b. Moldboard plow accessories
1. Rolling colters – are round, flat sharpened steel disks,
either smooth or notch used to cut the furrow slice from the land
and leave a clean wall.
2. Jointer – a miniature plow ahead of the plow bottom used
to cut a narrow-shallow furrow slice- from the left upper side of
the furrow in such a way that complete coverage by the main
plow is initiated.
3. Weed hooks – rods attached to the plow beam used to
bend tall weeds in order to have a thorough weed coverage.
4. Concave rolling disk colter – turns and cuts a shallow furrow slice.
5. Spring – trip standard/hydraulic automatic reset standard –
allows the plow to move reaward when it meets an obstruction
during the field operation.
c. Disc plow – it is a perfectly round, concave disk of heat-hardened
steel, sharpened on the edge to aid in the penetration of the soil.
1. Accessories of the disk plow
a. rear furrow wheel – it serves in counteracting the side thrust
due to the soil pressure
b. scraper – set with cash disc to clear the disc of sticky soil and
to assist in inverting the furrow slice.
3. Draft Requirement
a. Factors affecting draft of a plow
1. type and shape of bottom
2. sharpness of the cutting tool
3. over-all adjustments of the plow
4. depth and width of cut of the furrow
5. speed at which the plow is operated
6. type of soil
4. Advantages of Tillage-Equipment:
a. Moldboard plow – it eliminate back furrows and dead furrows leaving
the field more nearly leveled for irrigation and drainage.
b. Disk plow – it is suitable for sticky, waxy, non-scouring soils and soils
having a hard pan. It is also suitable for dry, hard, rough, stony and
rooty ground.
c. Rotary plow – effective for mixing chemical into the soil and for
cultivation in certain row crops. Also good for cutting up vegetative
matter and mixing throughout the tilled layer.
d. Chisel plow – effective in loosening hard and dry soil before the
regular plow is used.
e. Subsoil plow – effective in penetrating the soil to depth from 20-36
inches, effective in opening and breaking up compacter soils in order
that water nay seep into the opened spaces and stored.
f. Harrow – effective in leveling the round and crushing the clods,
striving the soil and preventing and destroying the weeds, effective
in putting the seal in better tilt for the reception of seeds.
g. Roller – effective as a clod crusher, effective in preparing the
seedbox by thoroughly pulverizing and forming the loose soil so that
there will not be any large air spaces or pockets.
h. Pulverizer – effective in pulverizing an area between rows and for
fieldwork rather than or row work.
i. Mulchers – a combination of pulverizing equipment and harrow
spring teeth.
Types of Implements:
1. Pull type or trailed implement – is one that is pulled and guided from a
single hitch point and is never completely supported by the tractor.
2. Mounted implement – is one that is attached to the tractor through a hitch
linkage in such a manner that it is completely supported by the tractor
when in the raised position. The linkage usually provides rotational
stability about the longitudinal axis and it permits depth or height control
by vertical support from the tractor, if desired, while the tool is in the
operating position.
3. Semi-mounted implement – is attached to the tractor through a horizontal
or nearly horizontal axis and is partially supported by the tractor, at least
during transport, but is never completely supported by the tractor. In the
usual situation then hinge axis is traverse at the near of the tractor and
the hitch provides rotational stability about the longitudinal axis. The
implement may respond directly to tractor steering, but if a vertical hinge
axis is superimposed on the horizontal axis (as on large, semi-mounted
plows), the rear of the implement is guided by its own wheels.
4. Self-propelled machine – is one in which the propelling power units is an
integral part of the implement.
NOTES:
Rice is transplanted for the pet and weed control purposes. The golden
snail no longer eats a 20-day old rice seedling.
A transplanted rice plant have a head start over the weeds and with
proper management can develop canopy and eventually outgrow the
weeds.
Advantages:
1. It’s relatively lightweight compared to gear transmission system.
2. It’s cheaper.
3. It’s easy to repair and maintain.
4. Has no slippage compared to belt and pulley transmission system.
Disadvantages:
1. It’s noisy
2. It cannot operate well if there is excessive misalignment.
A. Tractive Work
1. Land Preparation
a. plowing
b. harrowing
c. leveling
2. Cultivation
3. Harvesting
B. Stationary Work
1. Threshing
2. Irrigation pumping
3. Feed grinding
4. Transportation/hauling
Definition of Terms:
SAMPLE QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate:
a. draft control from position control
b. down suction from side suction
c. tilt angle from disc angle
d. sod type moldboard from stubble type moldboard
2. Explain and illustrate how the height of the nozzle in a boom hydraulic
sprayer affects spray distribution (uniformity)
Time lost:
Crossing dikes ------------------------------------------ 5 min/ha
Repair of broken belt ---------------------------------- 10 min/ha
Turning and other idle travel ----------- 10% of effective operating time
Removing field obstructions and clogging ------ 15 min/ha
18. Explain “weight transfer” in a farm tractor hitch system and how
it improves field efficiency. If necessary, make a schematic drawing
of the tractor and implement and indicate the concept with arrows.
If his average walking speed in the rice field is 3 kph, how long will it
take him to plow one hectare (without rest)?
21. Give three (3) reasons why farmers plow and harrow their fields
before planting.
PRACTICE TEST #1
2. Juan will plow a field 120 m wide and 426.4 feet long using a carabao
and moldboard plow with a 10-inch width of cut. If his speed of
plowing is 2 miles per hour, how long will he finish plowing if he plows
along the length of the field with no headland left unplowed?
a. 18.5 hrs b. 19.06 hrs. c. 20 hrs d. 20.5 hrs
3. How long will he finish plowing (#2) if he plows along the width of the
field (with 2m headlands unplowed)?
a. 18.40 hrs. b. 18.75 hrs. c. 18.95 hrs d. 19.00
hrs.
6. In problem #2, if his plowing speed is 2 kph, how long will he finish
plowing if he plows along the length of the field with no headlands left
unplowed?
a. 30.70 hrs. b. 30.75 hrs. c. 30.90 hrs. d. 31.00
hrs.
10. If the width of cut of his plow is 30 cm, by how much will his
plowing capacity (ha/hr) increase in accordance with the conditions in
problem #3?
a. 0.012 b. 0.015 c. 0.018 d. 0.020
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 1:
1. What is the total pull (in lb) being exerted by the carabao?
a. 2,000 d. 5.95 swd
b. 5.85 swd e. 2,200
c. 5.59 swd f. none of the above (nota)
2. At the given velocity, how long will it take to plow a rectangular field
whose length is L meters and W meters wide? (in hrs.)
a. lw/10 VW d. LW/10 vw
b. Lw/10 vW e. all of the above
c. lW/10 Vw f. none of the above
Problem 2:
6. Based on field area sampling what will be the total yield of the 2-
hectare field?
a. 12,200 kg. d. 26,840 lbs.
b. 423.288 oz. e. all of the above
c. 12,200 x 103 g. f. none of the above
Problem 3:
A 6-nozzle boom sprayer is mounted at the back of a four wheel-tractor. The
nozzles are arranged 150 cm apart along the boom length. Each nozzle has
a 60 degree spray angle. Each nozzle delivers k l/min.
7. At what height must the boom be raised, relative to the ground level,
so that the spray from each nozzle does not overlap upon reaching the
top of a rice plant canopy which is 50 cm tall?
a. 108 cm d. 309.8 cm.
b. 180 cm e. 136.6 cm
c. 93.3 cm f. nota
9. If the tractor travels at 5 kph with 95% field efficiency, what will be the
spraying capacity (in ha/hr) under the conditions in no. 8?
a. 4.25 d. 4.70
b. 4.52 e. 4.75
c. 4.28 f. nota
10. If each nozzle delivers one liter per minute, how many will the
boom sprayer deliver per hectare under the conditions in no. 9?
a. 84.11 li/ha d. 76.60 hi/ha
b. 84.71 li/ha e. 75.79 li/ha
c. 79.65 li/ha f. nota
REVIEW PROBLEMS:
3. If his walking speed is 1.55 miles per hour, how long will it take him to
plow in each case (in #1 and #2)? What will be his plowing capacity
(ha/t) in each case? (Ans. Time case 1:20 hrs. case 2:22.22 hrs;
plowing capacity case 1:0.05 ha/ha, case 2:0.045 ha/t.)
8. A farmer will use an 8-row grain drill for planting paddy. Its ground
wheel is one meter in diameter designed for slip operation. Row
spacing is adjustable. He will follow a 100-kg/ha seeding rate
recommendation.
A. If the row spacing is 25 cm, how much paddy (in grams) must the
drill deliver for one revolution? (Ans. 62.8 grams)
B. If 1000 seeds weighs 25 grams and assuming uniform distribution,
how many seeds must there be per linear meter along the row?
(Ans. 100 seeds/m)
C. If the working speed is 5 km/h, how much time is needed to plant a
square 2-hectare field at 20 cm row spacing? (Ans. 2.5 hours).
FERTILIZER PROBLEMS: